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Patent Cooperation Treaty Yearly Review 2014
The International Patent System
Comprehensive facts, figures and analysis of the international patent system. Special theme: how universities and public research organizations use the PCT System
Publication year: 2014
WIPO IP Facts and Figures 2013
An overview of intellectual property activity based on the latest available year of complete statistics.
Monetization of Copyright Assets by Creative Enterprises
Creative Industries - Booklet 7
The objective of this study is to create an awareness of intellectual property rights that are associated with creative activities and to present financial and valuation tools that can enable the quantification of the monetary value of successful creative efforts.
WIPO Magazine, Issue 3/2014 (June)
Madrid Yearly Review 2014
International Registration of Marks
Comprehensive facts, figures and analysis of the international registration of marks.
Hague Yearly Review - International Registrations of Industrial Designs - 2014
Comprehensive facts, figures and analysis of the international registration of industrial designs.
WIPO Magazine, Issue 2/2014 (April)
WIPO Magazine, Issue 1/2014 (February)
Comparative Analysis of National Approaches on Voluntary Copyright Relinquishment
This report is divided into three main sections. First, the report looks at copyright relinquishment in the context of current copyright law and doctrine, including issues such as the nature of protection, irrevocability and moral rights. The second section of the report is a survey of national legislation and jurisprudence on the subject. Finally, the report considers practical issues surrounding public domain dedications by looking at examples of institutions and individuals who might be interested in donating their copyright.
The Use of Intellectual Property in Brazil
Economic Research Working Paper No. 23
This study describes patterns and trends of intellectual property use in Brazil, drawing on a new statistical database (BADEPI).
Trademarks Squatters: Evidence from Chile
Economic Research Working Paper No. 22
This paper explores the phenomenon of “trademark squatting” – a situation in which someone other than the original brand owner obtains a trademark on a brand. The authors develop a model that shows how squatting results from market uncertainty that leads brand owners to rationally forgo registering trademarks, creating opportunities for squatting. They create an algorithm to identify squatters in the Chilean trademark register and show empirically that squatting is a persistent and systematic phenomenon. Using data on trademark oppositions, the authors find that squatting leads brand owners that have been exposed to squatting to “over-protect” their brands by registering disproportionately many trademarks and covering classes other than those directly related to their products and services. Trademark squatting, therefore, creates a strategic, albeit excessive, response by brand owners which inflates trademark filings.
Defining and Measuring the “Market for Brands”: Are Emerging Economies Catching Up?
Economic Research Working Paper No. 21
Markets for brands, as defined in this paper, play an important but underappreciated economic role in today's global economy. The ability to use Market for Brands allows companies to diversify their business; access competences; and generate new revenues without substantial investments. This paper defines and provides a taxonomy for different brand markets then analyzes the economic rationale of such markets. It also assesses the relative importance of the different brand-related transaction types in developed and emerging economies alike.
International Patenting Strategies of Chinese Residents: An Analysis of Foreign-Oriented Patent Families
Economic Research Working Paper No. 20
This paper analyzes Chinese patenting abroad by using WIPO's foreign-oriented patent family dataset and a respective enterprise questionnaire. It finds that by the turn of the century China emerged as major actor in terms of international patenting. While this is changing rapidly, the share of Chinese patents which get filed abroad is still a fraction of total patents filed at home and most patents still also only target one foreign IP office. Chinese foreign-oriented patent families are concentrated in a few technology fields, and a few Chinese firms are responsible for a large share of total Chinese patents filed abroad.
The Emergence of An Educational Tool Industry: Opportunities and Challenges for Innovation in Education
Economic Research Working Paper No. 19
This paper describes the emergence of a population of firms specialized in developing and commercializing educational tools and instructional technologies, and discusses whether this trend can be seen as part of the solution to the innovation deficit and cost disease problems in this sector.
The Egyptian Information Technology Sector and the Role of Intellectual Property: Economic Assessment and Recommendations
Economic Research Working Paper No. 18
This paper discusses the state of innovation in the Egyptian information technology sector (IT) and seeks to identify the current and potential role of intellectual property (IP) for this sector as well as the links between IP and innovation and foreign direct investment. The paper proposes IP-related policies which could contribute to promoting domestic innovation.
