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Ley Constitucional de la República Popular China, China

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Detalles Detalles Año de versión 2004 Fechas Adoptado/a: 4 de diciembre de 1982 Tipo de texto Leyes marco Materia Otros

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Textos principales Textos principales Chino 中华人民共和国宪法         Inglés The Constitution law of the People's Republic of China        
 
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 The Constitution law of People's Republic of China

The Constitution law of People's Republic of China

Preamble China is one of the countries with the longest histories in the

world. The people of all nationalities in China have jointly created a splendid culture and have a glorious revolutionary tradition. Feudal China was gradually reduced after 1840 to a semi-colonial and semi-feudal country. The Chinese people waged wave upon wave of heroic struggles for national independence and liberation and for democracy and freedom. Great and earth-shaking historical changes have taken place in China in the 20th century. The Revolution of 1911, led by Dr. Sun Yat-sen, abolished the feudal monarchy and gave birth to the Republic of China. But the Chinese people had yet to fulfill their historical task of overthrowing imperialism and feudalism. After waging hard, protracted and tortuous struggles, armed and otherwise, the Chinese people of all nationalities led by the Communist Party of China with Chairman Mao Zedong as its leader ultimately, in 1949, overthrew the rule of imperialism, feudalism, and bureaucrat-capitalism, won the great victory of the new democratic revolution and founded the People's Republic of China. Thereupon the Chinese people took state power into their own hands and became masters of the country. After the founding of the People's Republic, the transition of Chinese society from a new democratic to a socialist society was effected step by step. The socialist transformation of the private ownership of the means of production was completed, the system of exploitation of man by man eliminated and the socialist system established. The people's democratic dictatorship led by the working class and based on the alliance of workers and peasants, which is in essence the dictatorship of the proletariat, has been consolidated and developed. The Chinese people and the Chinese People's Liberation Army have thwarted aggression, sabotage, and armed provocations by imperialists and hegemonists, safeguarded China's national independence and security and strengthened its national defence. Major successes have been achieved in economic development. An independent and fairly comprehensive socialist system of industry has in the main been established. There has been

a marked increase in agricultural production. Significant progress has been made in educational, scientific, cultural, and other undertakings, and socialist ideological education has yielded noteworthy results. The living standards of the people have improved considerably.

Both the victory of China's new-democratic revolution and the successes of its socialist cause have been achieved by the Chinese people of all nationalities under the leadership of the Communist Party of China and the guidance of Marxism-Leninism and Mao Zedong Thought, and by upholding truth, correcting errors and overcoming numerous difficulties and hardships. China will stay in the primary stage of socialism for a long period of time. The basic task of the nation is to concentrate its efforts on socialist modernization along the road of Chinese-style socialism. Under the guidance of Marxism- Leninism, Mao Zedong Thought, Deng Xiaoping Theory and the important thought of 'Three Represents', the Chinese people of all nationalities will continue to adhere to the people's democratic dictatorship, follow the socialist road, persist in reform and opening- up, steadily improve socialist institutions, develop a socialist market economy, advance socialist democracy, improve the socialist legal system and work hard and self-reliantly to modernize industry, agriculture, national defense and science and technology step by step, promote the co-ordinated development of the material, political and spiritual civilizations to turn China into a powerful and prosperous socialist country with a high level of culture and democracy. The exploiting classes as such have been eliminated in our country. However, class struggle will continue to exist within certain limits for a long time to come. The Chinese people must fight against those forces and elements, both at home and abroad, that are hostile to China's socialist system and try to undermine it.

Taiwan is part of the sacred territory of the People's Republic of China. It is the lofty duty of the entire Chinese people, including our compatriots in Taiwan, to accomplish the great task of reunifying the motherland. In building socialism it is imperative to rely on the workers, peasants and intellectuals and unite with all the forces that can be united. In the long years of revolution and construction, there has been formed under the leadership of the Communist Party of China a broad patriotic united front that is composed of democratic parties and people's organizations and embraces all socialist working people, all

builders of socialism, all patriots who support socialism and all patriots who stand for reunification of the motherland. This united front will continue to be consolidated and developed. The Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference is a broadly representative organization of the united front, which has played a significant historical role and will continue to do so in the political and social life of the country, in promoting friendship with the people of other countries and in the struggle for socialist modernization and for the reunification and unity of the country. The system of multi-party cooperation and political consultation led by the Communist Party of China will exist and develop in China for a long time to come.

The People's Republic of China is a unitary multinational state built up jointly by the people of all its nationalities. Socialist relations of equality, unity and mutual assistance have been established among them and will continue to be strengthened. In the struggle to safeguard the unity of the nationalities, it is necessary to combat big- nation chauvinism, mainly Han chauvinism, and also necessary to combat local national chauvinism. The state does its utmost to promote the common prosperity of all nationalities in the country. China's achievements in revolution and construction are inseparable from support by the people of the world. The future of China is closely linked with that of the whole world. China adheres to an independent foreign policy as well as to the five principles of mutual respect for sovereignty and territorial integrity, mutual nonaggression, non-interference in each other's internal affairs, equality and mutual benefit, and peaceful coexistence in developing diplomatic relations and economic and cultural exchanges with other countries; China consistently opposes imperialism, hegemonism, and colonialism, works to strengthen unity with the people of other countries, supports the oppressed nations and the developing countries in their just struggle to win and preserve national independence and develop their national economies, and strives to safeguard world peace and promote the cause of human progress.

This Constitution affirms the achievements of the struggles of the Chinese people of all nationalities and defines the basic system and basic tasks of the state in legal form; it is the fundamental law of the state and has supreme legal authority. The people of all nationalities, all state organs, the armed forces, all political parties and public organizations and all enterprises and undertakings in the country must take the Constitution as the basic norm of conduct, and

they have the duty to uphold the dignity of the Constitution and ensure its implementation.

Chapter One General Principles

Article 1 [Socialist State] (1) The People's Republic of China is a socialist state under the people's democratic dictatorship led by the working class and based on the alliance of workers and peasants. (2) The socialist system is the basic system of the People's Republic of China. Sabotage of the socialist system by any organization or individual is prohibited.

Article 2 [Sovereignty] (1) All power in the People's Republic of China belongs to the people. (2) The organs through which the people exercise state power are the National People's Congress and the local people's congresses at different levels. (3) The people administer state affairs and manage economic, cultural and social affairs through various channels and in various ways in accordance with the law.

Article 3 [Democratic Centralism] (1) The state organs of the People's Republic of China apply the principle of democratic centralism. (2) The National People's Congress and the local people's congresses at different levels are instituted through democratic election. They are responsible to the people and subject to their supervision. (3) All administrative, judicial and procuratorial organs of the state are created by the people's congresses to which they are responsible and under whose supervision they operate. (4) The division of functions and powers between the central and local state organs is guided by the principle of giving full play to the initiative and enthusiasm of the local authorities under the unified leadership of the central authorities.

Article 4 [Nationalities, Minorities, Regions, Languages]

(1) All nationalities in the People's Republic of China are equal. The state protects the lawful rights and interests of the minority nationalities and upholds and develops the relationship of equality, unity, and mutual assistance among all of China's nationalities. Discrimination against and oppression of any nationality are prohibited; any acts that undermine the unity of the nationalities or instigate their secession are prohibited. The state helps the areas inhabited by minority nationalities speed up their economic and cultural development in accordance with the peculiarities and needs of the different minority nationalities. (2) Regional autonomy is practiced in areas where people of minority nationalities live in compact communities; in these areas organs of self-government are established for the exercise of the right of autonomy. All the national autonomous areas are inalienable parts of the People's Republic of China. (3) The people of all nationalities have the freedom to use and develop their own spoken and written languages, and to preserve or reform their own ways and customs.

Article 5 [Socialist Legal System, Rule of Law] (1) The People's Republic of China practices ruling the country in accordance with the law and building a socialist country of law. (2) The state upholds the uniformity and dignity of the socialist legal system. (3) No law or administrative or local rules and regulations shall contravene the Constitution. (4) All state organs, the armed forces, all political parties and public organizations, and all enterprises and undertakings must abide by the Constitution and the law. All acts in violation of the Constitution and the law must be looked into. (5) No organization or individual may enjoy the privilege of being above the Constitution and the law.

Article 6 [Socialist Public Ownership] (1) The basis of the socialist economic system of the People's Republic of China is socialist public ownership of the means of production, namely, ownership by the whole people and collective ownership by the working people. The system of socialist public ownership supersedes the system of exploitation of man by man; it applies the principle of "from each according to his ability, to each

according to his work". (2) During the primary stage of socialism, the State adheres to the basic economic system with the public ownership remaining dominant and diverse sectors of the economy developing side by side, and to the distribution system with the distribution according to work remaining dominant and the coexistence of a variety of modes of distribution.

Article 7 [State Economy] The State-owned economy, that is, the socialist economy under ownership by the whole people, is the leading force in the national economy. The State ensures the consolidation and growth of the State-owned economy.

Article 8 [Agriculture] (1) Rural collective economic organizations practice the double-tier management system that combines unified and separate operations on the basis of the household-based output-related contracted responsibility system. Various forms of the cooperative economy in rural areas such as producers', supply and marketing, credit and consumers' cooperatives belong to the sector of the socialist economy under collective ownership by the working people. (2) Working people who are members of rural economic collectives have the right, within the limits prescribed by law, to farm plots of cropland and hilly land allotted for private use, engage in household sideline production and raise privately owned livestock. (3) The various forms of co-operative economy in the cities and towns, such as those in the handicraft, industrial, building, transport, commercial, and service trades, all belong to the sector of socialist economy under collective ownership by the working people. (4) The state protects the lawful rights and interests of the urban and rural economic collectives and encourages, guides, and helps the growth of the collective economy.

Article 9 [Resources] (1) Mineral resources, waters, forests, mountains, grassland, unreclaimed land, beaches, and other natural resources are owned by the state, that is, by the whole people, with the exception of the forests, mountains, grassland, unreclaimed land, and beaches that are owned by collectives in accordance with the law.

(2) The state ensures the rational use of natural resources and protects rare animals and plants. The appropriation or damage of natural resources by any organization or individual by whatever means is prohibited.

Article 10 [Land Ownership] (1) Land in the cities is owned by the state. (2) Land in the rural and suburban areas is owned by collectives except for those portions which belong to the state in accordance with the law; house sites and privately farmed plots of cropland and hilly land are also owned by collectives. (3) The State may, in the public interest and in accordance with the provisions of law, expropriate or requisition land for its use and shall make compensation for the land expropriated or requisitioned. (4) No organization or individual may appropriate, buy, sell or otherwise engage in the transfer of land by unlawful means. The right to the use of land may be transferred according to law. (5) All organizations and individuals who use land must make rational use of the land.

Article 11 [Private Sector of the Economy] (1) Individual, private and other non-public economies that exist within the limits prescribed by law are major components of the socialist market economy. (2) The State protects the lawful rights and interests of the non-public sectors of the economy such as the individual and private sectors of the economy. The State encourages, supports and guides the development of the non-public sectors of the economy and, in accordance with law, exercises supervision and control over the non- public sectors of the economy.

Article 12 [Protection of Socialist Public Property] (1) Socialist public property is sacred and inviolable. (2) The state protects socialist public property. Appropriation or damage of state or collective property by any organization or individual by whatever means is prohibited.

Article 13 [Protection of Private Property] (1) Citizens' lawful private property is inviolable. (2) The State, in accordance with law, protects the rights of citizens to

private property and to its inheritance. (3) The State may, in the public interest and in accordance with law, expropriate or requisition private property for its use and shall make compensation for the private property expropriated or requisitioned.

Article 14 [Labor Productivity] (1) The state continuously raises labor productivity, improves economic results and develops the productive forces by enhancing the enthusiasm of the working people, raising the level of their technical skill, disseminating advanced science and technology, improving the systems of economic administration and enterprise, operation and management, instituting the socialist system of responsibility in various forms, and improving organization of work. (2) The state practices strict economy and combats waste. (3) The state properly apportions accumulation and consumption, pays attention to the interests of the collective and the individual as well as of the state and, on the basis of expanded production, gradually improves the material and cultural life of the people. (4) The State establishes a sound social security system compatible with the level of economic development.

Article 15 [Economic Planning] The state has put into practice a socialist market economy. The State strengthens formulating economic laws, improves macro adjustment and control and forbids according to law any units or individuals from interfering with the social economic order.

