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China Intellectual Property Task Force Members
Editor:
Wang Zhengzhi
Associate Editors:
Guo Jun, Huang Tao, Liu Rong, Sun Ruqi, Xu Jianghua, Yang Xiguang, Zhang Yamei, Zhao Zheng.
Assistant Editors:
Ashley Acosta, Patrick Allen Dittmer, Dong Fuyan, Harry Gordon, Salman Kotwal, Amanda Maillet, Tadiwa Mandinyenya, Andrew Naylor, Alex Streeter, Liz Thomas.
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Foreword
With the development of economic globalization, the important role of intellectual property as a key element of the strategic resources and national competitiveness is increasingly emerging. The remarkable progress of intellectual property is significant for China’s national competitiveness and also a crucial guarantee and support for the development of China’s social economy.
Since the beginning of 2009, “China Intellectual Property Index Report” (CIPIR) has been consecutively published for 6 years. The China Intellectual Property Index Research Group (the Group) is devoted to continually perfecting the research system that resulted in adjusting the final version; including 4 first level indexes, 17 second level indexes, 65 third level indexes and 115 fourth level indexes. Compared with 2013, the current report reflects the development of China’s intellectual property more comprehensively by adding the frame, rank and analysis of the science fourth level index and by emphasizing the creative environment of intellectual property. The Group seeks to create an intuitive and systematic research system of the fourth level index by analyzing every possible aspect in each of China’s regions and the stage they are at regarding intellectual property. The aspects researched include perspectives of production, flow level, comprehensive performance, creative potential and progress trend of future overall strength of China’s intellectual property.
“China’s Intellectual Property Index Report” incorporates two affiliated reports: “Shanghai’s Intellectual Property Lawsuits Report” (SIPLR) and “China’s Listed Company in Pharmaceuticals Industry Report”(CLCPIL). The CLCPIL sets Shanghai as the research sample and attempts to analyze the most developed economic city as a region. The CLCPIL explores the relationship between the pattern of economic development and the development of intellectual property. In addition, the CLCPIL attempts to analyze the significant role of intellectual property in the pharmaceutical industry from the view of that particular industry. Thus, as a result, parts of the Group’s research focuses on this representative industry that combines the traditional labor-intensive industry with the new high-tech industry.
The Group, under a long-term adherence to its objective and independent research attitude, records the traits and changes of every region by continually reviewing the development of trends in China’s intellectual property system. The purpose of the record is to provide an analysis platform for the intellectual property’s creative development and to achieve the long-term goal of intellectual property’s effective use of protection in accordance with law and scientific management.
The China Intellectual Property Index Research Group September, 2014
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Table of Contents
Foreword................................................................................................................... 2
Data Processing Methods ........................................................................................ 13
The Calculation of the Comprehensive Index .......................................................... 14
CIPI 2014 Overall Reports ...................................................................................... 24
Special Note to Our Readers.................................................................................... 38
Afterword................................................................................................................ 38
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Things to Keep in Mind While Reading the 2014 China Intellectual Property
Report
I. An Introduction to the PCT (Patent Cooperation Treaty)
The Patent Cooperation Treaty (PCT) is an international patent law treaty, written in 1970. It provides a unified procedure for filing patent applications to protect inventions in each of its contracting states. A patent application filed under the PCT is called an international patent application, or PCT application. China officially became a member of the treaty on January 1, 1994, and since then has filed many patent applications under the treaty.
According to Article 3 of the PCT, “an international application shall contain, as specified in this Treaty and the Regulations, a request, a description, one or more claims, one or more drawings (where required), and an abstract.
(3) The abstract merely serves the purpose of technical information and cannot be taken into account for any other purpose, particularly not for the purpose of interpreting the scope of the protection sought. (4) The international application shall:
(i) Be in a prescribed language; (ii) Comply with the prescribed physical requirements; (iii) Comply with the prescribed requirement of unity of invention; (iv) Be subject to the payment of the prescribed fees.”
A PCT application, which establishes a filing date in all contracting states, must be followed, after its written conception, by entering into a national or regional phase in order to proceed towards the granting of one or more patents. The PCT procedure essentially leads to a standard national or regional patent application, which may be granted or rejected according to applicable law, in each jurisdiction in which a patent is desired. This process of filing a PCT begins with the filing of an application nationally and then moves into the search process to make sure there are no other similar international patents. Finally it moves into the international realm where the application is then filed into the countries where the patent is requesting to be used. The main advantage of the PCT procedure is the possibility to delay as much as possible the national or regional procedures, thus reducing the respective fees and translation costs, as well as the usage of a unified filing procedure.
II. Copyright in China
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What makes copyright laws in China so different and so much more challenging to protect than in western countries? In order to answer this question, we must first understand where China’s system of law comes from, and how Socialism and Confucianism have influenced this system.
The Copyright Law of the People's Republic of China was adopted on September 7, 1990 and implemented on June 1, 1991. It was the first law authorizing the administration and protection of copyrights in the country and, compared to other western countries, was implemented much later than most countries. Therefore, China’s understanding of copyright law only comes from just over 20 years of experience, making it difficult for society to accept such laws after hundreds of years of using copyright infringing goods without consequence.
Chinese Copyright Law provides that the works of Chinese citizens and foreign entities that are first published within China enjoy copyright protection under Chinese law for a term of 50 years, or the life of the author plus 50 years in the case of an individual author. The term for moral or personal rights, such as the right of accreditation, is perpetual. In addition, a publisher enjoys a 10-year term of protection for original designs of a publication. China also has a specific list of items that cannot be protected under copyright laws, which other countries may have listed as protected under their laws. These include:
• Laws and regulations, resolutions, decisions and orders of State organizations, other documents of a legislative, administrative or judicial nature and their official translations; • News on current affairs; • Calendars, numerical tables and forms of general use, databases and formulas. Copyright in China, according to the International Intellectual Property Alliance,
is prone to infringement. Piracy losses for business software, video games, motion pictures, recordings and books in 2002 exceeded USD1.85 billion, with piracy rates generally running 90-96 percent across all copyright industries. So why then does China have these problems? The answer: 4,000 year-old Chinese Confucian ideologies.
Coming from a Socialist and Confucian viewpoint, in China ideas are shared and open to usage by the community, rather than being owned by an individual. Chinese people believe that an idea, if good enough, should be shared. Therefore, everyone should benefit from an idea, rather than an individual gaining all the profit. If an individual decides to copyright his or her intellectual property, a song for instance, in western countries it would be seen as only that single person’s right. In China, many people listen to the song and enjoy it. One day a person decides to sing the song in the background of a Chinese commercial. In China, they would see the use of the song as continuing the enjoyment of the song for all the people and not as an infringement of intellectual property rights. Rather, using the song for something that everyone
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would hear is a compliment to the artist, and everyone should share such enjoyment. Changing this way of thinking in China requires many more years to allow people
to fully understand what copyrights are, and why they matter. China’s lawyers are all striving for their people to learn more about IP rights because it may push China forward in an economic sense if westerners will invest in China and are no longer afraid of having their ideas infringed upon. Chinese people are beginning to listen to what IP lawyers are saying, and slowly but surely attempting to stop the use of infringing products, which they hope will allow China to gain more respect in the western world.