Inventor Data for Research on Migration and Innovation: A Survey and a Pilot
Economic Research Working Paper No. 17
This paper discusses the existing literature on migration and innovation, with special emphasis on empirical studies based on patent and inventor data. Other sources of micro-data are examined, too, for comparative purposes. A pilot database, based on patent filings at the European Patent Office is presented. It contains information on individual inventors, including their country of residence and of origin. Preliminary evidence suggests that immigrant inventors contribute to innovation not only in the United States, but also in selected European countries, where they often rank among the most productive individuals.
U.S. High-Skilled Immigration, Innovation and Entrepreneurship: Empirical Approaches and Evidence
Economic Research Working Paper No. 16
High-skilled immigrants are a very important component of U.S. innovation and entrepreneurship. Studies regarding the impact of immigrants on natives tend to find limited consequences in the short-run, while the results in the long-run are more varied and much less certain. Immigrants in the United States aid business and technology exchanges with their home countries, but the overall effect that the migration has on the home country remains unclear. Little is known about return migration of workers engaged in innovation and entrepreneurship, except that it is rapidly growing in importance.
Diaspora Networks, Knowledge Flows and Brain Drain
Economic Research Working Paper No. 15
The paper summarizes key findings from the literature on how distance, relationships and ethnic ties influence knowledge flows, and describes a model that relates emigration and the diaspora to knowledge flows. It recaps a key study that reports evidence of a link from the diaspora and knowledge flows to home country manufacturing productivity. The study summarizes the ways in which intellectual property (IP) protection may influence knowledge flow patterns through incentives (market for ideas) and disincentives (anticommons). Finally, it speculates on how diaspora knowledge flows and IP may alleviate developing country low-productivity equilibria (“poverty traps”) caused by an underinvestment in specialized human capital.
An "Algorithmic Links with Probabilities" Concordance for Trademarks For Disaggregated Analysis of Trademark and Economic Data
Economic Research Working Paper No. 14
The authors propose an ‘Algorithmic Links with Probabilities' (ALP) approach to match Trademarks (TMs) data to economic data and enable these data to speak to each other. Specifically, they construct a NICE Class Level concordance that maps TM data into trade and industry categories forward and backward. This concordance allows researchers to analyze differences in TM usage across both economic and TM sectors. In this paper, the authors apply this ALP concordance for TMs to characterize patterns in TM applications across countries, industries, income levels and more. They also use the concordance to investigate some of the key determinants of international technology transfer by comparing bilateral TM applications and bilateral patent applications.
Brands as Productive Assets: Concepts, Measurement, and Global Trends
Economic Research Working Paper No. 13
The paper looks at brands from an economic point of view. It defines concepts; analyzes the conditions under which brands are long-lived productive assets and contribute to economic growth; and reviews the measurement of investment in brands. It finds that a productive role for brands is consistent with assumptions used in the economic analysis of innovation. Finally it offers an analysis of economic development that suggests branding rises with growth.
Alternatives in Patent Search and Examination
Policy Guide
One of the important tasks of a patent office is to decide whether a patent shall be granted, or an application shall be refused, based on the procedures and patentability requirements under the applicable national law. Making such decisions accurately, effectively and efficiently is a complex mission, since many patent offices receive a constantly growing volume of patent applications of increasing complexity.
Incentivizing the Adoption of Green Technology on a Global Scale
Global Challenges Brief
An overview of issues relevant to debates about solutions to global challenges, such as climate change, public health and food security.
Re:Search Partnership Stories
Accelerating R&D for Neglected Diseases through Global Collaborations
The consortium's objective is to establish partnerships that facilitate sharing of IP assets to advance the discovery and development of new drugs, vaccines, and diagnostics for NTDs, malaria, and tuberculosis.
Tackling Sub-optimal Use of Electricity by Air Conditioning Units
WIPO Green Case Study 3
Researchers at the Universiti Teknologi Malaysia (UTM) Faculty of Mechanical Engineering have devised a system to improve the energy efficiency of air conditioning systems in non-residential buildings
Renewable Energy Technology: Evolution and Policy Implications - Evidence from Patent Literature
Global Challenges Report
The Acceleration of Climate Change and Mitigation Technologies: Intellectual Property Trends in the Renewable Energy Landscape
International Survey on Private Copying - Law and Practice 2013
The present survey represents a collection of key data on private copying compensation systems around the world. It appears now in its 23rd edition which, for the second time, is the result of collaboration between the Private Copying Collection body in the Netherlands Stichting de Thuiskopie and the World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO).