Article 16 [State Enterprises] Stated-owned enterprises have decision-making power in operation and management within the limits prescribed by law. State-owned enterprises practice democratic management through congresses of workers and staff and in other ways in accordance with the law.

Article 17 [Collective Economic Organizations] Collective economic organizations have decision-making power in conducting independent economic activities, on condition that they abide by the relevant laws. Collective economic organizations practice democratic management, elect or remove their managerial personnel and decide on major issue concerning operation and management according to law.

Article 18 [Foreign Enterprises] (1) The People's Republic of China permits foreign enterprises, other foreign economic organizations, and individual foreigners to invest in China and to enter into various forms of economic co-operation with Chinese enterprises and other economic organizations in accordance with the law of the People's Republic of China. (2) All foreign enterprises and other foreign economic organizations in China, as well as joint ventures with Chinese and foreign investment located in China, shall abide by the law of the People's Republic of China. Their lawful rights and interests are protected by the law of the People's Republic of China.

Article 19 [Education] (1) The state develops socialist educational undertakings and works to raise the scientific and cultural level of the whole nation. (2) The state runs schools of various types, makes primary education compulsory and universal, develops secondary, vocational and higher education, and promotes pre-school education. (3) The state develops educational facilities of various types in order to wipe out illiteracy and provide political, cultural, scientific, technical, and professional education for workers, peasants, state functionaries and other working people. It encourages people to become educated through independent study. (4) The slate encourages the collective economic organizations, state enterprises and undertakings, and other social forces to set up educational institutions of various types in accordance with the law. (5) The state promotes the nationwide use of Putonghua.

Article 20 [Science] The state promotes the development of the natural and social sciences, disseminates scientific and technical knowledge, and commends and rewards achievements in scientific research as well as technological discoveries and inventions.

Article 21 [Health] (1) The state develops medical and health services, promotes modern medicine and traditional Chinese medicine, encourages and supports the setting up of various medical and health facilities by the rural economic collectives, state enterprises and undertakings and

neighborhood organizations, and promotes public health activities of a mass character, all to protect the people's health. (2) The state develops physical culture and promotes mass sports activities to build up the people's physique.

Article 22 [Culture] (1) The state promotes the development of literature and art, the press, broadcasting, and television undertakings, publishing and distribution services, libraries, museums, cultural centers and other cultural undertakings, that serve the people and socialism, and sponsors mass cultural activities. (2) The state protects places of scenic and historical interest, valuable cultural monuments, and treasures and other important items of China's historical and cultural heritage.

Article 23 [Intellectual Education] The state trains specialized personnel in all fields who serve socialism, increases the number of intellectuals, and creates conditions to give full scope to their role in collective modernization.

Article 24 [Socialist Education] (1) The state strengthens the building of socialist spiritual civilization through spreading education in high ideals and morality, general education, and education in discipline and the legal system, and through promoting the formulation and observance of rules of conduct and common pledges by different sections of the people in urban and rural areas. (2) The state advocates the civic virtues of love of the motherland, of the people, of labor, of science, and of socialism; it educates the people in patriotism, collectivism, internationalism, and communism and in dialectical and historical materialism; it combats capitalist, feudal, and other decadent ideas.

Article 25 [Family Planning] The state promotes family planning so that population growth may fit the plan for economic and social development.

Article 26 [Environment] (1) The state protects and improves the living environment and the ecological environment, and prevents and remedies pollution and

other public hazards. (2) The state organizes and encourages afforestation and the protection of forests.

Article 27 [Administration] (1) All state organs carry out the principle of simple and efficient administration, the system of responsibility for work, and the system of training functionaries and appraising their work in order constantly to improve quality of work and efficiency and combat bureaucratism. (2) All state organs and functionaries must rely on the support of the people, keep in close touch with them, heed their opinions and suggestions, accept their supervision and work hard to serve them.

Article 28 [Public Order] The State maintains public order and suppresses treasonable and other criminal activities that endanger State security; it penalizes actions that endanger public security and disrupt the socialist economy and other criminal activities, and punishes and reforms criminals.

Article 29 [Armed Forces] (1) The armed forces of the People's Republic of China belong to the people. Their tasks are to strengthen national defence, resist aggression, defend the motherland, safeguard the people's peaceful labor, participate in national reconstruction, and work hard to serve the people. (2) The state strengthens the revolutionization, modernization and regularization of the armed forces in order to increase the national defence capability.

Article 30 [Administrative Division] (1) The administrative division of the People's Republic of China is as follows: 1. The country is divided into provinces, autonomous regions, and municipalities directly under the Central Government; 2. Provinces and autonomous regions are divided into autonomous prefectures, counties, autonomous counties, and cities; 3. Counties and autonomous counties are divided into townships, nationality townships, and towns. (2) Municipalities directly under the Central Government and other

large cities are divided into districts and counties. Autonomous prefectures are divided into counties, autonomous counties, and cities. (3) All autonomous regions, autonomous prefectures, and autonomous counties are national autonomous areas.

Article 31 [Special Administrative Regions] The state may establish special administrative regions when necessary. The systems to be instituted in special administrative regions shall be prescribed by law enacted by the National People's Congress in the light of the specific conditions.

Article 32 [Rights of Foreigners] (1) The People's Republic of China protects the lawful rights and interests of foreigners within Chinese territory, and while on Chinese territory foreigners must abide by the law of the People's Republic of China. (2) The People's Republic of China may grant asylum to foreigners who request it for political reasons.

Chapter Two The Fundamental Rights and Duties of Citizens

Article 33 [Citizenship, Equality] (1) All persons holding the nationality of the People's Republic of China are citizens of the People's Republic of China. (2) All citizens of the People's Republic of China are equal before the law. Every citizen enjoys the rights and at the same time must perform the duties prescribed by the Constitution and the law. (3) The State respects and preserves human rights.

Article 34 [Electoral Rights and Equality] All citizens of the People's Republic of China who have reached the age of 18 have the right to vote and stand for election, regardless of nationality, race, sex, occupation, family background, religious belief, education, property status, or length of residence, except persons deprived of political rights according to law.

Article 35

Citizens of the People's Republic of China enjoy freedom of speech, of the press, of assembly, of association, of procession, and of demonstration.

Article 36 [Religion] (1) Citizens of the People's Republic of China enjoy freedom of religious belief. (2) No state organ, public organization, or individual may compel citizens to believe in, or not to believe in, any religion; nor may they discriminate against citizens who believe in, or do not believe in, any religion. (3) The state protects normal religious activities. No one may make use of religion to engage in activities that disrupt public order, impair the health of citizens or interfere with the educational system of the state. (4) Religious bodies and religious affairs are not subject to any foreign domination.

Article 37 [Personal Freedom] (1) The personal freedom of citizens of the People's Republic of China is inviolable. (2) No citizen may be arrested except with the approval or by decision of a people's procuratorate or by decision of a people's court, and arrests must be made by a public security organ. (3) Unlawful deprivation or restriction of citizens' personal freedom by detention or other means is prohibited; and unlawful search of the person of citizens is prohibited.

Article 38 [Personal Dignity] The personal dignity of citizens of the People's Republic of China is inviolable. Insult, libel, false charge, or frame-up directed against citizens by any means is prohibited.

Article 39 [Home] The home of citizens of the People's Republic of China is inviolable. Unlawful search of, or intrusion into, a citizen's home is prohibited.

Article 40 [Correspondence] The freedom and privacy of correspondence of citizens of the

People's Republic of China are protected by law. No organization or individual may, on any ground, infringe upon the freedom and privacy of citizens' correspondence except in cases where, to meet the needs of state security or of investigation into criminal offenses, public security or procuratorial organs are permitted to censor correspondence in accordance with procedures prescribed by law.

Article 41 [Freedom of Speech] (1) Citizens of the People's Republic of China have the right to criticize and make suggestions to any state organ or functionary. Citizens have the right to make to relevant state organs complaints and charges against, or exposures of, any state organ or functionary for violation of the law or dereliction of duty; but fabrication or distortion of facts for the purpose of libel or frame-up is prohibited. (2) The state organ concerned must deal with complaints, charges or exposures made by citizens in a responsible manner after ascertaining the facts. No one may suppress such complaints, charges and exposure, or retaliate against the citizens making them. (3) Citizens who have suffered losses through infringement of their civic rights by any state organ or functionary have the right to compensation in accordance with the law.

Article 42 [Work] (1) Citizens of the People's Republic of China have the right as well as the duty to work. (2) Using various channels, the state creates conditions for employment, strengthens labor protection, improves working conditions, and, on the basis of expanded production, increases remuneration for work and social benefits. (3) Work is the glorious duty of every able-bodied citizen. All working people in State-owned enterprises and in urban and rural economic collectives should perform their tasks with an attitude consonant with their status as masters of the country. The State promotes socialist labor emulation, and commends and rewards model and advanced workers. The State encourages citizens to take part in voluntary labor. (4) The state provides necessary vocational training to citizens before they are employed.

Article 43 [Leisure]

(1) Working people in the People's Republic of China have the right to rest. (2) The state expands facilities for rest and recuperation of working people, and prescribes working hours and vacations for workers and staff.

Article 44 [Retirement] The state prescribes by law the system of retirement for workers and staff in enterprises and undertakings and for functionaries of organs of state. The livelihood of retired personnel is ensured by the state and society.

Article 45 [Social Security] (1) Citizens of the People's Republic of China have the right to material assistance from the state and society when they are old, ill, or disabled. The state develops the social insurance, social relief, and medical and health services that are required to enable citizens to enjoy this right. (2) The state and society ensure the livelihood of disabled members of the armed forces, provide pensions for the families of martyrs, and give preferential treatment to the families of military personnel. (3) The state and society help make arrangements for the work, livelihood and education of the blind, deafmutes and other handicapped citizens.

Article 46 [Education] (1) Citizens of the People's Republic of China have the duty as well as the right to receive education. (2) The state promotes the all-round moral, intellectual, and physical development of children and young people.

Article 47 [Research] Citizens of the People's Republic of China have the freedom to engage in scientific research, literary and artistic creation, and other cultural pursuits. The state encourages and assists creative endeavors conducive to the interests of the people that are made by citizens engaged in education, science, technology, literature, art, and other cultural work.

Article 48 [Gender Equality]

(1) Women in the People's Republic of China enjoy equal rights with men in all spheres of life, political, economic, cultural, and social, including family life. (2) The state protects the rights and interests of women, applies the principle of equal pay for equal work for men and women alike, and trains and selects cadres from among women.

Article 49 [Marriage, Family, Parentage] (1) Marriage, the family, and mother and child are protected by the state. (2) Both husband and wife have the duty to practice family planning. (3) Parents have the duty to rear and educate their minor children, and children who have come of age have the duty to support and assist their parents. (4) Violation of the freedom of marriage is prohibited. Maltreatment of old people, women, and children is prohibited.

Article 50 [Nationals Abroad] The People's Republic of China protects the legitimate rights and interests of Chinese nationals residing abroad and protects the lawful rights and interests of returned overseas Chinese and of the family members of Chinese nationals residing abroad.

Article 51 [Interest of the State] The exercise by citizens of the People's Republic of China of their freedoms and rights may not infringe upon the interests of the state, of society, and of the collective, or upon the lawful freedoms and rights of other citizens.

Article 52 [Unity] It is the duty of citizens of the People's Republic of China to safeguard the unity of the country and the unity of all its nationalities.

Article 53 [Obedience to the Constitution] Citizens of the People's Republic of China must abide by the Constitution and the law, keep state secrets, protect public property, and observe labor discipline and public order and respect social ethics.

Article 54 [Integrity of the Motherland]

It is the duty of citizens of the People's Republic of China to safeguard the security, honor, and interests of the motherland; they must not commit acts detrimental to the security, honor and interests of the motherland.

Article 55 [Defence] (1) It is the sacred obligation of every citizen of the People's Republic of China to defend the motherland and resist aggression. (2) It is the honorable duty of citizens of the People's Republic of China to perform military service and join the militia in accordance with the law.

Article 56 [Taxation] It is the duty of citizens of the People's Republic of China to pay taxes in accordance with the law.

Chapter Three The Structure of the State

Section I The National People's Congress

Article 57 [Highest Organ of State Power] The National People's Congress of the People's Republic of China is the highest organ of state power. Its permanent body is the Standing Committee of the National People's Congress.