III. Comparing Chinese Patent and Trademark Agents to Patent and Trademark Attorneys in the US and China
In the US, a person who has passed the patent agent qualification exam, and the USPTO registration examination, often referred to as the patent bar, but has not passed a state bar exam, is considered a patent agent rather than patent attorney. A patent attorney is an individual who meets the requirements of a patent agent, and has also been admitted to practice law in any of the US federal courts or state supreme courts, therefore having passed the national bar examination. One of the main differences between a United States Patent Agent and a Patent Attorney is that a Patent Agent does not represent clients outside the jurisdiction of the USPTO. Many patent agents are people with strong technical backgrounds who have not attended law school or who are in the process of attending law school. A recognized Bachelor's degree in biology, computer science, electronics technology, chemistry, pharmacology, physics and numerous engineering degrees, will make you eligible for the patent agent bar exam. A patent agent does not need a law degree; however, only patent attorneys can help clients with issues such as patent validity, infringement cases, and all patent litigation. Only patent attorneys can prepare, file and prosecute trademarks and service marks applications.
China, while having much fewer patent agents and attorneys than the US, still differentiates their patent attorneys from their patent agents, just as in the US. Patent agents and patent attorneys work directly under the State Intellectual Property Office (SIPO) of China. Only agents can aid foreigners in filing patent applications, and all foreigners are in fact required to send in their applications through registered patent agents designated by the State Council of the Chinese Government. China has a separate examination for patent lawyers than it does for patent agents. Patent agents must also have studied a science in their bachelor’s degree program, whereas patent lawyers only have to pass China’s equivalent of the bar exam, and are not required to have a background in a science to work in patent law.
In the US, both patent and trademark attorneys can provide representation and advice regarding designs and related intellectual property matters such as design searching and opinions, preparing and filing design applications, representation in
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matters before USPTO, design oppositions and advice in relation to infringement. Trademark attorneys in the US are part of the general legal profession. Trademark attorneys do not require specialized examinations in order to qualify and practice as a trademark attorney. Instead, any lawyer who is licensed to practice in at least one state may prosecute trademark applications before the USPTO. Many trademark attorneys in the US have undergraduate degrees in a variety of fields such as business administration, marketing, liberal arts etc. rather than in the science or engineering field, which a patent attorney must have in order to practice in the United States Patent Office. Furthermore, a patent attorney in the US must pass a special exam in order to represent individuals and companies in the Patent office, while a trademark attorney does not.
In China, a trademark attorney is a separately recognized legal profession. Along with solicitors and barristers, they are recognized as lawyers under China’s Trademark Law. The responsibilities of a trademark attorney include advising on the adoption and selection of new trademarks; filing and prosecuting applications to register trademarks; advising on the use and registration of trademarks; handling trademark oppositions, revocations, invalidations and assignments; carrying out searches and advising on trademark infringement matters. A trademark attorney will work with the China Trademark Office to answer any questions about your trademark or trademark application. Trademark attorneys must pass the Chinese bar exam, but require no specific examination in order to be considered a specific trademark attorney.
A Chinese trademark agent refers to the practicing staff in a trademark agency or organization, while a trademark agency refers to the legal service agencies that take on clients and handle their applications for registration of trademarks or other matters related to trademarks in the name of their clients. Trademark agents are not required to pass the National Bar Exam, unlike their fellow IP counterparts, the patent agents. In China, there is a very interesting comparison between patent agencies and trademark agencies. A patent agent has to pass the qualification exam, which has a very low pass rate. A trademark agent does not need to pass any examination at all. There are currently more than 700 patent agencies in China, whereas the number of trademark agencies is staggering. Patent agencies have their own association, the All-China Patent Agents Association, while trademark agents don’t have any association.
Throughout the world, there are different sets of laws and qualifications for lawyers, and those that are specific to China allow us to see how their system works. Chinese patent agents, patent attorneys, trademark agents and a trademark attorneys all carry their own specific set of requirements to be given such names, and each one provides a different service in helping to protect the holders of IP rights all over China.
IV. Key Amendments of new Chinese Trademark Law 2013
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On August 30, 2013, China National People’s Congress enacted the amended Chinese Trademark Law, and the new Chinese Trademark Law came into effect as of May 1, 2014.The newly enacted law made several key changes to China’s pervious trademark law. While many of the changes simply codified previously practices, there are ten key changes in the revised law.
First, the new Chinese Trademark law establishes deadlines for matters before the Chinese Trademark Office (CTMO) and the Trademark Review and Adjudication Board (TRAB). The CTMO now has nine months after receipt of the trademark application to complete a preliminary examination for registration. The nine month deadline also applies to CTMO and TRAB decisions concern request for rejection appeal, invalidation appeal, non-use cancellation and/or generic terms cancellation. However, the law gives an addition three months for certain unique circumstances listed within the law. The last new deadline imposed on the CTMO and TRAB is a 12 month deadline for review concerning opposition to decision with an extension for the TRAB under certain listed circumstances.
Second, the new Chinese Trademark law may make it more difficult for opponents to file an opposition. On one hand, as the opponent, the prior right holder or interested party may file the opposition based on their private rights. On the other hand, any entity (including the prior right holder or interested party) may, as the opponent, file the opposition based on the public interests. The new law partially cancelled the opposition appeal procedure in favor of the opposed party. If the opposed party wins the opposition, the losing opponent is not entitled to initiating the opposition appeal procedure before the TRAB, and the opposed mark will obtain registration. Instead, the losing opponent may seek to file invalidation against the registered trademark before the TRAB. If the opposed party loses the opposition, it may still appeal to the TRAB via the opposition appeal procedure before the TRAB.
Third, the well-known mark protection system is further clarified in the new law. Well-known mark recognition is based on the request of the trademark right holder and a fact to be ascertained according to the necessity of the case. However, the right holder of the trademark well-known among the relevant public may request the well-known trademark protection according to regulations in Chinese Trademark Law, when he believes his right has been infringed upon. The new law also establishes specific routes and authorities governing well-known mark recognition and prohibits using the wording “well-known trademark” for commercial activities.
Fourth, trademark protection is further strengthened in several ways. The new law further clarified the criteria of trademark confusion among the public. Now, it is assumed as confusion when identical marks/signs on identical goods/services. For similar marks/signs on identical goods/services or identical marks/signs on similar goods/services, confusion must be established. Moreover, the new Chinese Trademark Law added the provision of contributory infringement that the act of “intentionally providing and facilitating conditions for infringement and assisting others to carry on the infringement” shall be deemed as trademark infringement. An
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additional provision was added that states “Use of the registered trademark or unregistered well-known marks of others as a trade name contained in the enterprise name, which misleads the public and constitutes as unfair competition, shall be ruled under the Chinese Anti-Unfair Competition Law.”
The new Chinese Trademark Law further strengthens protection by affirming the right for use of a prior mark with certain fame, by stipulating that “Where prior to an application of trademark registration by a trademark registrant, others have been using identical or similar trademark on identical or similar goods prior to the trademark registrant, and such trademark has acquired certain influence, the trademark registrant shall have no right to prohibit said trademark user from continuing to use that trademark within the original scope of use, but may require it to attach additional appropriate distinctions.”
Moreover, the new law strengthens penalties and damages for infringement. The law extended scope of tools to be seized or destroyed, which are used to manufacture infringing goods, forge registered trademark labels, by changing the wording into “the primary tools” from “specially used tools” prescribed in 2001 Chinese Trademark Law. The new Chinese Trademark Law has prescribed the specific amount of the fine, that is, “with unjustified business income over RMB 50,000, can be held liable for a fine up to five times of the unjustified business income; where no unjustified business income or unjustified business income is less than RMB 50,000, a fine up to RMB 250,000 can be enforced.