WIPO Magazine, Issue 6/2013 (December)
Publication year: 2013
World Intellectual Property Indicators - 2013
WIPO's World Intellectual Property Indicators 2013 provides a wide range of indicators covering the following areas of intellectual property: patents, utility models, trademarks, industrial designs, microorganisms and plant varieties protection. It draws on data from national and regional IP offices, WIPO, the World Bank and UNESCO.
Patent Landscape Report on E-Waste Recycling Technologies
The report covers in detail patent applications and granted patents within the space of e-waste processing, and the recycling and recovery of materials from consumer products at the end of their useful life. Additionally, the report uses reference information, such as news and other business data sources to extend the information into real-world applicability, and also to verify the interest and commercial activity of entities mentioned within the study.
World Intellectual Property Report 2013: Brand - Reputation and Image in the Global Marketplace
WIPO's World Intellectual Property Report 2013 explores the role that brands play in today's global marketplace. The Report looks at how branding behavior and trademark use have evolved in recent history, how they differ across countries, what is behind markets for brands, what lessons economic research holds for trademark policy, and how branding strategies influence companies' innovation activities.
Marrakesh Treaty to Facilitate Access to Published Works for Persons Who Are Blind, Visually Impaired or Otherwise Print Disabled
The full text of the Marrakesh Treaty to Facilitate Access to Published Works for Persons Who Are Blind, Visually Impaired, or Otherwise Print Disabled.
WIPO Magazine, Issue 5/2013 (October)
Report of the Director General to the 2013 WIPO Assemblies
This report is a presentation of the work accomplished by the Organization during the year that has passed since the last meeting of the WIPO Assemblies.
Madrid Yearly Review 2013
WIPO Magazine, Issue 4/2013 (August)
Guide to the International Patent Classification (2013)
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WIPO Magazine, Issue 3/2013 (June)
Global Innovation Index 2013
The Local Dynamics of Innovation
The Global Innovation Index ranks the innovation performance of 142 countries and economies around the world, based on 84 indicators. This edition explores the impact of innovation-oriented policies on economic growth and development. High-income and developing countries alike are seeking innovation-driven growth through different strategies. Some countries are successfully improving their innovation capacity, while others still struggle.
The Economics of Copyright and the Internet: Moving to an Empirical Assessment Relevant in the Digital Era
Economic Research Working Paper No. 9
Technology and the Internet have triggered important changes to how creative works are created and accessed, and how creators and copyright-based industries generate their revenues. The authors reassess the economics of copyright in the light of these changes. After providing an introduction to the economics of copyright, they analyze the changes to the baseline copyright model triggered by the new technological landscape. Then, they assess the empirical economic work on copyright so far, and suggest future avenues of research and related data needs.
WIPO Review of Contractual Considerations in the Audiovisual Sector
This review is a condensed, yet comprehensive, panorama of all the key aspects of performers' contracts in the audiovisual industry and the various ways in which these may serve the interests of both performers and producers.
PCT Yearly Review 2013
Comprehensive facts, figures and analysis of the international patent system. Special theme: how PCT accession affects patent filings
WIPO-ASEAN Study
The Strategic Use of Intellectual Property to Enhance Competitiveness in Select Industries in ASEAN
The study attempts to gauge the impact of IP on different sectors in the ASEAN Member States, and the manner in which companies in these sectors have been making use of the different elements of IP to leverage their competitiveness, promote trade and create jobs.
Hague Yearly Review - International Registrations of Industrial Designs - 2013
WIPO Magazine, Issue 2/2013 (April)
Protecting your Marks Abroad - The Madrid System
Registering your mark internationally is the first step in protecting your commercial interests abroad, and an integral part of any successful global business strategy. The Madrid System, provides a simple, low-cost and effective means of obtaining and maintaining protection for marks in multiple countries.
WIPO Magazine, Issue 1/2013 (February)
Addressing Water Contamination without Using Chemicals
WIPO Green Case Study 2
This approach involves cycling effluents that have been diluted with water through a horizontal bed of soil.
