|  | C |
SECTION C — CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY

|  | C |
Note(s) In section C, the definitions of groups of chemical elements are as follows: Alkali metals: Li, Na, K, Rb, Cs, Fr Alkaline earth metals: Ca, Sr, Ba, Ra Lanthanides: elements with atomic numbers 57 to 71 inclusive Rare earths: Sc, Y, Lanthanides Actinides: elements with atomic numbers 89 to 103 inclusive Refractory metals: Ti, V, Cr, Zr, Nb, Mo, Hf, Ta, W Halogens: F, Cl, Br, I, At Noble gases: He, Ne, Ar, Kr, Xe, Rn Platinum group: Os, Ir, Pt, Ru, Rh, Pd Noble metals: Ag, Au, Platinum group Light metals: alkali metals, alkaline earth metals, Be, Al, Mg Heavy metals: metals other than light metals Iron group: Fe, Co, Ni Non-metals: H, B, C, Si, N, P, O, S, Se, Te, noble gases, halogens Metals: elements other than non-metals Transition elements: elements with atomic numbers 21 to 30 inclusive, 39 to 48 inclusive, 57 to 80 inclusive, 89 upwards Section C covers: pure chemistry, which covers inorganic compounds, organic compounds, macromolecular compounds, and their methods of preparation; applied chemistry, which covers compositions containing the above compounds, such as: glass, ceramics, fertilisers, plastics compositions, paints, products of the petroleum industry. It also covers certain compositions on account of their having particular properties rendering them suitable for certain purposes, as in the case of explosives, dyestuffs, adhesives, lubricants, and detergents; certain marginal industries, such as the manufacture of coke and of solid or gaseous fuels, the production and refining of oils, fats and waxes, the fermentation industry (e.g., brewing and wine-making), the sugar industry; certain operations or treatments, which are either purely mechanical, e.g., the mechanical treatment of leather and skins, or partly mechanical, e.g., the treatment of water or the prevention of corrosion in general; metallurgy, ferrous or non-ferrous alloys. In the case of operations, treatments, products or articles having both a chemical and a non-chemical part or aspect, the general rule is that the chemical part or aspect is covered by section C. In some of these cases, the chemical part or aspect brings with it a non-chemical one, even though purely mechanical, because this latter aspect either is essential to the operation or treatment or constitutes an important element thereof. It has seemed, in fact, more logical not to dissociate the different parts or aspects of a coherent whole. This is the case for applied chemistry and for the industries, operations and treatments mentioned in Notes (1)(c), (d) and (e). For example, furnaces peculiar to the manufacture of glass are covered by class Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...C03 and not by class Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F27. There are, however, some exceptions in which the mechanical (or non-chemical) aspect carries with it the chemical aspect, for example: Certain extractive processes, in subclass Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...A61K; The chemical purification of air, in subclass Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...A61L; Chemical methods of fire-fighting, in subclass Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...A62D; Chemical processes and apparatus, in class Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...B01; Impregnation of wood, in subclass Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...B27K; Chemical methods of analysis or testing, in subclass Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...G01N; Photographic materials and processes, in class Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...G03, and, generally, the chemical treatment of textiles and the production of cellulose or paper, in section D. In still other cases, the pure chemical aspect is covered by section C and the applied chemical aspect by another section, such as A, B or F, e.g., the use of a substance or composition for: treatment of plants or animals, covered by subclass Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...A01N; foodstuffs, covered by class Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...A23; ammunition or explosives, covered by class Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F42. When the chemical and mechanical aspects are so closely interlocked that a neat and simple division is not possible, or when certain mechanical processes follow as a natural or logical continuation of a chemical treatment, section C may cover, in addition to the chemical aspect, a part only of the mechanical aspect, e.g., after-treatment of artificial stone, covered by class Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...C04. In this latter case, a note or a reference is usually given to make the position clear, even if sometimes the division is rather arbitrary.