Article 58 [Legislative Power] The National People's Congress and its Standing Committee exercise the legislative power of the state.

Article 59 [Representation] (1) The National People's Congress is composed of deputies elected from the provinces, autonomous regions, municipalities directly under the Central Government, and the special administrative regions, and of deputies elected from the armed forces. All the minority nationalities are entitled to appropriate representation. (2) Election of deputies to the National People's Congress is

conducted by the Standing Committee of the National People's Congress. (3) The number of deputies to the National People's Congress and the manner of their election are prescribed by law.

Article 60 [Election, Term] (1) The National People's Congress is elected for a term of five years. (2) Two months before the expiration of the term of office of a National People's Congress, its Standing Committee must ensure that the election of deputies to the succeeding National People's Congress is completed. Should exceptional circumstances prevent such an election, it may be postponed by decision of a majority vote of more than two-thirds of all those on the Standing Committee of the current National People's Congress and the term of office of the current National People's Congress may be extended. The election of deputies to the succeeding National People's Congress must be completed within one year after the termination of such exceptional circumstances.

Article 61 [Sessions, Presidium] (1) The National People's Congress meets in session once a year and is convened by its Standing Committee. A session of the National People's Congress may be convened at any time the Standing Committee deems this necessary, or when more than one- fifth of the deputies to the National People's Congress so propose. (2) When the National People's Congress meets, it elects a presidium to conduct its session.

Article 62 [Functions and Powers] The National People's Congress exercises the following functions and powers: 1. to amend the Constitution; 2. to supervise the enforcement of the Constitution; 3. to enact and amend basic statutes concerning criminal offenses, civil affairs, the state organs, and other matters; 4. to elect the President and the Vice President of the People's Republic of China; 5. to decide on the choice of the Premier of the State Council upon nomination by the President of the People's Republic of China, and to decide on the choice of the Vice Premiers, State Councillors,

Ministers in charge of ministries or commissions, and the Auditor General and the Secretary General of the State Council upon nomination by the Premier; 6. to elect the Chairman of the Central Military Commission and, upon nomination by the Chairman, to decide on the choice of all the others on the Central Military Commission; 7. to elect the President of the Supreme People's Court; 8. to elect the Procurator General of the Supreme People's Procuratorate; 9. to examine and approve the plan for national economic and social development and the report on its implementation; 10. to examine and approve the state budget and the report on its implementation; 11. to alter or annul inappropriate decisions of the Standing Committee of the National People's Congress; 12. to approve the establishment of provinces, autonomous regions, and municipalities directly under the Central Government; 13. to decide on the establishment of special administrative regions and the systems to be instituted there; 14. to decide on questions of war and peace; and 15. to exercise such other functions and powers as the highest organ of state power should exercise.

Article 63 [Power to Recall or Remove Officials] The National People's Congress has the power to recall or remove from office the following persons: 1. the President and the Vice President of the People's Republic of China; 2. the Premier, Vice Premiers, State Councillors, Ministers in charge of ministries or commissions, and the Auditor General and the Secretary General of the State Council; 3. the Chairman of the Central Military Commission and others on the Commission; 4. the President of the Supreme People's Court; and 5. the Procurator General of the Supreme People's Procuratorate.

Article 64 [Amendments to the Constitution] (1) Amendments to the Constitution are to be proposed by the Standing Committee of the National People's Congress or by more than one-fifth of the deputies to the National People's Congress and

adopted by a majority vote of more than two-thirds of all the deputies to the Congress. (2) Statutes and resolutions are adopted by a majority vote of more than one half of all the deputies to the National People's Congress.

Article 65 [Standing Committee] (1) The Standing Committee of the National People's Congress is composed of the following: the Chairman; the Vice Chairmen; the Secretary General; and members. (2) Minority nationalities are entitled to appropriate representation on the Standing Committee of the National People's Congress. (3) The National People's Congress elects, and has the power to recall, all those on its Standing Committee. (4) No one on the Standing Committee of the National People's Congress shall hold any post in any of the administrative, judicial or procuratorial organs of the state.

Article 66 [Election, Term, Chairmen] (1) The Standing Committee of the National People's Congress is elected for the same term as the National People's Congress; it exercises its functions and powers until a new Standing Committee is elected by the succeeding National People's Congress. (2) The Chairman and Vice Chairmen of the Standing Committee shall serve no more than two consecutive terms.

Article 67 [Functions and Powers] The Standing Committee of the National People's Congress exercises the following functions and powers: 1. to interpret the Constitution and supervise its enforcement; 2. to enact and amend statutes with the exception of those which should be enacted by the National People's Congress; 3. to enact, when the National People's Congress is not in session, partial supplements and amendments to statutes enacted by the National People's Congress provided that they do not contravene the basic principles of these statutes; 4. to interpret statutes; 5. to examine and approve, when the National People's Congress is

not in session, partial adjustments to the plan for national economic and social development and to the state budget that prove necessary in the course of their implementation; 6. to supervise the work of the State Council, the Central Military Commission, the Supreme People's Court, and the Supreme People's Procuratorate; 7. to annul those administrative rules and regulations, decisions, or orders of the State Council that contravene the Constitution or the statutes; 8. to annul those local regulations or decisions of the organs of state power of provinces, autonomous regions, and municipalities directly under the Central Government that contravene the Constitution, the statutes or the administrative rules and regulations; 9. to decide, when the National People's Congress is not in session, on the choice of Ministers in charge of ministries or commissions or the Auditor General and the Secretary General of the State Council upon nomination by the Premier of the State Council; 10. to decide, upon nomination by the Chairman of the Central Military Commission, on the choice of others on the Commission, when the National People's Congress is not in session; 11. to appoint and remove Vice Presidents and judges of the Supreme People's Court, members of its Judicial Committee, and the President of the Military Court at the suggestion of the President of the Supreme People's Court; 12. to appoint and remove Deputy Procurators General and procurators of the Supreme People's Procuratorate, members of its Procuratorial Committee, and the Chief Procurator of the Military Procuratorate at the suggestion of the Procurator General of the Supreme People's Procuratorate, and to approve the appointment and removal of the chief procurators of the people's procuratorates of provinces, autonomous regions and municipalities directly under the Central Government; 13. to decide on the appointment and recall of plenipotentiary representatives abroad; 14. to decide on the ratification and abrogation of treaties and important agreements concluded with foreign states; 15. to institute systems of titles and ranks for military and diplomatic personnel and of other specific titles and ranks; 16. to institute state medals and titles of honor and decide on their conferment;

17. to decide on the granting of special pardons; 18. to decide, when the National People's Congress is not in session, on the proclamation of a state of war in the event of an armed attack on the country or in fulfillment of international treaty obligations concerning common defence against aggression; 19. to decide on general mobilization or partial mobilization; 20. to decide on entering the state of emergency throughout the country or in particular provinces, autonomous regions, or municipalities directly under the Central Government; and 21. to exercise such other functions and powers as the National People's Congress may assign to it.

Article 68 [Presidency] (1) The Chairman of the Standing Committee of the National People's Congress presides over the work of the Standing Committee and convenes its meetings. The Vice Chairmen and the Secretary General assist in the work of the Chairman. (2) Executive meetings with the participation of the Chairman, Vice Chairman and Secretary General handle the important day-to-day work of the Standing Committee of the National People's Congress.

Article 69 [Report on the Work] The Standing Committee of the National People's Congress is responsible to the National People's Congress and reports on its work to the Congress.

Article 70 [Committees] (1) The National People's Congress establishes a Nationalities Committee, a Law Committee, a Financial and Economic Committee, an Education, Science, Culture, and Public Health Committee, a Foreign Affairs Committee, an Overseas Chinese Committee, and such other special committees as are necessary. These special committees work under the direction of the Standing Committee of the National People's Congress when the Congress is not in session. (2) The special committees examine, discuss and draw up relevant bills and draft resolutions under the direction of the National People's Congress and its Standing Committee.

Article 71 [Ad Hoc Committees] (1) The National People's Congress and its Standing Committee may,

when they deem it necessary, appoint committees of inquiry into specific questions and adopt relevant resolutions in the light of their reports. (2) All organs of state, public organizations, and citizens concerned are obliged to supply the necessary information to those committees of inquiry when they conduct investigations.

Article 72 [Legislative Initiative] Deputies to the National People's Congress and all those on its Standing Committee have the right, in accordance with procedures prescribed by law, to submit bills and proposals within the scope of the respective functions and powers of the National People's Congress and its Standing Committee.

Article 73 [Right to Question the State Council] Deputies to the National People's Congress during its sessions, and all those on its Standing Committee during its meetings, have the right to address questions, in accordance with procedures prescribed by law, to the State Council or the ministries and commissions under the State Council, which must answer the questions in a responsible manner.

Article 74 [Immunity] No deputy to the National People's Congress may be arrested or placed on criminal trial without the consent of the Presidium of the current session of the National People's Congress or, when the National People's Congress is not in session, without the consent of its Standing Committee.

Article 75 [Indemnity] Deputies to the National People's Congress may not be called to legal account for their speeches or votes at its meetings.

Article 76 [Obedience to the Constitution] (1) Deputies to the National People's Congress must play an exemplary role in abiding by the Constitution and the law and keeping state secrets and, in production and other work and their public activities, assist in the enforcement of the Constitution and the law. (2) Deputies to the National People's Congress should maintain close contact with the units which elected them and with the people, listen

to and convey the opinions and demands of the people, and work hard to serve them.

Article 77 [Direct/Imperative Mandate] Deputies to the National People's Congress are subject to the supervision of the units which elected them. The electoral units have the power, through procedures prescribed by law, to recall deputies whom they elected.

Article 78 [Organizational Law] The organization and working procedures of the National People's Congress and its Standing Committee are prescribed by law.

Section II The President

Article 79 [Election, Term] (1) The President and Vice President of the People's Republic of China are elected by the National People's Congress. (2) Citizens of the People's Republic of China who have the right to vote and to stand for election and who have reached the age of 45 are eligible for election as President or Vice President of the People's Republic of China. (3) The term of office of the President and Vice President of the People's Republic of China is the same as that of the National People's Congress, and they shall serve no more than two consecutive terms.

Article 80 [Functions and Powers] The President of the People's Republic of China, in pursuance of decisions of the National People's Congress and its Standing Committee, promulgates statutes, appoints and removes the Premier, Vice Premiers, State Councillors, Ministers in charge of ministries or commissions, and the Auditor General and the Secretary General of the State Council; confers state medals and titles of honor; issues orders of special pardons; proclaims entering of the state of emergency; proclaims a state of war; and issues mobilization orders.

Article 81 [Diplomatic Representation]

The President of the People's Republic of China, on behalf of the People's Republic of China, engages in activities involving State affairs and receives foreign diplomatic representatives and, in pursuance of decisions of the Standing Committee of the National People's Congress, appoints and recalls plenipotentiary representatives abroad, and ratifies and abrogates treaties and important agreements concluded with foreign states.

Article 82 [Vice President] (1) The Vice President of the People's Republic of China assists in the work of the President. (2) The Vice President of the People's Republic of China may exercise such parts of the functions and powers of the President as may be deputed by the President.

Article 83 [End of Office] The President and Vice President of the People's Republic of China exercise their functions and powers until the new President and Vice President elected by the succeeding National People's Congress assume office.

Article 84 [Vacancy] (1) In case the office of the President of the People's Republic of China falls vacant, the Vice President succeeds to the office of President. (2) In case the office of the Vice President of the People's Republic of China falls vacant, the National People's Congress shall elect a new Vice President to fill the vacancy. (3) In the event that the offices of both the President and the Vice President of the People's Republic of China fall vacant, the National People's Congress shall elect a new President and a new Vice President. Prior to such election, the Chairman of the Standing Committee of the National People's Congress shall temporarily act as the President of the People's Republic of China.

Section III The State Council

Article 85 [Governmental Powers]

The State Council, that is, the Central People's Government, of the People's Republic of China is the executive body of the highest organ of state power; it is the highest organ of state administration.

Article 86 [Composition] (1) The State Council is composed of the following: the Premier; the Vice Premiers; the State Councillors; the Ministers in charge of ministries, the Ministers in charge of commissions; the Auditor General; and the Secretary General. (2) The Premier has overall responsibility for the State Council. The ministers have overall responsibility for the ministries or commissions under their charge. (39 The organization of the State Council is prescribed by law.