Replacing Expensive, Ineffective, and Unhealthy Sources of Energy
Simpa Networks has developed an innovative Progressive Purchase technology that brings affordable solar energy to poor consumers
International Survey on Private Copying - Law and Practice 2012
This publication describes national systems on compensation for private copying and provides available data on their operation in different countries around the world. The survey offers a global overview of this important element of the copyright infrastructure and is the result of collaboration between WIPO and the Private Copying Collection body in the Netherlands.
WIPO IP Facts and Figures 2012
The Legal Status of Video Games: Comparative Analysis in National Approaches
This report analyzes the classification that each country has adopted for video games, and provides, in the final section, a tentative classification of these complex works, considering their nature, the elements they are made of and the creative process.
Teaching Intellectual Property (IP) in Countries in Transition
The purpose of this Study is to identify the special needs of countries in transition with respect to intellectual property training and education, to define the different goals and objectives of such training, and to facilitate the development of a core curriculum and innovative methodologies for teaching IP in countries in transition.
Economic Aspects of IP in Countries in Transition
This Study was developed, following the request from Members States, in order to support the use of intellectual property for national economic growth.
Enforcement of Intellectual Property Rights in Countries in Transition
The development of the Study reflects discussion between the public and private sector on the enforcement of IP rights in countries in transition, during a series of WIPO inter-regional meetings.
Managing Intellectual Property for Museums
Guide
This Guide, prepared by Rina Elster Pantalony, was recently updated to reflect the tremendous developments since it was first published in 2007, in particular Digital Rights Management, the role of social media as a business opportunity and traditional knowledge. The two-part Guide first describes IP issues relevant to museums then reviews existing business models that could provide museums with appropriate opportunities to create sustainable funding, and deliver on their stated objectives.
Exploring the Worldwide Patent Surge
Economic Research Working Paper No. 12
This paper provides an analysis of global patenting trends using the most comprehensive data currently available. Among other things, it finds that subsequent patent filings – additional filings of the same invention, mostly in additional countries – contributed considerably to the growth in filings worldwide, pointing to globalization as one important driver of filing growth. However, no single factor can fully explain the marked increase in the use of the patent system.
The Use of Intellectual Property in Chile
Economic Research Working paper 11
This study describes patterns and trends of intellectual property (IP) use in Chile, drawing on a new database containing all patent, trademark, utility model, and design filings received by the Chilean IP office over the period 1991-2010. Among other things, the study offers insights into the drivers of filing growth, the origin of filings, the distribution of applicants, the importance of different applicant types, the share of filings by different economic sectors, the relevance of IP bundles, and the patenting behavior of Chilean applicants overseas.
The Informal Economy, Innovation and Intellectual Property: Concepts, Metrics and Policy Considerations
Economic Research Working Paper No. 10
The authors connect concepts, definitions and data regarding the informal economy, innovation, and intellectual property in order to establish a framework for further qualitative and quantitative research and the improvement of public policies in respect of these issues.
Measuring the International Mobility of Inventors: A New Database
Economic Research Working Paper No.8
This paper has two objectives. First, it describes a new database mapping migratory patterns of inventors, extracted from information included in patent applications filed under the Patent Cooperation Treaty. It explains in detail the information contained in the database and discusses the usefulness and reliability of the underlying data. Second, the paper provides a descriptive overview of inventor migration patterns, based on the information contained in the newly constructed database.
How Does Geographical Mobility of Inventors Influence Network Formation?
Economic Research Working Paper No. 7
The goal of this paper is to assess the influence of spatial mobility of knowledge workers on the formation of ties of scientific and industrial collaboration across European regions. Co-location has been traditionally invoked to ease formal collaboration between individuals and firms, since tie formation costs increase with physical distance between partners. In some instances, highly-skilled actors might become mobile and bridge regional networks across separate locations. This paper estimates a fixed effects logit model to ascertain precisely whether there exists a ‘previous co-location premium' in the formation of networks across European regions.
What Makes Companies Pursue an Open Science Strategy?
Economic Research Working Paper No. 6
This paper explores the motivations of firms that disclose research outcomes in a scientific format. Besides considering an internal firm dimension, the authors focus particularly on knowledge sourcing from academic institutions and the appropriability regime using a cost-benefit framework. The analysis provides evidence that the access to important scientific knowledge imposes the adoption of academic disclosure principles, whereas the mere existence of collaborative links with academic institutions is not a strong predictor. Furthermore, the results suggest that overall industry conditions are influential in shaping the cost-benefit rationale of firms with respect to scientific disclosure.
