Hundreds of millions of people rely on marine life and coral reefs to provide ecosystem services such as food and coastal protection. Climate change and other threats are putting devastating pressure on these marine ecosystems. Traditional conservation is no longer enough. Specific measures to support climate-resilient marine ecosystems are increasingly called for – and technology could play a role.
Innovation examples
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4. Water and coastal regions / Marine ecosystems / Innovation examplesBiorockTM marine ecosystem restoration
Getty Images Plus /© Konstantin TrubavinBiorockTM technology, invented in 1976 by marine scientist Wolf Hilbertz, is a cement-like building material that grows and forms layers of limestone over time. Small electric currents are passed between underwater metal electrodes. This causes dissolved minerals to accumulate and form a thick layer of limestone. This results in a growing and self-healing infrastructure whose uses range from artificial reefs to breakwaters. Indeed, the material has multiple applications for regenerating coastal ecosystem services. They include coastal protection, coral and oyster reef restoration and erosion control, as well as the protection of seagrass, salt marsh, mangroves and other ecosystems. By providing space for settlement and growth, this technology supports ecosystems in surviving and recovering from threats such as warmer temperatures and ocean acidification. Supported by The Global Coral Reef Alliance, around 500 reef structures in more than 40 countries have been built based on BiorockTM technology, with a majority in Indonesia.[1]
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4. Water and coastal regions / Marine ecosystems / Innovation examplesRemote sensing of kelp forests
Getty Images Plus /©Brook Peterson/Stocktrek ImagesHealthy kelp forests provide a habitat for large marine populations, prevent erosion and sequester carbon dioxide. But they are disappearing, partly due to pollution and warming oceans. The Bay Foundation implements kelp forest restoration by relocating sea urchins to a non-kelp forest habitat and transplanting healthy kelp into newly urchin-free sites. Other organizations, such as The Nature Conservancy, have worked both with researchers at universities and NASA to create the world’s largest digital kelp forest map. The map – freely available through Kelpwatch.org – applies machine learning to over 35 years of remote sensing (satellite imagery) data in order to show changes in kelp cover over that period. Canopy-forming kelps are suitable for remote mapping, as they are distinctive when viewed from above, particularly within the infrared spectral region. At present, the map covers kelp forests from Baja California in Mexico to the Oregon–Washington state border in the United States. It is regularly updated to provide information on target areas most suitable for kelp restoration. This is a first step toward monitoring kelp forests and their dynamics at scale.
Proven technologies
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4. Water and coastal regions / Marine ecosystems / Proven technologiesArtificial reefs
Reefmaker
Getty Images Plus /© Placebo365Reefmaker’s patented process for artificial reefs uses Florida limestone. This soft rock matches the pH levels of the ecosystems targeted and provides a good substrate for marine life, allowing it to grow naturally. The limestone is attached to a concrete structure in a sloping design to ensure durability while increasing surface area for reef. A special deployment vessel equipped with cranes has been designed for accurate placement of the artificial reefs out to sea. In addition to coral reef restoration, the limestone reefs can also be used for oyster reef restoration, wave attenuation and erosion control. Structures can be designed to fit along the length of permanently fitted vertical poles attached to the sea bed. The aim is to keep the concrete proud of the marine floor and firmly retain the artificial reefs during extreme events like hurricanes. More than 50,000 reefs have been deployed along the US coast.
- Contracting type: For sale
- Technology level: Medium
- Country of origin: United States
- Availability: United States
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4. Water and coastal regions / Marine ecosystems / Proven technologiesSeagrass monitoring and restoration
Project Seagrass
Getty Images Plus /©Reinhard DirscherlAlmost 20 percent of the world’s known seagrass has been lost.[1] Warming oceans are one of the factors affecting seagrass growth rate. Seagrasses provide food and habitat for numerous marine species. They are also important to conserve because of their huge capacity for carbon absorption. Research on seagrass restoration has focused on a variety of techniques and anchoring methods. Pilots have included large-scale transplantation trials with both manual and mechanical planting, including with artificial seagrass and biodegradable pots. Traditionally, transplanted seagrass survival rates have been low. But recent transplants are increasingly surviving more than two years.[2] Project Seagrass is an organization focused on the conservation of seagrass. It has planted more than a million seagrass seeds in more than 10 countries. The Seagrass Spotter is a global tool developed with the aim of helping people locate and identify seagrass in support of conservation efforts.