Article 87 [Term] (1) The term of office of the State Council is the same as that of the National People's Congress. (2) The Premier, Vice Premiers, and State Councillors shall serve no more than two consecutive terms.

Article 88 [Premier] (1) The Premier directs the work of the State Council. The Vice Premiers and State Councillors assist in the work of the Premier. (2) Executive meetings of the State Council are composed of the Premier, the Vice Premiers, the State Councillors, and the Secretary General of the State Council. (3) The Premier convenes and presides over the executive meetings and plenary meetings of the State Council.

Article 89 [Functions and Powers] The State Council exercises the following functions and powers: 1. to adopt administrative measures, enact administrative rules and regulations, and issue decisions and orders in accordance with the Constitution and the statutes; 2. to submit proposals to the National People's Congress or its Standing Committee;

3. to lay down the tasks and responsibilities of the ministries and commissions of the State Council, to exercise unified leadership over the work of the ministries and commissions, and to direct all other administrative work of a national character that does not fall within the jurisdiction of the ministries and commissions; 4. to exercise unified leadership over the work of local organs of state administration at different levels throughout the country, and to lay down the detailed division of functions and powers between the Central Government and the organs of state administration of provinces, autonomous regions, and municipalities directly under the Central Government; 5. to draw up and implement the plan for national economic and social development and the state budget; 6. to direct and administer economic affairs and urban and rural development; 7. to direct and administer affairs of education, science, culture, public health, physical culture, and family planning; 8. to direct and administer civil affairs, public security, judicial administration, supervision, and other related matters; 9. to conduct foreign affairs and conclude treaties and agreements with foreign states; 10. to direct and administer the building of national defence; 11. to direct and administer affairs concerning the nationalities, and to safeguard the equal rights of minority nationalities and the right of autonomy of the national autonomous areas; 12. to protect the legitimate rights and interests of Chinese nationals residing abroad and protect the lawful rights and interests of returned overseas Chinese and of the family members of Chinese nationals residing abroad; 13. to alter or annul inappropriate orders, directives, and regulations issued by the ministries or commissions; 14. to alter or annul inappropriate decisions and orders issued by local organs of state administration at different levels; 15. to approve the geographic division of provinces, autonomous regions, and municipalities directly under the Central Government, and to approve the establishment and geographic division of autonomous prefectures, counties, autonomous counties, and cities; 16. in accordance with the provisions of law, to decide on entering the state of emergency in parts of provinces, autonomous regions, and municipalities directly under the Central Government;

17. to examine and decide on the size of administrative organs and, in accordance with the law, to appoint, remove, and train administrative officers, appraise their work and reward or punish them; and 18. to exercise such other functions and powers as the National People's Congress or its Standing Committee may assign it.

Article 90 [Ministers] (1) The Ministers in charge of ministries or commissions of the State Council are responsible for the work of their respective departments and convene and preside over ministerial meetings or commission meetings that discuss and decide on major issues in the work of their respective departments. (2) The ministries and commissions issue orders, directives, and regulations within the jurisdiction of their respective departments and in accordance with the statutes and the administrative rules and regulations, decisions, and orders issued by the State Council.

Article 91 [Auditing Body] (1) The State Council establishes an auditing body to supervise through auditing the revenue and expenditure of all departments under the State Council and of the local governments at different levels, and those of the state financial and monetary organizations and of enterprises and undertakings. (2) Under the direction of the Premier of the State Council, the auditing body independently exercises its power to supervise through auditing in accordance with the law, subject to no interference by any other administrative organ or any public organization or individual.

Article 92 [Report on the Work] The State Council is responsible, and reports on its work, to the National People's Congress or, when the National People's Congress is not in session, to its Standing Committee.

Section IV The Central Military Commission

Article 93 [Function, Composition, Term] (1) The Central Military Commission of the People's Republic of

China directs the armed forces of the country. (2) The Central Military Commission is composed of the following: the Chairman; the Vice Chairmen; and members. (3) The Chairman of the Central Military Commission has overall responsibility for the Commission. (4) The term of office of the Central Military Commission is the same as that of the National People's Congress.

Article 94 [Responsibility] The Chairman of the Central Military Commission is responsible to the National People's Congress and its Standing Committee.

Section V The Local People's Congresses and Governments

Article 95 [Local Governments] (1) People's congresses and people's governments are established in provinces, municipalities directly under the Central Government, counties, cities, municipal districts, townships, nationality townships, and towns. (2) The organization of local people's congresses and local people's governments at different levels is prescribed by law. (3) Organs of self-government are established in autonomous regions, autonomous prefectures, and autonomous counties. The organization and working procedures of organs of self-government are prescribed by law in accordance with the basic principles laid down in Sections V and VI of Chapter Three of the Constitution.

Article 96 [State Power, Standing Committees] (1) Local people's congresses at different levels are local organs of state power. (2) Local people's congresses at and above the county level establish standing committees.

Article 97 [Deputies] (1) Deputies to the people's congresses of provinces, municipalities directly under the Central Government, and cities divided into districts

are elected by the people's congresses at the next lower level; deputies to the people's congresses of counties, cities not divided into districts, municipal districts, townships, nationality townships, and towns are elected directly by their constituencies. (2) The number of deputies to local people's congresses at different levels and the manner of their election are prescribed by law.

Article 98 [Term] The term of office of the local people's congresses at various levels is five years.

Article 99 [Obedience to the Constitution] (1) Local people's congresses at different levels ensure the observance and implementation of the Constitution, the statutes and the administrative rules and regulations in their respective administrative areas. Within the limits of their authority as prescribed by law, they adopt and issue resolutions and examine and decide on plans for local economic and cultural development and for the development of public services. (2) Local people's congresses at and above the county level examine and approve the plans for economic and social development and the budgets of their respective administrative areas, and examine and approve reports on their implementation. They have the power to alter or annul inappropriate decisions of their own standing committees. (39 The people's congresses of nationality townships may, within the limits of their authority as prescribed by law, take specific measures suited to the peculiarities of the nationalities concerned.

Article 100 [Obedience to the Central Government] The people's congresses of provinces and municipalities directly under the Central Government, and their standing committees, may adopt local regulations, which must not contravene the Constitution, the statutes, and the administrative rules and regulations, and they shall report such local regulations to the Standing Committee of the National People's Congress for the record.

Article 101 [Power to Elect and Recall Officials] (1) At their respective levels, local people's congresses elect, and have the power to recall, governors and deputy governors, or mayors

and deputy mayors, or heads and deputy heads of counties, districts, townships, and towns. (2) Local people's congresses at and above the county level elect, and have the power to recall, presidents of people's courts and chief procurators of people's procuratorates at the corresponding level. The election or recall of chief procurators of people's procuratorates shall be reported to the chief procurators of the people's procuratorates at the next higher level for submission to the standing committees of the people's congresses at the corresponding level for approval.

Article 102 [Direct/Imperative Mandate] (1) Deputies to the people's congresses of provinces, municipalities directly under the Central Government and cities divided into districts are subject to supervision by the units which elected them; deputies to the people's congresses of counties, cities not divided into districts, municipal districts, townships, nationality townships, and towns are subject to supervision by their constituencies. (2) The electoral units and constituencies which elect deputies to local people's congresses at different levels have the power, according to procedures prescribed by law, to recall deputies whom they elected.

Article 103 [Responsibility of Standing Committees] (1) The standing committee of a local people's congress at and above the county level is composed of a chairman, vice chairmen and members, and is responsible, and reports on its work, to the people's congress at the corresponding level. (2) The local people's congress at and above the county level elects, and has the power to recall, anyone on the standing committee of the people's congress at the corresponding level. (3) No one on the standing committee of a local people's congress at and above the county level shall hold any post in state administrative, judicial, and procuratorial organs.

Article 104 [Functions and Powers] The standing committee of a Local people's congress at and above the county level discusses and decides on major issues in all fields of work in its administrative area; supervises the work of the people's government, people's court and people's procuratorate at the

corresponding level; annuls inappropriate decisions and orders of the people's government at the corresponding level; annuls inappropriate resolutions of the people's congress at the next lower level; decides on the appointment and removal of functionaries of state organs within the limits of its authority as prescribed by law; and, when the people's congress at the corresponding level is not in session, recalls individual deputies to the people's congress at the next higher level and elects individual deputies to fill vacancies in that people's congress.

Article 105 [Executive Bodies] (1) Local people's governments at different levels are the executive bodies of local organs of state power as well as the local organs of state administration at the corresponding level. (2) Local people's governments at different levels practice the system of overall responsibility by governors, mayors, county heads, district heads, township heads, and town heads.

Article 106 [Corresponding Terms] The term of office of local people's governments at different levels is the same as that of the people's congresses at the corresponding level.

Article 107 [Administrative Work] (1) Local people's governments at and above the county level, within the limits of their authority as prescribed by law, conduct the administrative work concerning the economy, education, science, culture, public health, physical culture, urban and rural development, finance, civil affairs, public security, nationalities affairs, judicial administration, supervision, and family planning in their respective administrative areas; issue decisions and orders; appoint, remove, and train administrative functionaries, appraise their work and reward or punish them. (2) People's governments of townships, nationality townships, and towns carry out the resolutions of the people's congress at the corresponding level as well as the decisions and orders of the state administrative organs at the next higher level and conduct administrative work in their respective administrative areas. (3) People's governments of provinces and municipalities directly under the Central Government decide on the establishment and

geographic division of townships, nationality townships, and towns.

Article 108 [Hierarchy of Government] Local people's governments at and above the county level direct the work of their subordinate departments and of people's governments at lower levels, and have the power to alter or annul inappropriate decisions of their subordinate departments and people's governments at lower levels.

Article 109 [Auditing Bodies] Auditing bodies are established by local people's governments at and above the county level. Local auditing bodies at different levels independently exercise their power to supervise through auditing in accordance with the law and are responsible to the people's government at the corresponding level and to the auditing body at the next higher level.

Article 110 [Responsibility] (1) Local people's governments at different levels are responsible, and report on their work, to people's congresses at the corresponding level. Local people's governments at and above the county level are responsible, and report on their work, to the standing committee of the people's congress at the corresponding level when the congress is not in session. (2) Local people's governments at different levels are responsible, and report on their work, to the state administrative organs at the next higher level. Local people's governments at different levels throughout the country are state administrative organs under the unified leadership of the State Council and are subordinate to it.

Article 111 [Committees on Grass Roots Level] (1) The residents' committees and villagers' committees established among urban and rural residents on the basis of their place of residence are mass organizations of self-management at the grass roots level. The chairman, vice chairmen and members of each residents' or villagers' committee are elected by the residents. The relationship between the residents' and villagers' committees and the grass roots organs of state power is prescribed by law. (2) The residents' and villagers' committees establish committees for people's mediation, public security, public health, and other matters in

order to manage public affairs and social services in their areas, mediate civil disputes, help maintain public order, and convey residents' opinions and demands and make suggestions to the people's government.

Section VI Self-Government of National Autonomous Areas

Article 112 [Autonomies Areas] The organs of self-government of national autonomous areas are the people's congresses and people's governments of autonomous regions, autonomous prefectures, and autonomous counties.

Article 113 [Representation] (1) In the people's congress of an autonomous region, prefecture or county, in addition to the deputies of the nationality or nationalities exercising regional autonomy in the administrative area, the other nationalities inhabiting the area are also entitled to appropriate representation. (2) The chairmanship and vice chairmanships of the standing committee of the people's congress of an autonomous region, prefecture or county shall include a citizen or citizens of the nationality or nationalities exercising regional autonomy in the area concerned.

Article 114 [Nationality of the Administrative Head] The administrative head of an autonomous region, prefecture or county shall be a citizen of the nationality, or of one of the nationalities, exercising regional autonomy in the area concerned.

Article 115 [Power of Autonomy] The organs of self-government of autonomous regions, prefectures, and counties exercise the functions and powers of local organs of state as specified in Section V of Chapter Three of the Constitution. At the same time, they exercise the power of autonomy within the limits of their authority as prescribed by the Constitution, the law of regional national autonomy and other laws, and implement the laws and policies of the state in the light of the existing local situation.

