|  | C |
SECTION C — CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY

|  | C |
Note(s) In section C, the definitions of groups of chemical elements are as follows: Alkali metals: Li, Na, K, Rb, Cs, Fr Alkaline earth metals: Ca, Sr, Ba, Ra Lanthanides: elements with atomic numbers 57 to 71 inclusive Rare earths: Sc, Y, Lanthanides Actinides: elements with atomic numbers 89 to 103 inclusive Refractory metals: Ti, V, Cr, Zr, Nb, Mo, Hf, Ta, W Halogens: F, Cl, Br, I, At Noble gases: He, Ne, Ar, Kr, Xe, Rn Platinum group: Os, Ir, Pt, Ru, Rh, Pd Noble metals: Ag, Au, Platinum group Light metals: alkali metals, alkaline earth metals, Be, Al, Mg Heavy metals: metals other than light metals Iron group: Fe, Co, Ni Non-metals: H, B, C, Si, N, P, O, S, Se, Te, noble gases, halogens Metals: elements other than non-metals Transition elements: elements with atomic numbers 21 to 30 inclusive, 39 to 48 inclusive, 57 to 80 inclusive, 89 upwards Section C covers: pure chemistry, which covers inorganic compounds, organic compounds, macromolecular compounds, and their methods of preparation; applied chemistry, which covers compositions containing the above compounds, such as: glass, ceramics, fertilisers, plastics compositions, paints, products of the petroleum industry. It also covers certain compositions on account of their having particular properties rendering them suitable for certain purposes, as in the case of explosives, dyestuffs, adhesives, lubricants, and detergents; certain marginal industries, such as the manufacture of coke and of solid or gaseous fuels, the production and refining of oils, fats and waxes, the fermentation industry (e.g., brewing and wine-making), the sugar industry; certain operations or treatments, which are either purely mechanical, e.g., the mechanical treatment of leather and skins, or partly mechanical, e.g., the treatment of water or the prevention of corrosion in general; metallurgy, ferrous or non-ferrous alloys. In the case of operations, treatments, products or articles having both a chemical and a non-chemical part or aspect, the general rule is that the chemical part or aspect is covered by section C. In some of these cases, the chemical part or aspect brings with it a non-chemical one, even though purely mechanical, because this latter aspect either is essential to the operation or treatment or constitutes an important element thereof. It has seemed, in fact, more logical not to dissociate the different parts or aspects of a coherent whole. This is the case for applied chemistry and for the industries, operations and treatments mentioned in Notes (1)(c), (d) and (e). For example, furnaces peculiar to the manufacture of glass are covered by class Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...C03 and not by class Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F27. There are, however, some exceptions in which the mechanical (or non-chemical) aspect carries with it the chemical aspect, for example: Certain extractive processes, in subclass Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...A61K; The chemical purification of air, in subclass Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...A61L; Chemical methods of fire-fighting, in subclass Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...A62D; Chemical processes and apparatus, in class Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...B01; Impregnation of wood, in subclass Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...B27K; Chemical methods of analysis or testing, in subclass Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...G01N; Photographic materials and processes, in class Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...G03, and, generally, the chemical treatment of textiles and the production of cellulose or paper, in section D. In still other cases, the pure chemical aspect is covered by section C and the applied chemical aspect by another section, such as A, B or F, e.g., the use of a substance or composition for: treatment of plants or animals, covered by subclass Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...A01N; foodstuffs, covered by class Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...A23; ammunition or explosives, covered by class Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F42. When the chemical and mechanical aspects are so closely interlocked that a neat and simple division is not possible, or when certain mechanical processes follow as a natural or logical continuation of a chemical treatment, section C may cover, in addition to the chemical aspect, a part only of the mechanical aspect, e.g., after-treatment of artificial stone, covered by class Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...C04. In this latter case, a note or a reference is usually given to make the position clear, even if sometimes the division is rather arbitrary.

CHEMISTRY

|  | C12 |
BIOCHEMISTRY; BEER; SPIRITS; WINE; VINEGAR; MICROBIOLOGY; ENZYMOLOGY; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING

|  | C12 |
Note(s) In subclasses Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...C12M-C12Q or Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...C12S, and within each of these subclasses, in the absence of an indication to the contrary, classification is made in the last appropriate place. [3] In this class, viruses, undifferentiated human, animal or plant cells, protozoa, tissues and unicellular algae are considered as micro-organisms. [3,5] In this subclass, unless specifically provided for, undifferentiated human, animal or plant cells, protozoa, tissues and unicellular algae are classified together with micro-organisms. Sub-cellular parts, unless specifically provided for, are classified with the whole cell. [5]

|  | C12 - C12S |
Note(s) The codes of subclass Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...C12R are only for use as indexing codes associated with subclasses Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...C12C-C12Q or Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...C12S, so as to provide information concerning the micro-organisms used in the processes classified in these subclasses. [3]

|  | C12C |
BREWING OF BEER (cleaning of raw materials Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...A23N; pitching or depitching machines, cellar tools Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...C12L; propagating yeasts Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...C12N 1/14; non-beverage ethanolic fermentation Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...C12P 7/06)

