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WIPO Magazine, Issue 4/2016 (August)
The WIPO Magazine explores intellectual property, creativity and innovation in action across the world.
Publication year: 2016
Sharing Innovation and Building Capacity to Fight Neglected Tropical Diseases: A Selection of WIPO Re:Search Fellowship Stories
Global Challenges Report
An overview of issues relevant to debates about solutions to global challenges, such as climate change, public health and food security.
Global Innovation Index 2016
Winning with Global Innovation
The Global Innovation Index ranks the innovation performance of 128 countries and economies around the world, based on 82 indicators. This edition explores the impact of innovation-oriented policies on economic growth and development. High-income and developing countries alike are seeking innovation-driven growth through different strategies. Some countries are successfully improving their innovation capacity, while others still struggle.
WIPO Magazine, Issue 3/2016 (June)
Resolving IP and Technology Disputes Through WIPO ADR
Getting back to business
Although an IP dispute can be resolved through court litigation, parties are, with increasing frequency, submitting disputes to mediation, arbitration or other alternative dispute resolution (ADR) procedures.
Patent Cooperation Treaty Yearly Review - 2016
The International Patent System
Comprehensive facts, figures and analysis of the international patent system. Special Theme: the PCT market share
R&D, Scale Effects and Spillovers: New Insights from Emerging Countries
Economic Research Working Paper No. 32
There has been a concomitant rise in R&D and the rate of economic growth in emerging countries. Analyzing a panel of 31 emerging countries, we find convincing evidence of scale effects which make government policies potent for long-run growth. This contrasts sharply with the well-known findings of Jones (1995a). Innovations show increasing returns to knowledge stock, implying that the diminishing returns assumed by some semi-endogenous growth models might not be generalized. International R&D spillovers raise the innovation bar. The observed growth rates of emerging economies appear in transition therefore their growth rates may recede with the passage of time.
WIPO Magazine, Issue 2/2016 (April)
Patent Landscape Report on Microalgae-Related Technologies
This report aims to provide patent based information on available technologies and patenting trends in the area of microalgae. It covers in detail patent applications and granted patents within the space of microalgae and has revealed several interesting facets of research and innovation related to that area. Expected to be the 3rd generation biofuels solution, microalgae have quickly been developed for the biofuel industry with a marked inflection point in 2006. Lipids and pigments, which are the second metabolites of interest, also developed early on, still continue to see a steady growth in recent years.
An Introduction to the Economics of Collective Management of Copyright and Related Rights
Collective Management as a Business Strategy for Creators
An introduction to the economic theory surrounding collective management of copyright
Neighboring Rights
Collective Management Organizations – Tool Kit
This WIPO toolkit offers a practical approach to the collective management of copyright and related rights.
Musical Works and Audio-Visual Works
Integrating Intellectual Property into Innovation Policy Formulation in Jamaica
Part of a series of WIPO-produced country reports, reviewing IP in national innovation systems. Each report offers country-specific recommendations for more effectively using the IP system to strengthen national innovation systems.
WIPO Magazine, Issue 1/2016 (February)
Measuring Creativity: Learning from Innovation Measurement
Economic Research Working Paper No. 31
There is a growing interest in broadening the measurement scope of innovation and considering “creative” activities, meaning that the usual indicators of innovation satisfy neither scholars nor policy makers. Conceptually, there is not much difference between innovative and creative activity: but to what extent are current measures that capture innovation relevant for creativity? Can the new measures for creativity benefit from the experience accumulated through R&D and innovation? Our article provides insights and lessons learned from using measures of innovative activities for scholars who are interested in capturing creative activities. We underscore the difficulties faced when measuring innovation and draw some parallels of these difficulties with the efforts undertaken to measure creativity.
WIPO IP Facts and Figures 2015
An overview of intellectual property activity based on the latest available year of complete statistics.
International Survey on Private Copying - Law and Practice 2015
The World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO) and the Dutch collecting society for private copying remunerations, Stichting de Thuiskopie, are pleased to present the third joint publication on the law and practice of private copying systems around the world. The survey provides a global view of private copying compensation (also known as private copying levies), an important element of copyright and related rights infrastructure. It aims to facilitate evidence-based decision-making and to provide an update on important developments in the private copying law and practice of countries that have such an exception in their legal arsenals.