CHEMISTRY

|  | C12 |
BIOCHEMISTRY; BEER; SPIRITS; WINE; VINEGAR; MICROBIOLOGY; ENZYMOLOGY; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING

|  | C12 |
Note(s) In subclasses Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...C12M-C12Q or Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...C12S, and within each of these subclasses, in the absence of an indication to the contrary, classification is made in the last appropriate place. [3] In this class, viruses, undifferentiated human, animal or plant cells, protozoa, tissues and unicellular algae are considered as micro-organisms. [3,5] In this subclass, unless specifically provided for, undifferentiated human, animal or plant cells, protozoa, tissues and unicellular algae are classified together with micro-organisms. Sub-cellular parts, unless specifically provided for, are classified with the whole cell. [5]

|  | C12 - C12S |
Note(s) The codes of subclass Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...C12R are only for use as indexing codes associated with subclasses Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...C12C-C12Q or Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...C12S, so as to provide information concerning the micro-organisms used in the processes classified in these subclasses. [3]

|  | C12P |
FERMENTATION OR ENZYME-USING PROCESSES TO SYNTHESISE A DESIRED CHEMICAL COMPOUND OR COMPOSITION OR TO SEPARATE OPTICAL ISOMERS FROM A RACEMIC MIXTURE (fermentation processes to form a food composition Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...A21, Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...A23; compounds in general, see the relevant compound class, e.g. Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...C01, Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...C07; brewing of beer Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...C12C; producing vinegar Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...C12J; processes for producing enzymes Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...C12N 9/00; DNA or RNA concerning genetic engineering, vectors, e.g. plasmids, or their isolation, preparation or purification Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...C12N 15/00) [3]

|  | C12P |
Note(s) This subclass covers both major and minor chemical modifications. [3] Group Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...C12P 1/00 covers processes for producing organic compounds not sufficiently identified to be classified in groups Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...C12P 3/00-C12P 37/00. Compounds identified only by their empirical formulae are not considered to be sufficiently identified. [3] Attention is drawn to Notes (1) to (3) following the title of class Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...C12. [4] If a particular reaction is considered of interest, it is also classified in the relevant chemical compound class, e.g. Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...C07, Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...C08. [3] In this subclass: metal or ammonium salts of a compound are classified as that compound. compositions are classified in the relevant compound groups. [3]

|  | C12P - C12P 41/00 |
Note(s) In this subclass, it is desirable to add the indexing codes of subclass Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...C12R. [6]

|  | C12P |
Subclass index
BIOSYNTHESIS OF CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES |
Inorganic compounds | 3/00
Acyclic or carbocyclic organic compounds | 5/00 - 15/00
peptides or proteins | 21/00
Carotenes | 23/00
Tetracyclines | 29/00
Prostaglandins | 31/00
Steroids | 33/00
Heterocyclic organic compounds | 17/00
containing saccharide radicals | 19/00
Riboflavin | 25/00
Giberellin | 27/00
Cephalosporin; penicillin | 35/00; 37/00
SEPARATION OF OPTICAL ISOMERS | 41/00
OTHER PROCESSES FOR BIOSYNTHESIS PREPARATIONS | 1/00, 39/00

P:200 |  | C12P 1/00 |
Preparation of compounds or compositions, not provided for in groups Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...C12P 3/00-C12P 39/00, by using micro-organisms or enzymes; General processes for the preparation of compounds or compositions by using micro-organisms or enzymes [3]

|  | C12P 1/02 |
· | by using fungi [3]

|  | C12P 1/04 |
· | by using bacteria [3]

|  | C12P 1/06 |
· | by using actinomycetales [3]

P:190 |  | C12P 3/00 |
Preparation of elements or inorganic compounds except carbon dioxide [3]

P:180 |  | C12P 5/00 |
Preparation of hydrocarbons [3]

|  | C12P 5/02 |
· | acyclic (producing methane by anaerobic treatment of sludge Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...C02F 11/04) [3]

P:170 |  | C12P 7/00 |
Preparation of oxygen-containing organic compounds [3]

|  | C12P 7/02 |
· | containing a hydroxy group [3]

|  | C12P 7/04 |
· · | acyclic [3]

|  | C12P 7/06 |
· · · | Ethanol, i.e. non-beverage [3]

|  | C12P 7/08 |
· · · · | produced as by-product or from waste or cellulosic material substrate [3]

|  | C12P 7/10 |
· · · · · | substrate containing cellulosic material [3]

|  | C12P 7/12 |
· · · · · | substrate containing sulfite waste liquor or citrus waste [3]

|  | C12P 7/14 |
· · · · | Multiple stages of fermentation; Multiple types of micro-organisms or reuse for micro-organisms [3]

|  | C12P 7/16 |
· · · | Butanols [3]

|  | C12P 7/18 |
· · · | polyhydric [3]

|  | C12P 7/20 |
· · · · | Glycerol [3]

|  | C12P 7/22 |
· · | aromatic [3]

|  | C12P 7/24 |
· | containing a carbonyl group [3]

|  | C12P 7/26 |
· · | Ketones [3]

|  | C12P 7/28 |
· · · | Acetone-containing products [3]

|  | C12P 7/30 |
· · · · | produced from substrate containing inorganic compounds other than water [3]