Article 116 [Autonomy Regulations] People's congresses of national autonomous areas have the power to enact autonomy regulations and specific regulations in the light of the political, economic, and cultural characteristics of the nationality or nationalities in the areas concerned. The autonomy regulations and specific regulations of autonomous regions shall be submitted to the Standing Committee of the National People's Congress for approval before they go into effect. Those of autonomous prefectures and counties shall be submitted to the standing committees of the people's congresses of provinces or autonomous regions for approval before they go into effect, and they shall be reported to the Standing Committee of the National People's Congress for the record.

Article 117 [Financial Autonomy] The organs of self-government of the national autonomous areas have the power of autonomy in administering the finances of their areas. All revenues accruing to the national autonomous areas under the financial system of the state shall be managed and used by the organs of self-government of those areas on their own.

Article 118 [Autonomous Development Plans] (1) The organs of self-government of the national autonomous areas independently arrange for and administer local economic development under the guidance of state plans. (2) In exploiting natural resources and building enterprises in the national autonomous areas, the state shall give due consideration to the interests of those areas.

Article 119 [Autonomous Education] The organs of self-government of the national autonomous areas independently administer educational, scientific, cultural, public health, and physical culture affairs in their respective areas, protect and accumulate the cultural heritage of the nationalities and work for the development and flourishing of their cultures.

Article 120 [Autonomous Security Forces] The organs of self-government of the national autonomous areas may, in accordance with the military system of the state and concrete

local needs and with the approval of the State Council, organize local public security forces for the maintenance of public order.

Article 121 [Autonomous Language] In performing their functions, the organs of self-government of the national autonomous areas, in accordance with the autonomy regulations of the respective areas, employ the spoken and written language or languages in common use in the locality.

Article 122 [Minorities] (1) The state gives financial, material, and technical assistance to the minority nationalities to accelerate their economic and cultural development. (2) The state helps the national autonomous areas train large numbers of cadres at different levels and specialized personnel and skilled workers of different professions and trades from among the nationality or nationalities in those areas.

Section VII The People's Courts and Procuratorates

Article 123 [Judicial Organs] The people's courts in the People's Republic of China are the judicial organs of the state.

Article 124 [Supreme People's Court] (1) The People's Republic of China establishes the Supreme People's Court and the local people's courts at different levels, military courts and other special people's courts. (2) The term of office of the President of the Supreme People's Court is the same as that of the National People's Congress; the President shall serve no more than two consecutive terms. (3) The organization of people's courts in prescribed by law.

Article 125 [Publicity, Right of Defence] All cases handled by the people's courts, except for those involving special circumstances as specified by law, shall be heard in public. The accused has the right of defence.

Article 126 [Independence] The people's courts shall, in accordance with the law exercise judicial power independently and are not subject to interference by administrative organs, public organizations, or individuals.

Article 127 [Highest Judicial Organ] (1) The Supreme People's Court is the highest judicial organ. (2) The Supreme People's Court supervises the administration of justice by the local people's courts at different levels and by the special people's courts; people's courts at higher levels supervise the administration of justice by those at lower levels.

Article 128 [Responsibility of the Supreme People's Court] The Supreme People's Court is responsible to the National People's Congress and its Standing Committee. Local people's courts at different levels are responsible to the organs of state power which created them.

Article 129 [People's Procuratorates] The people's procuratorates of the People's Republic of China are state organs for legal supervision.

Article 130 [Supreme People's Procuratorate] (1) The People's Republic of China establishes the Supreme People's Procuratorate and the local people's procuratorates at different levels, military procuratorates, and other special people's procuratorates. (2) The term of office of the Procurator General of the Supreme People's Procuratorate is the same as that of the National People's Congress; the Procurator General shall serve no more than two consecutive terms. (3) The organization of people's procuratorates is prescribed by law.

Article 131 [Procuratorial Power, Independence] People's procuratorates shall, in accordance with the law, exercise procuratorial power independently and are not subject to interference by administrative organs, public organizations, or individuals.

Article 132 [Highest Procuratorial Organ] (1) The Supreme People's Procuratorate is the highest procuratorial organ.

(2) The Supreme People's Procuratorate directs the work of the local people's procuratorates at different levels and of the special people's procuratorates; people's procuratorates at higher levels direct the work of those at lower levels.

Article 133 [Responsibility of Supreme People's Procuratorate] The Supreme People's Procuratorate is responsible to the National People's Congress and its Standing Committee. Local people's procuratorates at different levels are responsible to the organs of state power at the corresponding levels which created them and to the people's procuratorates at the higher level.

Article 134 [Language in Trials] (1) Citizens of all nationalities have the right to use the spoken and written languages of their own nationalities in court proceedings. The people's courts and people's procuratorates should provide translation for any party to the court proceedings who is not familiar with the spoken or written languages in common use in the locality. (2) In an area where people of a minority nationality live in a compact community or where a number of nationalities live together, hearings should be conducted in the language or languages in common use in the locality; indictments, judgements, notices, and other documents should be written, according to actual needs, in the language or languages in common use in the locality.

Article 135 [Independence of Functions] The people's courts, people's procuratorates, and public security organs shall, in handling criminal cases, divide their functions, each taking responsibility for its own work, and they shall co-ordinate their efforts and check each other to ensure correct and effective enforcement of law.

Chapter Four The National Flag, the National Anthem, the National Emblem and the Capital

Article 136 [National Flag] (1) The national flag of the People's Republic of China is a red flag with five stars.

(2) The National Anthem of the People's Republic of China is the March of the Volunteers.

Article 137 [National Emblem] The national emblem of the People's Republic of China is Tian'anmen in the center illuminated by five stars and encircled by ears of grain and a cogwheel.

Article 138 [Capital] The capital of the People's Republic of China is Beijing.

 
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中华人民共和国宪法

1982124日第五届全国人民代表大会第五次会议通过 1982124日全国人民代表大 会公告公布施行 根据1988412日第七届全国人民代表大会第一次会议通过的《中华人民共和国宪法修正案》、1993329日第八届全国人民代表大会第一次 会议通过的《中华人民共和国宪法修正案》、1999315日第九届全国人民代表大会第二次会议通过的《中华人民共和国宪法修正案》20043 14日第十届全国人民代表大会第二次会议通过的《中华人民共和国宪法修正案》修正)

序 言

第一章 总 纲

第二章 公民的基本权利和义务

第三章 国家机构

第一节 全国人民代表大会

第二节 中华人民共和国主席

第三节 国务院

第四节 中央军事委员会

第五节 地方各级人民代表大会和地方各级人民政府

第六节 民族自治地方的自治机关

第七节 人民法院和人民检察院

第四章 国旗、国歌、国徽、首都

中国是世界上历史最悠久的国家之一。中国各族人民共同创造了光辉灿烂的文化,具有光荣的革命传统。

一八四年以后,封建的中国逐渐变成半殖民地、半封建的国家。中国人民为国家独立、民族解放和民主自由进行了前仆后继 的英勇奋斗。

二十世纪,中国发生了翻天覆地的伟大历史变革。

一九一一年孙中山先生领导的辛亥革命,废除了封建帝制,创立了中华民国。但是,中国人民反对帝国主义和封建主义的历史 任务还没有完成。

一九四九年,以毛泽东主席为领袖的中国共产党领导中国各族人民,在经历了长期的艰难曲折的武装斗争和其他形式的斗争以 后,终于推翻了帝国主义、封建主义和官僚资本主义的统治,取得了新民主主义革命的伟大胜利,建立了中华人民共和国。从此,中国人民掌握了国家的权力,成为 国家的主人。

中华人民共和国成立以后,我国社会逐步实现了由新民主主义到社会主义的过渡。生产资料私有制的社会主义改造已经完成, 人剥削人的制度已经消灭,社会主义制度已经确立。工人阶级领导的、以工农联盟为基础的人民民主专政,实质上即无产阶级专政,得到巩固和发展。中国人民和中 国人民解放军战胜了帝国主义、霸权主义的侵略、破坏和武装挑衅,维护了国家的独立和安全,增强了国防。经济建设取得了重大的成就,独立的、比较完整的社会主义工业体系已经基本形成,农业生产显著提高。教育、科学、文化等事业有了很大的发展,社会主义思想教育取得了明显的成效。广大人民的生活有了较大的改 善。

中国新民主主义革命的胜利和社会主义事业的成就,是中国共产党领导中国各族人民,在马克思列宁主义、毛泽东思想的指引 下,坚持真理,修正错误,战胜许多艰难险阻而取得的。我国将长期处于社会主义初级阶段。国家的根本任务是,沿着中国特色社会主义道路,集中力量进行社会主 义现代化建设。中国各族人民将继续在中国共产党领导下,在马克思列宁主义、毛泽东思想、邓小平理论和三个代表重要思想指引下,坚持人民民主专政,坚持 社会主义道路,坚持改革开放,不断完善社会主义的各项制度,发展社会主义市场经济,发展社会主义民主,健全社会主义法制,自力更生,艰苦奋斗,逐步实现工 业、农业、国防和科学技术的现代化,推动物质文明、政治文明和精神文明协调发展,把我国建设成为富强、民主、文明的社会主义国家。

在我国,剥削阶级作为阶级已经消灭,但是阶级斗争还将在一定范围内长期存在。中国人民对敌视和破坏我国社会主义制度的 国内外的敌对势力和敌对分子,必须进行斗争。

台湾是中华人民共和国的神圣领土的一部分。完成统一祖国的大业是包括台湾同胞在内的全中国人民的神圣职责。

社会主义的建设事业必须依靠工人、农民和知识分子,团结一切可以团结的力量。在长期的革命和建设过程中,已经结成由中 国共产党领导的,有各民主党派和各人民团体参加的,包括全体社会主义劳动者、社会主义事业的建设者、拥护社会主义的爱国者和拥护祖国统一的爱国者的广泛的 爱国统一战线,这个统一战线将继续巩固和发展。中国人民政治协商会议是有广泛代表性的统一战线组织,过去发挥了重要的历史作用,今后在国家政治生活、社会生活和对外友好活动中,在进行社会主义现代化建设、维护国家的统一和团结的斗争中,将进一步发挥它的重要作用。中国共产党领导的多党合作和政治协商制度将 长期存在和发展。

中华人民共和国是全国各族人民共同缔造的统一的多民族国家。平等、团结、互助的社会主义民族关系已经确立,并将继续加 强。在维护民族团结的斗争中,要反对大民族主义,主要是大汉族主义,也要反对地方民族主义。国家尽一切努力,促进全国各民族的共同繁荣。

中国革命和建设的成就是同世界人民的支持分不开的。中国的前途是同世界的前途紧密地联系在一起的。中国坚持独立自主的 对外政策,坚持互相尊重主权和领土完整、互不侵犯、互不干涉内政、平等互利、和平共处的五项原则,发展同各国的外交关系和经济、文化的交流;坚持反对帝国 主义、霸权主义、殖民主义,加强同世界各国人民的团结,支持被压迫民族和发展中国家争取和维护民族独立、发展民族经济的正义斗争,为维护世界和平和促进人类进步事业而努力。

本宪法以法律的形式确认了中国各族人民奋斗的成果,规定了国家的根本制度和根本任务,是国家的根本法,具有最高的法律 效力。全国各族人民、一切国家机关和武装力量、各政党和各社会团体、各企业事业组织,都必须以宪法为根本的活动准则,并且负有维护宪法尊严、保证宪法实施 的职责。

第一章 总 纲

第一条 中华人民共和国是工人阶 级领导的、以工农联盟为基础的人民民主专政的社会主义国家。

社会主义制度是中华人民共和国的根本制度。禁止任何组织或者个人破坏社会主义制度。

第二条 中华人民共和国的一切权 力属于人民。

人民行使国家权力的机关是全国人民代表大会和地方各级人民代表大会。

人民依照法律规定,通过各种途径和形式,管理国家事务,管理经济和文化事业,管理社会事务。

第三条 中华人民共和国的国家机 构实行民主集中制的原则。

全国人民代表大会和地方各级人民代表大会都由民主选举产生,对人民负责,受人民监督。

国家行政机关、审判机关、检察机关都由人民代表大会产生,对它负责,受它监督。

中央和地方的国家机构职权的划分,遵循在中央的统一领导下,充分发挥地方的主动性、积极性的原则。

第四条 中华人民共和国各民族一 律平等。国家保障各少数民族的合法的权利和利益,维护和发展各民族的平等、团结、互助关系。禁止对任何民族的歧视和压迫,禁止破坏民族团结和制造民族分裂 的行为。

