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WIPO Magazine, Issue 3/2022 (September)
The WIPO Magazine explores intellectual property, creativity and innovation in action across the world.
Publication year: 2022
Annual financial report and financial statements
Year to December 31, 2021
WIPO financial statements are submitted to its Assemblies of Member States in accordance with the Financial Regulations and Rules.
World Intellectual Property Report 2022: Executive Summary
The Direction of Innovation
What is the direction of innovation? As the world looks to rebuild from the pandemic, innovation has a crucial role to play in opening up new growth possibilities and creating much needed solutions to the common challenges we face. Decisions on innovation may be complex, but, as this report highlights, it is vital that they are understood.
Global Innovation Index 2022, 15th Edition
Executive Summary
The Global Innovation Index 2022 (GII) tracks global innovation trends against the background of an ongoing COVID-19 pandemic, slowing productivity growth and other evolving challenges. The GII reveals the most innovative economies in the world, ranking the innovation performance of 132 economies, highlighting their innovation strengths and weaknesses, and pinpointing any gaps in their innovation metrics. This 2022 edition of the GII focuses on the effect of innovation on productivity and wellbeing of society over the coming decades.
Global Innovation Hotspots: A case study of São Paulo's innovation ecosystem local capabilities and global networks
WIPO Development Studies
This report presents an in-depth study of the innovation ecosystem of São Paulo (Brazil). We use georeferenced patent, scientific publication, and economic data to characterize one of the few global innovation hotspots in Latin America and the southern hemisphere. It attempts to understand what makes São Paulo different from the rest of Brazil and the Latin American region by mapping what its main potentialities and drawbacks are. The report finds that São Paulo is rich in scientific activity, but lags behind with respect to patent production. At the same time, it is a patent leader in Brazil and the region with characteristics resembling the large innovation hotspots of the world. The report also shows where São Paulo is in the global knowledge space, and how it can leverage scientific production and global networks to upgrade into more complex technological activities. The report also reviews the main innovation policies at national and subnational level, which may partially explain the São Paulo's success story.
Global Innovation Hotspots: Innovation ecosystems and catching-up in developing countries: Evidence from Shenzhen
During the past 40 years, Shenzhen has risen from a fishing village into a globally leading innovation hotspot. What drives such remarkable growth? Is there a “Shenzhen model” for technological catch-up that is different from the classical “Silicon Valley model”? What kind of policy lessons can Shenzhen offer to developing countries and lag-behind regions? Based on international patent and scientific publication data, this report classifies Shenzhen's technological trajectory and catch-up process into three stages: 1) accessing advanced technology by participating in the Global Production Networks (GPNs) and Global Value Chains (GVCs), 2) accumulating technological knowledge and enhancing absorptive capability through imitation and 3) achieving indigenous innovation. We interpret this remarkable catch-up process from the perspective of 1) technological specialization, 2) the local innovation ecosystem and 3) its embeddedness into the Global Innovation Networks (GINs). The last part summarizes Shenzhen's policy lessons in fostering innovation-based economic growth in developing countries and areas.
Global Innovation Hotspots: Singapore's innovation and entrepreneurship ecosystem
Since its political independence in 1965, Singapore has achieved rapid economic growth and transformed itself into a major global financial, business and transport/information technology (IT) hub, with GDP per capita ranking among the highest in the world since the beginning of this decade. While the first three decades of Singapore's rapid economic growth have been based largely on a strategy to attract and leverage global multinational corporations (MNCs) to create increasingly higher value-adding economic activities, the last 25 years have witnessed an increasing shift toward promoting technological innovation and entrepreneurship, and the building of a vibrant innovation and entrepreneurship ecosystem that supports several major clusters of innovation, including medtech, smart urban mobility/infrastructure and internet/mobile e-commerce. More recently, the city-state has also been seeking to accelerate the commercialization of a wider range of deep technologies from universities and public research labs, including artificial intelligence (AI), advanced materials and fintech.
What is the future of innovation driven growth?
Technology and Innovation Support Centers (TISCs) Report 2021
Accompanying local innovators on the journey from research to product
This annual report of the TISC program highlights the key trends and milestones in 2021, with a focus on how the program and TISCs in 88 countries continued to expand and develop resources and services to meet the needs of local innovators.
WIPO Workforce 2022
June Edition
WIPO's workforce is the human capital of the Organization and its greatest asset. This brochure shows a detailed picture of staffing at WIPO in 2022.