Methodology for the Development of National Intellectual Property Strategies - Toolkit - Tool 3: Benchmarking Indicators
A companion handbook to the Baseline Questionnaire designed to support the collection of baseline survey data, providing an in-depth analysis explaining the benchmarking indicators used in the assessment of the national lP system.
WIPO Magazine, Special issue 11/2016
WIPO Match - Leveraging IP for Development
WIPO Match is a database and networking tool that puts organizations seeking to use intellectual property (IP) to develop their countries in touch with donors who can help them.
WIPO Magazine, Issue 6/2015 (December)
Publication year: 2015
World Intellectual Property Indicators - 2015
This annual publication provides a wide range of indicators covering the following areas of intellectual property: patents, utility models, trademarks, industrial designs, microorganisms and plant variety protection. It draws on data from national and regional IP offices, WIPO and the World Bank.
Breakthrough technologies – Robotics, innovation and intellectual property
Economic Research Working Paper No. 30
Robotics technology and the increasing sophistication of artificial intelligence are breakthrough innovations with significant growth prospects and the potential to disrupt existing economic and social facets of everyday life. Few studies have analyzed the developments of robotics innovation. This paper closes this gap by analyzing how innovation in robotics is taking place, how it diffuses, and what role intellectual property plays.
Economic growth and breakthrough innovations: A case study of nanotechnology
Economic Research Working Paper No. 29
This paper examines the role of intellectual property and other innovation incentives in the development of one field of breakthrough innovation: nanotechnology. Because nanotechnology is an enabling technology across a wide range of fields, the nanotechnology innovation ecosystem appears to be a microcosm of the global innovation ecosystem. Part I describes the nature of nanotechnology and its economic contribution, Part II explores the nanotechnology innovation ecosystem, and Part III focuses on the role of IP systems in the development of nanotechnology.
3D printing and the intellectual property system
Economic Research Working Paper No. 28
Three-dimensional (3D) printing – or “additive manufacturing” – technologies differ from traditional molding and casting manufacturing processes in that they build 3D objects by successively creating layers of material on top of each other. Rooted in manufacturing research of the 1980s, 3D printing has evolved into a broad set of technologies that could fundamentally alter production processes in a wide set of technology areas. This report investigates, from the perspective of an intellectual property scholar, how 3D printing technology has developed over the last few decades, how intellectual property rights have shaped this breakthrough innovation and how 3D printing technologies could challenge the intellectual property rights system in the future.
Breakthrough technologies – Semiconductor, innovation and intellectual property
Economic Research Working Paper No. 27
Semiconductor technology is at the origin of today's digital economy. Its contribution to innovation, productivity and economic growth in the past four decades has been extensive. This paper analyzes how this breakthrough technology came about, how it diffused, and what role intellectual property played historically.
Intellectual property rights and pharmaceuticals: The case of antibiotics
Economic Research Working Paper No. 26
The development and diffusion of antibiotics contributed to large improvements in human health and living standards. The antibiotic revolution also spawned the modern pharmaceutical industry. This paper reviews the development of the early antibiotics, and the roles of intellectual property rights (in particular, patents) in their development and diffusion.
Breakthrough innovations in aircraft and the intellectual property system, 1900-1975
Economic Research Working Paper No. 25
Modern commercial aircraft are complex products that incorporate innovations in technologies ranging from advanced materials to software and electronics. Although commercial aircraft assuredly qualify as a transformative innovation, in fact today's commercial aircraft are the result of a process of incremental innovation and improvement that dates back more than a century. A great many of these improvements and incremental innovations originated from government-supported R&D programs sponsored by the military services or government research laboratories. The adoption of commercial-aircraft innovations within many industrial economies, including the United States, also has been influenced by government regulation of air transportation. This paper provides a historical characterization of the innovation and record of technical progress in US commercial aircraft during the 1900-1975 period. It identifies the sources of support for innovation and technological adoption, and examines the origins and impacts of “breakthrough innovations” on the overall evolution of the global commercial aircraft industry. The paper also assesses the role of patents in these important innovations.