国家根据各少数民族的特点和需要,帮助各少数民族地区加速经济和文化的发展。

各少数民族聚居的地方实行区域自治,设立自治机关,行使自治权。各民族自治地方都是中华人民共和国不可分离的部分。

各民族都有使用和发展自己的语言文字的自由,都有保持或者改革自己的风俗习惯的自由。

第五条 中华人民共和国实行依法 治国,建设社会主义法治国家。

国家维护社会主义法制的统一和尊严。

一切法律、行政法规和地方性法规都不得同宪法相抵触。

一切国家机关和武装力量、各政党和各社会团体、各企业事业组织都必须遵守宪法和法律。一切违反宪法和法律的行为,必须 予以追究。

任何组织或者个人都不得有超越宪法和法律的特权。

第六条 中华人民共和国的社会主 义经济制度的基础是生产资料的社会主义公有制,即全民所有制和劳动群众集体所有制。社会主义公有制消灭人剥削人的制度,实行各尽所能、按劳分配的原则。

国家在社会主义初级阶段,坚持公有制为主体、多种所有制经济共同发展的基本经济制度,坚持按劳分配为主体、多种分配方 式并存的分配制度。

第七条 国有经济,即社会主义全 民所有制经济,是国民经济中的主导力量。国家保障国有经济的巩固和发展。

第八条 农村集体经济组织实行家 庭承包经营为基础、统分结合的双层经营体制。农村中的生产、供销、信用、消费等各种形式的合作经济,是社会主义劳动群众集体所有制经济。参加农村集体经济 组织的劳动者,有权在法律规定的范围内经营自留地、自留山、家庭副业和饲养自留畜。

城镇中的手工业、工业、建筑业、运输业、商业、服务业等行业的各种形式的合作经济,都是社会主义劳动群众集体所有制经 济。

国家保护城乡集体经济组织的合法的权利和利益,鼓励、指导和帮助集体经济的发展。

第九条 矿藏、水流、森林、山 岭、草原、荒地、滩涂等自然资源,都属于国家所有,即全民所有;由法律规定属于集体所有的森林和山岭、草原、荒地、滩涂除外。

国家保障自然资源的合理利用,保护珍贵的动物和植物。禁止任何组织或者个人用任何手段侵占或者破坏自然资源。

第十条 城市的土地属于国家所 有。

农村和城市郊区的土地,除由法律规定属于国家所有的以外,属于集体所有;宅基地和自留地、自留山,也属于集体所有。

国家为了公共利益的需要,可以依照法律规定对土地实行征收或者征用并给予补偿。

任何组织或者个人不得侵占、买卖或者以其他形式非法转让土地。土地的使用权可以依照法律的规定转让。

一切使用土地的组织和个人必须合理地利用土地。

第十一条 在法律规定范围内的个 体经济、私营经济等非公有制经济,是社会主义市场经济的重要组成部分。

国家保护个体经济、私营经济等非公有制经济的合法的权利和利益。国家鼓励、支持和引导非公有制经济的发展,并对非公有 制经济依法实行监督和管理。

第十二条 社会主义的公共财产神 圣不可侵犯。

国家保护社会主义的公共财产。禁止任何组织或者个人用任何手段侵占或者破坏国家的和集体的财产。

第十三条 公民的合法的私有财产 不受侵犯。

国家依照法律规定保护公民的私有财产权和继承权。

国家为了公共利益的需要,可以依照法律规定对公民的私有财产实行征收或者征用并给予补偿。

第十四条 国家通过提高劳动者的 积极性和技术水平,推广先进的科学技术,完善经济管理体制和企业经营管理制度,实行各种形式的社会主义责任制,改进劳动组织,以不断提高劳动生产率和经济 效益,发展社会生产力。

国家厉行节约,反对浪费。

国家合理安排积累和消费,兼顾国家、集体和个人的利益,在发展生产的基础上,逐步改善人民的物质生活和文化生活。

国家建立健全同经济发展水平相适应的社会保障制度。

第十五条 国家实行社会主义市场 经济。

国家加强经济立法,完善宏观调控。

国家依法禁止任何组织或者个人扰乱社会经济秩序。

第十六条 国有企业在法律规定的 范围内有权自主经营。

国有企业依照法律规定,通过职工代表大会和其他形式,实行民主管理。

第十七条 集体经济组织在遵守有 关法律的前提下,有独立进行经济活动的自主权。

集体经济组织实行民主管理,依照法律规定选举和罢免管理人员,决定经营管理的重大问题。

第十八条 中华人民共和国允许外 国的企业和其他经济组织或者个人依照中华人民共和国法律的规定在中国投资,同中国的企业或者其他经济组织进行各种形式的经济合作。

在中国境内的外国企业和其他外国经济组织以及中外合资经营的企业,都必须遵守中华人民共和国的法律。它们的合法的权利 和利益受中华人民共和国法律的保护。

第十九条 国家发展社会主义的教 育事业,提高全国人民的科学文化水平。

国家举办各种学校,普及初等义务教育,发展中等教育、职业教育和高等教育,并且发展学前教育。

国家发展各种教育设施,扫除文盲,对工人、农民、国家工作人员和其他劳动者进行政治、文化、科学、技术、业务的教育, 鼓励自学成才。

国家鼓励集体经济组织、国家企业事业组织和其他社会力量依照法律规定举办各种教育事业。

国家推广全国通用的普通话。

第二十条 国家发展自然科学和社 会科学事业,普及科学和技术知识,奖励科学研究成果和技术发明创造。

第二十一条 国家发展医疗卫生事 业,发展现代医药和我国传统医药,鼓励和支持农村集体经济组织、国家企业事业组织和街道组织举办各种医疗卫生设施,开展群众性的卫生活动,保护人民健康。

国家发展体育事业,开展群众性的体育活动,增强人民体质。

第二十二条 国家发展为人民服 务、为社会主义服务的文学艺术事业、新闻广播电视事业、出版发行事业、图书馆博物馆文化馆和其他文化事业,开展群众性的文化活动。

国家保护名胜古迹、珍贵文物和其他重要历史文化遗产。

第二十三条 国家培养为社会主义 服务的各种专业人才,扩大知识分子的队伍,创造条件,充分发挥他们在社会主义现代化建设中的作用。

第二十四条 国家通过普及理想教 育、道德教育、文化教育、纪律和法制教育,通过在城乡不同范围的群众中制定和执行各种守则、公约,加强社会主义精神文明的建设。

国家提倡爱祖国、爱人民、爱劳动、爱科学、爱社会主义的公德,在人民中进行爱国主义、集体主义和国际主义、共产主义的 教育,进行辩证唯物主义和历史唯物主义的教育,反对资本主义的、封建主义的和其他的腐朽思想。

第二十五条 国家推行计划生育, 使人口的增长同经济和社会发展计划相适应。

第二十六条 国家保护和改善生活 环境和生态环境,防治污染和其他公害。

国家组织和鼓励植树造林,保护林木。

第二十七条 一切国家机关实行精 简的原则,实行工作责任制,实行工作人员的培训和考核制度,不断提高工作质量和工作效率,反对官僚主义。

一切国家机关和国家工作人员必须依靠人民的支持,经常保持同人民的密切联系,倾听人民的意见和建议,接受人民的监督, 努力为人民服务。

第二十八条 国家维护社会秩序, 镇压叛国和其他危害国家安全的犯罪活动,制裁危害社会治安、破坏社会主义经济和其他犯罪的活动,惩办和改造犯罪分子。

第二十九条 中华人民共和国的武 装力量属于人民。它的任务是巩固国防,抵抗侵略,保卫祖国,保卫人民的和平劳动,参加国家建设事业,努力为人民服务。

国家加强武装力量的革命化、现代化、正规化的建设,增强国防力量。

第三十条 中华人民共和国的行政 区域划分如下:

()全国分为省、自治区、直辖市;

()省、自治区分为自治州、县、自治县、市;

()县、自治县分为乡、民族乡、镇。

直辖市和较大的市分为区、县。自治州分为县、自治县、市。

自治区、自治州、自治县都是民族自治地方。

第三十一条 国家在必要时得设立 特别行政区。在特别行政区内实行的制度按照具体情况由全国人民代表大会以法律规定。

第三十二条 中华人民共和国保护 在中国境内的外国人的合法权利和利益,在中国境内的外国人必须遵守中华人民共和国的法律。

中华人民共和国对于因为政治原因要求避难的外国人,可以给予受庇护的权利。

第二章 公民的基本权利和义务

第三十三条 凡具有中华人民共和 国国籍的人都是中华人民共和国公民。

中华人民共和国公民在法律面前一律平等。

国家尊重和保障人权。

任何公民享有宪法和法律规定的权利,同时必须履行宪法和法律规定的义务。

第三十四条 中华人民共和国年满 十八周岁的公民,不分民族、种族、性别、职业、家庭出身、宗教信仰、教育程度、财产状况、居住期限,都有选举权和被选举权;但是依照法律被剥夺政治权利的 人除外。

第三十五条 中华人民共和国公民 有言论、出版、集会、结社、游行、示威的自由。

第三十六条 中华人民共和国公民 有宗教信仰自由。

任何国家机关、社会团体和个人不得强制公民信仰宗教或者不信仰宗教,不得歧视信仰宗教的公民和不信仰宗教的公民。

国家保护正常的宗教活动。任何人不得利用宗教进行破坏社会秩序、损害公民身体健康、妨碍国家教育制度的活动。

宗教团体和宗教事务不受外国势力的支配。

第三十七条 中华人民共和国公民 的人身自由不受侵犯。

任何公民,非经人民检察院批准或者决定或者人民法院决定,并由公安机关执行,不受逮捕。

禁止非法拘禁和以其他方法非法剥夺或者限制公民的人身自由,禁止非法搜查公民的身体。

第三十八条 中华人民共和国公民 的人格尊严不受侵犯。禁止用任何方法对公民进行侮辱、诽谤和诬告陷害。

第三十九条 中华人民共和国公民 的住宅不受侵犯。禁止非法搜查或者非法侵入公民的住宅。

第四十条 中华人民共和国公民的 通信自由和通信秘密受法律的保护。除因国家安全或者追查刑事犯罪的需要,由公安机关或者检察机关依照法律规定的程序对通信进行检查外,任何组织或者个人不 得以任何理由侵犯公民的通信自由和通信秘密。

第四十一条 中华人民共和国公民 对于任何国家机关和国家工作人员,有提出批评和建议的权利;对于任何国家机关和国家工作人员的违法失职行为,有向有关国家机关提出申诉、控告或者检举的权 利,但是不得捏造或者歪曲事实进行诬告陷害。

对于公民的申诉、控告或者检举,有关国家机关必须查清事实,负责处理。任何人不得压制和打击报复。

由于国家机关和国家工作人员侵犯公民权利而受到损失的人,有依照法律规定取得赔偿的权利。

第四十二条 中华人民共和国公民 有劳动的权利和义务。

国家通过各种途径,创造劳动就业条件,加强劳动保护,改善劳动条件,并在发展生产的基础上,提高劳动报酬和福利待遇。

劳动是一切有劳动能力的公民的光荣职责。国有企业和城乡集体经济组织的劳动者都应当以国家主人翁的态度对待自己的劳 动。国家提倡社会主义劳动竞赛,奖励劳动模范和先进工作者。国家提倡公民从事义务劳动。

国家对就业前的公民进行必要的劳动就业训练。

第四十三条 中华人民共和国劳动 者有休息的权利。

国家发展劳动者休息和休养的设施,规定职工的工作时间和休假制度。

第四十四条 国家依照法律规定实 行企业事业组织的职工和国家机关工作人员的退休制度。退休人员的生活受到国家和社会的保障。

第四十五条 中华人民共和国公民 在年老、疾病或者丧失劳动能力的情况下,有从国家和社会获得物质帮助的权利。国家发展为公民享受这些权利所需要的社会保险、社会救济和医疗卫生事业。

国家和社会保障残废军人的生活,抚恤烈士家属,优待军人家属。

国家和社会帮助安排盲、聋、哑和其他有残疾的公民的劳动、生活和教育。

第四十六条 中华人民共和国公民 有受教育的权利和义务。

国家培养青年、少年、儿童在品德、智力、体质等方面全面发展。

第四十七条 中华人民共和国公民 有进行科学研究、文学艺术创作和其他文化活动的自由。国家对于从事教育、科学、技术、文学、艺术和其他文化事业的公民的有益于人民的创造性工作,给以鼓励 和帮助。