WIPO Magazine, Issue 2/2022 (June)
The Global Publishing Industry in 2020
This report provides an overview of the global publishing industry in 2020, covering the trade and educational sectors. It is based on data compiled by the World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO) in partnership with the Centro Regional para el Fomento del Libro en América Latina y el Caribe (CERLALC), the Federation of European Publishers (FEP), the International Publishers Association (IPA) and the Nielsen Company. The scope of the publishing industry survey is published materials (i.e., books, monographs, and so on) issued with an ISBN, a Digital Object Identifier (DOI) or any other book identifier. This report aims to make publishing industry data available to the user community and highlight the challenges producers of statistics face in reporting consistent and comparable data.
WIPO Guide to Using Patent Information
This guide outlines key techniques for retrieving information contained in patent documents. It shows how this information can be used in determining the patentability of inventions, avoiding patent infringement, assessing the value of patents, gathering business intelligence, and identifying technology trends.
WIPO Alternative Dispute Resolution Options
A Guide for IP Offices and Courts
This Guide is designed to provide an overview of ADR processes for intellectual property and technology disputes, as well of the experience of the WIPO Center in the context of public ADR programs, and to present options for interested IPOs, courts and other bodies to promote and integrate ADR processes into their existing services.
Executive Summary PCT Yearly Review 2022
This executive brief identifies the key trends in the use of the WIPO-administered Patent Cooperation Treaty (PCT) and provides a summary of the statistics reported in the PCT Yearly Review 2022.
Rights, Camera, Action! Intellectual property rights and the filmmaking process
2nd Edition
Rights, Camera, Action! offers professionals in the audiovisual industry guidance on how to use intellectual property protection to generate business opportunities. The reader is taken through the different stages from securing finance to distribution to ensure a successful audiovisual production. With practical advice and enriching case studies from developing countries “Rights, Camera, Action!” will help individual filmmakers and distributors monetize their creative content.
Sharing Knowledge, Building IP Skills – The WIPO Academy Review 2020–2021
This report presents the Academy's achievements in 2020 and 2021, and highlights the latest developments across programs, including new partnerships and course offerings.
Madrid Yearly Review 2022 – Executive Summary
International Registration of Marks
This executive brief identifies key trends in the use of the WIPO-administered Madrid System.
Patent Cooperation Treaty Yearly Review – 2022
The International Patent System
Comprehensive facts, figures and analysis of the international patent system. Special theme: How the COVID-19 crisis affected PCT application filings
Hague Yearly Review 2022 - Executive Summary
International Registration of Industrial Designs
This executive brief identifies key trends in the use of the WIPO-administered Hague System for the International Registration of Industrial Designs.
Patent Landscape Report - Hydrogen fuel cells in transportation
Over the next decade, transforming the transportation sector to put it on a Net Zero pathway will require a combination of technological innovation, government and corporate decision-making, and adapted customer behavior. Reducing greenhouse gas emissions by transportation, a sector responsible for almost 24 percent of direct carbon dioxide emissions from fuel combustion is crucial. This WIPO Patent Landscape Report provides early observations on patenting activity together with complementary information from online news, press releases and corporate financial reporting in the field of hydrogen fuel cells in transportation.
WIPO Magazine, Issue 1/2022 (March)
Madrid Yearly Review 2022
Comprehensive facts, figures and analysis of the international registration of marks.
Hague Yearly Review 2022
Comprehensive facts, figures and analysis of the international registration of industrial designs.
Guide to the Madrid System International Registration of Marks under the Madrid Protocol
This Guide is primarily intended for applicants for, and holders of, international registrations of marks, as well as officials of the competent administrations of the members of the Madrid Union. It covers the various steps of the international registration procedure and explains the essential provisions of the Protocol Relating to the Madrid Agreement Concerning the International Registration of Marks and the Regulations under the Protocol.
Directing innovation towards a low-carbon future
Economic Research Working Paper No. 72
Achieving the ambition of limiting global warming to 1.5°C to 2°C by the end of the century as enacted in the Paris Climate Agreement will require massive investments in environmental technologies and a forceful change of path away from high-carbon technologies. This report presents novel descriptive evidence on global trends in patenting in low-carbon technologies, with a particular focus on the energy and road transport sector. The analysis discusses the role of public policies in driving the rate and the direction of innovation for a low-carbon future.