- Contracting type: Free
- Technology level: Low
- Country of origin: United Kingdom
- Availability: Worldwide
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4. Water and coastal regions / Marine ecosystems / Proven technologiesUltrasound technology for algae control
LG Sonic
Getty Images Plus /©TorriPhotoWarmer temperatures are exacerbating algal blooms, allowing them to grow thicker and float to the surface. Further blooming is promoted as the algae absorbs sunlight at the water surface. LG Sonic have developed a chemical-free algae treatment technology using low-power ultrasound. Ultrasonic waves are emitted in the top water layer from a device. This generates a constant pressure cycle around the algal cells. This pressure restricts the algae’s movements, blocking its access both to sunlight at the water’s surface and nutrients at the bottom of the water column. Deprived of these inputs, algae sink to the bottom and decompose naturally without releasing toxins. The technology has been applied in more than 50 countries.
- Contracting type: For sale
- Technology level: High
- Country of origin: The Netherlands
- Availability: Worldwide
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4. Water and coastal regions / Marine ecosystems / Proven technologiesCoral gardening using microfragmentation
Coral Vita
Getty Images Plus /©TomekbudujedomekCoral gardening, or coral farming, has become a widespread method for restoring degraded reefs at a local level. Coral fragments are collected from reefs and raised in farms until mature, before being installed at selected restoration sites. Coral Vita, a company based in The Bahamas, grows coral on land-based farms using a microfragmentation process. This process consists of breaking the coral into small pieces, which stimulates rapid healing and growth. It makes coral grow 25 times faster, growing coral in months rather than decades. The company also applies an assisted evolution process that trains corals to survive in warmer, more acidic conditions by adjusting for these same conditions in growing tanks.
- Contracting type: Services
- Technology level: Medium
- Country of origin: The Bahamas
- Availability: The Bahamas
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4. Water and coastal regions / Marine ecosystems / Proven technologiesCoral reef mapping and monitoring
Allen Coral Atlas
Photo: © Allen Coral AtlasThe Allen Coral Atlas aims to provide high-spatial and thematic resolution, up-to-date global maps of the world’s coral reefs, and a monitoring system to track changes in coral reefs over time. These and other emerging products of the Allen Coral Atlas support coral reef science, management, conservation, and policy around the world. The Atlas builds on satellite imagery and analytics supported by data on marine heatwaves, turbidity, wave modelling and other indicators. It also allows for the mapping of seagrass, microalgal mats and other resources. It comes with a detection tool that tracks coral bleaching events in near real time. The Allen Coral Atlas was conceived and funded by Vulcan Inc. and brings together a team comprising of members from The Arizona State University Center for Global Discovery and Conservation Science, Earth-imaging company Planet and partners at the University of Queensland and the Coral Reef Alliance.
- Contracting type: Free
- Technology level: Medium
- Country of origin: Global collaboration
- Availability: Worldwide
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4. Water and coastal regions / Marine ecosystems / Proven technologiesAutonomous underwater vehicles for maritime monitoring
Huntington Ingalls Industries
Photo: © Huntington Ingalls IndustriesREMUS is an autonomous underwater vehicle (AUV) that uses wings and small changes in buoyancy to move through the water. It is particularly suitable for long-term measurement of physical, chemical and biological oceanographic parameters. REMUS moves under water and regularly comes up to the surface in order to navigate using GPS. Here, it also transmits collected data and receives commands via satellite telemetry. The technology makes use of external sensors to continually scan the ocean to determine various water or environmental properties.