Fifth, the new Chinese Trademark law further cracks down on bad faith actions. A catch-all provision of the good faith principle was added which states: “The application for registration and use of the mark shall comply with the principle of good faith.” The new Chinese Trademark Law adopted the provision prohibiting the hijacking of another party’s unregistered mark with prior use based on the ground that the applicant is aware of such prior mark because the applicant has contractual, business or other relationships with the other party. Also, the new law prescribes that the trademark registrant will not be awarded with damages if such registered mark is not in actual use.
Sixth, the new law enhanced the definition of a mark and provides more detail concerning application and registration of marks. The new law added sound marks to the definition of an acceptable registered mark. Signs identical or similar to the national flag, national anthem, etc. and deceptive signs which tend to mislead the public are prohibited from using and registration as trademarks. Multi-classes registrations in one application and e-filings were both adopted. Examination opinion may be issued if the CTMO believes the trademark application needs to be further explained or amended. Application for renewal of the registration shall be made within 12 months before the expiration date, extended from six months prescribed by 2001 Chinese Trademark Law. Requirements for trademark assignment are added and clarified. Lastly, the entity and nature of license recordation is further clarified by adding the following provisions: “when licensing others to use its registered
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trademark, the licensor shall record its trademark license with the CTMO, announced by thereof. Trademark license that are not recorded with the CTMO cannot be used against the good faith use of the registered trademark by a third party.”
Seventh, according to the new Chinese Trademark Law, suspension of action is now available for review case and invalidation cases handled by the TRAB as well as the trademark infringement cases handled by the AICs.
Eighth, the effectiveness and retroactive effect of opposition, invalidation and cancellation of the trademark has been changed. The trademark approved for registration upon the adjudication on the opposition shall not have the retroactive effect on another person’s act to use a sign identical with or similarly to the trademark on the same or similar goods from the date on which the period for trademark opposition expires and before the adjudication on the opposition takes effect. However, the losses inflicted to the trademark registrant due to the bad faith in which the sign is used shall be compensated. In respect of a trademark registration that is invalidated, it shall be published by the Trademark Office, and the exclusive right to use the trademark shall be deemed to be non-existent from the beginning. The law also states that a registered mark cancelled will be published by the CTMO, and the exclusive rights thereof will be terminated on the date of publication.
Ninth, the administration on trademark use is further strengthened. The new Chinese Trademark Law clarified the definition of trademark use and emphasized the trademark use in the sense of Chinese Trademark Law with the purpose of identifying the sources of goods or services. It also clarified that the local AIC (instead of the CTMO prescribed by 2001 Chinese Trademark Law) has the power to order the rectification of unilaterally altering a registered trademark, name, address, or other registered matters, while the power to cancel the registered trademark remains at the CTMO. The law adopted the practice of cancellation against the trademark registration of generic terms. Like the cancellation against the three-year non-use cancellation, any entity is entitled to filing the cancellation against those registered marks where they have becomes generic terms. Lastly, the amount of the fine imposed by the local AIC is further clarified
Tenth and last, regulations and requirements on trademark agents are enhanced. The new Chinese Trademark Law adds several provisions to regulate the practice of the trademark agents and to be helpful to crack down bad faith trademark registration.
All of the changes found in the new Chinese Trademark law are welcomed changes by attorneys in China. Many of these changes reflect current practices that are now clarified within the new law. The implementation of the new Chinese Trademark law creates a more current and modern Trademark protection for businesses in China.
V. Nontraditional Trademarks in the Eastern Asia and Pacific Region
Because of the addition of sound trademarks in the new Chinese Trademark law,
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the Group sought to research these nontraditional trademarks around China in the Eastern Asia and Pacific region. A number of countries in this region already have sound trademarks added to their Trademark laws including: Australia, Macau, New Zealand, Hong Kong, India, Taiwan, Singapore, Mongolia, and South Korea. However, there are still several countries whose law does not provides for sound trademarks as registrable marks such as: Thailand, Japan, Malaysia, Laos, Philippines, Indonesia, and Viet Nam.
In researching several countries, there was some confusion concerning whether or not sound marks are registrable marks in Thailand. Numerous bills have been proposed in Thailand concerning amendments to the current Trademark law, and recently a bill was proposed that would added “sounds and smells” to the definition of a mark. However, to date, the proposed bill has not become a part of Thailand’s trademark law. Thailand’s current law states that a “Mark” shall include a portrait, picture, device, brand, name, word, statement, letter, numeral, signature, combination of colors, figurative element, or any combination thereof. In addition, three-dimensional marks are registrable in Thailand. Considering the proposed bills, Thailand’s Trademark law could change in the near future. Thus, a close eye needs to be kept on Thailand for any new developments.
Next, Taiwan became a focus for our sound trademark research. Because of Taiwan’s proximity to China and the similarities between our two countries laws, Taiwan seems to be a guide for how the new Chinese Trademark law will unfold. Taiwan began extending protection to sound marks in 2003; and in 2012, Taiwan extended the definition of a mark even further by adding in motions, holograms, and single colors. Currently, protectable subject matter in Taiwan includes any sign with distinctiveness, which may, in particular consist of words, devices, symbols, colors, three-dimensional shapes, motions, holograms, sounds, or any combination thereof. Musical and Non-musical sounds can be registered marks and when filed representation of the proposed mark submitted upon filing shall be truthfully represented by a staff or description of the sound and electronic data carrier that contains the stored representation of the trademark.
A difficult burden of proof with sound trademarks in any country is the “distinctiveness” requirement. Under Taiwan’s law, the term “distinctiveness” refers to the character of a sign capable of being recognized by relevant consumers as an indication of the source of goods or services and distinguishing goods or services of one undertaking from those of other undertakings. The requirement of “capable of being recognized by relevant consumers” can be a very difficult burden of proof. In addition, the law gives little guidance as to who are relevant consumers and what the recognition of these consumers would entail.
Since the amendment of the Trademark law in 2003, only 40 sound trademarks applications have been successfully registered. This year, 17 sound trademark applications have been successfully registered. However, 49 applications have been rejected this year. One can only speculate as to the reason for such low success rates
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among trademark applications. Most speculation tends to think the “distinctiveness’ requirement for sound trademarks can be very difficult to prove especially when the sound mark includes spoken words.
An example of a failed attempt to trademark a sound in Taiwan occurred in 2011 when Taiwan’s Cathay United Bank filed sound trademarks concerning a tune for its TV commercial slogan “Enrich your life, Cathay United Bank (in Chinese).” However, Taiwan Intellectual Property Office (TIPO) did not approve most of the applications so Cathay United Bank filed suit in the Taipei Administrative Court. The Court stated that the sound trademark presented by Cathay United as musical notation and male ensemble recorded in a disc was not a tune that can be easily and deeply remembered. The phrase “enrich your life” literally connotes meaning of blessing or encouragement. Thus, the combination of the tune and the phrase cannot be the basis of identification for the consumers to easily differentiate Cathay United Bank’s services from others. Therefore, the Court ruled in favor of the TIPO decision and did not grant Cathay United Bank a sound trademark.