Innovations in the exploration of outer space
Economic Research Working Paper No. 71
Human exploration of outer space has stimulated multiple innovations from both government and private sources. The decision to invest vast sums of money over a short period of time for the moon programs of the 1960s radically increased the level of innovation. Accomplishing this required new forms of energy for launch and space operations, reductions in the weight of components, and advanced computational capabilities, among many other technological improvements. The organization and management of bringing all of the components together was also essential. This report discusses economic aspects and overall benefits of those innovations as they fit into the prior and continuing push for advanced space capabilities.
Second World War and the direction of medical innovation
Economic Research Working Paper No. 70
This paper provides an overview of the role of the United States of America (U.S.) Second World War research effort on the direction of innovation, with a particular focus on medical research. It provides an overview of the U.S. wartime research program, reviews quantitative evidence on the effects of the overall wartime research shock on postwar patenting, describes the wartime medical research effort, and summarizes case studies of five major wartime medical research programs (penicillin, antimalarials, vaccines, blood substitutes, and hormones) and their effects on postwar R&D. It concludes by drawing out implications for crisis innovation and the direction of innovation in general, discussing mechanisms through which crises may have long-run effects, and highlighting hypotheses warranting further investigation.
Direction of innovation in developing countries and its driving forces
Economic Research Working Paper No. 69
Innovation is a major driving force of long-term economic growth and sustainable development. Direction of innovation matters because technical change is not neutral and hence bears significant social, economic and environmental development implications. This paper contributes to the literature through a systematic examination of the direction of innovation in developing and emerging economies and its driving forces. It shows that innovation in the global South exhibits a vibrant and diverse landscape when we do not confine ourselves with traditional research and innovation indicators. While emerging economies are accelerating their pace in inventive activities in fields such as ICTs, biotech and engineering, low-income countries (LICs) are also found to be active in learning-based, incremental “under-the-radar innovations” (URIs). These URIs that are introduced through international technology transfer and indigenous innovative efforts. Indigenous sources of URIs play a primary role in LICs, contributed by localised learning-by-doing, close interaction with customers and embeddedness in regional production networks and clusters. However, insufficient role of the state, a low science and technology intensity and a lack of university-industry linkage limit the potential of URIs. International technology transfer is another important driver of technical change in developing countries. However, its strengthen varies across countries due to differences in host country policy, absorptive capacity, and the type of foreign economic engagement that they have as well as the inappropriateness of transferred foreign technologies mostly from Global North. Given the status of direction of innovation and its driving forces in developing countries, this report argues that the unfolding 4th industrial revolution poses both challenges and opportunities to LICs. Policy implications are discussed.
Calculating private and social returns to COVID-19 vaccine innovation
Economic Research Working Paper No. 68
What is the return to COVID-19 vaccine innovation? This paper seeks to quantify both private and social returns, using available data on commercialized vaccines and certain assumptions about the pandemic's epidemiological path as well as the economic costs of containment measures. The calculations reveal high returns to innovation. In the baseline scenario, the social benefit of vaccine innovation amounts to 70.5 trillion United States (U.S.) dollars globally, exceeding its private benefit by a factor of 887. The calculations bear on the private and public incentives to invest in vaccine innovation.
World Intellectual Property Report 2022: The Direction of Innovation
Guide to the International Patent Classification (2022)
This Guide provides information on the objectives, history and reform of the International Patent Classification (IPC) as well as assistance in the use of the IPC.
Guide to WIPO's services for country code top-level domain registries
This guide presents country code top-level domain (ccTLD) registry operators and national authorities with information on how to resolve third-party domain name disputes in a cost- and time-saving manner. It explains the main policy design features of a successful Alternative Dispute Resolution (ADR) system, and provides information on the WIPO-created Uniform Domain Name Dispute Resolution Policy (UDRP), including the possibility to tailor the UDRP for specific ccTLD requirements.
An integrated health, trade and IP approach to respond to the COVID-19 pandemic (Second update, May 2023)
The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic constitutes an extraordinary global public health crisis that has created a pressing need for intensified global cooperation. This updated information note maps the myriad challenges posed by the outbreak in relation to the integrated health, trade and IP policy frameworks. It provides cross-references to the relevant sections in the updated trilateral study
COVID-19-related vaccines and therapeutics
Preliminary insights on related patenting activity during the pandemic
Since the start of the COVID-19 pandemic there have been remarkable research and innovation efforts to fight the SARS-COV-2 virus and the related disease. This patent landscape report provides early observations on the patenting activity which took place in the field of COVID-19 vaccines and therapeutics, and compares results with clinical trial data for related candidate vaccines and drugs.
