Forest and trees are critical to our survival. But climate change is an emerging major threat to forest ecosystems. Pests are on the rise, wildfires raging and thousands of hectares are left with dead or dying trees. Adapting to such brutal and yet complex processes is a great challenge that technology can support by helping monitor health, fight fires and restore forest cover.
Innovation examples
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3. Agriculture and forestry / Forest and ecosystem management / Innovation examplesIndigenous peoples’ fire management in Australia
Getty Images /© Gideon MendelIndigenous communities are often good forest protectors. Relying on non-timber forest products (NTFPs), these communities have successfully opposed mining and logging in support of lower deforestation rates compared to non-indigenous-owned land. Their forest management techniques often include knowledge of how to manage, benefit from or mitigate forest and bush fires. Peoples such as the D’harawal communities in Australia traditionally practice indigenous fire-management techniques, sometimes known as cultural burns. These techniques involve initiating small controlled fires or cool-burning. This mitigates large natural bushfires by clearing kindling and dead organic material. Cultural burnings may also enhance biodiversity by maintaining and protecting the habitat for mammals, reptiles, insects and birds. These small fires are usually ignited in selected areas between March and July during the early dry season in Australia. As the fires burn gradually, they remove the potential fuel for bigger fires later in the dry and hot season, while the ashes fertilize the ground.[1] Australia is now developing programs and working with indigenous fire experts to plan controlled burns to strengthen forest resiliency. Similar initiatives are seen in Brazil. In other places, including Canada, indigenous forest management techniques are under threat from legislation and cumbersome approval processes. This happens when governments fail to acknowledge indigenous peoples’ practices and fire management policies are more focused on fire suppression. California for example has banned indigenous use of fire completely[2] although that might be set to change.
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3. Agriculture and forestry / Forest and ecosystem management / Innovation examplesRemote sensing forest health
Getty Images /© UniversalImagesGroup / ContributorThe Forest Condition Monitor (FCM) is an open access interactive online platform that uses satellite imagery to determine the greenness of European forests. This tool, developed by scientists at the Technical University of Munich (TUM), uses color-coded visualizations to determine tree greenness based on long-term rankings and deviations from long-term norms. By monitoring tree greenness over time, interesting conclusions can be drawn about the state of European forests faced by climate change. For example, forests have been shown capable of regeneration after extreme drought conditions, but with some exceptions. Pine and spruce forests in certain regions for example did not recover after particularly hot periods in 2018 and 2020, indicating substantial long-term heat damage. Data is now available covering individual countries and time periods. This allows identification of hotspots for climate-induced forest stress and decline throughout the continent. To fully grasp the causes of observed effects – including climate change – researchers recommend combining data with additional sources of environmental information. These include climate station data, phenological observations and additional high-resolution satellite imagery. When combined, these observations can support decision-making and planning actions to increase forest resilience in the face of climate change.[1]
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3. Agriculture and forestry / Forest and ecosystem management / Innovation examplesBiological control agents
Getty Images /© Tomasz KlejdyszResearch institutions are exploring biocontrol measures. This is the use of one living species to control another as a means of protecting forest trees against pests and diseases, often as part of an integrated pest management strategy. Much of the research focuses on the behavior of the biocontrol agents, how they interact with the environment and their genetic and environmental impacts. For example, the parasitic beetle Dastarcus helophoroides has been artificially mass-reared as a natural enemy insect and released into woodlands to control the damaging longhorn beetle species (for which suitable regions are expected to grow because of climate change). Many studies, particularly focused on China, have established this parasitic beetle as a successful biological control agent.[1][c3- 94]
Proven technologies
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3. Agriculture and forestry / Forest and ecosystem management / Proven technologiesPlanting flame retardant trees and plants as natural firebreaks
Conservation International
Getty Images /© Jia Xin Kwok / EyeEmPlants with specific flame-retardant properties have been identified in several countries for use in inhibiting forest and bushfires. The Archipelago of New Caledonia, home to around 2,500 native species, has up to 2 percent of land affected by bush fires every year, a situation aggravated by climate change. For generations the indigenous Kanak peoples have recognized the ability of a unique local plant known as the Bourao tree to help halt bushfires. Due to its thick and large leaves, the plant withers but seldom burns. This property means it can help limit fire spread. Conservation International is piloting a program to plant Bourao as a green firebreak in fire-prone areas. Other suitable trees, depending on location, could include the Mediterranean cypress,[1] crepe myrtle, the hybrid flame tree, Persian ironwood, some fruit trees and even some native eucalyptus which is otherwise known to be relatively flammable due to its oil content.[2]
- Contracting type: Collaboration/Locally available materials
- Technology level: Low
- Country of origin: New Caledonia
- Availability: New Caledonia
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3. Agriculture and forestry / Forest and ecosystem management / Proven technologiesReforestation and afforestation using climate-resilient species
IUCN
Getty Images /© Nora Carol PhotographyThe International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) has recommended selected climate-resilient tree species for reforestation in Indonesia. Species chosen are native to Indonesia’s Kutai National Park. Trait analysis of around 250 species of tree and other plants identified species resilient to increasing fires and drought conditions. Two fire-resilient species identified are the native palm Borassodendron borneense and the hardwood tree Eusideroxylon zwageri known locally as Bendang and Ulin. They are described as strongly resistant to fire. Other climate-resilient species identified included Croton argyratus, Endospermum peltatum and Macaranga gigantea. It is recommended they are planted in buffer zones around fire-prone areas.