|  | C12P 7/32 |
· · · · | produced from substrate containing inorganic nitrogen source [3]

|  | C12P 7/34 |
· · · · | produced from substrate containing protein as nitrogen source [3]

|  | C12P 7/36 |
· · · · | produced from substrate containing grain or cereal material [3]

|  | C12P 7/38 |
· · · | Cyclopentanone- or cyclopentadione- containing products [3]

|  | C12P 7/40 |
· | containing a carboxyl group [3]

|  | C12P 7/42 |
· · | Hydroxy carboxylic acids [3]

|  | C12P 7/44 |
· · | Polycarboxylic acids [3]

|  | C12P 7/46 |
· · · | Dicarboxylic acids having four or less carbon atoms, e.g. fumaric acid, maleic acid [3]

|  | C12P 7/48 |
· · · | Tricarboxylic acids, e.g. citric acid [3]

|  | C12P 7/50 |
· · · | having keto groups, e.g. 2-ketoglutaric acid [3]

|  | C12P 7/52 |
· · | Propionic acid; Butyric acids [3]

|  | C12P 7/54 |
· · | Acetic acid (vinegar Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...C12J) [3]

|  | C12P 7/56 |
· · | Lactic acid [3]

|  | C12P 7/58 |
· · | Aldonic, ketoaldonic or saccharic acids (uronic acids Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...C12P 19/00) [3]

|  | C12P 7/60 |
· · · | 2-Ketogulonic acid [3]

|  | C12P 7/62 |
· | Carboxylic acid esters [3]

|  | C12P 7/64 |
· | Fats; Fatty oils; Ester-type waxes; Higher fatty acids, i.e. having at least seven carbon atoms in an unbroken chain bound to a carboxyl group; Oxidised oils or fats [3]

|  | C12P 7/66 |
· | containing the quinoid structure [3]

P:160 |  | C12P 9/00 |
Preparation of organic compounds containing a metal or atom other than H, N, C, O, S, or halogen [3]

P:150 |  | C12P 11/00 |
Preparation of sulfur-containing organic compounds [3]

P:140 |  | C12P 13/00 |
Preparation of nitrogen-containing organic compounds [3]

|  | C12P 13/02 |
· | Amides, e.g. chloramphenicol [3]

|  | C12P 13/04 |
· | Alpha- or beta-amino acids [3]

|  | C12P 13/06 |
· · | Alanine; Leucine; Isoleucine; Serine; Homoserine [3]

|  | C12P 13/08 |
· · | Lysine; Diaminopimelic acid; Threonine; Valine [3]

|  | C12P 13/10 |
· · | Citrulline; Arginine; Ornithine [3]

|  | C12P 13/12 |
· · | Methionine; Cysteine; Cystine [3]

|  | C12P 13/14 |
· · | Glutamic acid; Glutamine [3]

|  | C12P 13/16 |
· · · | using surfactants, fatty acids or fatty acid esters, i.e. having at least seven carbon atoms in an unbroken chain bound to a carboxyl group or a carboxyl ester group [3]

|  | C12P 13/18 |
· · · | using biotin or its derivatives [3]

|  | C12P 13/20 |
· · | Aspartic acid; Asparagine [3]

|  | C12P 13/22 |
· · | Tryptophan; Tyrosine; Phenylalanine; 3,4-Dihydroxyphenylalanine [3]

|  | C12P 13/24 |
· · | Proline; Hydroxyproline; Histidine [3]

P:130 |  | C12P 15/00 |
Preparation of compounds containing at least three condensed carbocyclic rings [3]

P:120 |  | C12P 17/00 |
Preparation of heterocyclic carbon compounds with only O, N, S, Se, or Te as ring hetero atoms (Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...C12P 13/04-C12P 13/24 take precedence) [3]

|  | C12P 17/02 |
· | Oxygen as only ring hetero atoms [3]

|  | C12P 17/04 |
· · | containing a five-membered hetero ring, e.g. griseofulvin [3]

|  | C12P 17/06 |
· · | containing a six-membered hetero ring, e.g. fluorescein [3]

|  | C12P 17/08 |
· · | containing a hetero ring of at least seven ring members, e.g. zearalenone, macrolide aglycons [3]

|  | C12P 17/10 |
· | Nitrogen as only ring hetero atom [3]

|  | C12P 17/12 |
· · | containing a six-membered hetero ring [3]

|  | C12P 17/14 |
· | Nitrogen or oxygen as hetero atom and at least one other diverse hetero ring atom in the same ring [3]

|  | C12P 17/16 |
· | containing two or more hetero rings [3]

|  | C12P 17/18 |
· | containing at least two hetero rings condensed among themselves or condensed with a common carbocyclic ring system, e.g. rifamycin [3]

