|  | H |
SECTION H — ELECTRICITY

|  | H |
Note(s) These Notes cover the basic principles and general instructions for use of section H. Section H covers: basic electric elements, which cover all electric units and the general mechanical structure of apparatus and circuits, including the assembly of various basic elements into what are called printed circuits and also cover to a certain extent the manufacture of these elements (when not covered elsewhere); generation of electricity, which covers the generation, conversion and distribution of electricity together with the controlling of the corresponding gear; applied electricity, which covers: general utilisation techniques, viz. those of electric heating and electric lighting circuits; some special utilisation techniques, either electric or electronic in the strict sense, which are not covered by other sections of the Classification, including: electric light sources, including lasers; electric X-ray technique; electric plasma technique and the generation and acceleration of electrically charged particles or neutrons; basic electronic circuits and their control; radio or electric communication technique; the use of a specified material for the manufacture of the article or element described. In this connection, paragraphs 88 to 90 of the Guide should be referred to. In this section, the following general rules apply: Subject to the exceptions stated in I(c), above, any electric aspect or part peculiar to a particular operation, process, apparatus, object or article, classified in one of the sections of the Classification other than section H, is always classified in the subclass for that operation, process, apparatus, object or article. Where common characteristics concerning technical subjects of similar nature have been brought out at class level, the electric aspect or part is classified, in conjunction with the operation, process, apparatus, object or article, in a subclass which covers entirely the general electrical applications for the technical subject in question; The electrical applications referred to under (a), above, either general or particular, include: the therapeutic processes and apparatus, in class Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...A61; the electric processes and apparatus used in various laboratory or industrial operations, in classes Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...B01 and Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...B03 and in subclass Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...B23K; the electricity supply, electric propulsion and electric lighting of vehicles in general and of particular vehicles, in the subsection "Transporting" of section B; the electric ignition systems of internal-combustion engines, in subclass Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F02P, and of combustion apparatus in general, in subclass Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F23Q; the whole electrical part of section G, i.e. measuring devices including apparatus for measuring electric variables, checking, signalling and calculating. Electricity in that section is generally dealt with as a means and not as an end in itself; All electrical applications, both general and particular, presuppose that the "basic electricity" aspect appears in section H (see I(a) above) as regards the electric "basic elements" which they comprise. This rule is also valid for applied electricity, referred to in I(c), above, which appears in section H itself. In this section, the following special cases occur: Among the general applications covered by sections other than section H, it is worth noting that electric heating in general is covered by subclasses Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F24D or Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F24H or class Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F27, and that electric lighting in general is partly covered by class Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F21, since in section H (see I(c), above) there are places in Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...H05B which cover the same technical subjects; In the two cases referred to under (a), above, the subclasses of section F, which deal with the respective subjects, essentially cover in the first place the whole mechanical aspect of the apparatus or devices, whereas the electrical aspect, as such, is covered by subclass Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...H05B; In the case of lighting, this mechanical aspect should be taken to cover the material arrangement of the various electric elements, i.e., their geometrical or physical position in relation to one another; this aspect is covered by subclass Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F21V, the elements themselves and the primary circuits remaining in section H. The same applies to electric light sources, when combined with light sources of a different kind. These are covered by subclass Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...H05B, whereas the physical arrangement which their combination constitutes is covered by the various subclasses of class Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F21; As regards heating, not only the electric elements and circuitry designs, as such, are covered by subclass Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...H05B, but also the electric aspects of their arrangement, where these concern cases of general application; electric furnaces being considered as such. The physical disposition of the electric elements in furnaces is covered by section F. If a comparison is made with electric welding circuits, which are covered by subclass Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...B23K in connection with welding, it can be seen that electric heating is not covered by the general rule stated in II, above.

