|  | F |
SECTION F — MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING

ENGINES OR PUMPS

|  | F01 - F04 |
Note(s) Guide to the use of this subsection (classes Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F01-F04) The following notes are meant to assist in the use of this part of the classification scheme. In this subsection, subclasses or groups designating "engines" or "pumps" cover methods of operating the same, unless otherwise specifically provided for. In this subsection, the following terms or expressions are used with the meanings indicated: "engine" means a device for continuously converting fluid energy into mechanical power. Thus, this term includes, for example, steam piston engines or steam turbines, per se, or internal-combustion piston engines, but it excludes single-stroke devices. "Engine" also includes the fluid-motive portion of a meter unless such portion is particularly adapted for use in a meter; "pump" means a device for continuously raising, forcing, compressing, or exhausting fluid by mechanical or other means. Thus, this term includes fans or blowers; "machine" means a device which could equally be an engine and a pump, and not a device which is restricted to an engine or one which is restricted to a pump; "positive displacement" means the way the energy of a working fluid is transformed into mechanical energy, in which variations of volume created by the working fluid in a working chamber produce equivalent displacements of the mechanical member transmitting the energy, the dynamic effect of the fluid being of minor importance, and vice versa; "non-positive displacement" means the way the energy of a working fluid is transformed into mechanical energy, by transformation of the energy of the working fluid into kinetic energy, and vice versa; "oscillating-piston machine" means a positive-displacement machine in which a fluid-engaging work-transmitting member oscillates. This definition applies also to engines and pumps; "rotary-piston machine" means a positive-displacement machine in which a fluid-engaging work-transmitting member rotates about a fixed axis or about an axis moving along a circular or similar orbit. This definition applies also to engines and pumps; "rotary piston" means the work-transmitting member of a rotary-piston machine and may be of any suitable form, e.g., like a toothed gear; "cooperating members" means the "oscillating piston" or "rotary piston" and another member, e.g., the working-chamber wall, which assists in the driving or pumping action; "movement of the co-operating members" is to be interpreted as relative, so that one of the "co-operating members" may be stationary, even though reference may be made to its rotational axis, or both may move; "teeth or tooth equivalents" include lobes, projections or abutments; "internal-axis type" means that the rotational axes of the inner and outer co-operating members remain at all times within the outer member, e.g., in a similar manner to that of a pinion meshing with the internal teeth of a ring gear; "free piston" means a piston of which the length of stroke is not defined by any member driven thereby; "cylinders" means positive-displacement working chambers in general. Thus, this term is not restricted to cylinders of circular cross-section; "main shaft" means the shaft which converts reciprocating piston motion into rotary motion or vice versa; "plant" means an engine together with such additional apparatus as is necessary to run the engine. For example, a steam engine plant includes a steam engine and means for generating the steam; "working fluid" means the driven fluid in a pump and the driving fluid in an engine. The working fluid may be in a gaseous state, i.e., compressible, or liquid. In the former case coexistence of two states is possible; "steam" includes condensable vapours in general, and "special vapour" is used when steam is excluded; "reaction type" as applied to non-positive-displacement machines or engines means machines or engines in which pressure/velocity transformation takes place wholly or partly in the rotor. Machines or engines with no, or only slight, pressure/velocity transformation in the rotor are called "impulse type". In this subsection: cyclically operating valves, lubricating, gas-flow silencers or exhaust apparatus, or cooling are classified in subclasses Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F01L, Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F01M, Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F01N, Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F01P irrespective of their stated application, unless their classifying features are peculiar to their application, in which case they are classified only in the relevant subclass of classes Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F01-F04; lubricating, gas-flow silencers or exhaust apparatus, or cooling of machines or engines are classified in subclasses Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F01M, Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F01N, Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F01P except for those peculiar to steam engines which are classified in subclass Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F01B. For use of this subsection with a good understanding, it is essential to remember, so far as subclasses Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F01B, Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F01C, Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F01D, Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F03B, and Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F04B, Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F04C, Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F04D, which form its skeleton, are concerned: the principle which resides in their elaboration, the classifying characteristics which they call for, and their complementarity. Principle This concerns essentially the subclasses listed above. Other subclasses, notably those of class Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F02, which cover better-defined matter, are not considered here. Each subclass covers fundamentally a genus of apparatus (engine or pump) and by extension covers equally "machines" of the same kind. Two different subjects, one having a more general character than the other, are thus covered by the same subclass. Subclasses Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F01B, Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F03B, Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F04B, beyond the two subjects which they cover, have further a character of generality in relation to other subclasses concerning the different species of apparatus in the genus concerned. This generality applies as well for the two subjects dealt with, without these always being in relation to the same subclasses. Thus, subclass Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F03B, in its part dealing with "machines", should be considered as being the general class relating to subclasses Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F04B, Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F04C, and in its part dealing with "engines" as being general in relation to subclass Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F03C. Characteristics The principal classifying characteristic of the subclass is that of genera of apparatus, of which there are three possible: Machines; engines; pumps. As stated above, "machines" are always associated with one of the other two genera. These main genera are subdivided according to the general principles of operation of the apparatus: Positive displacement; non-positive displacement. The positive displacement apparatus are further subdivided according to the ways of putting into effect the principle of operation, that is, to the kind of apparatus: Simple reciprocating piston; rotary or oscillating piston; other kind. Another classifying characteristic is that of the working fluid, in respect of which three kinds of apparatus are possible, namely: Liquid and elastic fluid; elastic fluid; liquid. Complementarity This resides in association of pairs of the subclasses listed above, according to the characteristics under consideration in respect of kind of apparatus or working fluid. The subclasses concerned with the various principles, characteristics and complementarity are shown in the subsection index below. It is seen from this index that: For the same kind of apparatus in a given genus, the characteristics of "working fluid" associates: Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F01B and Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F04B to Machines Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F01C and Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F04C to Machines Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F01D and Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F03B to Machines Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F01B and Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F03C to Engines Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F01C and Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F03C to Engines Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F01D and Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F03B to Engines For the same kind of working fluid, the "apparatus" characteristic relates subclasses in the same way as considerations of relative generality.