In attempting to learn more about nontraditional sound trademarks in the Eastern Asian and Pacific region, several road blocks seemed to inhibit our research. Because trademark applications are traditionally review by a trademark board and not by a court of law, the reason for rejections of applications is often times not disclosed or reported. In addition, many countries filing systems are purely paper systems that are not uploaded to the internet. Lastly, counties with accessible information about trademark registration do not distinguish between traditional and nontraditional trademark registration and statistics. Since nontraditional trademarks are the future of trademark protection, it is our hope that in the future countries will begin to issue more detailed information concerning these marks. However, only time will tell if nontraditional marks will be considered separate from more traditional marks in research and recordation.
In brief, our research has uncovered that nontraditional trademarks, in particular sound trademarks, are a new developing market here in China and the surrounding regions. Sound trademarks should be carefully watched in the near future as a new and emerging market and an additional outlet of protection for client’s brands here in China. The Group will continue to vigilantly research nontraditional trademark in the future in order to stay on top of this constantly evolving brand of trademark.
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Data Processing Methods
Sample Selection Five samples were chosen from the 31 provinces, municipalities and autonomous
regions in Mainland China. Using this method we can compare the comprehensive strength of intellectual property based on factors including political administration, economics, culture and the geographical environment. As our work progressed, we found that the factors of provincial government and macro-economic policy lead us to understand the advantages of places that make the greatest contribution to China’s economic development. This affects a clearer understanding of intellectual property in China at this time. Hong Kong, Macau, Taiwan and certain other places in Mainland China have not been included in this study because intellectual property has developed separately in these places and are not the concern of this report.
Sources of Information The data contained in this report was collected from a variety of sources
including annually state-published yearbooks. These include the "2013 China Statistical Yearbook", the “2012 China Statistical Yearbook of Intellectual Property”, the “2012 Statistical Yearbook of Patents”, the “2013 China Science and Technology Statistical Yearbook" and the "2013 Provincial Statistical Bulletin." Other sources of information used include the Chinese Time Honored Brand Committee, the “2013 China Science and Technology Statistical Data Collection” and information accessed from the China Trademark Office and the State Intellectual Property Office (SIPO).
Data Analysis The ways in which we analyzed data remains the same as the methods used in
our 2013 report. The standardization of data in our case mainly refers to the dimensions of the data. However, because of the different dimensions of indicator data, in order to carry out a comprehensive integration of each of these indicators, all indicators in this report are put into specific dimensions. In order for us to create objective indicators to use for processing raw data, this report mainly adopted a threshold method for creating indicators rather than a strict dimension in which we place the data.
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The Calculation of the Comprehensive Index
Behind this entire report, there is a general intent to create specific objectives and propose a comprehensive evaluation index for the overall strength of China's regional intellectual property rights. This report is divided into linear weighted indexes, which are made from a composite index model, which uses multiplication evaluation models, and mixed addition evaluation models. Indicators report the importance of each piece of information within the CIPI. Within this index, the indicator value is insignificant, and each index is independent, therefore it creates a comprehensive evaluation of each index value. These indexes will also show that they do not affect each other, but rather, they are independent and calculated using a linear weighted model.
This index measures the overall strength of regional intellectual property rights at different levels. While the importance of each piece of information is difficult to precisely distinguish, it is therefore difficult to determine what this importance can be equal to in weight. By creating this report, we examine the situation of intellectual property rights in China objectively by using a very specific set of rules.
Output of
Intellectual
Property
Quantity of IP Applications and Registrations per Capita
Quantity of Patent Applications
Quantity of Invention Patent Applications
1/400
Quantity of Utility Model Patent Applications Among 4 million people per year
1/400
Quantity of Design Patent Applications Among 4 millions people per year
1/400
Quantity of Patent Application Filed under the PCT Among 4 million people per year
1/400
Quantity of Trademark Applications
Quantity of Trademark Applications Among 4 million people per year
1/100
Quantity of Copyright Contract Registrations and Copyright Voluntary
Quantity of Copyright Contract Registration Among 2 million people per year
1/200
Quantity of Copyright Registrations Among 1
1/200
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Registrations million people per year
Quantity of Applications for Layout Designs for Integrated Circuits
Quantity of Applications for Layout Design of Integrated Circuit Among 1 million people per year
1/100
Quantity of New Varieties of Agricultural Design Applications
Quantity of New Varieties of Agricultural Applications among 1 million people per year
1/100
Output Quality
Quantity of Patents Issued
Quantity of Invention Patents Issued Among 1 Million People Per Year
1/420
Quantity of Utility Models Patents Issued Among 1 Million People Per Year
1/420
Quantity of Design Patents Issued Among 1 Million People Per Year
1/420
Quantity of Trademarks Issued
Quantity of Trademarks Issued Among 1 Million People Per Year
1/140
Quantity of Gold Award of Patents
Quantity of Gold Award of Patents
1/140
Quantity of Well-Known Trademarks
Quantity of Well-Known Trademarks
1/140
Number of Owners of “China Time-Honored Brands”
Number of Owners of “China Time-Honored Brands”
1/140
Quantity of Registration and Certification of Layout-Designs of Integrated Circuits
Quantity of Registration and Certification of Layout-Designs of Integrated Circuits Among 1 Million People Per Year
1/140
Quantity of Foreign Trade as Compared to Patents Applications Filed
Quantity of Patent Application Filed under the PCT per Billion Dollars of Foreign Trade（one
1/140
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under the PCT ratio application/ a billion dollars）
Output Efficiency
Output Efficiency of Invention Patents Created by IP employees and R&D Scientists and Engineers
Quantity of Invention Patent Applications Among Thousands of IP employee per year
1/80
Quantity of Invention Patent Applications of R&D Scientists and Engineers per year
1/80
Capital Output Efficiency of Invention Patents
Quantity of Invention Patent Applications as Compared with Billion R&D Expenditure per year
1/40
Achievement of Patent of Enterprises
Quantity of Patent Applications from Enterprises
Quantity of On-Duty Invention Patent Applications of Enterprises per year
1/180
Quantity of On-Duty Utility Models Patent Applications from Enterprises
1/180
Quantity of On-Duty Design Patent Applications from Enterprises
1/180
Quantity of On-Duty Patent Issued
Quantity of On-Duty Invention Patents Issued
1/180
Quantity of On-Duty Utility Models Patents Issued
1/180
Quantity of On-Duty Design Patents Issued
1/180
Output Efficiency of Invention Patent Applications from Large and Medium-Sized Enterprises
Quantity of Invention Patent Applications Of R&D Personnel from Large and Medium-Sized Enterprises
1/120
Quantity of Invention Patent Applications with R&D internal expenditure of Large and Medium-Sized Enterprises
1/120
Patent Output of Quantity of Quantity of Invention Patent 1/60
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Universities and Research Institutions
Invention Patent Applications from Universities and Research institutions this year
Applications from Universities and Research institutions this year
Quantity of Invention Patents Issued by Universities and Research Institutions
Quantity of Invention Patents Issued by Universities and Research Institutions
1/60
Patent Output Efficiency of Universities and Research Institutions
Quantity of Patent Applications per Ten Thousand R&D personnel of Universities and Research Institutions
1/120