|  | H01 |
BASIC ELECTRIC ELEMENTS

|  | H01 |
Note(s) Processes involving only a single technical art, e.g. drying, coating, for which provision exists elsewhere are classified in the relevant class for that art. Attention is drawn to the Notes following the titles of class Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...B81 and subclass Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...B81B relating to "micro-structural devices" and "micro-structural systems". [7]

|  | H01B |
CABLES; CONDUCTORS; INSULATORS; SELECTION OF MATERIALS FOR THEIR CONDUCTIVE, INSULATING, OR DIELECTRIC PROPERTIES (selection for magnetic properties Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...H01F 1/00; waveguides Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...H01P; installation of cables or lines, or of combined optical and electric, cables or lines Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...H02G)

|  | H01B |
Subclass index
CONDUCTORS OR CABLES |
Characterised by the material | 1/00
Characterised by the construction | 5/00, 7/00
Special types for: communication; power; superconductive cables | 11/00; 9/00; 12/00
Manufacture; salvaging | 13/00; 15/00
INSULATORS OR INSULATING BODIES |
Characterised by the material | 3/00
Characterised by the construction | 17/00
Manufacture | 19/00

|  | H01C |
RESISTORS

|  | H01C |
Note(s) In this subclass, the following term is used with the meaning indicated: "adjustable" means mechanically adjustable. [2] Variable resistors, the value of which is changed non-mechanically, e.g. by voltage or temperature, are classified in group Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...H01C 7/00. [2]

|  | H01C |
Subclass index
NON-ADJUSTABLE RESISTORS | 3/00, 7/00, 8/00, 11/00
ADJUSTABLE RESISTORS | 10/00
OTHER RESISTORS | 13/00
DETAILS | 1/00
MANUFACTURE | 17/00

|  | H01F |
MAGNETS; INDUCTANCES; TRANSFORMERS; SELECTION OF MATERIALS FOR THEIR MAGNETIC PROPERTIES (ceramics based on ferrites Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...C04B 35/26; alloys Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...C22C; thermomagnetic devices Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...H01L 37/00; loudspeakers, microphones, gramophone pick-ups or like acoustic electromechanical transducers Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...H04R) [2]

|  | H01F |
Subclass index
MAGNETS, ELECTROMAGNETS |
Characterised by the magnetic material | 1/00
Cores, yokes, armatures | 3/00
Coils | 5/00
Superconducting coils or magnets | 6/00
Magnets | 7/00
Magnetising, demagnetising | 13/00
Manufacture | 41/00
THIN FILMS | 10/00
FIXED INDUCTANCES OR TRANSFORMERS |
Of the signal type | 17/00, 19/00
Other than of the signal type | 30/00, 37/00
Manufacture | 41/00
VARIABLE INDUCTANCES OR TRANSFORMERS |
Of the signal type | 21/00
Other than of the signal type | 29/00
Manufacture | 41/00
DETAILS OF TRANSFORMERS OR INDUCTANCES, IN GENERAL | 27/00
SUPERCONDUCTIVE OR CRYOGENIC TRANSFORMERS | 36/00
ADAPTATIONS OF TRANSFORMERS OR INDUCTANCES FOR SPECIFIC APPLICATIONS OR FUNCTIONS | 38/00

|  | H01G |
CAPACITORS; CAPACITORS, RECTIFIERS, DETECTORS, SWITCHING DEVICES, LIGHT-SENSITIVE OR TEMPERATURE-SENSITIVE DEVICES OF THE ELECTROLYTIC TYPE (selection of specified materials as dielectric Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...H01B 3/00; capacitors with potential-jump or surface barrier Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...H01L 29/00)

|  | H01G |
Subclass index
CAPACITORS |
With fixed capacitance | 4/00
With variable capacitance: by mechanical means; by non-mechanical means | 5/00; 7/00
Details | 2/00
ELECTROLYTIC APPARATUS | 9/00
STRUCTURAL COMBINATIONS | 15/00, 17/00
MANUFACTURE | 4/00, 5/00, 7/00, 9/00, 13/00

|  | H01H |
ELECTRIC SWITCHES; RELAYS; SELECTORS; EMERGENCY PROTECTIVE DEVICES (contact cables Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...H01B 7/10; electrolytic self-interrupters Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...H01G 9/18; emergency protective circuit arrangements Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...H02H; switching by electronic means without contact-making Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...H03K 17/00)