第四十八条 中华人民共和国妇女 在政治的、经济的、文化的、社会的和家庭的生活等各方面享有同男子平等的权利。

国家保护妇女的权利和利益,实行男女同工同酬,培养和选拔妇女干部。

第四十九条 婚姻、家庭、母亲和 儿童受国家的保护。

夫妻双方有实行计划生育的义务。

父母有抚养教育未成年子女的义务,成年子女有赡养扶助父母的义务。

禁止破坏婚姻自由,禁止虐待老人、妇女和儿童。

第五十条 中华人民共和国保护华 侨的正当的权利和利益,保护归侨和侨眷的合法的权利和利益。

第五十一条 中华人民共和国公民 在行使自由和权利的时候,不得损害国家的、社会的、集体的利益和其他公民的合法的自由和权利。

第五十二条 中华人民共和国公民 有维护国家统一和全国各民族团结的义务。

第五十三条 中华人民共和国公民 必须遵守宪法和法律,保守国家秘密,爱护公共财产,遵守劳动纪律,遵守公共秩序,尊重社会公德。

第五十四条 中华人民共和国公民 有维护祖国的安全、荣誉和利益的义务,不得有危害祖国的安全、荣誉和利益的行为。

第五十五条 保卫祖国、抵抗侵略 是中华人民共和国每一个公民的神圣职责。

依照法律服兵役和参加民兵组织是中华人民共和国公民的光荣义务。

第五十六条 中华人民共和国公民 有依照法律纳税的义务。

第三章 国家机构

第一节 全国人民代表大会

第五十七条 中华人民共和国全国 人民代表大会是最高国家权力机关。它的常设机关是全国人民代表大会常务委员会。

第五十八条 全国人民代表大会和 全国人民代表大会常务委员会行使国家立法权。

第五十九条 全国人民代表大会由 省、自治区、直辖市、特别行政区和军队选出的代表组成。各少数民族都应当有适当名额的代表。

全国人民代表大会代表的选举由全国人民代表大会常务委员会主持。

全国人民代表大会代表名额和代表产生办法由法律规定。

第六十条 全国人民代表大会每届 任期五年。

全国人民代表大会任期届满的两个月以前,全国人民代表大会常务委员会必须完成下届全国人民代表大会代表的选举。如果遇 到不能进行选举的非常情况,由全国人民代表大会常务委员会以全体组成人员的三分之二以上的多数通过,可以推迟选举,延长本届全国人民代表大会的任期。在非 常情况结束后一年内,必须完成下届全国人民代表大会代表的选举。

第六十一条 全国人民代表大会会 议每年举行一次,由全国人民代表大会常务委员会召集。如果全国人民代表大会常务委员会认为必要,或者有五分之一以上的全国人民代表大会代表提议,可以临时 召集全国人民代表大会会议。

全国人民代表大会举行会议的时候,选举主席团主持会议。

第六十二条 全国人民代表大会行 使下列职权:

()修改宪法;

()监督宪法的实施;

()制定和修改刑事、民事、国家机构的和其他的基本法律;

()选举中华人民共和国主席、副主席;

()根据中华人民共和国主席的提名,决定国务院总理的人选;根据国务院总理的 提名,决定国务院副总理、国务委员、各部部长、各委员会主任、审计长、秘书长的人选;

()选举中央军事委员会主席;根据中央军事委员会主席的提名,决定中央军事委 员会其他组成人员的人选;

()选举最高人民法院院长;

()选举最高人民检察院检察长;

()审查和批准国民经济和社会发展计划和计划执行情况的报告;

()审查和批准国家的预算和预算执行情况的报告;

(十一)改变或者撤销全国人民代表大会常务委员会不适当的决定;

(十二)批准省、自治区和直辖市的建置;

(十三)决定特别行政区的设立及其制度;

(十四)决定战争和和平的问题;

(十五)应当由最高国家权力机关行使的其他职权。

第六十三条 全国人民代表大会有 权罢免下列人员:

()中华人民共和国主席、副主席;

()国务院总理、副总理、国务委员、各部部长、各委员会主任、审计长、秘书 长;

()中央军事委员会主席和中央军事委员会其他组成人员;

()最高人民法院院长;

()最高人民检察院检察长。

第六十四条 宪法的修改,由全国 人民代表大会常务委员会或者五分之一以上的全国人民代表大会代表提议,并由全国人民代表大会以全体代表的三分之二以上的多数通过。

法律和其他议案由全国人民代表大会以全体代表的过半数通过。

第六十五条 全国人民代表大会常 务委员会由下列人员组成:

委员长,

副委员长若干人,

秘书长,

委员若干人。

全国人民代表大会常务委员会组成人员中,应当有适当名额的少数民族代表。

全国人民代表大会选举并有权罢免全国人民代表大会常务委员会的组成人员。

全国人民代表大会常务委员会的组成人员不得担任国家行政机关、审判机关和检察机关的职务。

第六十六条 全国人民代表大会常 务委员会每届任期同全国人民代表大会每届任期相同,它行使职权到下届全国人民代表大会选出新的常务委员会为止。

委员长、副委员长连续任职不得超过两届。

第六十七条 全国人民代表大会常 务委员会行使下列职权:

()解释宪法,监督宪法的实施;

()制定和修改除应当由全国人民代表大会制定的法律以外的其他法律;

()在全国人民代表大会闭会期间,对全国人民代表大会制定的法律进行部分补充 和修改,但是不得同该法律的基本原则相抵触;

()解释法律;

()在全国人民代表大会闭会期间,审查和批准国民经济和社会发展计划、国家预 算在执行过程中所必须作的部分调整方案;

()监督国务院、中央军事委员会、最高人民法院和最高人民检察院的工作;

()撤销国务院制定的同宪法、法律相抵触的行政法规、决定和命令;

()撤销省、自治区、直辖市国家权力机关制定的同宪法、法律和行政法规相抵触 的地方性法规和决议;

()在全国人民代表大会闭会期间,根据国务院总理的提名,决定部长、委员会主 任、审计长、秘书长的人选;

()在全国人民代表大会闭会期间,根据中央军事委员会主席的提名,决定中央军 事委员会其他组成人员的人选;

(十一)根据最高人民法院院长的提请,任免最高人民法院副院长、审判员、审判委 员会委员和军事法院院长;

(十二)根据最高人民检察院检察长的提请,任免最高人民检察院副检察长、检察 员、检察委员会委员和军事检察院检察长,并且批准省、自治区、直辖市的人民检察院检察长的任免;

(十三)决定驻外全权代表的任免;

(十四)决定同外国缔结的条约和重要协定的批准和废除;

(十五)规定军人和外交人员的衔级制度和其他专门衔级制度;

(十六)规定和决定授予国家的勋章和荣誉称号;

(十七)决定特赦;

(十八)在全国人民代表大会闭会期间,如果遇到国家遭受武装侵犯或者必须履行国 际间共同防止侵略的条约的情况,决定战争状态的宣布;

(十九)决定全国总动员或者局部动员;

(二十)决定全国或者个别省、自治区、直辖市进入紧急状态;

(二十一)全国人民代表大会授予的其他职权。

第六十八条 全国人民代表大会常 务委员会委员长主持全国人民代表大会常务委员会的工作,召集全国人民代表大会常务委员会会议。副委员长、秘书长协助委员长工作。

委员长、副委员长、秘书长组成委员长会议,处理全国人民代表大会常务委员会的重要日常工作。

第六十九条 全国人民代表大会常 务委员会对全国人民代表大会负责并报告工作。

第七十条 全国人民代表大会设立 民族委员会、法律委员会、财政经济委员会、教育科学文化卫生委员会、外事委员会、华侨委员会和其他需要设立的专门委员会。在全国人民代表大会闭会期间,各 专门委员会受全国人民代表大会常务委员会的领导。

各专门委员会在全国人民代表大会和全国人民代表大会常务委员会领导下,研究、审议和拟订有关议案。

第七十一条 全国人民代表大会和 全国人民代表大会常务委员会认为必要的时候,可以组织关于特定问题的调查委员会,并且根据调查委员会的报告,作出相应的决议。

调查委员会进行调查的时候,一切有关的国家机关、社会团体和公民都有义务向它提供必要的材料。

第七十二条 全国人民代表大会代 表和全国人民代表大会常务委员会组成人员,有权依照法律规定的程序分别提出属于全国人民代表大会和全国人民代表大会常务委员会职权范围内的议案。

第七十三条 全国人民代表大会代 表在全国人民代表大会开会期间,全国人民代表大会常务委员会组成人员在常务委员会开会期间,有权依照法律规定的程序提出对国务院或者国务院各部、各委员会 的质询案。受质询的机关必须负责答复。

第七十四条 全国人民代表大会代 表,非经全国人民代表大会会议主席团许可,在全国人民代表大会闭会期间非经全国人民代表大会常务委员会许可,不受逮捕或者刑事审判。

第七十五条 全国人民代表大会代 表在全国人民代表大会各种会议上的发言和表决,不受法律追究。

第七十六条 全国人民代表大会代 表必须模范地遵守宪法和法律,保守国家秘密,并且在自己参加的生产、工作和社会活动中,协助宪法和法律的实施。

全国人民代表大会代表应当同原选举单位和人民保持密切的联系,听取和反映人民的意见和要求,努力为人民服务。

第七十七条 全国人民代表大会代 表受原选举单位的监督。原选举单位有权依照法律规定的程序罢免本单位选出的代表。

第七十八条 全国人民代表大会和 全国人民代表大会常务委员会的组织和工作程序由法律规定。

第二节 中华人民共和国主席

第七十九条 中华人民共和国主 席、副主席由全国人民代表大会选举。

有选举权和被选举权的年满四十五周岁的中华人民共和国公民可以被选为中华人民共和国主席、副主席。

中华人民共和国主席、副主席每届任期同全国人民代表大会每届任期相同,连续任职不得超过两届。

第八十条 中华人民共和国主席根 据全国人民代表大会的决定和全国人民代表大会常务委员会的决定,公布法律,任免国务院总理、副总理、国务委员、各部部长、各委员会主任、审计长、秘书长, 授予国家的勋章和荣誉称号,发布特赦令,宣布进入紧急状态,宣布战争状态,发布动员令。

第八十一条 中华人民共和国主席 代表中华人民共和国,进行国事活动,接受外国使节;根据全国人民代表大会常务委员会的决定,派遣和召回驻外全权代表,批准和废除同外国缔结的条约和重要协 定。

第八十二条 中华人民共和国副主 席协助主席工作。

中华人民共和国副主席受主席的委托,可以代行主席的部分职权。

第八十三条 中华人民共和国主 席、副主席行使职权到下届全国人民代表大会选出的主席、副主席就职为止。

第八十四条 中华人民共和国主席 缺位的时候,由副主席继任主席的职位。

中华人民共和国副主席缺位的时候,由全国人民代表大会补选。

中华人民共和国主席、副主席都缺位的时候,由全国人民代表大会补选;在补选以前,由全国人民代表大会常务委员会委员长 暂时代理主席职位。

第三节 国 务 院

第八十五条 中华人民共和国国务 院,即中央人民政府,是最高国家权力机关的执行机关,是最高国家行政机关。

第八十六条 国务院由下列人员组 成:

总理,

副总理若干人,

国务委员若干人,

各部部长,

各委员会主任,

审计长,

秘书长。

国务院实行总理负责制。各部、各委员会实行部长、主任负责制。

国务院的组织由法律规定。

第八十七条 国务院每届任期同全 国人民代表大会每届任期相同。

总理、副总理、国务委员连续任职不得超过两届。

第八十八条 总理领导国务院的工 作。副总理、国务委员协助总理工作。

总理、副总理、国务委员、秘书长组成国务院常务会议。

总理召集和主持国务院常务会议和国务院全体会议。

第八十九条 国务院行使下列职 权:

()根据宪法和法律,规定行政措施,制定行政法规,发布决定和命令;

()向全国人民代表大会或者全国人民代表大会常务委员会提出议案;

()规定各部和各委员会的任务和职责,统一领导各部和各委员会的工作,并且领 导不属于各部和各委员会的全国性的行政工作;

()统一领导全国地方各级国家行政机关的工作,规定中央和省、自治区、直辖市 的国家行政机关的职权的具体划分;

()编制和执行国民经济和社会发展计划和国家预算;