Quantity of Patent Applications per1 Billion R&D Expenditures of Universities and Research Institutions
1/120
The Level of
Intellectual
Property Market
Movement
Technology Market Transactions
The Scale of the Technology Market
Quantity of Contracts in the Technology Market
1/144
Quantity of Contract Amounts in the Technology Market
1/144
Quantity of Contract Amounts to GDP Ratio
1/144
The Circulation of Technology Markets between Home and Abroad
Quantity of Foreign Import Contracts
1/96
Amount of Money of Foreign Import Contracts
1/96
The Overall Technology Transfer Situation
The Quantity of Contract in the Technology market to The Quantity of Technology Transfer Contract Ratio
1/96
The Amount of the Money of Contract in the Technology market to The Amount of the Money of Technology Transfer Contract Ratio
1/96
The International Fee for Exploitation and 1/48
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competitiveness of technology
licenses of Patents to Abroad from R&D personnel
IP service institutions
Trademark Agencies
Quantity of Trademark Agencies
1/48
Patent Agencies Quantity of Patent Application Agencies
1/48
Law Firms Quantity of Law Firms 1/48 Appraisal Organizations
Quantity of Appraisal Organizations
1/48
Technological Improvement and Introduction of Enterprises
Technological Improvement
Expenditure of Technological Improvement of large and Medium-Sized industrial enterprises
1/36
Domestic Introduction
Expenditures of buying Domestic Technology of large and medium-sized Industrial Enterprises
1/36
Foreign Introduction
Expenditures of introducing and digesting the technology of large and medium-sized industrial enterprises
1/36
Comprehensive
Performance
Of intellectual
property
Macroeconomic Value
Economic development level
Proportion of non-Agricultural Economy
1/108
GDP Per Capita 1/108 Disposable Income per Urban Resident Family per year
1/108
Economic growth pattern transition
Labor Productivity 1/108 Capital Productivity 1/108
Comprehensive Productivity of Energy Consumption
1/108
Economic Market Improvement
Proportion of the Added Value of High-Tech Industries Accounting for Industrial Added Value
1/108
Proportion of Amount of Exports from High-Tech Industries Accounting for Amount of Export Goods
1/108
Proportion of added value of knowledge-intensive
1/108
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business services accounting for gross production value
Social progress performance
Environmental protection
Environmental quality index 1/96 Environmental pollution index
1/96
Social development Average Life Expectancy 1/48 Improvement of Internet and Mobile Phone Availability
Internet Availability 1/96
Mobile Phone Availability 1/96
Cultural Progress
Cultural Expenditures Accounting for Annual Consumption Expenditures of Inhabitants
1/48
Enterprise development performance
Product upgrades
New Product Output Value Accounting for Industrial Output Value of the large and medium-sized industrial enterprises
1/48
Sales Revenue of New Products accounting for main business income of the large and medium-sized industrial enterprises
1/48
Equipment Replacement
Renewal and renovation of R&D equipment of large and medium-sized industrial enterprises
1/24
Possibilities of
Creations of
IP
Investment in Creation
Creation of new IP jobs OR Recruitment of new IP employees
R&D(Research and Development)
1/288
Quantity of Professionals 1/288 Quantity of R&D Researchers s
1/288
Quantity of people with College Degree or Above
1/288
Capital input Proportion of Expenditure of R&D accounting for GDP
1/288
Proportions of Local fiscal 1/288
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appropriations of science and technology accounting for local fiscal expenditure Internal R&D Expenditure Per Capita
1/288
New instruments and equipment costs of each R&D personnel
1/288
Investment in cultural industry
Fixed Assets Investment of Regional Cultural Industry
1/72
Creative Results
Papers
The Number of Scientific Papers from R&D Personnel
1/192
The Number of Chinese Scientific Papers including those by Major Foreign Retrieval Tools
1/192
National industrialization projects
The Number of National Industrialization Programs
1/192
Funds from the Implementation of Country Industrialization Project plans
1/192
Scientific and technological achievements
Number of Technical Achievements per 1 million people.
1/192
Coefficient of national science and technology achievement award
1/192
Industry science and technology project of high technology industry
The number of new product development projects from the high technology industry
1/96
Environment
for creation
Financial support Local government fiscal income per capita
1/144
Financial environment
Per capita financial loan balance at the end of the year
1/144
Market opening
Amount of foreign investment accounting for GDP
1/288
Exports accounting for GDP 1/288
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Educational environment
Educational spending accounting for local government fiscal expenditure
1/288
The number of undergraduates per thousand population
1/288
Cultural environment
The number of audience members during the performing of arts
1/864
The number of museum visitors
1/864
The number of books in circulation based on persons of public libraries
1/864
1/864 The number of publications and Publishing institutions of video, audio, and electronic
1/864
The ratio of using cable radio and television per family
1/864
New product development of enterprises
The number of personnel in the national high and new technology development zones
1/288
Technical income of national high and new technology development zones
1/288
Models for IP Education and Improvement
Exemplary cities for IP Education and Improvement
Exemplary cities for IP Education and Improvement
1/96
Exemplary Zones for IP Education and Improvement
Exemplary Zones for IP Education and Improvement
1/96
Exemplary Units for IP Education and Improvement
The number of Exemplary Units for IP Education and Improvement
1/96
Models of cultural industry
Exemplary base of the national cultural industry
1/192
The service projects of the national cultural industry (as of December 31, 2011)
1/192
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Creative
potential of
enterprises
Scientific foundations of enterprises
Enterprises with science and technology agencies in large and medium-sized industrial enterprises accounting for all enterprises
1/288
Enterprises with R&D activities in large and medium-sized industrial enterprises accounting for all enterprises
1/288
Enterprises with R&D scientists and engineers accounting for the proportion of all social scientists and engineers of R&D
1/288
Personnel input
R&D Personnel accounting for all personnel of large and medium-sized industrial enterprises
1/192
Number of personnel with a master’s degree or above accounting for personnel of R&D institutions of large and medium-sized industrial enterprise
1/192
Capital input
R&D funds accounting for main business incomes of large and medium-sized industrial enterprises
1/96
New Product Deve lopments of enterp rises
The expenditures of new product development projects of large and medium-sized industrial enterprises
1/192
The number of new product development project of large and medium-sized industrial enterprises
1/192
Administrative protection of intellectual
Administrative Enforcement of patent protection
1/144 The number of counterfeited patents, which resulted in
1/144
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property case settlement Administrative enforcement of trademark protection
The number of illegal trademark cases
1/144
The expenditures of illegal trademark cases
1/144
Ability of Administrative Enforcement
Law enforcement system construction (documents)
1/360
Personnel Quantity of Law enforcement
1/360
Financial support of law enforcement
1/360
The number of personnel who answer complaint calls
1/360
Intellectual property case settlement of first instance
1/360
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CIPI 2014 Overall Reports
The “China Intellectual Property Index Report 2014”, or CIPI, has been continuously expanding upon on the previously used Index System format even though certain areas of the index are constantly fine-tuned for improvement. By continuously updating the Index system, we hope it can become more accurate, comprehensive, and keen on revealing the development of China’s regional intellectual property laws.
The top 10 cities on the list were: Beijing, Jiangsu, Shanghai, Guangdong, Zhejiang, Tianjin, Shandong, Liaoning, Fujian, and Chongqing. The 10 lowest ranking cities were: Hainan, Jiangxi, Guizhou, Yunnan, Neimenggu (Inner Mongolia), Gansu, Ningxia, Xinjiang, Qinghai, and Xizang (Tibet). Most of the regional characteristics continued the trends seen in past CIPI reports. The phenomenon of Eastern regions dominating the top 10 rankings continued, with Chongqing as the only Western city ranked in the top 10. The 10 lowest cities remained within the Midwestern region.