|  | H01H |
Note(s) This subclass covers (in groups Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...H01H 69/00-H01H 87/00) devices for the protection of electric lines or electric machines or apparatus in the event of undesired change from normal electric working conditions, the electrical condition serving directly as the input to the device. This subclass does not cover bases, casings, or covers accommodating two or more switching devices or for accommodating a switching device as well as another electric component, e.g. bus-bar, line connector. Those bases, casings or covers are covered by group Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...H02B 1/26. In this subclass, the following terms or expressions are used with the meanings indicated: "relay" means a switching device having contacts which are operated from electric inputs which supply, directly or indirectly, all the mechanical energy necessary to cause both the closure and the opening of the contacts; "driving mechanism" refers to the means by which an operating force applied to the switch is transmitted to the moving contact or contacts; "operating" is used in a broader sense than "actuating" which is reserved for those parts not touched by hand to effect switching; "acting" or "action" means a self-induced movements of parts at one stage of the switching. These connotations apply to all parts of the verbs "to operate"; "to actuate", and "to act", and to words derived therefrom, e.g. to "actuation". In this subclass, details are classified as follows: details of an unspecified type of switching device, or disclosed as applicable to two or more kinds of switching devices designated by the terms or expressions "switches", "relays", "selector switches", and "emergency protective devices", are classified in groups Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...H01H 1/00-H01H 9/00; details of an unspecified type of switch, or disclosed as applicable to two or more types of switches as defined by groups Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...H01H 13/00-H01H 43/00 and subgroups Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...H01H 35/02, Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...H01H 35/06, Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...H01H 35/14, Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...H01H 35/18, Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...H01H 35/24, and Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...H01H 35/42, all hereinafter called basic types, are classified in groups Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...H01H 1/00-H01H 9/00; details of an unspecified type of relay, or disclosed as applicable to two or more types of relays as defined by groups Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...H01H 51/00-H01H 61/00, hereinafter called basic types, are classified in group Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...H01H 45/00; details of an unspecified protective device, or applicable to two or more types of protective devices as defined by groups Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...H01H 73/00-H01H 83/00, hereinafter called basic types, are classified in group Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...H01H 71/00. However, details only described with reference to, or clearly only applicable to, switching devices of a single basic type, are classified in the group appropriate to switching devices of that basic type, e.g. Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...H01H 19/02, Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...H01H 75/04; mechanical structural details of control members of switches or of keyboards such as keys, push-buttons, levers or other mechanisms for transferring the force to the activated elements are classified in this subclass, even when they are used for controlling electronic switches. However, mechanical details directly producing electronic effects are classified in group Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...H03K 17/94. [4]

|  | H01H |
Subclass index
ELECTRIC SWITCHES |
Characterised by the principle of control |
mechanical |
rectilinearly movable: one direction; two directions | 13/00; 15/00
with angular displacement: unlimited angle; limited angle | 19/00; 21/00
by pulling; by tumbling | 17/00; 23/00
with compound movements | 25/00
by removable members | 27/00
physical |
general; electric or magnetic field; heat; explosion | 35/00; 36/00; 37/00; 39/00
Characterised by the contacts |
liquid | 29/00
Characterised by the voltage or the intensity |
without arc-extinguishing means; with such means | 31/00; 33/00
Characterised by the actuation duration |
manual; programme | 41/00; 43/00
Manufacture | 11/00
RELAYS |
Electromagnetic; dynamo-electric; magnetostrictive | 51/00; 53/00; 55/00
Electrostrictive or piezo-electric; electrostatic; electrothermal | 57/00; 59/00; 61/00
Details |
general; electromechanical; circuits | 45/00; 50/00; 47/00
Manufacture | 49/00
SELECTORS |
Types | 67/00
Details | 63/00
Manufacture | 65/00
SECTIONALISERS |
low-tension with blade-type contact | 21/54
for high tension | 31/00
combined with fuses | 85/54
PROTECTIVE DEVICES |
Circuit-breaking switches |
with resetting: manual; by motor; separate | 73/00; 75/00; 77/00
Protective switches |
by short-circuit; opening and closing; particular | 79/00; 81/00; 83/00
Fuses; evaporation devices | 85/00; 87/00
Details of protective switches and relays | 71/00
Manufacture | 69/00
COMBINATIONS | 89/00
GENERAL DETAILS |
Contacts | 1/00
Mechanisms |
operating contacts in general; snap-action; delay | 3/00; 5/00; 7/00
Other details | 9/00

|  | H01J |
ELECTRIC DISCHARGE TUBES OR DISCHARGE LAMPS (spark-gaps Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...H01T; arc lamps with consumable electrodes Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...H05B; particle accelerators Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...H05H)