P:110 |  | C12P 19/00 |
Preparation of compounds containing saccharide radicals (ketoaldonic acids Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...C12P 7/58) [3]

|  | C12P 19/00 |
Note(s) Attention is drawn to Note (3) following the title of subclass Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...C07H, which defines the expression "saccharide radical". [3]

|  | C12P 19/02 |
· | Monosaccharides (2-ketogulonic acid Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...C12P 7/60) [3]

|  | C12P 19/04 |
· | Polysaccharides, i.e. compounds containing more than five saccharide radicals attached to each other by glycosidic bonds [3]

|  | C12P 19/06 |
· · | Xanthan, i.e. Xanthomonas-type heteropolysaccharides [3]

|  | C12P 19/08 |
· · | Dextran [3]

|  | C12P 19/10 |
· · | Pullulan [3]

|  | C12P 19/12 |
· | Disaccharides [3]

|  | C12P 19/14 |
· | produced by the action of a carbohydrase, e.g. by alpha-amylase [3]

|  | C12P 19/16 |
· | produced by the action of an alpha-1, 6-glucosidase, e.g. amylose, debranched amylopectin (non-biological hydrolysis of starch Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...C08B 30/00) [3]

|  | C12P 19/18 |
· | produced by the action of a glycosyl transferase, e.g. alpha-, beta- or gamma-cyclodextrins [3]

|  | C12P 19/20 |
· | produced by the action of an exo-1, 4 alpha-glucosidase, e.g. dextrose [3]

|  | C12P 19/22 |
· | produced by the action of a beta-amylase, e.g. maltose [3]

|  | C12P 19/24 |
· | produced by the action of an isomerase, e.g. fructose [3]

|  | C12P 19/26 |
· | Preparation of nitrogen-containing carbohydrates [3]

|  | C12P 19/28 |
· · | N-glycosides [3]

|  | C12P 19/30 |
· · · | Nucleotides [3]

|  | C12P 19/32 |
· · · · | having a condensed ring system containing a six-membered ring having two nitrogen atoms in the same-ring, e.g. purine nucleotides, nicotineamide-adenine dinucleotide [3]

|  | C12P 19/34 |
· · · · | Polynucleotides, e.g. nucleic acids, oligoribonucleotides [3]

|  | C12P 19/36 |
· · · · | Dinucleotides, e.g. nicotineamide-adenine dinucleotide phosphate [3]

|  | C12P 19/38 |
· · · | Nucleosides [3]

|  | C12P 19/40 |
· · · · | having a condensed ring system containing a six-membered ring having two nitrogen atoms in the same ring, e.g. purine nucleosides [3]

|  | C12P 19/42 |
· · · | Cobalamins, i.e. vitamin B12, LLD factor [3]

|  | C12P 19/44 |
· | Preparation of O-glycosides, e.g. glucosides [3]

|  | C12P 19/46 |
· · | having an oxygen atom of the saccharide radical bound to a cyclohexyl radical, e.g. kasugamycin [3]

|  | C12P 19/48 |
· · · | the cyclohexyl radical being substituted by two or more nitrogen atoms, e.g. destomycin, neamin [3]

|  | C12P 19/50 |
· · · · | having two saccharide radicals bound through only oxygen to adjacent ring carbon atoms of the cyclohexyl radical, e.g. ambutyrosin, ribostamycin [3]

|  | C12P 19/52 |
· · · · · | containing three or more saccharide radicals, e.g. neomycin, lividomycin [3]

|  | C12P 19/54 |
· · · | the cyclohexyl radical being bound directly to a nitrogen atom of two or more radicals, e.g. streptomycin [3]

|  | C12P 19/56 |
· · | having an oxygen atom of the saccharide radical directly bound to a condensed ring system having three or more carbocyclic rings, e.g. daunomycin, adriamycin [3]

|  | C12P 19/58 |
· · | having an oxygen atom of the saccharide radical directly bound through only acyclic carbon atoms to a non-saccharide heterocyclic ring, e.g. bleomycin, phleomycin [3]

|  | C12P 19/60 |
· · | having an oxygen of the saccharide radical directly bound to a non-saccharide heterocyclic ring or a condensed ring system containing a non-saccharide heterocyclic ring, e.g. coumermycin, novobiocin [3]

|  | C12P 19/62 |
· · · | the hetero ring having eight or more ring members and only oxygen as ring hetero atoms, e.g. erythromycin, spiramycin, nystatin [3]

|  | C12P 19/64 |
· | Preparation of S-glycosides, e.g. lincomycin [3]