Compared to the 2013 Index and Rankings for Comprehensive Strength of Intellectual Property, there were a few changes in the 2014 index. The top 10 cities remained relatively stable with only Tianjin moving up to rank 6 and Shandong moving down to rank 7, and Liaoning moving up to rank 8 and Fujian moving down to rank 9. There was greater change in the bottom 10 cities. The area with the fastest rate of decline was Neimenggu (Inner Mongolia), who dropped 6 places, from last year’s 20 to 26 this year, which was followed by Xizang (Tibet), who dropped down to the lowest rank, from rank 26 in 2013 to rank 31 in 2014. Regarding Xizang in particular, it is interesting to compare the 2014 decline with the 2013 report where Tibet displayed the fastest rate of improvement among such provinces. The next biggest changes were Hebei, Guangxi, and Guizhou, who each moved 3 places, from last year’s 17, 24, and 27, to this year’s 20, 21, and 24 respectively.
Table 1.1: 2014 Index & Rankings of the Comprehensive Strength of Intellectual Property Region Index Rank Region Index Rankings
Beijing 0.647 1 Heilongjiang 0.192 17 Jiangsu 0.589 2 Jilin 0.186 18 Shanghai 0.558 3 Shanxi 0.183 19 Guangdong 0.558 4 Hebei 0.183 20 Zhejiang 0.428 5 Guangxi 0.178 21 Tianjin 0.428 6 Hainan 0.169 22 Shandong 0.353 7 Jiangxi 0.166 23
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Liaoning 0.353 8 Guizhou 0.156 24 Fujian 0.286 9 Yunnan 0.154 25 Chongqing 0.274 10 Neimenggu 0.148 26 Anhui 0.265 11 Gansu 0.148 27 Hunan 0.257 12 Ningxia 0.131 28 Shaanxi 0.257 13 Xinjiang 0.127 29 Hubei 0.256 14 Qinghai 0.120 30 Sichuan 0.249 15 Xizang 0.110 31 Henan 0.249 16
Chart 1.1: Tendency of the Comprehensive Strength of Intellectual Property 知识产 权综合实力趋势图
Chart 1.2： Relationship of the Comprehensive Strength of Intellectual Property and GDP 知识产权综合实力指数与国内生产总值关系图
0.000
0.100
0.200
0.300
0.400
0.500
0.600
0.700
0.800
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Chart 1.3： Distribution of the Comprehensive Strength of Intellectual Property Rankings
2.5
3
3.5
4
4.5
5
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7
2
0
1
2
G
D
P
2012 the Comrehensive Strength of Intellectual Property
Jiangsu
Beijing Shanghai
Guangdong
Shangdong Zhejiang
Tianjin
Xizang
Qinghai
Xinjiang
Ningxia Hainan
17
8 18
421 25
92312 24
11 2
14
15
29
13 16
7
20
1
26
1
9
10
6
22
27
2830
31
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Overall in China, since 2008, Beijing has been ranked number 1 in the rankings of the Comprehensive Strength of Intellectual Property. Jiangsu, from 2008 to 2010, has continually stayed at number 4, but in 2011 it rose to number 3, and in 2012 it rose again to number 2. Shanghai's ranking from 2008 to 2011 remained at number 2, but in 2012 the ranking slipped to number 3. Guangdong was ranked at number 3 between 2008 and 2010, however in 2011, Guangdong slipped to number 4. Zhejiang for all five years has been continually ranked as number 5. Shandong's comprehensive Intellectual Property strength was ranked at 7 in 2008, however in 2009; it remained at number 6 for 3 years before slipping back down to number 7 in 2012. Tianjin was ranked at number 6 in 2008 before slipping down to number 8 in 2009. It rose to number 7 in 2010 and in 2012 it returned to ranking number 6. Liaoning has been ranked at number 8 every year since 2008 apart from a brief ranking at number 7 in 2009. Fujian was ranked at number 10 in 2008, however, since 2009; it has been at number 9. Larger fluctuations have been found in Chongqing's rankings; it was ranked at number 9 in 2008, then it fell sharply in 2009 to 12, and finally remained steady at 10 in 2010, 2011 and 2012.
Shaanxi, Anhui, Hubei and Henan showed significantly higher fluctuations over a
four-year period than the 10 provinces mentioned earlier in this report. Shaanxi made
significant progress since being ranked 17 in 2008; in 2010 it had risen by 5 spots to
number 12, and remained there in 2011 before dropping to 13 in 2012. Anhui overall
continued in an upward trend, ranking 14 in 2008, falling slightly in 2009 to 15, and
ending at number 12 in 2012. Hubei began 2008 ranking 13, rising two spots to
number 11 in 2009. However it then fell to number 13 again in 2010, remaining there
in 2011, while finally ending at number 14 in 2012. Henan's rankings remained
relatively stable over the course of the five years, essentially fluctuating between
numbers 14 and 16.
Sichuan over the last five years has been in decline, in 2008 it ranked at number 12
and fell to 13 in 2009 and then 15 in 2010, which is where it remained for the
following 3 years. Hebei remained relatively stable, fluctuating between number 17
and 19. Jilin's rankings during the time period between 2008 and 2011 continued to
decline, from 16 in 2008, to 21 in 2011. However, in 2012 it showed signs of
improvement, moving up three spaces to number 18. Heilongjiang has varied over the
last five years, beginning 2008 ranked at 20, rising to 19 in 2009, then suddenly
slipping to 22 in 2010 and 2011. However it recovered strongly in 2012 finishing up
with a ranking of 17.
The 10 lowest cities were Neimenggu, Jiangxi, Guangxi, Guizhou, Yunnan, Gansu, Ningxia, Xinjiang, Qinghai and Xizang. The majority of them remained steady and showed little movement from one ranking to another. However, Neimenggu showed significant signs of improvement having been ranked at number 27 in 2008 as it rose
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to number 22 in 2009, and rose even higher to number 20 in 2010 and 2011. However, it showed severe signs of decline in 2012 when it dropped to number 26. Another region to show signs of movement was Guangxi who began 2008 ranked at number 25, and by 2012 had risen to number 21. Larger fluctuations have been found in Guizhou’s rankings; it was ranked at number 22 in 2008, then it fell sharply in 2009 to 26, however it has remained steady at 10 for three years between 2010 and 2012.