World Intellectual Property Report 2015 - Breakthrough Innovation and Economic Growth
WIPO's latest World Intellectual Property Report (WIPR) explores the role of IP at the nexus of innovation and economic growth, focusing on the impact of breakthrough innovations.
Promoting Medical Innovation and Access, Together
Global Challenges Brief
WIPO Magazine, Issue 5/2015 (October)
Report of the Director General to the 2015 WIPO Assemblies
This report is a presentation of the work accomplished by the Organization during the year that has passed since the last meeting of the WIPO Assemblies.
Geneva Act of the Lisbon Agreement on Appellations of Origin and Geographical Indications
The Geneva Act allows the international registration of geographical indications (GIs), in addition to appellations of origin, and permits the accession to the Lisbon Agreement by certain intergovernmental organizations.
Global Innovation Index 2015
Effective Innovation Policies for Development
The Global Innovation Index ranks the innovation performance of 141 countries and economies around the world, based on 79 indicators. This edition explores the impact of innovation-oriented policies on economic growth and development. High-income and developing countries alike are seeking innovation-driven growth through different strategies. Some countries are successfully improving their innovation capacity, while others still struggle.
WIPO Re:Search: Sharing Innovation in the Fight Against Neglected Tropical Diseases
Private International Law Issues in Online Intellectual Property Infringement Disputes with Cross-Border Elements
An Analysis of National Approaches
The objective of this report is to contribute to the understanding of the issues at the interface between private international law and intellectual property through an empirical study, and to identify possible future activities in this area.
Guide to the International Patent Classification (2015)
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Sources of Biopharmaceutical Innovation: An Assessment of Intellectual Property
Economic Research Working Paper No. 24
An analysis of new, FDA-approved molecular entities reveals dynamism in terms of new innovation. An assessment of the first patent for each drug reveals that the pharmaceutical industry, particularly large, established companies in North America, tend to dominate the field. Whereas inventors continue to found biotechnology companies at a steady rate, recent trends suggest these inventors more often come from the private sector.
WIPO Magazine, Issue 4/2015 (August)
Guidelines for Preparing Patent Landscape Reports
These Guidelines are designed both for general users of patent information, as well as for those involved in producing Patent Landscape Reports (PLRs). They provide step-by-step instructions on how to prepare a PLR, as well as background information such as objectives, patent analytics, concepts and frameworks.
Patent Landscape Report on Assistive Devices and Technologies for Visually and Hearing Impaired Persons
This is the first report of the WIPO Patent Landscape Report series in the area of disabilities. It presents research on various assistive devices and technologies, includes an analysis on the geographical distribution of patent protection of these technologies, and features business data on major patent portfolios as well as a round-up of key innovators. Additionally, the report touches on technologies serving the same goals as the Marrakesh Treaty and the Accessible Book Consortium (ABC), namely those facilitating access of visually and hearing impaired persons to published works.
WIPO Magazine, Issue 3/2015 (June)
Innovation and Diffusion of Green Technologies: The Role of Intellectual Property and Other Enabling Factors
Patent Cooperation Treaty Yearly Review - 2015
Comprehensive facts, figures and analysis of the international patent system. Special theme: the most active applicants in the PCT System
The Intersection of Intellectual Property Rights and Innovation Policy Making - A Literature Review
This report (literature review) provides an overview of academic writing on the role IP has played in innovation policy-making over the last two decades.
Integrating Intellectual Property into Innovation Policy Formulation in Rwanda
Integrating Intellectual Property into Innovation Policy Formulation in Serbia
Integrating Intellectual Property into Innovation Policy Formulation in Sri Lanka
This report presents a review of Sri Lanka's national innovation system, including in-depth stakeholder interviews regarding the extent to which intellectual property (IP) has been integrated therein. It also provides focused recommendations, adapted to the specific national context, for improving reliance on the IP system.