- Contracting type: For sale
- Technology level: High
- Country of origin: Norway
- Availability: Worldwide
Frontier technologies
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4. Water and coastal regions / Marine ecosystems / Frontier technologiesAutonomous underwater drones for reef protection
Queensland University of Technology
Getty Images Plus /©Humberto RamirezResearchers at Queensland University of Technology (QUT) in Australia have repurposed a drone to deliver coral larvae onto targeted reefs. The RangerBot is an underwater drone deployed in the Great Barrier Reef since 2018. This drone had previously been used to monitor reef status and protect coral from predatory starfish. Researchers first collected hundreds of millions of coral spawn during the massive spawning events that occur on the Great Barrier Reef. Most coral reproduce through spawning, releasing sperm and eggs into the water at the same time. The spawn were reared into baby coral inside floating enclosures. The drone, renamed LarvalBot, then carried and released the coral larvae onto damaged reefs in order to help restoration.
- Contracting type: Research collaboration
- Technology level: High
- Country of origin: Australia
- Availability: Australia
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4. Water and coastal regions / Marine ecosystems / Frontier technologiesAutomated coral farming
Beyond Coral Foundation
Photo: © Beyond CoralCoral farming activities can be time-consuming and repetitive tasks. This includes feeding and monitoring. A robot named CHARM automates such activities so as to make coral reef farming more efficient and halve labor costs. It also includes an inspection instrument to help catalog the coral and a soft bristle brush to clean away the algae that hinders coral growth. This patent-pending robot uses commercially available parts to make it more affordable. With the help of this robot, one aquaculture unit could grow up to 10,000 coral polyps a year.
- Contracting type: Research collaboration/Investment
- Technology level: High
- Country of origin: Australia
- Availability: Australia
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4. Water and coastal regions / Marine ecosystems / Frontier technologies3D-printed reefs
archiREEF
Getty Images Plus /© brightstarsVarious groups and research institutions are exploring the potential of 3D-printed artificial reefs as a less labor-intensive marine restoration method. Among them are The University of Hong Kong and Hong Kong-based organization archiREEF. They have developed 3D-printed reef tiles for coral restoration. Artificial reefs are typically made of sand or limestone. This 3D-printed version is made of terracotta, which has similarities to the calcium carbonate found in natural coral reefs. The tiles are based on a hexagonal modular system to allow easy expansion. According to the developers, the design can be tweaked for other marine ecosystems such as mangroves and oyster reefs.
- Contracting type: For sale
- Technology level: High
- Country of origin: China
- Availability: Worldwide
Horizon technologies
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4. Water and coastal regions / Marine ecosystems / Horizon technologiesCoral genome sequencing
Great Barrier Reef Foundation + ReFuGe2020
Getty Images Plus /©Malakpet Ps / 500pxThe human genome was sequenced in 2003. More recently, the organization Great Barrier Reef Foundation, along with an international consortium of scientists named ReFuGe2020, sequenced the world’s first coral genome along with co-existing organisms. DNA was sequenced from nine species of coral. The researchers also designed a way to fast track the sequencing process.[1] The data obtained are freely available to the public through the Reef Genomics open access database to support new research. Several other coral genomes have since been sequenced. Such research hopes to answer questions related to corals’ behavior, and what can be done to help them adapt to changing environments.
- Contracting type: Research collaboration
- Technology level: High
- Country of origin: International
- Availability: Worldwide
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4. Water and coastal regions / Marine ecosystems / Horizon technologiesClimate-resistant coral species
Oregon State University
Getty Images Plus /©Brett Monroe GarnerResearchers at Oregon State University have identified two common coral species that may be resilient to climate change impacts. The team subjected Hawaiian coral to a simulated ocean warming of up to 2oC for almost two years. Two-thirds of identified coral survived the simulated temperature increase. Unlike typical experiments on coral resilience, the researchers did not study the corals in a lab. Instead they built offshore tanks exposing the coral to more real-life weather conditions. Of the corals exposed to acidification and warming temperatures, 46 percent of rice coral, 56 percent of lobe coral and 71 percent of finger coral survived. These findings can help inform active restoration work.
- Contracting type: Research collaboration
- Technology level: Medium
- Country of origin: United States
- Availability: Worldwide
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