Table 1.2: 2008-2012 Index & Rankings of the Comprehensive Strength of Intellectual Property
Region 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 Average Rankings
Beijing 0.676 0.637 0.605 0.603 0.647 0.634 1
Shanghai 0.595 0.571 0.567 0.566 0.558 0.571 2
Guangdong 0.583 0.549 0.545 0.542 0.513 0.546 3
Jiangsu 0.497 0.487 0.543 0.543 0.589 0.532 4
Zhejiang 0.474 0.435 0.455 0.455 0.428 0.449 5
Shandong 0.348 0.349 0.402 0.401 0.353 0.371 6
Tianjin 0.378 0.341 0.376 0.376 0.360 0.366 7
Liaoning 0.282 0.273 0.308 0.308 0.287 0.292 8
Fujian 0.271 0.285 0.293 0.292 0.286 0.285 9
Chongqing 0.276 0.236 0.287 0.289 0.274 0.272 10
Hunan 0.244 0.251 0.273 0.273 0.257 0.260 11
Hubei 0.233 0.246 0.264 0.264 0.256 0.253 12
Anhui 0.226 0.215 0.256 0.256 0.265 0.243 13
Sichuan 0.237 0.227 0.251 0.248 0.249 0.242 14
Shaanxi 0.198 0.214 0.273 0.270 0.257 0.242 15
Henan 0.212 0.218 0.227 0.227 0.214 0.219 16
Hebei 0.195 0.198 0.210 0.210 0.183 0.199 17
Jilin 0.212 0.193 0.189 0.189 0.186 0.194 18
Shanxi 0.163 0.180 0.205 0.205 0.183 0.187 19
Heilongjiang 0.170 0.184 0.188 0.188 0.192 0.185 20
Hainan 0.180 0.164 0.201 0.202 0.169 0.183 21
Neimenggu 0.140 0.165 0.199 0.199 0.148 0.170 22
Jiangxi 0.153 0.167 0.180 0.180 0.166 0.169 23
Guangxi 0.146 0.161 0.165 0.165 0.178 0.163 24
Guizhou 0.157 0.130 0.172 0.172 0.156 0.157 25
Yunnan 0.150 0.142 0.160 0.159 0.154 0.153 26
Gansu 0.130 0.121 0.145 0.144 0.148 0.138 27
Ningxia 0.146 0.121 0.137 0.137 0.131 0.135 28
Xinjiang 0.120 0.113 0.146 0.146 0.127 0.130 29
Qinghai 0.102 0.082 0.111 0.111 0.120 0.105 30
Xizang 0.088 0.090 0.059 0.062 0.110 0.082 31
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Chart 1.4: Past Intellectual Property Warming
Chart 1.5: Score changes of the Comprehensive Strength of Intellectual Property
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Tables 1.3-1.9 have identified that the East has the highest level of IP strength in China; out of the top 11 ranked cities, 6 of them are from the east. The Eastern regions represent a much more consistent level of strength. When we compare that to the North, it is evident that Beijing is it’s solitary source of strength given that the Northern regions only have 2 areas ranked in the top 18 cities. The Western regions, both in the North and the South, remain very weak in China, featuring 7 out of the 10 lowest ranked cities and remaining well below the national average Index.
Table 1.3: 2012 Index & Rankings of the Comprehensive Strength of Intellectual Property in Regions
Region Index Rankings
East 0.378 1 North 0.304 2 South 0.287 3
Central 0.242 4 Northeast 0.222 5 Southwest 0.189 6 Northwest 0.157 7
National Average 0.263
Table 1.4: 2012 Index & Rankings of the Comprehensive Strength of Intellectual Property in East China
Region Index Rankings
Shanghai 0.558 3 Jiangsu 0.589 2
Zhejiang 0.428 5 Anhui 0.265 11 Fujian 0.286 9 Jiangxi 0.166 23
Shandong 0.353 7 East Average 0.378
National Average 0.263
Table 1.5: 2012 Index & Rankings of the Comprehensive Strength of Intellectual Property in North China
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Region Index Rankings
Beijing 0.647 1 Tianjin 0.360 6 Hebei 0.183 20 Shanxi 0.183 19
Neimenggu 0.148 26 North Average 0.304
National Average 0.263
Table 1.6: 2012 Index & Rankings of the Comprehensive Strength of Intellectual Property in South China
Region Index Rankings
Guangdong 0.513 4 Guangxi 0.178 21 Hainan 0.169 22
South Average 0.287 National Average 0.263
Table 1.7: 2012 Index & Rankings of the Comprehensive Strength of Intellectual Property in Central China
Region Index Rankings
Henan 0.214 16 Hubei 0.256 14 Hunan 0.257 12
Central Average 0.242 National Average 0.263
Table 1.8: 2012 Index & Rankings of the Comprehensive Strength of Intellectual Property in Northeast China
Region Index Rankings
Liaoning 0.287 8 Jilin 0.186 18
Heilongjiang 0.192 17 Northeast Average 0.222 National Average 0.263
Table 1.9: 2012 Index & Rankings of the Comprehensive Strength of Intellectual Property in Southwest & Northwest China
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Region Index Rankings
Chongqing 0.274 10 Sichuan 0.249 15 Guizhou 0.156 24 Yunnan 0.154 25 Xizang 0.110 31
Southwest Average 0.189 Region Index Rankings Shaanxi 0.257 13 Gansu 0.148 27
Qinghai 0.120 30 Ningxia 0.131 28 Xinjiang 0.127 29
Northwest Average 0.157 National Average 0.263
Chart 2.1: Index System of the Comprehensive Strength of Intellectual Property
From the data that created the comprehensive strength index of intellectual property in 2012, which was also based on the four first level index rankings listed above, we have founded the top-ranking provincials (cities) and provinces (regions) of the list, the output level of intellectual property, the level of intellectual property market
Comprehensive Strength of Intellectual Property
Output Level Movement Level Comprehensive
Performance Creative Potential
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movement, the level of comprehensive performance, and the creative potential of intellectual property. These four indexes create a balanced ranking of each area's performance, showing subtle nuances and giving a more proportionate ranking system that provides a comprehensive understanding of the ranks' meaning.
Table 2.1: 2012 1st Level Index and Rankings of the Comprehensive Strength of Intellectual Property in China regions
Region Comprehensive
Strength
Output
Level
Movement
Level
Comprehensive
Performance
Creative
Potential
Index Rankings Index Rankings Index Rankings Index Rankings Index Rankings Beijing 0.647 1 0.675 1 0.626 1 0.727 2 0.561 1 Jiangsu 0.589 2 0.644 2 0.593 2 0.566 6 0.554 2 Shanghai 0.558 3 0.533 3 0.556 3 0.755 1 0.389 6 Guangdong 0.513 4 0.381 5 0.488 4 0.643 4 0.540 3 Zhejiang 0.428 5 0.399 4 0.294 6 0.571 5 0.446 4 Tianjin 0.360 6 0.254 8 0.200 11 0.669 3 0.317 7 Shandong 0.353 7 0.202 13 0.385 5 0.394 11 0.432 5 Liaoning 0.287 8 0.225 11 0.270 7 0.411 10 0.241 10 Fujian 0.286 9 0.180 15 0.207 9 0.489 7 0.268 9 Chongqing 0.274 10 0.235 9 0.193 14 0.464 8 0.204 15 Anhui 0.265 11 0.273 7 0.191 15 0.368 13 0.228 13 Hunan 0.257 12 0.174 16 0.199 12 0.422 9 0.235 11 Shaanxi 0.257 13 0.288 6 0.155 16 0.353 16 0.231 12 Hubei 0.256 14 0.169 17 0.197 13 0.387 12 0.271 8 Sichuan 0.249 15 0.226 10 0.250 8 0.318 22 0.201 16 Henan 0.214 16 0.117 22 0.201 10 0.315 23 0.223 14 Heilongjiang 0.192 17 0.182 14 0.144 18 0.266 26 0.178 18 Jilin 0.186 18 0.102 24 0.117 21 0.362 14 0.163 19 Shanxi 0.183 19 0.098 25 0.128 19 0.351 17 0.156 20 Heibei 0.183 20 0.095 26 0.148 17 0.292 24 0.196 17 Guangxi 0.178 21 0.155 20 0.078 25 0.350 18 0.129 26 Hainan 0.169 22 0.165 18 0.018 30 0.362 15 0.130 25 Jiangxi 0.166 23 0.078 29 0.097 23 0.347 19 0.140 22 Guizhou 0.156 24 0.220 12 0.071 26 0.234 29 0.099 28 Yunnan 0.154 25 0.161 19 0.115 22 0.211 30 0.131 24 Neimenggu 0.148 26 0.027 31 0.083 24 0.345 20 0.136 23 Gansu 0.148 27 0.114 23 0.120 20 0.242 28 0.114 27 Ningxia 0.131 28 0.131 21 0.024 29 0.277 25 0.093 29 Xinjiang 0.127 29 0.092 28 0.064 27 0.208 31 0.144 21 Qinghai 0.120 30 0.028 30 0.029 28 0.345 21 0.076 31 Xizang 0.110 31 0.092 27 0.000 31 0.262 27 0.085 30
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The provinces (autonomous regions and municipalities) in the middle of the ranks are the areas that have fluctuated significantly more than other areas of the index, specifically in certain individual indicators. We select a particular sub-indicator, with obvious advantages, ranked in the top 10, while the other sub-indicators that show unsatisfactory performances will be analyzed to gain a greater understanding of what causes such phenomenons.
