|  | F |
SECTION F — MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING

ENGINES OR PUMPS

|  | F01 - F04 |
Note(s) Guide to the use of this subsection (classes Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F01-F04) The following notes are meant to assist in the use of this part of the classification scheme. In this subsection, subclasses or groups designating "engines" or "pumps" cover methods of operating the same, unless otherwise specifically provided for. In this subsection, the following terms or expressions are used with the meanings indicated: "engine" means a device for continuously converting fluid energy into mechanical power. Thus, this term includes, for example, steam piston engines or steam turbines, per se, or internal-combustion piston engines, but it excludes single-stroke devices. "Engine" also includes the fluid-motive portion of a meter unless such portion is particularly adapted for use in a meter; "pump" means a device for continuously raising, forcing, compressing, or exhausting fluid by mechanical or other means. Thus, this term includes fans or blowers; "machine" means a device which could equally be an engine and a pump, and not a device which is restricted to an engine or one which is restricted to a pump; "positive displacement" means the way the energy of a working fluid is transformed into mechanical energy, in which variations of volume created by the working fluid in a working chamber produce equivalent displacements of the mechanical member transmitting the energy, the dynamic effect of the fluid being of minor importance, and vice versa; "non-positive displacement" means the way the energy of a working fluid is transformed into mechanical energy, by transformation of the energy of the working fluid into kinetic energy, and vice versa; "oscillating-piston machine" means a positive-displacement machine in which a fluid-engaging work-transmitting member oscillates. This definition applies also to engines and pumps; "rotary-piston machine" means a positive-displacement machine in which a fluid-engaging work-transmitting member rotates about a fixed axis or about an axis moving along a circular or similar orbit. This definition applies also to engines and pumps; "rotary piston" means the work-transmitting member of a rotary-piston machine and may be of any suitable form, e.g., like a toothed gear; "cooperating members" means the "oscillating piston" or "rotary piston" and another member, e.g., the working-chamber wall, which assists in the driving or pumping action; "movement of the co-operating members" is to be interpreted as relative, so that one of the "co-operating members" may be stationary, even though reference may be made to its rotational axis, or both may move; "teeth or tooth equivalents" include lobes, projections or abutments; "internal-axis type" means that the rotational axes of the inner and outer co-operating members remain at all times within the outer member, e.g., in a similar manner to that of a pinion meshing with the internal teeth of a ring gear; "free piston" means a piston of which the length of stroke is not defined by any member driven thereby; "cylinders" means positive-displacement working chambers in general. Thus, this term is not restricted to cylinders of circular cross-section; "main shaft" means the shaft which converts reciprocating piston motion into rotary motion or vice versa; "plant" means an engine together with such additional apparatus as is necessary to run the engine. For example, a steam engine plant includes a steam engine and means for generating the steam; "working fluid" means the driven fluid in a pump and the driving fluid in an engine. The working fluid may be in a gaseous state, i.e., compressible, or liquid. In the former case coexistence of two states is possible; "steam" includes condensable vapours in general, and "special vapour" is used when steam is excluded; "reaction type" as applied to non-positive-displacement machines or engines means machines or engines in which pressure/velocity transformation takes place wholly or partly in the rotor. Machines or engines with no, or only slight, pressure/velocity transformation in the rotor are called "impulse type". In this subsection: cyclically operating valves, lubricating, gas-flow silencers or exhaust apparatus, or cooling are classified in subclasses Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F01L, Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F01M, Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F01N, Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F01P irrespective of their stated application, unless their classifying features are peculiar to their application, in which case they are classified only in the relevant subclass of classes Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F01-F04; lubricating, gas-flow silencers or exhaust apparatus, or cooling of machines or engines are classified in subclasses Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F01M, Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F01N, Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F01P except for those peculiar to steam engines which are classified in subclass Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F01B. For use of this subsection with a good understanding, it is essential to remember, so far as subclasses Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F01B, Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F01C, Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F01D, Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F03B, and Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F04B, Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F04C, Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F04D, which form its skeleton, are concerned: the principle which resides in their elaboration, the classifying characteristics which they call for, and their complementarity. Principle This concerns essentially the subclasses listed above. Other subclasses, notably those of class Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F02, which cover better-defined matter, are not considered here. Each subclass covers fundamentally a genus of apparatus (engine or pump) and by extension covers equally "machines" of the same kind. Two different subjects, one having a more general character than the other, are thus covered by the same subclass. Subclasses Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F01B, Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F03B, Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F04B, beyond the two subjects which they cover, have further a character of generality in relation to other subclasses concerning the different species of apparatus in the genus concerned. This generality applies as well for the two subjects dealt with, without these always being in relation to the same subclasses. Thus, subclass Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F03B, in its part dealing with "machines", should be considered as being the general class relating to subclasses Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F04B, Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F04C, and in its part dealing with "engines" as being general in relation to subclass Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F03C. Characteristics The principal classifying characteristic of the subclass is that of genera of apparatus, of which there are three possible: Machines; engines; pumps. As stated above, "machines" are always associated with one of the other two genera. These main genera are subdivided according to the general principles of operation of the apparatus: Positive displacement; non-positive displacement. The positive displacement apparatus are further subdivided according to the ways of putting into effect the principle of operation, that is, to the kind of apparatus: Simple reciprocating piston; rotary or oscillating piston; other kind. Another classifying characteristic is that of the working fluid, in respect of which three kinds of apparatus are possible, namely: Liquid and elastic fluid; elastic fluid; liquid. Complementarity This resides in association of pairs of the subclasses listed above, according to the characteristics under consideration in respect of kind of apparatus or working fluid. The subclasses concerned with the various principles, characteristics and complementarity are shown in the subsection index below. It is seen from this index that: For the same kind of apparatus in a given genus, the characteristics of "working fluid" associates: Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F01B and Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F04B to Machines Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F01C and Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F04C to Machines Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F01D and Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F03B to Machines Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F01B and Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F03C to Engines Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F01C and Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F03C to Engines Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F01D and Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F03B to Engines For the same kind of working fluid, the "apparatus" characteristic relates subclasses in the same way as considerations of relative generality.