WIPO Magazine, Issue 2/2015 (April)
Integrating Intellectual Property into Innovation Policy Formulation in Trinidad and Tobago
Hague Yearly Review - International Registrations of Industrial Designs - 2015
Comprehensive facts, figures and analysis of the international registration of industrial designs.
Madrid Yearly Review 2015
International Registration of Marks
Comprehensive facts, figures and analysis of the international registration of marks.
WIPO IP Facts and Figures 2014
WIPO Magazine, Issue 1/2015 (February)
The Singapore Treaty on the Law of Trademarks (STLT) - Questions and Answers
Public Health, Intellectual Property, and TRIPS at 20: Innovation and Access to Medicines; Learning from the Past, Illuminating the Future
Summary
The World Trade Organization (WTO) and its Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPS Agreement) celebrated their 20th anniversary in 2015. To mark the event, the World Health Organization (WHO), World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO) and the WTO held the fifth in the series of trilateral symposia to discuss practical ways in which the twin challenges of innovation and access have been addressed.
Strategic Review of WIPO Re:Search
WIPO Re:Search was established in 2011 and has enjoyed more than three years of progress and success. The current report explores ways to secure the longer-term success and sustainability of WIPO Re:Search through the expansion of its programs and additional support. The Consortium, an initiative of the World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO), which hosts the WIPO Re:Search secretariat is managed jointly with BIO Ventures for Global Health (BVGH) (Seattle, USA) which operates the WIPO Re:Search Partnership Hub.
International Survey on Text and Image Copyright Levies
2015 Edition
The second ‘International Survey of Text and Image Copyright Levies', jointly published by WIPO and IFRRO analyzes the origins, scope and current use of text and image copyright levies around the world. It shows the role of this mechanism for ensuring easy legal access to copyright material and its major differences with audio and audio-visual private copying levies. The Survey is based on data from IFRRO members and provides and overview of this important income stream for copyright holders.
WIPO Development Tools and Services
This brochure describes specific development tools and services provided by the World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO). These tools and services respond to WIPO Development Agenda recommendations and reflect over 30 years of practice and experience in development assistance.
Successful Technology Licensing
This Manual focuses on issues essential for understanding licensing, including: the context in which licensing may occur; key terms of a licensing agreement and negotiation methods; and how to prepare for and negotiate a win-win licensing contract.
Guide on Surveying the Economic Contribution of the Copyright-Based Industries
The Guide contains information and recommendations for research teams and copyright professionals studying the contribution of the copyright-based industries to the national economy. This publication is intended as a practical tool to facilitate national and regional surveys. The Guide lays out the thrust of the main legal, economic and statistical concepts, relevant to the survey. This Guide also contains a glossary of copyright terms.
WIPO Magazine, Issue 6/2014 (December)
Publication year: 2014
World Intellectual Property Indicators - 2014
Management of Rights in Dramatic Works
Educational Material on Collective Management of Copyright and Related Rights - Module 6
WIPO commissioned this publication - with the support of the Norwegian Copyright Development Association (Norcode) - to be used as reference material in various training activities on collective management.
Management of Rights for Visual Arts and Photography
Educational Material on Collective Management of Copyright and Related Rights - Module 5
Management of Rights in Print and Publishing
Educational Material on Collective Management of Copyright and Related Rights - Module 4
Management of Copyright and Related Rights in the Audiovisual Field
Educational Material on Collective Management of Copyright and Related Rights - Module 3
Management of Copyright and Related Rights in the Field of Music
Educational Material on Collective Management of Copyright and Related Rights - Module 2
General Aspects of Collective Management
Educational Material on Collective Management of Copyright and Related Rights - Module 1
Madrid Experience Sharing Report
Japan's Experience in Joining and Using the Madrid System
This publication is the result of a WIPO research report on Japan's experience in acceding to the Madrid system for the international registration of marks.
Green Technology Diffusion: The Case of Ecosan Waterless Toilets
WIPO Green Case Study 7
Eco Sanitation Limited, based in South Africa, produces, distributes, and markets the EcoSan waterless toilet, a sanitation system that converts human waste into dehydrated, compostable material.