Guidelines for producing gender analysis from innovation and IP data
Understanding how women and men can access and use the intellectual property (IP) system equally is key to ensuring that their ingenuity and creativity translates into economic, social and cultural development. This short guide summarizes best practice for producing innovation and IP gender indicators.
Technology Transfer Training Needs Assessment
Manual and Toolkit
The aim of the manual and toolkit is to enable the assessment of training needs for organizations involved with intellectual property management, technology transfer and commercialization/utilization. This manual and toolkit supports readers with limited knowledge of training needs to identify gaps in skills and competencies and to design effective training programs.
Global Challenges in Focus
Progress in hydrogen fuel cell technology development and deployment in China
Hydrogen is high on the political and innovation agendas of many countries, research institutions and companies. It is an energy medium with great potential for contributing to a transition towards carbon-neutral energy, however, hydrogen sources are dominated by fossil fuels, and the technical and economic challenges remain considerable. This report provides an overview of current hydrogen and fuel cell technology trends internationally, and with a specific focus on developments and implementation in China.
International Patent Classification (IPC)
An effective and easy-to-use system to classify and search patent documents
WIPO IP Facts and Figures 2021
An overview of intellectual property activity based on the latest available year of complete statistics.
Records of the Diplomatic Conference on the Protection of Audiovisual Performances
Geneva, December 7 to 20, 2000
The Records of the Diplomatic Conference on the Protection of Audiovisual Performances held in Geneva, from December 7 to 20, 2000, contain documents relating to that Conference, which were issued before, during and after the Conference.
December Edition
A Guide to the Main WIPO Services
This brochure outlines the range of global intellectual property (IP) services that are offered by WIPO to support businesses and individuals through the IP lifecycle. These services can help innovators and creators protect their inventions, trademarks and designs in multiple countries, and resolve their IP disputes, through free global databases of IP information, highly efficient and cost-effective global IP protection services, and neutral non-profit dispute resolution services.
WIPO Magazine, Issue 4/2021 (December)
Publication year: 2021
From Paper to Platform: Publishing, Intellectual Property and the Digital Revolution
Supporting the development of a national book and reading culture through local professional writers and publishers requires an understanding of the way this sector of the creative economy works and how it is affected by the digital revolution. This publication is intended to help policymakers, particularly those in countries that are interested in promoting local publishing, to understand the publishing industry better and to understand how copyright and other policies affect the way books are being created, published and consumed.
The impacts of counterfeiting on corporate investment
Economic Research Working Paper No. 67
This study uses a unique international database on customs seizures between the years 2011 to 2013 and matches global corporate statistics to study the impacts of counterfeiting on authentic corporations' investment and revenues. Applying the matched sampling combined with panel analyses, we attempt to estimate the effects counterfeit incidences have on corporate research investment and on firm sales and revenues (“sales displacement”) in various industries. We find an overall negative effects on the R&D and net sales across various regression specifications, except for the broad sector of tools, materials, and vehicles (HS code 8).
WIPO Program and Budget
for the 2022/23 biennium
The Program and Budget is a defining document for the Organization. It establishes the results that Member States wish to see achieved by the Organization over the coming biennium and authorizes the programs and resources necessary for the realization for those results.
World Intellectual Property Indicators 2021
This authoritative report analyzes IP activity around the globe. Drawing on 2020 filing, registration and renewals statistics from national and regional IP offices and WIPO, it covers patents, utility models, trademarks, industrial designs, microorganisms, plant variety protection and geographical indications. The report also draws on survey data and industry sources to give a picture of activity in the publishing industry.
Protecting Your Mobile App
Intellectual Property Solutions
Mobile apps are multilayered products with different features, which may be protected by various intellectual property (IP) rights including but not limited to copyright, trademark and patent. This publication is designed as a guide for app developers and publishers to understand how to legally protect the intellectual property of their mobile app. It offers legal clarity and business-oriented guidelines on IP, to generate additional revenue from a mobile app for creators and rights holders, and provides practical advice and insights to inform strategic decisions. The publication reviews the mobile app value chain and offers a checklist of legal considerations when identifying the relevant IP rights, protection options and strategies.
