|  | F |
SECTION F — MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING

ENGINES OR PUMPS

|  | F01 - F04 |
Note(s) Guide to the use of this subsection (classes Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F01-F04) The following notes are meant to assist in the use of this part of the classification scheme. In this subsection, subclasses or groups designating "engines" or "pumps" cover methods of operating the same, unless otherwise specifically provided for. In this subsection, the following terms or expressions are used with the meanings indicated: "engine" means a device for continuously converting fluid energy into mechanical power. Thus, this term includes, for example, steam piston engines or steam turbines, per se, or internal-combustion piston engines, but it excludes single-stroke devices. "Engine" also includes the fluid-motive portion of a meter unless such portion is particularly adapted for use in a meter; "pump" means a device for continuously raising, forcing, compressing, or exhausting fluid by mechanical or other means. Thus, this term includes fans or blowers; "machine" means a device which could equally be an engine and a pump, and not a device which is restricted to an engine or one which is restricted to a pump; "positive displacement" means the way the energy of a working fluid is transformed into mechanical energy, in which variations of volume created by the working fluid in a working chamber produce equivalent displacements of the mechanical member transmitting the energy, the dynamic effect of the fluid being of minor importance, and vice versa; "non-positive displacement" means the way the energy of a working fluid is transformed into mechanical energy, by transformation of the energy of the working fluid into kinetic energy, and vice versa; "oscillating-piston machine" means a positive-displacement machine in which a fluid-engaging work-transmitting member oscillates. This definition applies also to engines and pumps; "rotary-piston machine" means a positive-displacement machine in which a fluid-engaging work-transmitting member rotates about a fixed axis or about an axis moving along a circular or similar orbit. This definition applies also to engines and pumps; "rotary piston" means the work-transmitting member of a rotary-piston machine and may be of any suitable form, e.g., like a toothed gear; "cooperating members" means the "oscillating piston" or "rotary piston" and another member, e.g., the working-chamber wall, which assists in the driving or pumping action; "movement of the co-operating members" is to be interpreted as relative, so that one of the "co-operating members" may be stationary, even though reference may be made to its rotational axis, or both may move; "teeth or tooth equivalents" include lobes, projections or abutments; "internal-axis type" means that the rotational axes of the inner and outer co-operating members remain at all times within the outer member, e.g., in a similar manner to that of a pinion meshing with the internal teeth of a ring gear; "free piston" means a piston of which the length of stroke is not defined by any member driven thereby; "cylinders" means positive-displacement working chambers in general. Thus, this term is not restricted to cylinders of circular cross-section; "main shaft" means the shaft which converts reciprocating piston motion into rotary motion or vice versa; "plant" means an engine together with such additional apparatus as is necessary to run the engine. For example, a steam engine plant includes a steam engine and means for generating the steam; "working fluid" means the driven fluid in a pump and the driving fluid in an engine. The working fluid may be in a gaseous state, i.e., compressible, or liquid. In the former case coexistence of two states is possible; "steam" includes condensable vapours in general, and "special vapour" is used when steam is excluded; "reaction type" as applied to non-positive-displacement machines or engines means machines or engines in which pressure/velocity transformation takes place wholly or partly in the rotor. Machines or engines with no, or only slight, pressure/velocity transformation in the rotor are called "impulse type". In this subsection: cyclically operating valves, lubricating, gas-flow silencers or exhaust apparatus, or cooling are classified in subclasses Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F01L, Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F01M, Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F01N, Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F01P irrespective of their stated application, unless their classifying features are peculiar to their application, in which case they are classified only in the relevant subclass of classes Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F01-F04; lubricating, gas-flow silencers or exhaust apparatus, or cooling of machines or engines are classified in subclasses Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F01M, Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F01N, Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F01P except for those peculiar to steam engines which are classified in subclass Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F01B. For use of this subsection with a good understanding, it is essential to remember, so far as subclasses Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F01B, Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F01C, Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F01D, Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F03B, and Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F04B, Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F04C, Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F04D, which form its skeleton, are concerned: the principle which resides in their elaboration, the classifying characteristics which they call for, and their complementarity. Principle This concerns essentially the subclasses listed above. Other subclasses, notably those of class Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F02, which cover better-defined matter, are not considered here. Each subclass covers fundamentally a genus of apparatus (engine or pump) and by extension covers equally "machines" of the same kind. Two different subjects, one having a more general character than the other, are thus covered by the same subclass. Subclasses Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F01B, Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F03B, Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F04B, beyond the two subjects which they cover, have further a character of generality in relation to other subclasses concerning the different species of apparatus in the genus concerned. This generality applies as well for the two subjects dealt with, without these always being in relation to the same subclasses. Thus, subclass Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F03B, in its part dealing with "machines", should be considered as being the general class relating to subclasses Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F04B, Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F04C, and in its part dealing with "engines" as being general in relation to subclass Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F03C. Characteristics The principal classifying characteristic of the subclass is that of genera of apparatus, of which there are three possible: Machines; engines; pumps. As stated above, "machines" are always associated with one of the other two genera. These main genera are subdivided according to the general principles of operation of the apparatus: Positive displacement; non-positive displacement. The positive displacement apparatus are further subdivided according to the ways of putting into effect the principle of operation, that is, to the kind of apparatus: Simple reciprocating piston; rotary or oscillating piston; other kind. Another classifying characteristic is that of the working fluid, in respect of which three kinds of apparatus are possible, namely: Liquid and elastic fluid; elastic fluid; liquid. Complementarity This resides in association of pairs of the subclasses listed above, according to the characteristics under consideration in respect of kind of apparatus or working fluid. The subclasses concerned with the various principles, characteristics and complementarity are shown in the subsection index below. It is seen from this index that: For the same kind of apparatus in a given genus, the characteristics of "working fluid" associates: Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F01B and Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F04B to Machines Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F01C and Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F04C to Machines Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F01D and Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F03B to Machines Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F01B and Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F03C to Engines Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F01C and Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F03C to Engines Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F01D and Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F03B to Engines For the same kind of working fluid, the "apparatus" characteristic relates subclasses in the same way as considerations of relative generality.