|  | C12C |
Note(s) In this subclass, it is desirable to add the indexing codes of subclass Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...C12R. [6]

|  | C12C |
Subclass index
RAW MATERIALS FOR PREPARING BEER | 1/00, 3/00, 5/00
PREPARATION AND TREATMENT OF WORT; FERMENTATION PROCESSES FOR BEER | 7/00, 11/00
SPECIAL BEER | 12/00
BREWING DEVICES | 13/00

|  | C12F |
RECOVERY OF BY-PRODUCTS OF FERMENTED SOLUTIONS; DENATURING OF, OR DENATURED, ALCOHOL [6]

|  | C12F |
Note(s) In this subclass, it is desirable to add the indexing codes of subclass Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...C12R. [6]

|  | C12G |
WINE; OTHER ALCOHOLIC BEVERAGES; PREPARATION THEREOF (beer Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...C12C)

|  | C12G |
Note(s) In this subclass, it is desirable to add the indexing codes of subclass Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...C12R. [6]

|  | C12H |
PASTEURISATION, STERILISATION, PRESERVATION, PURIFICATION, CLARIFICATION, AGEING OF ALCOHOLIC BEVERAGES OR REMOVAL OF ALCOHOL THEREFROM (deacidifying wine Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...C12G 1/10; preventing winestone precipitation Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...C12G 1/12; simulation ageing by flavouring Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...C12G 3/06) [6]

|  | C12H |
Note(s) When classifying in this subclass, classification is also made in group Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...B01D 15/08 insofar as subject matter of general interest relating to chromatography is concerned. [8]

|  | C12H - C12H 3/00 |
Note(s) In this subclass, it is desirable to add the indexing codes of subclass Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...C12R. [6]

|  | C12J |
VINEGAR; ITS PREPARATION

|  | C12J |
Note(s) In this subclass, it is desirable to add the indexing codes of subclass Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...C12R. [6]

|  | C12L |
PITCHING OR DEPITCHING MACHINES; CELLAR TOOLS (cleaning of casks Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...B08B 9/00)

|  | C12L |
Note(s) In this subclass, it is desirable to add the indexing codes of subclass Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...C12R. [6]

|  | C12M |
APPARATUS FOR ENZYMOLOGY OR MICROBIOLOGY (installations for fermenting manure Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...A01C 3/02; preservation of living parts of humans or animals Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...A01N 1/02; physical or chemical apparatus in general Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...B01; brewing apparatus Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...C12C; fermentation apparatus for wine Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...C12G; apparatus for preparing vinegar Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...C12J 1/10) [3]

|  | C12M |
Note(s) Attention is drawn to Notes (1) to (3) following the title of class Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...C12. [4]

|  | C12M - C12M 3/00 |
Note(s) In this subclass, it is desirable to add the indexing codes of subclass Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...C12R. [6]

|  | C12N |
MICRO-ORGANISMS OR ENZYMES; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF (biocides, pest repellants or attractants, or plant growth regulators containing micro-organisms, viruses, microbial fungi, enzymes, fermentates, or substances produced by, or extracted from, micro-organisms or animal material Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...A01N 63/00; food compositions Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...A21, Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...A23; medicinal preparations Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...A61K; chemical aspects of, or use of materials for, bandages, dressings, absorbent pads or surgical articles Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...A61L; fertilisers Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...C05); PROPAGATING, PRESERVING, OR MAINTAINING MICRO-ORGANISMS (preservation of living parts of humans or animals Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...A01N 1/02); MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING; CULTURE MEDIA (microbiological testing media Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...C12Q) [3]

|  | C12N |
Note(s) Attention is drawn to Notes (1) to (3) following the title of class Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...C12. [3,4] Biocidal, pest repellant, pest attractant or plant growth regulatory activity of compounds or preparations is further classified in subclass Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...A01P. [8] Therapeutic activity of single-cell proteins or enzymes is further classified in subclass Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...A61P. [7] When classifying in this subclass, classification is also made in group Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...B01D 15/08 insofar as subject matter of general interest relating to chromatography is concerned. [8]

|  | C12N - C12N 15/00 |
Note(s) In this subclass, it is desirable to add the indexing codes of subclass Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...C12R. [6]

|  | C12N |
Subclass index
MICRO-ORGANISMS; SPORES; UNDIFFERENTIATED CELLS; VIRUSES | 1/00; 3/00; 5/00; 7/00; 11/00
ENZYMES | 9/00, 11/00
TREATMENT WITH ELECTRICAL OR WAVE ENERGY | 13/00
MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING | 15/00

|  | C12P |
FERMENTATION OR ENZYME-USING PROCESSES TO SYNTHESISE A DESIRED CHEMICAL COMPOUND OR COMPOSITION OR TO SEPARATE OPTICAL ISOMERS FROM A RACEMIC MIXTURE (fermentation processes to form a food composition Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...A21, Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...A23; compounds in general, see the relevant compound class, e.g. Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...C01, Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...C07; brewing of beer Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...C12C; producing vinegar Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...C12J; processes for producing enzymes Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...C12N 9/00; DNA or RNA concerning genetic engineering, vectors, e.g. plasmids, or their isolation, preparation or purification Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...C12N 15/00) [3]