|  | F01 - F04 |
Subsection index
MACHINES |
positive displacement |
rotary or oscillating piston |
liquid and elastic fluid or elastic fluid | F01C
liquid only | F04C
reciprocating piston or other |
liquid and elastic fluid or elastic fluid | F01B
liquid only | F04B
non-positive displacement |
liquid and elastic fluid or elastic fluid | F01D
liquid only | F03B
ENGINES |
positive displacement |
rotary or oscillating piston |
liquid and elastic fluid or elastic fluid | F01C
liquid only | F03C
reciprocating piston or other |
liquid and elastic fluid or elastic fluid | F01B
liquid only | F03C
non-positive displacement |
liquid and elastic fluid or elastic fluid | F01D
liquid only | F03B
PUMPS |
positive displacement |
rotary or oscillating piston | F04C
reciprocating piston or other | F04B
non-positive displacement | F04D

|  | F01 |
MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL (combustion engines Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F02; machines for liquids Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F03, Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F04); ENGINE PLANTS IN GENERAL; STEAM ENGINES

|  | F01K |
STEAM ENGINE PLANTS; STEAM ACCUMULATORS; ENGINE PLANTS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; ENGINES USING SPECIAL WORKING FLUIDS OR CYCLES (gas-turbine or jet-propulsion plants Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F02; steam generation Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F22; nuclear power plants, engine arrangements therein Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...G21D)

|  | F01K |
Note(s) Attention is drawn to the Notes preceding class Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F01, especially as regards the definitions of "steam" and "special vapour".

|  | F01K |
Subclass index
STEAM ENGINE PLANTS |
Characterised by the use of |
accumulators or heaters; storing means in alkali; specific types of engines | 3/00; 5/00; 7/00
special steam systems, cycles, or processes | 7/00
Characterised by the disposition of |
condenser; structural combination of engine and boiler or condenser | 9/00; 11/00
Not otherwise provided for | 21/00
General layout or operation; adaptations for special use | 13/00; 15/00
Utilisation of steam |
for feed-water heating; in the regeneration or other treating; for other purposes | 7/34; 19/00; 17/00
ENGINE PLANTS NOT RESTRICTED TO STEAM UTILISATION |
With several engines driven by different fluids | 23/00
Not otherwise provided for, other types with special working fluids or working with enclosed cycles | 25/00, 27/00
STEAM ACCUMULATORS | 1/00
SPECIAL TYPES OF ENGINES |
Steam engines | 7/00
Other than steam | 25/00

P:130 |  | F01K 1/00 |
Steam accumulators (use of accumulators in steam engine plants Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F01K 3/00)

|  | F01K 1/02 |
· | for storing steam otherwise than in a liquid

|  | F01K 1/04 |
· | for storing steam in a liquid, e.g. Ruth type (in alkali to increase steam pressure Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F22B 1/20)

|  | F01K 1/06 |
· · | Internal fittings facilitating steam distribution, steam formation, or circulation (acting during charging or discharging Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F01K 1/08; fittings facilitating circulation through multiple accumulators Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F01K 1/14)

|  | F01K 1/08 |
· | Charging or discharging of accumulators with steam (peculiar to multiple accumulators Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F01K 1/12)

|  | F01K 1/10 |
· | specially adapted for superheated steam

|  | F01K 1/12 |
· | Multiple accumulators; Charging, discharging, or regulating peculiar thereto