Intermediary Liability and Trade in Follow-on Innovation
Economic Research Working Paper No. 66
Liability rules affect the incentives of intermediaries to disseminate and curate creative works, in particular when works build on the work of predecessors and they are potentially infringing copyright. In an application to the visual arts, we show that appropriation artists borrow images from different sources and incorporate them into new, derivative works of art. By doing so, they risk infringing copyright but also put commercial trade and availability of the work at litigation risk as liability can extend to intermediaries in markets (auction houses) or in public exhibitions (museums). Using a differences-in-differences model and unique data on the level of the individual art work, we empirically investigate the impact of the prominent 2013 Cariou v. Prince U.S. court decision on trade and availability in Appropriation Art.
WIPO Magazine, Issue 3/2021 (September)
IP for the Good of Everyone
Report of the Director General to the 2021 WIPO Assemblies
This annual report reviews the activities of 2020 and looks firmly to the future and a new strategic direction for WIPO.
Global Innovation Index 2021, 14th Edition
Tracking Innovation through the COVID-19 Crisis
The Global Innovation Index 2021 takes the pulse of the most recent global innovation trends and ranks the innovation ecosystem performance of 132 economies, while highlighting innovation strengths and weaknesses and particular gaps in innovation metrics. In its new Global Innovation Tracker section, the report draws on a select set of indicators, including the effects on research and development expenditures or access to innovation finance, to provide a perspective on the impact of COVID-19 on global innovation performance.
COVID-19 Impact on Artistic Income
Economic Research Working Paper No. 65
This paper assesses the impact of the pandemic crisis on self-employed income among artists resident in Germany. Using unique data from the latest available public insurance records, we show that musicians and performing artists are among the most vulnerable groups, and that writers, on average, are relatively less impacted. Moreover, the paper looks at the impact of the 2020 crisis on income differences by gender, career stages and regions, and it investigates the effect of specific non-pharmaceutical, public intervention implemented in German states.
Geographical Indications: An Introduction, 2nd edition
This publication provides an introduction to geographical indications, explaining their basic features, use and protection as an intellectual property right. Written for non-experts, it is a starting point for readers seeking to learn more about the topic.
Alternative Dispute Resolution Mechanisms for Business-to-Business Digital Copyright and Content-Related Disputes - Executive Summary
A report on the results of the WIPO-MCST Survey
This executive summary reveals the key findings from the WIPO-MCST survey on alternative dispute resolution (ADR) mechanisms to resolve business-to-business (B2B) disputes related to digital copyright and digital content
Alternative Dispute Resolution Mechanisms for Business-to-Business Digital Copyright and Content-Related Disputes
This timely publication analyses the results of a survey carried out by WIPO, with the financial support of the Ministry of Culture, Sports and Tourism of the Republic of Korea (MCST), on the current use of alternative dispute resolution (ADR) mechanisms to handle business-to-business disputes related to digital copyright and digital content. Drawing on more than 1,000 responses from a wide range of stakeholders in 129 countries, the report is a unique source of information on which to base the development of tailored ADR mechanisms.
WIPO Workforce 2021
WIPO's workforce is the human capital of the Organization and its greatest asset. This brochure shows a detailed picture of staffing at WIPO in 2021.
WIPO and the Sustainable Development Goals
Innovation driving human progress
The Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) provide an ambitious roadmap for human progress. This brochure explains how WIPO's work supports the SDGs by enabling innovation for the economic, social and cultural development of all countries.
Expanding the World Gender-Name Dictionary: WGND 2.0
Economic Research Working Paper No. 64
This paper revisits the first World Gender Name Dictionary (WGND 1.0), allowing to disambiguate the gender in data naming physical persons (Lax Martínez et al., 2016). We discuss its advantages and limitations and propose an expansion based on updated data and additional sources. By including more than 26 million records linking given names and 195 different countries and territories, the resulting WGND 2.0 substantially increases the international coverage of its processor. As a result, it is particularly designed to be applied to intellectual property unit-record data naming inventors, designers, individual applicants and other creators disclosed in these data.
WIPO Magazine, Issue 2/2021 (June)
Madrid Yearly Review 2021 – Executive Summary
Hague Yearly Review 2021 - Executive Summary
Technology and Innovation Support Centers (TISCs) Report 2020
Enabling local innovators to exploit their potential
This annual report of the TISC program highlights the key trends, innovations and milestones in 2020, with a focus on how the program and the TISC network responded to the COVID-19 pandemic.