Green Technology Diffusion: The Case of GIVEWATTS Green Lanterns
WIPO Green Case Study 5
GIVEWATTS is a non-profit organization that connects rural communities to safe, healthy, green, and affordable sources of light.
Green Technology Diffusion: The Case of Arivi Paraffin Cookstoves
WIPO Green Case Study 6
Arivi, a start-up company based in South Africa, developed an innovative clean cookstove in 2007 that is more efficient, cleaner, and safer for indoor use than other cookstoves in that market.
Transforming Greenhouse Gas Emissions into Energy
WIPO Green Case Study 4
Jenbacher engines are being used in several biogas projects that turn manure into energy.
WIPO Magazine, Issue 5/2014 (October)
Patent Landscape Report on Animal Genetic Resources
This report represents the first large-scale quantitative analysis related to patenting activity involving livestock animals. It includes biotechnology, pharmaceuticals, immunology and gene therapy, stem cells and transgenic animals and as such, its main focus is on addressing the challenges involved in identifying patent activity for animal genetic resources in general and activity relating to animal genetic resources for food and agriculture in particular. Additionally, the report explores the use of traditional knowledge (TK) and the mention of the source of origin of genetic resources in patent documents.
Report of the Director General to the 2014 WIPO Assemblies
Guide to the International Patent Classification (2014)
2014 Edition
The publication provides an international overview of the functioning of the various models of text and image levies which are currently in operation across the world. The survey demonstrates that the practice of operating levies is a commonly used way to provide authors and publishers with remuneration for certain uses of their copyright works.
IP Successes in the ASEAN Region
This publication is the result of a WIPO study on the effective use of intellectual property in ASEAN countries. The project was implemented by the WIPO Japan Office (WJO), with funding provided from the Japan Patent Office under the auspices of the Japan Funds-In-Trust.
WIPO Magazine, Issue 4/2014 (August)
Global Innovation Index 2014
The Human Factor in Innovation
The Global Innovation Index ranks the innovation performance of 143 countries and economies around the world, based on 81 indicators. This edition explores the role of the individuals and teams behind the innovation process. It sheds light on different aspects of human capital required to achieve innovation, including skilled labor; the intersection of human, financial and technological capital; talent retention; and the mobilization of highly educated people.
Patent Cooperation Treaty Yearly Review 2014
Comprehensive facts, figures and analysis of the international patent system. Special theme: how universities and public research organizations use the PCT System
WIPO IP Facts and Figures 2013
Monetization of Copyright Assets by Creative Enterprises
Creative Industries - Booklet 7
The objective of this study is to create an awareness of intellectual property rights that are associated with creative activities and to present financial and valuation tools that can enable the quantification of the monetary value of successful creative efforts.
WIPO Magazine, Issue 3/2014 (June)
Madrid Yearly Review 2014
Hague Yearly Review - International Registrations of Industrial Designs - 2014
WIPO Magazine, Issue 2/2014 (April)
WIPO Magazine, Issue 1/2014 (February)
Defining and Measuring the “Market for Brands”: Are Emerging Economies Catching Up?
Economic Research Working Paper No. 21
Markets for brands, as defined in this paper, play an important but underappreciated economic role in today's global economy. The ability to use Market for Brands allows companies to diversify their business; access competences; and generate new revenues without substantial investments. This paper defines and provides a taxonomy for different brand markets then analyzes the economic rationale of such markets. It also assesses the relative importance of the different brand-related transaction types in developed and emerging economies alike.
International Patenting Strategies of Chinese Residents: An Analysis of Foreign-Oriented Patent Families
Economic Research Working Paper No. 20
This paper analyzes Chinese patenting abroad by using WIPO's foreign-oriented patent family dataset and a respective enterprise questionnaire. It finds that by the turn of the century China emerged as major actor in terms of international patenting. While this is changing rapidly, the share of Chinese patents which get filed abroad is still a fraction of total patents filed at home and most patents still also only target one foreign IP office. Chinese foreign-oriented patent families are concentrated in a few technology fields, and a few Chinese firms are responsible for a large share of total Chinese patents filed abroad.