|  | H01J |
Note(s) This subclass covers only devices for producing, influencing, or using a flow of electrons or ions, e.g. for controlling, indicating, or switching of electric current, counting electric pulses, producing light or other electromagnetic oscillations, such as X-rays, or for separating or analysing radiation or particles, and having a closed or substantially closed casing containing a chosen gas, vapour, or vacuum, upon the pressure and nature of which the characteristics of the device depend. Light sources using a combination (other than covered by group Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...H01J 61/96 of this subclass) of discharge and other kinds of light generation are covered by group Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...H05B 35/00. In this subclass, groups Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...H01J 1/00-H01J 7/00 relate only to: details of an unspecified kind of discharge tube or lamp, or details mentioned in a specification as applicable to two or more kinds of tubes or lamps as defined by groups Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...H01J 11/00, Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...H01J 13/00, Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...H01J 15/00, Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...H01J 17/00, Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...H01J 21/00, Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...H01J 25/00, Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...H01J 27/00, Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...H01J 31/00, Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...H01J 33/00, Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...H01J 35/00, Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...H01J 37/00, Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...H01J 40/00, Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...H01J 41/00, Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...H01J 47/00, Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...H01J 49/00, Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...H01J 61/00, Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...H01J 63/00 or Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...H01J 65/00, hereinafter called basic kinds. A detail only described with reference to, or clearly only applicable to, tubes or lamps of a single basic kind is classified in the detail group appropriate to tubes or lamps of that basic kind, e.g. Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...H01J 17/04. In this subclass, the following term is used with the meaning indicated: "lamp" includes tubes emitting ultra-violet or infra-red light. Attention is drawn to the definition of the expression "spark gaps" given in the Note following the title of subclass Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...H01T. [4] Apparatus or processes specially adapted for the manufacture of electric discharge tubes, discharge lamps, or parts thereof are classified in group Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...H01J 9/00.

|  | H01J |
Subclass index
GAS-FILLED TUBES |
Without electrode inside; liquid cathode; gaseous cathode; solid cathode | 11/00; 13/00; 15/00; 17/00
VACUUM TUBES |
Classical tubes: tubes; details | 21/00; 19/00
Transit-time tubes: tubes; details | 25/00; 23/00
Ion beam tubes | 27/00
Cathode ray tubes: tubes; details | 31/00; 29/00
X-ray tubes | 35/00
TUBES FOR PROCESSING OR EXAMINATION OF MATERIALS OR OBJECTS | 37/00
SPECIAL TUBES |
For emergence of electrons or ions; particle spectrometers or separator tubes | 33/00; 49/00
Vacuum gauges, evacuation by ion diffusion; secondary-emission tubes, electron multipliers; thermionic generators | 41/00; 43/00; 45/00
Photoelectric; radiation and particle detectors | 40/00; 47/00
DISCHARGE LAMPS |
Gas discharge lamps; cathode ray or electron stream lamps; without electrode inside | 61/00; 63/00; 65/00
DETAILS |
Electrodes; electron optics; vessels; other details | 1/00; 3/00; 5/00; 7/00
MANUFACTURE; REPAIR; REGENERATION; RECOVERY OF MATERIAL | 9/00
SUBJECT MATTER NOT PROVIDED FOR IN OTHER GROUPS OF THIS SUBCLASS | 99/00

|  | H01K |
ELECTRIC INCANDESCENT LAMPS (details or apparatus or processes for manufacture applicable to both discharge devices and incandescent lamps Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...H01J; light sources using a combination of incandescent and other types of light generation Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...H01J 61/96, Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...H05B 35/00; circuits therefor Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...H05B)

|  | H01K |
Note(s) In this subclass, the following term is used with the meaning indicated: "lamp" includes tubes emitting ultra-violet or infra-red light.

|  | H01K |
Subclass index
CHARACTERISED BY UTILISATION |
General lighting; other lighting | 5/00; 7/00
CHARACTERISED BY THE INCANDESCENT BODY |
Non-conductive; non-conductive in the cold state; multiple | 11/00; 13/00; 9/00
DETAILS | 1/00
MANUFACTURE | 3/00