- Contracting type: Collaboration/Locally available materials
- Technology level: Low
- Country of origin: Indonesia
- Availability: Indonesia
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3. Agriculture and forestry / Forest and ecosystem management / Proven technologiesPest management through satellite observation
Spacegen
Getty Images /© janiecbrosThe most efficient way of monitoring large forests is through satellite observation. This helps in detecting early warning signs that trees are suffering water or heat stress and therefore more susceptible to pest attack. Satellite observations also allow forest managers to spot early signs of infestation, such as dryness, foliage loss or dieback. Spacegen provides forest growth surveys based on remote sensing data from satellites or drone-based LiDAR. Data covers the species composition, average height, canopy density and crown width of individual trees. Remote sensing data combined with various ground-collected geographic and field survey data are used by Spacegen to detect forest insect and pest risks over a large area in a timely manner (even in real time). This enables an evidence-based allocation of resources for early reporting and prevention to minimize economic damage to the forest.
- Contracting type: Service
- Technology level: High
- Country of origin: Hong Kong, Malaysia
- Availability: Worldwide
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3. Agriculture and forestry / Forest and ecosystem management / Proven technologiesWildlife crossings and underpasses
Veidekke
Getty Images /© Jacek PacholczykStudies on wildlife adaptation to climate change highlight the importance of wildlife corridors and crossings in preventing extinction and helping preserve biodiversity.[1] Veidekke is one of Scandinavia’s largest construction groups. They have built a wildlife overpass above a highway in southern Sweden, connecting wildlife and plants on either side of the road. By providing animals safe passage, the overpass is expected to reduce wildlife accidents on the road. This particular overpass is 76 meters long and 32 meters wide and contains two road tunnels, as well as passages for smaller animals. Similar structures are to be seen in many countries including Canada, France, India, the Netherlands and Switzerland.
- Contracting type: Service
- Technology level: Medium
- Country of origin: Sweden
- Availability: Sweden
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3. Agriculture and forestry / Forest and ecosystem management / Proven technologiesAerial firefighters
Canadair, De Havilland Aircraft
Getty Images /© WanderingNomadOriginally built by Canadair, the Canadair CL-415 is one of a series of amphibious aircraft designed to fight wildfires from above. The CL-415 is no longer in production. But De Havilland Aircraft of Canada is presently manufacturing similar aircraft under the name DHC-515, with expected delivery to several European Union countries by 2025. The aircraft is designed to deliver drops at a rapid rate, suppressing fires more quickly. This allows it to deliver a higher daily amount of water into a fire-zone compared to similar technologies. Tanks can be refilled in 12 seconds using water from nearby rivers, small lakes and oceans
- Contracting type: For sale
- Technology level: Medium
- Country of origin: Canada
- Availability: European Union
Frontier technologies
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3. Agriculture and forestry / Forest and ecosystem management / Frontier technologiesOpen source fire forecasting systems
Pyregence
Getty Images /© FrankRamspottPyregence is a company that offers various wildfire forecasting products for utility companies, fire-risk managers, policymakers and the general public through an open-source approach. The company is conducting research to understand climate and fuel conditions driving a new era of severe wildfires, using the results to build the next generation of wildfire risk models. In 2020, Pyregence released a beta version of its fire forecasting tool on pyrecast.org where users can view active fires burning in California in the United States to see where they are likely to spread over the course of 48 hours. The company also offers climate change projections.
- Contracting type: Free/Service
- Technology level: High
- Country of origin: United States
- Availability: United States
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3. Agriculture and forestry / Forest and ecosystem management / Frontier technologiesWildfire monitoring using artificial intelligence
ChoochAI
Getty Images /© Andrii ChagovetsChoochAI is a company using artificial intelligence (AI) and image analyses to detect fire based on data from satellites, drones and land cameras. Satellite imagery is analyzed every 10 minutes to identify where new wildfires have started. The company has trained AI models to identify wildfires using aerial imagery with a high accuracy. Special cameras installed on satellites or aircraft capture videos that are then analyzed by the AI model to detect fire activity. Based on this information, alerts are then sent to decision-makers for them to take appropriate action.
- Contracting type: Services
- Technology level: High
- Country of origin: United States
- Availability: Worldwide
Horizon technologies
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3. Agriculture and forestry / Forest and ecosystem management / Horizon technologiesForest and mangrove reforestation using drones
Distant Imagery
Getty Images /© Akarawut LohacharoenvanichDistant Imagery is a company that among its other projects is using drones that can drop 2,000 germinated seeds in 10 minutes to replant mangrove forests. To increase survival rate, seeds are coated with solid nutrients to make them heavier and able to penetrate mud and soil. According to a project spokesperson, the survival rate is between 35 and 43 percent[3] with room for improvement.
- Contracting type: Collaboration
- Technology level: Medium
- Country of origin: United Arab Emirates
- Availability: United Arab Emirates
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3. Agriculture and forestry / Forest and ecosystem management / Horizon technologiesGenetic engineering of forest species
FuturaGene
Getty Images /© metamorworksA lack of desirable natural genetic variations within a species can hamper climate-resilient tree breeding. Genetic engineering has emerged as an alternative means of developing trees that are pest and disease-resistant or are more drought tolerant. Although this has been successfully demonstrated in greenhouse or field environments, regulatory barriers and high costs can slow down commercial applications.[1] However, there are a few companies offering genetically-engineered tree species for use as biomass, such as FuturaGene with their yield-enhanced Eucalyptus trees. Despite heavy national protest, Brazil became the first country to approve genetically-modified eucalyptus. The company is now in the process of developing insect resistant tree species, which may represent progress toward reducing climate vulnerability of trees.
- Contracting type: Research collaboration
- Technology level: High
- Country of origin: Brazil
- Availability: N/A
REDD stands for “Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and forest Degradation”. The “+” represents forest conservation and management.
Hydroponics is using water as a medium instead of soil, whereas aeroponics is growing plants suspended in misted air. Aquaponics combines hydroponics and fish farming in an integrated nutrient recycling system.
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