()领导和管理经济工作和城乡建设;

()领导和管理教育、科学、文化、卫生、体育和计划生育工作;

()领导和管理民政、公安、司法行政和监察等工作;

()管理对外事务,同外国缔结条约和协定;

()领导和管理国防建设事业;

(十一)领导和管理民族事务,保障少数民族的平等权利和民族自治地方的自治权 利;

(十二)保护华侨的正当的权利和利益,保护归侨和侨眷的合法的权利和利益;

(十三)改变或者撤销各部、各委员会发布的不适当的命令、指示和规章;

(十四)改变或者撤销地方各级国家行政机关的不适当的决定和命令;

(十五)批准省、自治区、直辖市的区域划分,批准自治州、县、自治县、市的建置 和区域划分;

(十六)依照法律规定决定省、自治区、直辖市的范围内部分地区进入紧急状态;

(十七)审定行政机构的编制,依照法律规定任免、培训、考核和奖惩行政人员;

(十八)全国人民代表大会和全国人民代表大会常务委员会授予的其他职权。

第九十条 国务院各部部长、各委 员会主任负责本部门的工作;召集和主持部务会议或者委员会会议、委务会议,讨论决定本部门工作的重大问题。

各部、各委员会根据法律和国务院的行政法规、决定、命令,在本部门的权限内,发布命令、指示和规章。

第九十一条 国务院设立审计机 关,对国务院各部门和地方各级政府的财政收支,对国家的财政金融机构和企业事业组织的财务收支,进行审计监督。

审计机关在国务院总理领导下,依照法律规定独立行使审计监督权,不受其他行政机关、社会团体和个人的干涉。

第九十二条 国务院对全国人民代 表大会负责并报告工作;在全国人民代表大会闭会期间,对全国人民代表大会常务委员会负责并报告工作。

第四节 中央军事委员会

第九十三条 中华人民共和国中央 军事委员会领导全国武装力量。

中央军事委员会由下列人员组成:

主席,

副主席若干人,

委员若干人。

中央军事委员会实行主席负责制。

中央军事委员会每届任期同全国人民代表大会每届任期相同。

第九十四条 中央军事委员会主席对全国人民代表大会 和全国人民代表大会常务委员会负责。

第五节 地方各级人民代表大会和

地方各级人民政府

第九十五条 省、直辖市、县、 市、市辖区、乡、民族乡、镇设立人民代表大会和人民政府。

地方各级人民代表大会和地方各级人民政府的组织由法律规定。

自治区、自治州、自治县设立自治机关。自治机关的组织和工作根据宪法第三章第五节、第六节规定的基本原则由法律规定。

第九十六条 地方各级人民代表大 会是地方国家权力机关。

县级以上的地方各级人民代表大会设立常务委员会。

第九十七条 省、直辖市、设区的 市的人民代表大会代表由下一级的人民代表大会选举;县、不设区的市、市辖区、乡、民族乡、镇的人民代表大会代表由选民直接选举。

地方各级人民代表大会代表名额和代表产生办法由法律规定。

第九十八条 地方各级人民代表大 会每届任期五年。

第九十九条 地方各级人民代表大 会在本行政区域内,保证宪法、法律、行政法规的遵守和执行;依照法律规定的权限,通过和发布决议,审查和决定地方的经济建设、文化建设和公共事业建设的计 划。

县级以上的地方各级人民代表大会审查和批准本行政区域内的国民经济和社会发展计划、预算以及它们的执行情况的报告;有 权改变或者撤销本级人民代表大会常务委员会不适当的决定。

民族乡的人民代表大会可以依照法律规定的权限采取适合民族特点的具体措施。

第一百条 省、直辖市的人民代表 大会和它们的常务委员会,在不同宪法、法律、行政法规相抵触的前提下,可以制定地方性法规,报全国人民代表大会常务委员会备案。

第一百零一条 地方各级人民代表 大会分别选举并且有权罢免本级人民政府的省长和副省长、市长和副市长、县长和副县长、区长和副区长、乡长和副乡长、镇长和副镇长。

县级以上的地方各级人民代表大会选举并且有权罢免本级人民法院院长和本级人民检察院检察长。选出或者罢免人民检察院检 察长,须报上级人民检察院检察长提请该级人民代表大会常务委员会批准。

第一百零二条 省、直辖市、设区 的市的人民代表大会代表受原选举单位的监督;县、不设区的市、市辖区、乡、民族乡、镇的人民代表大会代表受选民的监督。

地方各级人民代表大会代表的选举单位和选民有权依照法律规定的程序罢免由他们选出的代表。

第一百零三条 县级以上的地方各 级人民代表大会常务委员会由主任、副主任若干人和委员若干人组成,对本级人民代表大会负责并报告工作。

县级以上的地方各级人民代表大会选举并有权罢免本级人民代表大会常务委员会的组成人员。

县级以上的地方各级人民代表大会常务委员会的组成人员不得担任国家行政机关、审判机关和检察机关的职务。

第一百零四条 县级以上的地方各 级人民代表大会常务委员会讨论、决定本行政区域内各方面工作的重大事项;监督本级人民政府、人民法院和人民检察院的工作;撤销本级人民政府的不适当的决定 和命令;撤销下一级人民代表大会的不适当的决议;依照法律规定的权限决定国家机关工作人员的任免;在本级人民代表大会闭会期间,罢免和补选上一级人民代表 大会的个别代表。

第一百零五条 地方各级人民政府 是地方各级国家权力机关的执行机关,是地方各级国家行政机关。

地方各级人民政府实行省长、市长、县长、区长、乡长、镇长负责制。

第一百零六条 地方各级人民政府 每届任期同本级人民代表大会每届任期相同。

第一百零七条 县级以上地方各级 人民政府依照法律规定的权限,管理本行政区域内的经济、教育、科学、文化、卫生、体育事业、城乡建设事业和财政、民政、公安、民族事务、司法行政、监察、 计划生育等行政工作,发布决定和命令,任免、培训、考核和奖惩行政工作人员。

乡、民族乡、镇的人民政府执行本级人民代表大会的决议和上级国家行政机关的决定和命令,管理本行政区域内的行政工作。

省、直辖市的人民政府决定乡、民族乡、镇的建置和区域划分。

第一百零八条 县级以上的地方各 级人民政府领导所属各工作部门和下级人民政府的工作,有权改变或者撤销所属各工作部门和下级人民政府的不适当的决定。

第一百零九条 县级以上的地方各 级人民政府设立审计机关。地方各级审计机关依照法律规定独立行使审计监督权,对本级人民政府和上一级审计机关负责。

第一百一十条 地方各级人民政府 对本级人民代表大会负责并报告工作。县级以上的地方各级人民政府在本级人民代表大会闭会期间,对本级人民代表大会常务委员会负责并报告工作。

地方各级人民政府对上一级国家行政机关负责并报告工作。全国地方各级人民政府都是国务院统一领导下的国家行政机关,都 服从国务院。

第一百一十一条 城市和农村按居 民居住地区设立的居民委员会或者村民委员会是基层群众性自治组织。居民委员会、村民委员会的主任、副主任和委员由居民选举。居民委员会、村民委员会同基层 政权的相互关系由法律规定。

居民委员会、村民委员会设人民调解、治安保卫、公共卫生等委员会,办理本居住地区的公共事务和公益事业,调解民间纠 纷,协助维护社会治安,并且向人民政府反映群众的意见、要求和提出建议。

第六节 民族自治地方的自治机关

第一百一十二条 民族自治地方的 自治机关是自治区、自治州、自治县的人民代表大会和人民政府。

第一百一十三条 自治区、自治 州、自治县的人民代表大会中,除实行区域自治的民族的代表外,其他居住在本行政区域内的民族也应当有适当名额的代表。

自治区、自治州、自治县的人民代表大会常务委员会中应当有实行区域自治的民族的公民担任主任或者副主任。

第一百一十四条 自治区主席、自 治州州长、自治县县长由实行区域自治的民族的公民担任。

第一百一十五条 自治区、自治 州、自治县的自治机关行使宪法第三章第五节规定的地方国家机关的职权,同时依照宪法、民族区域自治法和其他法律规定的权限行使自治权,根据本地方实际情况 贯彻执行国家的法律、政策。

第一百一十六条 民族自治地方的 人民代表大会有权依照当地民族的政治、经济和文化的特点,制定自治条例和单行条例。自治区的自治条例和单行条例,报全国人民代表大会常务委员会批准后生 效。自治州、自治县的自治条例和单行条例,报省或者自治区的人民代表大会常务委员会批准后生效,并报全国人民代表大会常务委员会备案。

第一百一十七条 民族自治地方的 自治机关有管理地方财政的自治权。凡是依照国家财政体制属于民族自治地方的财政收入,都应当由民族自治地方的自治机关自主地安排使用。

第一百一十八条 民族自治地方的 自治机关在国家计划的指导下,自主地安排和管理地方性的经济建设事业。

国家在民族自治地方开发资源、建设企业的时候,应当照顾民族自治地方的利益。

第一百一十九条 民族自治地方的 自治机关自主地管理本地方的教育、科学、文化、卫生、体育事业,保护和整理民族的文化遗产,发展和繁荣民族文化。

第一百二十条 民族自治地方的自 治机关依照国家的军事制度和当地的实际需要,经国务院批准,可以组织本地方维护社会治安的公安部队。

第一百二十一条 民族自治地方的 自治机关在执行职务的时候,依照本民族自治地方自治条例的规定,使用当地通用的一种或者几种语言文字。

第一百二十二条 国家从财政、物 资、技术等方面帮助各少数民族加速发展经济建设和文化建设事业。

国家帮助民族自治地方从当地民族中大量培养各级干部、各种专业人才和技术工人。

第七节 人民法院和人民检察院

第一百二十三条 中华人民共和国 人民法院是国家的审判机关。

第一百二十四条 中华人民共和国 设立最高人民法院、地方各级人民法院和军事法院等专门人民法院。

最高人民法院院长每届任期同全国人民代表大会每届任期相同,连续任职不得超过两届。

人民法院的组织由法律规定。

第一百二十五条 人民法院审理案 件,除法律规定的特别情况外,一律公开进行。被告人有权获得辩护。

第一百二十六条 人民法院依照法 律规定独立行使审判权,不受行政机关、社会团体和个人的干涉。

第一百二十七条 最高人民法院是 最高审判机关。

最高人民法院监督地方各级人民法院和专门人民法院的审判工作,上级人民法院监督下级人民法院的审判工作。

第一百二十八条 最高人民法院对 全国人民代表大会和全国人民代表大会常务委员会负责。地方各级人民法院对产生它的国家权力机关负责。

第一百二十九条 中华人民共和国 人民检察院是国家的法律监督机关。

第一百三十条 中华人民共和国设 立最高人民检察院、地方各级人民检察院和军事检察院等专门人民检察院。

最高人民检察院检察长每届任期同全国人民代表大会每届任期相同,连续任职不得超过两届。

人民检察院的组织由法律规定。

第一百三十一条 人民检察院依照 法律规定独立行使检察权,不受行政机关、社会团体和个人的干涉。

第一百三十二条 最高人民检察院 是最高检察机关。

最高人民检察院领导地方各级人民检察院和专门人民检察院的工作,上级人民检察院领导下级人民检察院的工作。

第一百三十三条 最高人民检察院 对全国人民代表大会和全国人民代表大会常务委员会负责。地方各级人民检察院对产生它的国家权力机关和上级人民检察院负责。

第一百三十四条 各民族公民都有 用本民族语言文字进行诉讼的权利。人民法院和人民检察院对于不通晓当地通用的语言文字的诉讼参与人,应当为他们翻译。

在少数民族聚居或者多民族共同居住的地区,应当用当地通用的语言进行审理;起诉书、判决书、布告和其他文书应当根据实 际需要使用当地通用的一种或者几种文字。

第一百三十五条 人民法院、人民检察院和公安机关 办理刑事案件,应当分工负责,互相配合,互相制约,以保证准确有效地执行法律。

第四章 国旗、国歌、国徽、首都

第一百三十六条 中华人民共和国 国旗是五星红旗。

中华人民共和国国歌是《义勇军进行曲》。

第一百三十七条 中华人民共和国 国徽,中间是五星照耀下的天安门,周围是谷穗和齿轮。

第一百三十八条 中华人民共和国 首都是北京。


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N° WIPO Lex CN147