|  | F01 - F04 |
Subsection index
MACHINES |
positive displacement |
rotary or oscillating piston |
liquid and elastic fluid or elastic fluid | F01C
liquid only | F04C
reciprocating piston or other |
liquid and elastic fluid or elastic fluid | F01B
liquid only | F04B
non-positive displacement |
liquid and elastic fluid or elastic fluid | F01D
liquid only | F03B
ENGINES |
positive displacement |
rotary or oscillating piston |
liquid and elastic fluid or elastic fluid | F01C
liquid only | F03C
reciprocating piston or other |
liquid and elastic fluid or elastic fluid | F01B
liquid only | F03C
non-positive displacement |
liquid and elastic fluid or elastic fluid | F01D
liquid only | F03B
PUMPS |
positive displacement |
rotary or oscillating piston | F04C
reciprocating piston or other | F04B
non-positive displacement | F04D

|  | F01 |
MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL (combustion engines Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F02; machines for liquids Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F03, Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F04); ENGINE PLANTS IN GENERAL; STEAM ENGINES

|  | F01B |
MACHINES OR ENGINES, IN GENERAL OR OF POSITIVE-DISPLACEMENT TYPE, e.g. STEAM ENGINES (of rotary-piston or oscillating-piston type Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F01C; of non-positive-displacement type Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F01D; internal-combustion aspects of reciprocating-piston engines Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F02B 57/00, Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F02B 59/00; crankshafts, crossheads, connecting-rods Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F16C; flywheels Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F16F; gearings for interconverting rotary motion and reciprocating motion in general Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F16H; pistons, piston-rods, cylinders, for engines in general Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F16J)

|  | F01B |
Note(s) This subclass covers, with the exception of the matter provided for in subclasses Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F01C-F01P: engines for elastic fluids, e.g. steam engines; engines for liquids and elastic fluids; machines for elastic fluids; machines for liquids and elastic fluids. Attention is drawn to the Notes preceding class Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F01, especially as regards the definitions of "steam" and "special vapour".