|  | C12P |
Note(s) This subclass covers both major and minor chemical modifications. [3] Group Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...C12P 1/00 covers processes for producing organic compounds not sufficiently identified to be classified in groups Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...C12P 3/00-C12P 37/00. Compounds identified only by their empirical formulae are not considered to be sufficiently identified. [3] Attention is drawn to Notes (1) to (3) following the title of class Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...C12. [4] If a particular reaction is considered of interest, it is also classified in the relevant chemical compound class, e.g. Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...C07, Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...C08. [3] In this subclass: metal or ammonium salts of a compound are classified as that compound. compositions are classified in the relevant compound groups. [3]

|  | C12P - C12P 41/00 |
Note(s) In this subclass, it is desirable to add the indexing codes of subclass Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...C12R. [6]

|  | C12P |
Subclass index
BIOSYNTHESIS OF CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES |
Inorganic compounds | 3/00
Acyclic or carbocyclic organic compounds | 5/00 - 15/00
peptides or proteins | 21/00
Carotenes | 23/00
Tetracyclines | 29/00
Prostaglandins | 31/00
Steroids | 33/00
Heterocyclic organic compounds | 17/00
containing saccharide radicals | 19/00
Riboflavin | 25/00
Giberellin | 27/00
Cephalosporin; penicillin | 35/00; 37/00
SEPARATION OF OPTICAL ISOMERS | 41/00
OTHER PROCESSES FOR BIOSYNTHESIS PREPARATIONS | 1/00, 39/00

|  | C12Q |
MEASURING OR TESTING PROCESSES INVOLVING ENZYMES OR MICRO-ORGANISMS (immunoassay Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...G01N 33/53); COMPOSITIONS OR TEST PAPERS THEREFOR; PROCESSES OF PREPARING SUCH COMPOSITIONS; CONDITION-RESPONSIVE CONTROL IN MICROBIOLOGICAL OR ENZYMOLOGICAL PROCESSES [3]

|  | C12Q |
Note(s) This subclass does not cover the observation of the progress or of the result of processes specified in this subclass by any of the methods specified in groups Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...G01N 3/00-G01N 29/00, which is covered by subclass Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...G01N. [3] In this subclass, the following expression is used with the meaning indicated: "involving", when used in relation to a substance, includes the testing for the substance as well as employing the substance as a determinant or reactant in a test for a different substance. [3] Attention is drawn to Notes (1) to (3) following the title of class Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...C12. [4] In this subclass, test media are classified in the appropriate group for the relevant test process. [3]

|  | C12Q - C12Q 3/00 |
Note(s) In this subclass, it is desirable to add the indexing codes of subclass Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...C12R. [6]

|  | C12R |
INDEXING SCHEME ASSOCIATED WITH SUBCLASSES Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...C12C-C12Q OR Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...C12S, RELATING TO MICRO-ORGANISMS [3]

|  | C12R |
Note(s) This subclass constitutes an indexing scheme associated with the other subclasses of class Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...C12, relating to micro-organisms used in the processes classified in subclasses Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...C12C-C12Q or Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...C12S. [3] The bacteria terminology is based on "Bergey's Manual of Determinative Bacteriology", Eighth Edition, 1975. [3]

|  | C12S |
PROCESSES USING ENZYMES OR MICRO-ORGANISMS TO LIBERATE, SEPARATE OR PURIFY A PRE-EXISTING COMPOUND OR COMPOSITION (biological treatment of water, waste water, or sewage Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...C02F 3/00, of sludge Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...C02F 11/02; processes using enzymes or micro-organisms to separate optical isomers from a racemic mixture Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...C12P 41/00); PROCESSES USING ENZYMES OR MICRO-ORGANISMS TO TREAT TEXTILES OR TO CLEAN SOLID SURFACES OF MATERIALS [5]

|  | C12S |
Note(s) This subclass covers processes already provided for in: Section A: Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...A21, Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...A23, Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...A61L, Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...A62D; Section B: Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...B01D, Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...B08B, Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...B09C; Section C: Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...C01, Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...C05F, Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...C08, Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...C09B, Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...C09H, Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...C10G, Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...C13, Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...C14C, Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...C21B, Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...C22B, Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...C23F, Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...C23G; Section D: Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...D01C, Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...D01F, Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...D06L, Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...D06M, Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...D06P, Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...D21C, Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...D21H; Section E: Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...E21B; Section F: Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F24F, Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F24J, Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F26B; Section H: Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...H01M. This subclass is intended to provide a basis for a complete search to be made with respect to the subject matter defined by the subclass title and, therefore, all relevant information is classified in this subclass, even if classified elsewhere. [5] Attention is drawn to Notes (1) to (3) following the title of class Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...C12. [5] The classification symbols of this subclass are not listed first when printed on the patent documents. [5]

|  | C12S - C12S 13/00 |
Note(s) In this subclass, it is desirable to add the indexing codes of subclass Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...C12R. [6]