Region Comprehensive
Strength
Output
Level
Movement
Level
Comprehensive
Performance
Creative
Potential
Index Rankings Index Rankings Index Rankings Index Rankings Index Rankings Shaanxi 0.257 13 0.288 6 0.155 16 0.353 16 0.231 12 Hubei 0.256 14 0.169 17 0.197 13 0.387 12 0.271 8 Sichuan 0.249 15 0.226 10 0.250 8 0.318 22 0.201 16 Henan 0.214 16 0.117 22 0.201 10 0.315 23 0.223 14
For example, Shaanxi, Hubei, Sichuan and Henan (highlighted above), and other provinces and cities had particular indexes studied for the purposes of understanding their shortcomings. Shaanxi’s comprehensive strength was ranked as 13, whereas the output level of intellectual property was ranked as low as 6. The movement level and comprehensive performance of intellectual property were much ranked much lower in 16, and their creative potential of intellectual property was ranked at 12. Hubei also had a ranking in the top 10 for creative potential at number 8, yet slipped dramatically in the output level of intellectual property where it was ranked at 17. The province of Henan was ranked in the lowest 10 for output level and comprehensive performance, while ranking at number 10 for movement level. Sichuan’s output and movement level were both ranked in the top 10, whereas regarding the comprehensive performance, they fell into the lowest 10 at number 22.
In this comparison of the top 5 performers in the state, Beijing outperforms all other regions except in comprehensive performance, where Shanghai obtains the top spot in the ranking. Jiangsu and Shanghai also all perform well above the average of the table by being in the top 6 in all respects. In this group Zhejiang has a lower than average index for movement level but it is 6th overall in terms of all the regions compared.
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Chart 2.2: 1st Level Index and the Comprehensive Strength of Intellectual Property in Beijing, Jiangsu, Shanghai, Guangdong and Zhejiang
Out of the four provinces Shandong has the highest ranking for comprehensive strength, movement level and creative potential with rankings of 7, 5 and 5. Shandong’s output level is beaten by Chongqin which is ranked 9 which also has a high comprehensive performance index giving it a rank of 8. Fujian has a high comprehensive performance index giving it a ranking of 7 while having one of the lowest movement in the group alongside Chongqin giving it a ranking of 9 overall.
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Comprehensive Strength
Output Level
Movement Level Comprehensive
Performance
Creative Potential
Beijing Jiangsu Shanghai Guangdong Zhejiang
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Liaoning maintained a median score in all respects within this group having average comprehensive strength, output level, comprehensive performance, creative potential and movement level with ranking levels between 8 and 11.
Chart 2.3: 1st Level Index and the Comprehensive Strength of Intellectual Property in Shandong, Liaoning, Fujian and Chongqing
Between Hubei, Sichuan and Shaanxi, Hubei shows the highest indexes for creative potential as well as comprehensive performance with rankings of 8 and 12 respectively. Hubei does have the lowest output level index out of the 3 giving it a ranking of 17. Shaanxi has the highest output level index with a ranking of 6, and also has a relatively high comprehensive performance index which gives it a ranking of 16 overall. All three provinces share the same level of comprehensive strength ranking the three provinces as 14, 15 and 13 respectively. Sichuan just lags behind the other two provinces in comprehensive strength and creative potential but leads the group in movement level, which gives it an overall ranking of 8.
Chart 2.4: 1st Level Index and the Comprehensive Strength of Intellectual Property in Shaanxi, Hubei and Sichuan
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Comprehensive Strength
Output Level
Movement Level Comprehensive
Performance
Creative Potential
Shandong Liaoning Fujian Chongqin
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Table 2.2: 2012 1st Level Index’s Variable Coefficient of the Comprehensive Strength of Intellectual Property
Output
Level
Movement
Level
Comprehensive
Performance
Creative
Potential
Comprehensive
Strength
Variable Coefficient 0.740 0.830 0.373 0.598 0.552
Special Note to Our Readers
Please note that the creators of the CIPI 2014 have not included all Chinese
cities in the comprehensive strength report. We focused on Beijing, Jiangsu,
Shanghai, Guangdong and Tianjin because they are not only the highest ranked
in the group but also the most significant for foreigners wishing to conduct
business in the Chinese intellectual property system.
Afterword
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0.4 Comprehensive Strength
Output Level
Movement Level Comprehensive
Performance
Creative Potential
Shaanxi Hubei Sichuan
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Based on the data accumulation and the experience of the last five years, China’s Intellectual Property Index Report 2014 (the Report) continues to use the traditional index system framework. The Report described the revised indicators, analyzes, and research development for intellectual property in each region of China. Furthermore, the report analyzes the great influence intellectual property exerts on our country's society, economy, culture and education.
Compared with the Report from five years ago, the CIPI research team made some new attempts and revised the following parts:
First, the Report revised parts of the fourth level indicators. In order to make the measuring standard more accurate, the CIPI research team made a series of adjustments to the fourth level indicators, including: deletion of the third level index "the Well-Known Trademark" that is now included under "The Output Level of Intellectual Property"; deletion of the fourth level index “The Amount of Annual Service Intention-Creation’s Patent Application of 1000 Professional and Technical Personnel” under “the Efficiency of the Human Resource Output”; change of “1000 R&D Personnel Transfer Patent Fee and Royalty Abroad” which is under “International Competitiveness of Technology” in the original 2013 report to "International Revenue of Ten Thousand Yuan GDP Technology”; increase the fourth level indicator "Popularization of Science Index” to one of the measuring standards of intellectual property creating the environment. Index sets: Full-time Personnel Quantity in Science, Annual Money Raise in the Popularization of Science, etc.
Second, the Report added two new intellectual property special reports. The innovative thinking of the CIPI research team changed the research model of covering hot issues in intellectual property industry in the form of monographs. The Shanghai Intellectual Property Litigation Report 2014 and China's Pharmaceutical Industry Listed Companies’ Intellectual Property Report 2013 have been added into this year’s report. The aforementioned reports were added to help analyze the regularity of litigation from a regional perspective and to probe the value of intellectual property and its role from the view of industry.
The full support from institutions and leadership at all levels and research specialties from all works of life have always been appreciated and remembered over the past five years. Thanks must go to the State Intellectual Property Office, the National Bureau of Statistics, the Ministry of Commerce, the State Administration of Industry and Commerce, the State Copyright Bureau and the State Council Development and Research Center for their guidance and opinions. Further thanks must also go to each staff member for their efforts in collecting, processing and analyzing the data used in the report, and the efforts of the proofreading and typesetting.
As there will always be some level of error in any form of work, we openly accept criticism. Readers may seek out more information on the report from http://www.focus-ip-index.com, and may continue to visit our website for the latest developments in our future endeavors.
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Thank you,
Wang Zhengzhi September 10th, 2014