|  | F01 - F04 |
Subsection index
MACHINES |
positive displacement |
rotary or oscillating piston |
liquid and elastic fluid or elastic fluid | F01C
liquid only | F04C
reciprocating piston or other |
liquid and elastic fluid or elastic fluid | F01B
liquid only | F04B
non-positive displacement |
liquid and elastic fluid or elastic fluid | F01D
liquid only | F03B
ENGINES |
positive displacement |
rotary or oscillating piston |
liquid and elastic fluid or elastic fluid | F01C
liquid only | F03C
reciprocating piston or other |
liquid and elastic fluid or elastic fluid | F01B
liquid only | F03C
non-positive displacement |
liquid and elastic fluid or elastic fluid | F01D
liquid only | F03B
PUMPS |
positive displacement |
rotary or oscillating piston | F04C
reciprocating piston or other | F04B
non-positive displacement | F04D

|  | F02 |
COMBUSTION ENGINES (cyclically operating valves therefor, lubricating, exhausting, or silencing engines Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F01); HOT-GAS OR COMBUSTION-PRODUCT ENGINE PLANTS

|  | F02K |
JET-PROPULSION PLANTS (arrangement or mounting of jet-propulsion plants in land vehicles or vehicles in general Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...B60K; arrangement or mounting of jet-propulsion plants in waterborne vessels Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...B63H; controlling aircraft attitude, flight direction, or altitude by jet reaction Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...B64C; arrangement or mounting of jet-propulsion plants in aircraft Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...B64D; plants characterised by the power of the working fluid being divided between jet propulsion and another form of propulsion, e.g. propeller, Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F02B, Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F02C; features of jet-propulsion plants common to gas-turbine plants, air intakes or fuel supply control of air-breathing jet-propulsion plants Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F02C)

|  | F02K |
Note(s) In this subclass, the following expression is used with the meaning indicated: "jet-propulsion plants" means plants using combustion to produce a fluid stream from which a propulsive thrust on the plants is obtained on the reaction principle. Attention is drawn to the Notes preceding class Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F01.

|  | F02K |
Subclass index
PLANTS CHARACTERISED BY JET PIPE OR NOZZLE | 1/00, 9/80
PLANTS WITH COMPRESSOR OR FAN | 3/00, 5/00
PLANTS WITHOUT COMPRESSOR OR FAN | 7/00
ROCKET-ENGINE PLANTS | 9/00
CONTROL | 1/15, 1/76, 7/00, 9/00
OTHER PLANTS | 11/00