|  | H01L |
SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES; ELECTRIC SOLID STATE DEVICES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR (conveying systems for semiconductor wafers Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...B65G 49/07; use of semiconductor devices for measuring Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...G01; details of scanning-probe apparatus, in general Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...G12B 21/00; resistors in general Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...H01C; magnets, inductors, transformers Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...H01F; capacitors in general Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...H01G; electrolytic devices Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...H01G 9/00; batteries, accumulators Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...H01M; waveguides, resonators, or lines of the waveguide type Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...H01P; line connectors, current collectors Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...H01R; stimulated-emission devices Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...H01S; electromechanical resonators Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...H03H; loudspeakers, microphones, gramophone pick-ups or like acoustic electromechanical transducers Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...H04R; electric light sources in general Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...H05B; printed circuits, hybrid circuits, casings or constructional details of electrical apparatus, manufacture of assemblages of electrical components Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...H05K; use of semiconductor devices in circuits having a particular application, see the subclass for the application) [2]

|  | H01L |
Note(s) This subclass covers: electric solid state devices which are not covered by any other subclass and details thereof, and includes: semiconductor devices adapted for rectifying, amplifying, oscillating or switching; semiconductor devices sensitive to radiation; electric solid state devices using thermoelectric, superconductive, piezo-electric, electrostrictive, magnetostrictive, galvano-magnetic or bulk negative resistance effects and integrated circuit devices; [2] photoresistors, magnetic field dependent resistors, field effect resistors, capacitors with potential-jump barrier, resistors with potential-jump barrier or surface barrier, incoherent light emitting diodes and thin-film or thick-film circuits; [2] processes and apparatus adapted for the manufacture or treatment of such devices, except where such processes relate to single-step processes for which provision exists elsewhere. [2] In this subclass, the following terms or expressions are used with the meaning indicated: "wafer" means a slice of semiconductor or crystalline substrate material, which can be modified by impurity diffusion (doping), ion implantation or epitaxy, and whose active surface can be processed into arrays of discrete components or integrated circuits; [8] "solid state body" means the body of material within which, or at the surface of which, the physical effects characteristic of the device occur. In thermoelectric devices, it includes all materials in the current path. Regions in or on the body of the device (other than the solid state body itself), which exert an influence on the solid state body electrically, are considered to be "electrodes" whether or not an external electrical connection is made thereto. An electrode may include several portions and the term includes metallic regions which exert influence on the solid state body through an insulating region (e.g. capacitive coupling) and inductive coupling arrangements to the body. The dielectric region in a capacitive arrangement is regarded as part of the electrode. In arrangements including several portions, only those portions which exert an influence on the solid state body by virtue of their shape, size, or disposition or the material of which they are formed are considered to be part of the electrode. The other portions are considered to be "arrangements for conducting electric current to or from the solid state body" or "interconnections between solid state components formed in or on a common substrate", i.e. leads; [2] "device" means an electric circuit element; where an electric circuit element is one of a plurality of elements formed in or on a common substrate it is referred to as a "component"; [2] "complete device" is a device in its fully assembled state which may or may not require further treatment, e.g. electroforming, before it is ready for use but which does not require the addition of further structural units; [2] "parts" includes all structural units which are included in a complete device; [2] "container" is an enclosure forming part of the complete device and is essentially a solid construction in which the body of the device is placed, or which is formed around the body without forming an intimate layer thereon. An enclosure which consists of one or more layers formed on the body and in intimate contact therewith is referred to as an "encapsulation"; [2] "integrated circuit" is a device where all components, e.g. diodes, resistors, are built up on a common substrate and form the device including interconnections between the components; [2] "assembly" of a device is the building up of the device from its component constructional units and includes the provision of fillings in containers. [2] In this subclass, both the process or apparatus for the manufacture or treatment of a device and the device itself are classified, whenever both of these are described sufficiently to be of interest. [6]

|  | H01L |
Subclass index
SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES |
Devices adapted for rectifying, amplifying, oscillating, or switching | 29/00
Devices sensitive to, or emitting, radiation | 31/00, 33/00
SOLID STATE DEVICES USING ORGANIC MATERIALS | 51/00
OTHER SOLID STATE DEVICES |
Thermoelectric or thermomagnetic devices | 35/00, 37/00
Superconductive or hyperconductive devices | 39/00
Piezo-electric, electrostrictive or magnetostrictive elements in general | 41/00
Galvano-magnetic devices | 43/00
Devices without a potential-jump or a surface barrier; bulk negative resistance effect devices; devices not otherwise provided for | 45/00; 47/00; 49/00
ASSEMBLIES OF SEMICONDUCTOR OR OTHER SOLID STATE DEVICES |
Assemblies of individual devices | 25/00
Integrated circuits | 27/00
DETAILS | 23/00
MANUFACTURE | 21/00