The Emergence of An Educational Tool Industry: Opportunities and Challenges for Innovation in Education
Economic Research Working Paper No. 19
This paper describes the emergence of a population of firms specialized in developing and commercializing educational tools and instructional technologies, and discusses whether this trend can be seen as part of the solution to the innovation deficit and cost disease problems in this sector.
The Egyptian Information Technology Sector and the Role of Intellectual Property: Economic Assessment and Recommendations
Economic Research Working Paper No. 18
This paper discusses the state of innovation in the Egyptian information technology sector (IT) and seeks to identify the current and potential role of intellectual property (IP) for this sector as well as the links between IP and innovation and foreign direct investment. The paper proposes IP-related policies which could contribute to promoting domestic innovation.
Inventor Data for Research on Migration and Innovation: A Survey and a Pilot
Economic Research Working Paper No. 17
This paper discusses the existing literature on migration and innovation, with special emphasis on empirical studies based on patent and inventor data. Other sources of micro-data are examined, too, for comparative purposes. A pilot database, based on patent filings at the European Patent Office is presented. It contains information on individual inventors, including their country of residence and of origin. Preliminary evidence suggests that immigrant inventors contribute to innovation not only in the United States, but also in selected European countries, where they often rank among the most productive individuals.
U.S. High-Skilled Immigration, Innovation and Entrepreneurship: Empirical Approaches and Evidence
Economic Research Working Paper No. 16
High-skilled immigrants are a very important component of U.S. innovation and entrepreneurship. Studies regarding the impact of immigrants on natives tend to find limited consequences in the short-run, while the results in the long-run are more varied and much less certain. Immigrants in the United States aid business and technology exchanges with their home countries, but the overall effect that the migration has on the home country remains unclear. Little is known about return migration of workers engaged in innovation and entrepreneurship, except that it is rapidly growing in importance.
Diaspora Networks, Knowledge Flows and Brain Drain
Economic Research Working Paper No. 15
The paper summarizes key findings from the literature on how distance, relationships and ethnic ties influence knowledge flows, and describes a model that relates emigration and the diaspora to knowledge flows. It recaps a key study that reports evidence of a link from the diaspora and knowledge flows to home country manufacturing productivity. The study summarizes the ways in which intellectual property (IP) protection may influence knowledge flow patterns through incentives (market for ideas) and disincentives (anticommons). Finally, it speculates on how diaspora knowledge flows and IP may alleviate developing country low-productivity equilibria (“poverty traps”) caused by an underinvestment in specialized human capital.
An "Algorithmic Links with Probabilities" Concordance for Trademarks For Disaggregated Analysis of Trademark and Economic Data
Economic Research Working Paper No. 14
The authors propose an ‘Algorithmic Links with Probabilities' (ALP) approach to match Trademarks (TMs) data to economic data and enable these data to speak to each other. Specifically, they construct a NICE Class Level concordance that maps TM data into trade and industry categories forward and backward. This concordance allows researchers to analyze differences in TM usage across both economic and TM sectors. In this paper, the authors apply this ALP concordance for TMs to characterize patterns in TM applications across countries, industries, income levels and more. They also use the concordance to investigate some of the key determinants of international technology transfer by comparing bilateral TM applications and bilateral patent applications.
Brands as Productive Assets: Concepts, Measurement, and Global Trends
Economic Research Working Paper No. 13
The paper looks at brands from an economic point of view. It defines concepts; analyzes the conditions under which brands are long-lived productive assets and contribute to economic growth; and reviews the measurement of investment in brands. It finds that a productive role for brands is consistent with assumptions used in the economic analysis of innovation. Finally it offers an analysis of economic development that suggests branding rises with growth.
Alternatives in Patent Search and Examination
Policy Guide
One of the important tasks of a patent office is to decide whether a patent shall be granted, or an application shall be refused, based on the procedures and patentability requirements under the applicable national law. Making such decisions accurately, effectively and efficiently is a complex mission, since many patent offices receive a constantly growing volume of patent applications of increasing complexity.