Patent Cooperation Treaty Yearly Review 2021 - Executive Summary
This document provides the key trends in the use of the WIPO-administered Patent Cooperation Treaty (PCT). This edition provides a summary of the statistics reported in the PCT Yearly Review 2021.
Patent Cooperation Treaty Yearly Review – 2021
Comprehensive facts, figures and analysis of the international patent system. Special theme: A first insight into the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on PCT applications
Madrid Yearly Review 2021
Hague Yearly Review 2021
Enterprising Ideas
A Guide to Intellectual Property for Startups
This publication introduces startups to IP. Through step-by-step guidance, useful case studies and simple checklists, it illustrates how small businesses can use IP to remain competitive and manage risks. Written for startups bringing an innovative technology-based solution to market, the guide will be useful to any entrepreneur wanting to get to grips with the IP system.
WIPO Magazine, Issue 1/2021 (March)
Boosting Tourism Development through Intellectual Property
This publication helps non-IP specialists understand the connection between IP, tourism and culture. Through multiple case studies, it illustrates how existing and potential IP tools, in particular branding and copyright, can add value to tourism services and products. It explains how to include IP in tourism policies, product development and destination branding, and shows how different IP rights can be leveraged for fundraising purposes.
WIPO Technology Trends 2021 - Executive Summary
Assistive technology
This groundbreaking report looks at patenting and technology trends in innovation in assistive technology. It identifies the prominent technologies, top players and markets for patent protection across seven domains – mobility, cognition, communication, hearing, the built environment, self-care and vision. Using a scale of technology readiness, it reveals which of the identified assistive products filed for patent protection are closest to commercialization.
WIPO Technology Trends 2021
Sharing Knowledge, Building IP Skills – The WIPO Academy Year in Review 2020
This report presents the Academy's achievements in 2020 and highlights the latest developments across programs, including new partnerships and course offerings.
WIPO GREEN – Year in Review 2020
The WIPO GREEN Year in Review 2020 provides a snapshot of last year's activities and achievements. Some highlights include the regional innovation acceleration project in Latin America, WIPO GREEN strategic activities, and the establishment of new partner and donor relationships.
Guide to the International Registration of Marks under the Madrid Protocol
WIPO Mediation, Arbitration and Expedited Arbitration Rules and Clauses
This brochure contains the rules of dispute resolution procedures administered by the WIPO Arbitration and Mediation Center, namely, the WIPO Mediation Rules, the WIPO Arbitration Rules, the WIPO Expedited Arbitration Rules, and the WIPO Expert Determination Rules.
WIPO IP Facts and Figures 2020
The WIPO Singapore Office
This brochure provides an insight into the role and activities of the WIPO Singapore Office.
WIPO Development Agenda
The WIPO Development Agenda aims to ensure that development considerations form an integral part of WIPO's work. As such, it is a cross-cutting issue which touches upon all sectors of the Organization. When formally establishing the Development Agenda in October 2007, the WIPO General Assembly adopted a set of 45 recommendations to enhance the development dimension of the Organization's activities.
Main Provisions and Benefits of the Geneva Act of the Lisbon Agreement (2015)
The Geneva Act of the Lisbon Agreement was adopted by the Diplomatic Conference for the Adoption of a New Act of the Lisbon Agreement for the Protection of Appellations of Origin and their International Registration, which took place in Geneva from May 11 to 21 , 2015. The Act establishes an international system of registration and protection for both appellations of origin and geographical indications.
WIPO Magazine, Issue 4/2020 (December)
Publication year: 2020
Innovative Technologies Tackling Food Loss
This edition of the Global Challenges in Focus series explores cutting-edge technologies to reduce food loss in the supply chain. Though identifying “critical loss points”, the brief proposes innovative technologies with the highest estimated impact on mitigating food loss. To continue the topic of the food management process, a forthcoming paper will address the technologies tackling food waste.
Ethics and Innovation
10 Years WIPO Ethics Office
This anniversary publication presents the creation and history of WIPO's Ethics Office, and describes the interrelationship between law and ethics in the internal justice system. The book also features contributions by leading scholars, originally made in the context of the WIPO Public Lectures series on Ethics, which explore ethical challenges to technological developments, communication, justice and culture.
What is Intellectual Property?
Intellectual property (IP) refers to creations of the mind – everything from works of art to inventions, computer programs to trademarks and other commercial signs. This booklet introduces the main types of IP and explains how the law protects them. It also introduces the work of WIPO, the global forum for IP services, policy, information and cooperation.