|  | F01B |
Subclass index
MACHINES OR ENGINES |
With reciprocating pistons characterised by |
number or relative disposition of cylinders | 1/00
disposition of cylinder axes relative to main shaft | 3/00, 5/00
pistons reciprocating in same or coaxial cylinders; piston-main-shaft connections other than covered above | 7/00, 1/08; 9/00
no rotary main shaft | 11/00
rotary or other movement of cylinders | 13/00, 15/00
uniflow principle | 17/00
With positive displacement of flexible-wall type | 19/00
COMBINATIONS OR ADAPTATIONS OF MACHINES OR ENGINES | 21/00, 23/00
REGULATING, CONTROLLING, SAFETY MEANS; STARTING | 25/00; 27/00
OTHER CHARACTERISTICS; DETAILS, ACCESSORIES | 29/00; 31/00

|  | F01C |
ROTARY-PISTON OR OSCILLATING-PISTON MACHINES OR ENGINES (internal-combustion aspects Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F02B 53/00, Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F02B 55/00)

|  | F01C |
Note(s) This subclass covers: rotary-piston or oscillating-piston engines for elastic fluids, e.g. steam; rotary-piston or oscillating-piston engines for liquids and elastic fluids; rotary-piston or oscillating-piston machines for elastic fluids; rotary-piston or oscillating-piston machines for liquids and elastic fluids. In this subclass, the following expression is used with the meaning indicated: "rotary-piston machine" includes the German expressions "Drehkolbenmaschinen", "Kreiskolbenmaschinen", and "Umlaufkolbenmaschinen". Attention is drawn to the Notes preceding class Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F01, especially as regards the definitions of "rotary-piston machine", "oscillating-piston machine", "rotary piston", "co-operating members", "movement of co-operating members", "teeth or tooth-equivalents" and "internal-axis".

|  | F01C |
Subclass index
MACHINES OR ENGINES |
With rotary pistons | 1/00 - 7/00
With oscillating pistons | 9/00
Control; monitoring; safety arrangements | 20/00
COMBINATIONS OR ADAPTATIONS OF MACHINES OR ENGINES | 11/00, 13/00
DRIVE OF CO-OPERATING MEMBERS; SEALING ARRANGEMENTS | 17/00; 19/00
OTHER DETAILS OR ACCESSORIES | 21/00

|  | F01D |
NON-POSITIVE-DISPLACEMENT MACHINES OR ENGINES, e.g. STEAM TURBINES (machines or engines for liquids Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F03; non-positive-displacement pumps Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F04D)

|  | F01D |
Note(s) This subclass covers: non-positive-displacement engines for elastic fluids, e.g. steam turbines; non-positive-displacement engines for liquids and elastic fluids; non-positive-displacement machines for elastic fluids; non-positive-displacement machines for liquids and elastic fluids. Attention is drawn to the Notes preceding class Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F01, especially as regards the definitions of "reaction type", e.g. with airfoil-like blades, and "impulse type", e.g. bucket turbines.

|  | F01D |
Subclass index
NON-POSITIVE-DISPLACEMENT MACHINES OR ENGINES |
General characteristics; with axial-thrust balancing; with other than pure rotation | 1/00; 3/00; 23/00
Component parts |
blades and carrying members, protection thereof; rotors with adjustable blades; stators | 5/00; 7/00; 9/00
means against internal leakage | 11/00
COMBINATIONS OR ADAPTATIONS OF MACHINES OR ENGINES | 13/00, 15/00
REGULATION, CONTROLLING, SAFETY MEANS | 17/00, 19/00, 21/00
STARTING; SHUTTING-DOWN | 19/00; 21/00
OTHER DETAILS AND ACCESSORIES | 25/00

|  | F01K |
STEAM ENGINE PLANTS; STEAM ACCUMULATORS; ENGINE PLANTS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; ENGINES USING SPECIAL WORKING FLUIDS OR CYCLES (gas-turbine or jet-propulsion plants Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F02; steam generation Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F22; nuclear power plants, engine arrangements therein Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...G21D)

|  | F01K |
Note(s) Attention is drawn to the Notes preceding class Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F01, especially as regards the definitions of "steam" and "special vapour".

|  | F01K |
Subclass index
STEAM ENGINE PLANTS |
Characterised by the use of |
accumulators or heaters; storing means in alkali; specific types of engines | 3/00; 5/00; 7/00
special steam systems, cycles, or processes | 7/00
Characterised by the disposition of |
condenser; structural combination of engine and boiler or condenser | 9/00; 11/00
Not otherwise provided for | 21/00
General layout or operation; adaptations for special use | 13/00; 15/00
Utilisation of steam |
for feed-water heating; in the regeneration or other treating; for other purposes | 7/34; 19/00; 17/00
ENGINE PLANTS NOT RESTRICTED TO STEAM UTILISATION |
With several engines driven by different fluids | 23/00
Not otherwise provided for, other types with special working fluids or working with enclosed cycles | 25/00, 27/00
STEAM ACCUMULATORS | 1/00
SPECIAL TYPES OF ENGINES |
Steam engines | 7/00
Other than steam | 25/00