Summaries of Conventions, Treaties and Agreements Administered by WIPO
Comprehensive summary of the conventions, treaties and agreements administered by the World Intellectual Property Organization.
World Intellectual Property Indicators - 2012
WIPO's World Intellectual Property Indicators 2012 provides a wide range of indicators covering various areas of intellectual property: patents, utility models, trademarks, industrial designs, microorganisms and plant varieties protection. It draws on data from national and regional IP offices, WIPO, the World Bank and UNESCO.
Publication year: 2012
WIPO Magazine, Issue 6/2012 (December)
Report of the Director General to the 2012 WIPO Assemblies
WIPO Magazine, Issue 5/2012 (October)
Beijing Treaty on Audiovisual Performances
The Beijing Treaty on Audiovisual Performances was adopted by the Diplomatic Conference on the Protection of Audiovisual Performances, which took place in Beijing from June 20 to 26, 2012. The Treaty deals with the intellectual property rights of performers in audiovisual performances.
Patent Landscape Report on Vaccines for Selected Infectious Diseases
The scope of this report is to detect patterns of patenting activity and innovation in the area of vaccine research and manufacturing in order to facilitate the sourcing of vaccine technologies that could potentially be used in developing countries. Part I provides an overview of patenting activity in the area of vaccines by means of a statistical analysis. Part II focuses on the patenting related to vaccines for: streptococcus pneumonia conjugate vaccines; typhoid conjugate vaccines; and influenza vaccines. Each part of the report also includes a special focus on the patenting activity in Brazil, China and India.
Solar Cooling Technologies
This patent landscape report provides a general overview of existing solar cooling technologies and potential fields of application. It includes applications that go beyond air-conditioning, such as the cooling of water; refrigeration of sensitive goods, such as medicines; or desalination of seawater.
The Economics of Intellectual Property in the Republic of Korea
This publication aims to promote the development of empirical research on the economics of intellectual property in the Republic of Korea, and endeavors to provide policy makers with research based conclusions in different areas of intellectual property.
Guide to the International Patent Classification (2012)
WIPO Magazine, Issue 4/2012 (August)
Guide to Technology Databases
The present Guide is a detailed technical paper aimed at industrial property office examiners and users in general to assist them in identifying the correct database and using the possible functionalities and tools offered by specific databases. The current Guide examines a selection of commercial and non-commercial database services considered representative of the broader population of existing services in order to illustrate types and combinations of features available through these services.
Global Innovation Index 2012
Stronger Innovation Linkages for Global Growth
The Global Innovation Index ranks the innovation performance of 141 countries and economies around the world, based on 84 indicators. This edition explores the impact of innovation-oriented policies on economic growth and development. High-income and developing countries alike are seeking innovation-driven growth through different strategies. Some countries are successfully improving their innovation capacity, while others still struggle.
WIPO Magazine, Issue 3/2012 (June)
Madrid System for the International Registration of Marks 2011
Hague Yearly Review - International Registrations of Industrial Designs - 2012
WIPO Magazine, Issue 2/2012 (April)
Madrid System for the International Registration of Marks 2010
WIPO IP Facts and Figures 2011
Intellectual Property and the Safeguarding of Traditional Cultures: Legal Issues and Practical Options for Museums, Libraries and Archives
This publication, prepared under the aegis of the WIPO Creative Heritage Project by two external consultants, Ms. Molly Torsen and Dr. Jane Anderson, offers legal information and compiles practical experiences on the management of intellectual property for cultural institutions whose collections comprise traditional cultural expressions. It seeks to respond directly to the needs of cultural institutions and indigenous and traditional communities dealing with the preservation, safeguarding and protection of cultural heritage.
Patent Landscape Report on Membrane Filtration and UV Water Treatment
Various water treatment methods are required and in use to make water safe and clean for drinking and irrigation purposes. The present landscape report focuses on a selection of water treatment technologies, namely UV disinfection and micro-, ultra- and nanofiltration. The report identifies patents that claim inventions related to these water treatment technologies. It also looks at patents on inventions that form part of desalination (pre- or post- desalination) treatment in particular.