|  | H01M |
PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY (electrochemical processes or apparatus in general Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...C25; semiconductor or other solid state devices for converting light or heat into electrical energy Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...H01L, e.g. Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...H01L 31/00, Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...H01L 35/00, Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...H01L 37/00) [2]

|  | H01M |
Note(s) This subclass covers galvanic primary or secondary cells or batteries, fuel cells or batteries. Processes using enzymes or micro-organisms in order to: liberate, separate or purify a pre-existing compound or composition, or to treat textiles or clean solid surfaces of materials are further classified in subclass Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...C12S. [5]

|  | H01M |
Subclass index
CELLS ACCORDING TO TYPE |
Primary cells | 6/00
Fuel cells | 8/00
Secondary cells | 10/00
Hybrid cells; electrochemical generators not provided for otherwise; combinations of different types of electrochemical generators | 12/00; 14/00; 16/00
DETAILS COMMON TO DIFFERENT TYPES OF CELLS |
Details, processes of manufacture of the non-active parts | 2/00
Electrodes | 4/00

|  | H01P |
WAVEGUIDES; RESONATORS, LINES OR OTHER DEVICES OF THE WAVEGUIDE TYPE (operating at optical frequencies Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...G02B)

|  | H01P |
Note(s) In this subclass, the following expression is used with the meaning indicated: "waveguide type" as applied to transmission lines includes only high-frequency coaxial cables or Lecher lines, and as applied to resonators, delay lines, or other devices includes all devices having distributed inductance and capacitance.

|  | H01P |
Subclass index
WAVEGUIDES, TRANSMISSION LINES | 3/00
DEVICES OF THE WAVEGUIDE TYPE |
Auxiliary devices; coupling devices; resonators; delay lines | 1/00; 5/00; 7/00; 9/00
MANUFACTURE | 11/00

|  | H01Q |
AERIALS (microwave radiators for near-field therapeutic treatment Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...A61N 5/04; apparatus for testing aerials or for measuring aerial characteristics Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...G01R; waveguides Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...H01P; radiators or aerials for microwave heating Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...H05B 6/72)

|  | H01Q |
Note(s) This subclass covers: in addition to the primary active radiating elements, secondary devices for absorbing or for modifying the direction or polarisation of waves radiated from aerials, and combinations with auxiliary devices such as earthing switches, lead-in devices, and lightning protectors; both transmitting and receiving aerials. [3] This subclass does not cover devices of the waveguide type, such as resonators or lines, not designed as radiating elements, which are covered by subclass Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...H01P. In this subclass, the following expression is used with the meaning indicated: "active radiating element" covers corresponding parts of a receiving aerial. [3]

|  | H01Q |
Subclass index
TYPES OF AERIALS |
Loop type | 7/00
Waveguide type | 13/00
Other type: short; long | 9/00; 11/00
DEVICES FOR INFLUENCING RADIATED WAVES |
Quasi-optical; absorbing | 15/00; 17/00
COMBINATIONS OF PRIMARY ACTIVE ELEMENTS WITH SECONDARY DEVICES | 19/00
COMBINATIONS OF AERIALS WITH ACTIVE CIRCUITS OR CIRCUIT ELEMENTS | 23/00
ARRANGEMENTS PROVIDING MORE THAN ONE RADIATION PATTERN | 25/00
AERIAL ARRAYS OR SYSTEMS | 21/00
SPECIAL ARRANGEMENTS |
Details; orientation; simultaneity | 1/00; 3/00; 5/00

|  | H01R |
ELECTRICALLY-CONDUCTIVE CONNECTIONS; STRUCTURAL ASSOCIATIONS OF A PLURALITY OF MUTUALLY-INSULATED ELECTRICAL CONNECTING ELEMENTS; COUPLING DEVICES; CURRENT COLLECTORS (switches, fuses Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...H01H; coupling devices of the waveguide type Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...H01P 5/00; switching arrangements for the supply or distribution of electric power Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...H02B; installations of electric cables or lines, or of combined optical and electric cables or lines, or of auxiliary apparatus Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...H02G; printed means for providing electric connections to or between printed circuits Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...H05K)