Guide to WIPO Arbitration
Arbitration is increasingly being used to resolve disputes involving intellectual property, technology, entertainment and other commercial rights. This booklet provides a straightforward introduction to this dispute resolution procedure, based on the extensive experience of the WIPO Center. It describes the main features and advantages of arbitration and explains how arbitration under the WIPO Arbitration and Expedited Arbitration Rules works in practice, with case examples.
World Intellectual Property Indicators 2020
This authoritative report analyzes IP activity around the globe. Drawing on 2019 filing, registration and renewals statistics from national and regional IP offices and WIPO, it covers patents, utility models, trademarks, industrial designs, microorganisms, plant variety protection and geographical indications. The report also draws on survey data and industry sources to give a picture of activity in the publishing industry.
Exclusive content and platform competition in Latin America
Economic Research Working Paper No. 63
Platforms often compete over non-price strategies such as the exclusive distribution of products. But these strategies are not always welfare-enhancing. Using rich data on audiovisuals distributed on platforms in Brazil, we find that non-exclusive distribution and availability of titles across platforms is more effective in deterring online piracy than in the single homing case. Moreover, in certain markets (TVOD), it induces higher average investment in the production of new titles upstream. We discuss options of copyright and antitrust policies in the light of these findings.
Methodology for the Development of National Intellectual Property Strategies
Second edition
This core reference for national project teams developing IP strategies has been fully revised to give clear, step-by-step guidance through every phase of the lifecycle of a strategy, from initiation through to monitoring and evaluation. This comprehensive reference guide includes a range of tools and best practices, templates and other resources.
Grand rights and opera reuse today
Economic Research Working Paper No. 62
This article studies the economic role of grand rights in the incentives to stage and reuse works from the opera canon. It complements previous research on the incentives to create new opera (Giorcelli and Moser, 2020) in the way it looks at copyright taxing availability and follow-on creativity around works. Based on a unique dataset of global opera performances, we find that changes in copyright status increase the number of total performances individual works receive on stage once copyright expires. Moreover, we provide preliminary evidence on chilling, long-term effects of status around premiering operas and revivals at the beginning of the copyright term. Based on these findings, we discuss limitations of the study and novel options for copyright policy frameworks.
Batman forever? The economics of overlapping rights
Economic Research Working Paper No. 61
When copyrighted comic characters are also protected under trademark laws, intellectual property (IP) rights can be overlapping. Arguably, registering a trademark can increase transaction costs for cross-media uses of characters, or it can help advertise across multiple sales channels. In an application to book, movie and video game publishing industries, we thus ask how creative reuse (innovation in uses) is affected in situations of overlapping rights, and whether ‘fuzzy boundaries' of right frameworks are in fact enhancing or decreasing content sales.
Addressing climate challenges with innovation. WIPO GREEN guide for youth roundtables
This guide is designed to help young people better understand the ways in which they can use innovation in the climate crisis response. Created to facilitate group discussions and inspire action, the guide incorporates theoretical resources and practical tools for using green technologies and intellectual property to empower youth in their efforts to address climate change.
WIPO Magazine, Issue 3/2020 (September)
Report of the Director General to the 2020 WIPO Assemblies
Retrospective 2008-2020
This report is a retrospective of the work accomplished by the Organization during the two terms of office of Director General Francis Gurry, from 2008 to 2020.
Staff @ WIPO: Engaged, Innovative, Resilient
Workforce: 2020
WIPO's workforce is the human capital of the Organization and its greatest asset. This brochure shows a detailed picture of staffing at WIPO in 2020, offering a breakdown of the workforce by category, sector, funding, type of staff appointment, geographical representation and gender balance. It also reports on organizational performance, learning and development, and organizational conflict management.
Global Innovation Index 2020 - Executive version
Who Will Finance Innovation?
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Global Innovation Index 2020
The Global Innovation Index 2020 provides detailed metrics about the innovation performance of 131 countries and economies around the world. Its 80 indicators explore a broad vision of innovation, including political environment, education, infrastructure and business sophistication. The 2020 edition sheds light on the state of innovation financing by investigating the evolution of financing mechanisms for entrepreneurs and other innovators, and by pointing to progress and remaining challenges – including in the context of the economic slowdown induced by the coronavirus disease (COVID-19) crisis.
Global Innovation Index 2020 - KEY FINDINGS