P:100 |  | C12P 21/00 |
Preparation of peptides or proteins (single-cell protein Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...C12N 1/00) [3]

|  | C12P 21/02 |
· | having a known sequence of two or more amino acids, e.g. glutathione [3]

|  | C12P 21/04 |
· · | Cyclic or bridged peptides or polypeptides, e.g. bacitracin (cyclised by —S—S— bonds only Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...C12P 21/02) [3]

|  | C12P 21/06 |
· | produced by the hydrolysis of a peptide bond, e.g. hydrolysate products (preparing foodstuffs by protein hydrolysis Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...A23J 3/00) [3]

|  | C12P 21/08 |
· | Monoclonal antibodies [5]

P:90 |  | C12P 23/00 |
Preparation of compounds containing a cyclohexene ring having an unsaturated side chain containing at least ten carbon atoms bound by conjugated double bonds, e.g. carotenes (containing hetero-rings Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...C12P 17/00) [3]

P:80 |  | C12P 25/00 |
Preparation of compounds containing alloxazine or isoalloxazine nucleus, e.g. riboflavin [3]

P:70 |  | C12P 27/00 |
Preparation of compounds containing a gibbane ring system, e.g. gibberellin [3]

P:60 |  | C12P 29/00 |
Preparation of compounds containing a naphthacene ring system, e.g. tetracycline (Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...C12P 19/00 takes precedence) [3]

P:50 |  | C12P 31/00 |
Preparation of compounds containing a five-membered ring having two side-chains in ortho position to each other, and having at least one oxygen atom directly bound to the ring in ortho position to one of the side-chains, one side-chain containing, not directly bound to the ring, a carbon atom having three bonds to hetero atoms with at the most one bond to halogen, and the other side-chain having at least one oxygen atom bound in gamma-position to the ring, e.g. prostaglandins [3]

P:40 |  | C12P 33/00 |
Preparation of steroids [3]

|  | C12P 33/00 |
Note(s) Attention is drawn to Note (1) following the title of subclass Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...C07J, which explains what is covered by the term "steroids". [3]

|  | C12P 33/02 - C12P 33/20 |
Note(s) In groups Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...C12P 33/02-C12P 33/20, the following terms are used with the meaning indicated: "acting", "forming", "hydroxylating", "dehydroxylating" or "dehydrogenating" means the action of a micro-organism or enzyme rather than other chemical action. [3]

|  | C12P 33/02 |
· | Dehydrogenating; Dehydroxylating [3]

|  | C12P 33/04 |
· · | Forming an aryl ring from A ring [3]

|  | C12P 33/06 |
· | Hydroxylating [3]

|  | C12P 33/08 |
· · | at 11 position [3]

|  | C12P 33/10 |
· · · | at 11alpha-position [3]

|  | C12P 33/12 |
· | Acting on D ring [3]

|  | C12P 33/14 |
· · | Hydroxylating at 16 position [3]

|  | C12P 33/16 |
· · | Acting at 17 position [3]

|  | C12P 33/18 |
· · · | Hydroxylating at 17 position [3]

|  | C12P 33/20 |
· | containing heterocyclic rings [3]

P:30 |  | C12P 35/00 |
Preparation of compounds having a 5-thia-1-azabicyclo [4.2.0] octane ring system, e.g. cephalosporin [3]

|  | C12P 35/02 |
· | by desacylation of the substituent in the 7 position [3]

|  | C12P 35/04 |
· | by acylation of the substituent in the 7 position [3]

|  | C12P 35/06 |
· | Cephalosporin C; Derivatives thereof [3]

|  | C12P 35/08 |
· | disubstituted in the 7 position [3]

P:20 |  | C12P 37/00 |
Preparation of compounds having a 4-thia-1-azabicyclo [3.2.0] heptane ring system, e.g. penicillin [3]

|  | C12P 37/02 |
· | in presence of phenylacetic acid or phenylacetamide or their derivatives [3]

|  | C12P 37/04 |
· | by acylation of the substituent in the 6 position [3]

|  | C12P 37/06 |
· | by desacylation of the substituent in the 6 position [3]

P:10 |  | C12P 39/00 |
Processes involving micro-organisms of different genera in the same process, simultaneously [3]

P:0 |  | C12P 41/00 |
Processes using enzymes or micro-organisms to separate optical isomers from a racemic mixture [4]