|  | F01K 1/14 |
· · | Circulation

|  | F01K 1/16 |
· | Other safety or regulating means

|  | F01K 1/18 |
· · | for steam pressure

|  | F01K 1/20 |
· | Other steam-accumulator parts, details, or accessories

|  | F01K 3/00 - F01K 21/00 |
Steam engine plants

P:60 |  | F01K 3/00 |
Plants characterised by the use of steam or heat accumulators, or intermediate steam heaters, therein (regenerating exhaust steam Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F01K 19/00)

|  | F01K 3/02 |
· | Use of accumulators and specific engine types; Regulating thereof

|  | F01K 3/04 |
· · | the engine being of multiple-inlet-pressure type

|  | F01K 3/06 |
· · | the engine being of extraction or non-condensing type

|  | F01K 3/08 |
· | Use of accumulators, the plant being specially adapted for a specific use

|  | F01K 3/10 |
· · | for vehicle drive, e.g. for accumulator locomotives

|  | F01K 3/12 |
· | having two or more accumulators

|  | F01K 3/14 |
· | having both steam accumulator and heater, e.g. superheating accumulator (steam superheaters per se Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F22G)

|  | F01K 3/16 |
· · | Mutual arrangement of accumulator and heater

|  | F01K 3/18 |
· | having heaters (having both steam accumulator and heater Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F01K 3/14; steam heaters per se Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F22)

|  | F01K 3/20 |
· · | with heating by combustion gases of main boiler

|  | F01K 3/22 |
· · · | Controlling, e.g. starting, stopping

|  | F01K 3/24 |
· · | with heating by separately-fired heaters

|  | F01K 3/26 |
· · | with heating by steam

P:20 |  | F01K 5/00 |
Plants characterised by use of means for storing steam in an alkali to increase steam pressure, e.g. of Honigmann or Koenemann type

|  | F01K 5/02 |
· | used in regenerative installation

P:80 |  | F01K 7/00 |
Plants characterised by the use of specific types of engine (Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F01K 3/02 takes precedence); Plants or engines characterised by their use of special steam systems, cycles, or processes (reciprocating-piston engines using uniflow principle Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F01B 17/04); Regulating means peculiar to such systems, cycles, or processes; Use of withdrawn or exhaust steam for feed-water heating

|  | F01K 7/02 |
· | the engines being of multiple-expansion type (the engines being only of turbine type Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F01K 7/16; the engines using steam of critical or over-critical pressure Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F01K 7/32; the engines being of extraction or non-condensing type Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F01K 7/34)

|  | F01K 7/04 |
· · | Regulating means peculiar thereto

|  | F01K 7/06 |
· | the engines being of multiple-inlet-pressure type (Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F01K 7/02 takes precedence; the engines being only of turbine type Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F01K 7/16; the engines using steam of critical or over-critical pressure Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F01K 7/32; the engines being of extraction or non-condensing type Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F01K 7/34)

|  | F01K 7/08 |
· · | Regulating means peculiar thereto

|  | F01K 7/10 |
· | characterised by the engine exhaust pressure (the engines being only of turbine type Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F01K 7/16; the engines using steam of critical or over-critical pressure Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F01K 7/32; the engines being of extraction or non-condensing type Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F01K 7/34)

|  | F01K 7/12 |
· · | of condensing type

|  | F01K 7/14 |
· · · | Regulating means peculiar thereto

|  | F01K 7/16 |
· | the engines being only of turbine type (the engines using steam of critical or over-critical pressure Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F01K 7/32; the engines being of extraction or non-condensing type Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F01K 7/34)

|  | F01K 7/18 |
· · | the turbine being of multiple-inlet-pressure type

|  | F01K 7/20 |
· · · | Regulating means peculiar thereto

|  | F01K 7/22 |
· · | the turbines having inter-stage steam heating

|  | F01K 7/24 |
· · · | Regulating or safety means peculiar thereto

|  | F01K 7/26 |
· · | the turbines having inter-stage steam accumulation

|  | F01K 7/28 |
· · · | Regulating means peculiar thereto

|  | F01K 7/30 |
· · | the turbines using exhaust steam only

|  | F01K 7/32 |
· | the engines using steam of critical or over-critical pressure

|  | F01K 7/34 |
· | the engines being of extraction or non-condensing type; Use of steam for feed-water heating (feed-water heaters in general Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F22D)

|  | F01K 7/36 |
· · | the engines being of positive-displacement type

|  | F01K 7/38 |
· · | the engines being of turbine type

|  | F01K 7/40 |
· · | Use of two or more feed-water heaters in series

|  | F01K 7/42 |
· · | Use of desuperheaters for feed-water heating

|  | F01K 7/44 |
· · | Use of steam for feed-water heating and another purpose

P:70 |  | F01K 9/00 |
Plants characterised by condensers arranged or modified to co-operate with the engines (by condensers structurally combined with engines Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F01K 11/00; steam condensers per se Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F28B)