WIPO Magazine, Issue 1/2012 (February)
Making Intellectual Property Work for Business - A Handbook for Chambers of Commerce and Business Associations Setting Up Intellectual Property Services
This publication provides practical guidance on the key areas where business membership organizations can integrate intellectual property into their services. This user-friendly handbook is written to support a wide range of basic to more advanced intellectual property services and contains a large number of references to online resources.
Technology Transfer in Countries in Transition: Policy and Recommendations
This Study consists of thorough analysis of how business and research are intertwined. It focuses on different mechanisms and models of technology transfer.
The Role of Intellectual Property, in particular, Trademarks and Geographical Indications, in Creating, Developing and Strengthening a Nation Brand
This Study deals with intellectual property, in particular, trademarks and geographical indications, as an instrument not only for developing a strong and distinctive brand image for national products and services but also, through such a process, for creating a strong and distinctive nation brand, in both cases, with a view of gaining a competitive advantage in domestic, regional and world markets.
Typical Features of Copyright in Countries in Transition: Review of the Transition Process – Guidance for its Completion where it may still be needed
This Study presents special features of the copyright laws and institutions of countries in transition and aims to help with modernizing the laws on copyright and neighboring rights, adapting them to an appropriate interpretation of the existing conventions and to the newly emerging international standards by eliminating the elements of the laws which followed from the centrally-planned, collectivist systems. The goal is to appropriately reflect the legitimate interests of employers and producers, making the enforcement more efficient and eliminating over-regulation.
Guidance for the Development of an Intellectual Property (IP) Strategy in Countries in Transition
This Study is aimed at assisting governments in creating an environment in which Intellectual Property enables innovators and creators to lever the economic value of their work, at enhancing the economic success of the country to the benefit of its businesses, researchers, creators, and society as a whole and at strengthening economic competitiveness.
Getting Patents and Economic Data to Speak to Each Other: An “Algorithmic Links with Probabilities” Approach for Joint Analyses of Patenting and Economic Activity
Economic Research Working Paper No. 5
In this paper, the authors describe and explore a new algorithmic approach to constructing concordances between the International Patent Classification (IPC) system and industry classification systems that organize economic data. This ‘Algorithmic Links with Probabilities' (ALP) approach incorporates text analysis software and keyword extraction programs and applies them to a comprehensive patent dataset. The authors conclude with a discussion on some of the possible applications of the concordance and provide a sample analysis that uses their preferred ALP concordance to analyze international patent flows based on trade patterns.
Patent Information, Freedom to Operate and "Global Access": A Case Study of Dengue Vaccines Under Development
PCT Yearly Review 2012
Comprehensive facts, figures and analysis of the international patent system. Special theme: two million PCT filings
WIPO Magazine, Issue 6/2011 (December)
Publication year: 2011
World Intellectual Property Report 2011 - The Changing Face of Innovation
WIPO's World Intellectual Property Report 2011 focuses on the Changing Face of Innovation. It describes key trends in the innovation landscape - including the increasingly open, international and collaborative character of the innovation process; the causes of the increased demand for IP rights; and the rising importance of technology markets.
The International Patent System in 2010
PCT Yearly Review
Comprehensive facts, figures and analysis of the international patent system. Special theme: the changing geography of the PCT system
Report of the Director General to the 2011 WIPO Assemblies
WIPO Magazine, Issue 5/2011 (October)
Food Security and Intellectual Property - How the Private and the Public Sectors Use IP to Enhance Agricultural Productivity
A series of public events is planned with a view to demonstrate IP driven success stories of agricultural development with a particular focus on food security. A coordinated action is intended with selected partners from the plant related innovation industry, the public agricultural research sector, farmers associations of selected developing countries, relevant intergovernmental (FAO, UPOV), non governmental organizations and potential donors. A first Seminar was held on June 14, 2011, at the WIPO Headquarters in Geneva.
WIPO Magazine, Issue 4/2011 (August)
Honmono
Genuine Goods (Manga)
This manga is the result of the Real Manga Competition held in Japan from August 3 to October 15, 2010. The competition was organized by the Japan Office of the World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO), co-sponsored by the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Japan and the Japan Patent Office, and supported by Kadokawa Group Publishing. The objective of the competition was to find a Japanese artist for the creation of a manga to increase awareness of the health and safety risks of counterfeit products.