|  | F01L |
CYCLICALLY OPERATING VALVES FOR MACHINES OR ENGINES (valves in general Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F16K)

|  | F01L |
Note(s) Attention is drawn to the Notes preceding class Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F01, especially Note (3). As regards the above-mentioned Note (3), attention is drawn to Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F01B 3/10, Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F01B 15/06, Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F01C 20/20, Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F01C 21/18, Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F02B 53/06, Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F03C 1/08, Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F04B 1/18, Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F04B 7/00, Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F04B 39/08, Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F04B 39/10, Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F04C 14/00, Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F04C 15/06, Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F04C 28/00 and Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F04C 29/12.

|  | F01L |
Subclass index
VALVE-GEAR OR VALVE ARRANGEMENTS IN GENERAL |
General features | 1/00
Operation |
mechanical | 1/00
non-mechanical | 9/00
Lift valves | 3/00
Slide valves | 5/00, 7/00
Arrangements in piston or piston-rod | 11/00
Modified to facilitate engine operations | 13/00
VALVE-GEAR OR VALVE ARRANGEMENTS FOR VARIABLE WORKING-FLUID DISTRIBUTION |
General features | 1/00
With slide valves |
surrounding cylinder or piston | 17/00
with rotary or oscillatory motion; combined | 33/00; 19/00
other features | 15/00
With lift valves | 35/00
Arrangements with particular characteristics; reversing gear | 21/00 - 27/00; 29/00
Other valve-gear or valve arrangements | 15/00
Drive, control, or adjustment | 25/00, 31/00

|  | F01M |
LUBRICATING OF MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL (lubricating in general Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F16N); LUBRICATING INTERNAL-COMBUSTION ENGINES; CRANKCASE VENTILATING [2]

|  | F01M |
2. Note(s) Attention is drawn to the Notes preceding class Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F01, especially as regards Note (3). Attention is drawn to the following places, which cover lubrication of specific machines or engines: [8]
   Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F01B 31/10 | Steam engines [8] |
   Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F01C 21/04 | Rotary-piston or oscillating-piston machines or engines [8] |
   Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F01D 25/18 | Non-positive-displacement machines [8] |
   Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F02C 7/06 | Gas-turbine plants [8] |
   Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F02F 1/20 | Cylinders of combustion engines [8] |
   Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F04B 39/02 | Pumps for elastic fluids [8] |
   Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F04C 29/02 | Rotary-piston or oscillating-piston pumps for liquids [8] |
   Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F04D 29/04 | Non-positive-displacement pumps [8] |

|  | F01M |
Subclass index
PRESSURE LUBRICATION | 1/00
SPECIAL LUBRICATION | 3/00, 7/00, 9/00
LUBRICANT CONDITIONING | 5/00
DETAILS, ACCESSORIES | 11/00
CRANKCASE VENTILATION | 13/00

|  | F01N |
GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR INTERNAL-COMBUSTION ENGINES (arrangements in connection with gas exhaust of propulsion units in vehicles Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...B60K 13/00; combustion-air intake silencers specially adapted for, or arranged on, internal-combustion engines Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F02M 35/00; protecting against, or damping, noise in general Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...G10K 11/16)

|  | F01N |
Note(s) Attention is drawn to the Notes preceding class Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F01, especially as regards Note (3).

|  | F01P |
COOLING OF MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; COOLING OF INTERNAL-COMBUSTION ENGINES (arrangements in connection with cooling of propulsion units in vehicles Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...B60K 11/00; heat-transfer, heat-exchange or heat-storage materials Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...C09K 5/00; heat-exchange in general, radiators Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F28)

|  | F01P |
Note(s) In this subclass, the following terms or expressions are used with the meanings indicated: "air" also includes other gaseous cooling fluids; "liquid cooling" also includes cooling where liquid is used as the heat-transferring fluid between parts to be cooled and the air, e.g. using radiators; "air cooling" means direct air cooling and thus excludes indirect air cooling occurring in liquid cooling systems as explained under liquid cooling above; "cooling-air" includes directly- or indirectly-acting cooling-air. Attention is drawn to the Notes preceding class Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F01, especially as regards Note (3). Cooling by lubricant is classified in subclass Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F01M when the lubrication aspect predominates, and in subclass Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F01P when the cooling aspect predominates.