|  | F01K 9/02 |
· | Arrangements or modifications of condensate or air pumps

|  | F01K 9/04 |
· | with dump valves to by-pass stages

P:50 |  | F01K 11/00 |
Plants characterised by the engines being structurally combined with boilers or condensers

|  | F01K 11/02 |
· | the engines being turbines

|  | F01K 11/04 |
· | the boilers or condensers being rotated in use

P:0 |  | F01K 13/00 |
General layout or general methods of operation, of complete plants

|  | F01K 13/02 |
· | Regulating, e.g. stopping or starting

P:10 |  | F01K 15/00 |
Adaptations of plants for special use

|  | F01K 15/02 |
· | for driving vehicles, e.g. locomotives (arrangements in vehicles, see the relevant vehicle classes)

|  | F01K 15/04 |
· · | the vehicles being waterborne vessels

P:30 |  | F01K 17/00 |
Use of steam or condensate extracted or exhausted from steam engine plant (for heating feed-water Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F01K 7/34; returning condensate to boiler Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F22D)

|  | F01K 17/02 |
· | for heating purposes, e.g. industrial, domestic (Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F01K 17/06 takes precedence; domestic- or space-heating systems, e.g. central-heating systems, in general Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F24D 1/00, Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F24D 3/00, Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F24D 9/00) [3]

|  | F01K 17/04 |
· | for specific purposes other than heating (Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F01K 17/06 takes precedence)

|  | F01K 17/06 |
· | Returning energy of steam, in exchanged form, to process, e.g. use of exhaust steam for drying solid fuel of plant

P:40 |  | F01K 19/00 |
Regenerating or otherwise treating steam exhaust from steam engine plant (plants characterised by use of means for storing steam in an alkali to increase steam pressure Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F01K 5/00; returning condensate to boiler Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F22D)

|  | F01K 19/02 |
· | Regenerating by compression

|  | F01K 19/04 |
· · | in combination with cooling or heating

|  | F01K 19/06 |
· · | in engine cylinder

|  | F01K 19/08 |
· · | compression done by injection apparatus, jet blower, or the like

|  | F01K 19/10 |
· | Cooling exhaust steam other than by condenser; Rendering exhaust steam invisible

P:90 |  | F01K 21/00 |
Steam engine plants not otherwise provided for

|  | F01K 21/02 |
· | with steam generation in engine cylinders

|  | F01K 21/04 |
· | using mixtures of steam and gas; Plants generating or heating steam by bringing water or steam into direct contact with hot gas (direct-contact steam generators in general Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F22B)

|  | F01K 21/06 |
· | Treating live steam, other than thermodynamically, e.g. for fighting deposits in engine

P:100 |  | F01K 23/00 |
Plants characterised by more than one engine delivering power external to the plant, the engines being driven by different fluids

|  | F01K 23/02 |
· | the engine cycles being thermally coupled

|  | F01K 23/04 |
· · | condensation heat from one cycle heating the fluid in another cycle

|  | F01K 23/06 |
· · | combustion heat from one cycle heating the fluid in another cycle

|  | F01K 23/08 |
· · · | with working fluid of one cycle heating the fluid in another cycle

|  | F01K 23/10 |
· · · | with exhaust fluid of one cycle heating the fluid in another cycle

|  | F01K 23/12 |
· | the engines being mechanically coupled (Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F01K 23/02 takes precedence)

|  | F01K 23/14 |
· · | including at least one combustion engine

|  | F01K 23/16 |
· · | all the engines being turbines (Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F01K 23/14 takes precedence)

|  | F01K 23/18 |
· | characterised by adaptation for specific use

P:110 |  | F01K 25/00 |
Plants or engines characterised by use of special working fluids, not otherwise provided for; Plants operating in closed cycles and not otherwise provided for

|  | F01K 25/02 |
· | the fluid remaining in the liquid phase

|  | F01K 25/04 |
· | the fluid being in different phases, e.g. foamed

|  | F01K 25/06 |
· | using mixtures of different fluids (plants using mixtures of steam and gas Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F01K 21/04)

|  | F01K 25/08 |
· | using special vapours

|  | F01K 25/10 |
· · | the vapours being cold, e.g. ammonia, carbon dioxide, ether

|  | F01K 25/12 |
· · | the vapours being metallic, e.g. mercury

|  | F01K 25/14 |
· · | using industrial or other waste gases

P:120 |  | F01K 27/00 |
Plants for converting heat or fluid energy into mechanical energy, not otherwise provided for

|  | F01K 27/02 |
· | Plants modified to use their waste heat, other than that of exhaust, e.g. engine-friction heat