|  | H01R |
Note(s) This subclass covers: all kinds of contact-making disconnectable and non-disconnectable electric line connecting devices, coupling devices, lamp or similar holders or current collectors for all kinds of electric lines, cables or apparatus; non-printed means for electric connections to or between printed circuits. This subclass does not cover mounting of connections in or on specified apparatus. Such mounting is covered by the relevant subclass for such apparatus, e.g. mounting in junction or distribution boxes is covered by subclass Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...H02B or Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...H02G, high-temperature connections for heating elements is covered by group Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...H05B 3/08. Structural association of one part of a coupling device with specific electric apparatus is classified with the apparatus, e.g. association of cap with incandescent lamp is covered by subclass Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...H01K. In this subclass, the following expressions are used with the meaning indicated: [7] "pin" is a rigid or flexible conductor for engagement with an appropriately shaped socket to establish contact therewith; [7] "socket" is a rigid or flexible conductor for receiving an appropriate pin to establish electrical contact therewith; [7] "coupling devices" are devices having two or more parts specially adapted so as to be capable of ready and repeated physical engagement or disengagement, without the use of a tool, for the purpose of establishing or breaking an electrical path. Examples of such devices having more than two parts are: a) adapters for linking two coupling parts; and b) rails or bus-bars provided with a plurality of discrete connecting locations for counterparts. [7] General details are classified in groups Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...H01R 4/00, Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...H01R 9/00, Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...H01R 11/00, Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...H01R 12/00.

|  | H01R |
Subclass index
CONNECTIONS; CONNECTING ELEMENTS |
Direct; Insulation-penetrating | 4/00
Structural associations: |
of a plurality of mutually-insulated connecting elements | 9/00
for printed circuits, flat or ribbon cables | 12/00
Individual connecting elements providing two or more spaced connecting locations | 11/00
Terminals | 9/00; 12/00
Other connections | 3/00
COUPLINGS |
Direct connections between conductors and conductive members of coupling | 4/00
Other details | 13/00
Overall structure of two-part couplings | 24/00
Coupling parts for multiple or alternative co-operation with counterparts | 25/00, 27/00, 29/00
Coupling parts supported by counterpart | 31/00
Couplings having holders for supporting apparatus | 33/00
FLEXIBLE OR TURNABLE LINE CONNECTORS | 35/00
CURRENT COLLECTORS |
Rotary; non-rotary | 39/00; 41/00
MANUFACTURE | 43/00

|  | H01S |
DEVICES USING STIMULATED EMISSION

|  | H01S |
Note(s) This subclass covers: devices for the generation or amplification, by using stimulated emission, of coherent electromagnetic waves or other forms of wave energy; [2] such functions as modulating, demodulating, controlling, or stabilising such waves. [2]

|  | H01S |
Subclass index
MASERS | 1/00
SEMICONDUCTOR LASERS | 5/00
LASERS OTHER THAN SEMICONDUCTOR LASERS | 3/00
OTHER DEVICES USING STIMULATED EMISSION | 4/00

|  | H01T |
SPARK GAPS; OVERVOLTAGE ARRESTERS USING SPARK GAPS; SPARKING PLUGS; CORONA DEVICES; GENERATING IONS TO BE INTRODUCED INTO NON-ENCLOSED GASES (working of metal by the action of a high concentration of electric current Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...B23H; welding, e.g. arc welding, electron beam welding or electrolytic welding, Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...B23K; gas-filled discharge tubes with solid cathode Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...H01J 17/00; electric arc lamps Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...H05B 31/00)

|  | H01T |
Note(s) In this subclass, the following expression is used with the meaning indicated: "spark gaps" means enclosed or non-enclosed discharge device having cold electrodes and used exclusively to discharge a quantity of electrical energy in a small time duration. [4]

|  | H01T |
Subclass index
SPARK GAPS |
Rotary | 7/00
Comprising auxiliary triggering means | 2/00
Special adaptations: for oscillations; for rectifiers | 9/00; 11/00
Overvoltage arresters; arcing horns | 4/00
Other spark gaps | 14/00
Details | 1/00
SPARKING PLUGS | 13/00
CIRCUITS | 15/00
DEVICES FOR CORONA DISCHARGE | 19/00
MANUFACTURE, MAINTENANCE | 21/00
APPARATUS FOR GENERATING IONS | 23/00