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34 van den Bergh, J. and I. Savin (2021). Impact of carbon pricing on low-carbon innovation and deep decarbonisation: Controversies and path forward. Environmental and Resource Economics, 80(4), 705-15.
35 Songwe, V., N. Stern, and A. Bhattacharya (2022). Finance for climate action: scaling up investment for climate and development. London: Grantham Research Institute on Climate Change and the Environment, London School of Economics and Political Science. Available at: https://www.lse.ac.uk/granthaminstitute/wp-content/uploads/2022/11/IHLEG-Finance-for-Climate-Action.pdf.
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38 IPCC (2022). Climate change 2022: Mitigation of climate change – Summary for policymakers, Working Group III contribution to IPCC sixth assessment report. Cambridge, UK: Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC). Available at: https://www.ipcc.ch/report/sixth-assessment-report-working-group-3/.
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41 EPO and UNEP (2015). Climate change mitigation technologies in Europe – Evidence from patent and economic data. Nairobi: United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) and European Patent Office (EPO). Available at: https://www.epo.org/news-events/in-focus/sustainable-technologies/clean-energy/europe.html.
42 IEA (2019). Global patent applications for climate change mitigation technologies – a key measure of innovation – are trending down. Paris: International Energy Agency (IEA). Available at: https://www.iea.org/commentaries/globalpatent-applications-for-climate-change-mitigation-technologies-a-key-measure-of-innovation-are-trending-down.
43 The IEA data draws upon information from the Patent Statistical Database (PATSTAT) and applies to those mitigation technologies related to buildings, CCS, manufacturing, transport and ICT.
44 Probst, B., et al. (2021). Global trends in the invention and diffusion of climate change mitigation technologies. Nature Energy, 6, 1077–86.
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48 IEA (2019). Global patent applications for climate change mitigation technologies – a key measure of innovation – are trending down. Paris: International Energy Agency (IEA). Available at: https://www.iea.org/commentaries/globalpatent-applications-for-climate-change-mitigation-technologies-a-key-measure-of-innovation-are-trending-down
49 Touboul, S. (2021). Technological innovation and adaptation to climate change. Paris: Université Paris sciences et lettres. Available at: https://pastel.hal.science/tel-03610832/document.
50 Probst, B., et al. (2021). Global trends in the invention and diffusion of climate change mitigation technologies. Nature Energy, 6, 1077–86.
51 Amoroso S., et al. (2021). World corporate top R&D investors: Paving the way for climate neutrality – A joint JRC and OECD report. Luxembourg: Publications Office of the European Union. Available at: https://www.oecd.org/sti/worldcorporate-top-rd-investors-paving-the-way-for-climate-neutrality.pdf.