P:40 |  | F02K 1/00 |
Plants characterised by the form or arrangement of the jet pipe or nozzle; Jet pipes or nozzles peculiar thereto (rocket nozzles Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F02K 9/97)

|  | F02K 1/04 |
· | Mounting of an exhaust cone in the jet pipe

|  | F02K 1/06 |
· | Varying effective area of jet pipe or nozzle (Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F02K 1/30 takes precedence) [3]

|  | F02K 1/08 |
· · | by axially moving or transversely deforming an internal member, e.g. the exhaust cone

|  | F02K 1/09 |
· · | by axially moving an external member, e.g. a shroud (Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F02K 1/12 takes precedence) [3]

|  | F02K 1/10 |
· · | by distorting the jet pipe or nozzle

|  | F02K 1/11 |
· · | by means of pivoted eyelids [3]

|  | F02K 1/12 |
· · | by means of pivoted flaps

|  | F02K 1/15 |
· · | Control or regulation [3]

|  | F02K 1/16 |
· · · | conjointly with another control [3]

|  | F02K 1/17 |
· · · · | with control of fuel supply [3]

|  | F02K 1/18 |
· · · | automatic [3]

|  | F02K 1/28 |
· | using fluid jets to influence the jet flow [3]

|  | F02K 1/30 |
· · | for varying effective area of jet pipe or nozzle [3]

|  | F02K 1/32 |
· · | for reversing thrust [3]

|  | F02K 1/34 |
· · | for attenuating noise [3]

|  | F02K 1/36 |
· | having an ejector [3]

|  | F02K 1/38 |
· | Introducing air inside the jet (Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F02K 1/28 takes precedence) [3]

|  | F02K 1/40 |
· | Nozzles having means for dividing the jet into a plurality of partial jets or having an elongated cross-section outlet [3]

|  | F02K 1/42 |
· · | the means being movable into an inoperative position [3]

|  | F02K 1/44 |
· | Nozzles having means, e.g. a shield, reducing sound radiation in a specified direction (Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F02K 1/40 takes precedence) [3]

|  | F02K 1/46 |
· | Nozzles having means for adding air to the jet or for augmenting the mixing region between the jet and the ambient air, e.g. for silencing (Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F02K 1/28, Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F02K 1/36, Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F02K 1/38 take precedence) [3]

|  | F02K 1/48 |
· · | Corrugated nozzles [3]

|  | F02K 1/50 |
· · | Deflecting outwardly a portion of the jet by retractable scoop-like baffles [3]

|  | F02K 1/52 |
· | Nozzles specially constructed for positioning adjacent to another nozzle or to a fixed member, e.g. fairing [3]

|  | F02K 1/54 |
· | Nozzles having means for reversing jet thrust (Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F02K 1/32 takes precedence) [3]

|  | F02K 1/56 |
· · | Reversing jet main flow [3]

|  | F02K 1/58 |
· · · | Reversers mounted on the inner cone or the nozzle housing [3]

|  | F02K 1/60 |
· · · | by blocking the rearward discharge by means of pivoted eyelids or clamshells, e.g. target-type reversers [3]

|  | F02K 1/62 |
· · · | by blocking the rearward discharge by means of flaps [3]

|  | F02K 1/64 |
· · | Reversing fan flow [3]

|  | F02K 1/66 |
· · · | using reversing fan blades [3]

|  | F02K 1/68 |
· · · | Reversers mounted on the engine housing downstream of the fan exhaust section [3]

|  | F02K 1/70 |
· · · | using thrust reverser flaps or doors mounted on the fan housing [3]

|  | F02K 1/72 |
· · · · | the aft end of the fan housing being movable to uncover openings in the fan housing for the reversed flow [3]

|  | F02K 1/74 |
· · | Reversing at least one flow in relation to at least one other flow in a plural-flow engine [3]

|  | F02K 1/76 |
· · | Control or regulation of thrust reversers [3]

|  | F02K 1/78 |
· | Other construction of jet pipes [3]

|  | F02K 1/80 |
· · | Couplings or connections [3]

|  | F02K 1/82 |
· · | Jet pipe walls, e.g. liners [3]

P:20 |  | F02K 3/00 |
Plants including a gas turbine driving a compressor or a ducted fan

|  | F02K 3/02 |
· | in which part of the working fluid by-passes the turbine and combustion chamber

|  | F02K 3/04 |
· · | the plant including ducted fans, i.e. fans with high volume, low-pressure outputs, for augmenting jet thrust, e.g. of double-flow type

|  | F02K 3/06 |
· · · | with front fan

|  | F02K 3/062 |
· · · | with aft fan [3]

|  | F02K 3/065 |
· · · | with front and aft fans [3]

|  | F02K 3/068 |
· · · | being characterised by a short axial length relative to diameter [3]

|  | F02K 3/072 |
· · · | with counter-rotating rotors [3]

|  | F02K 3/075 |
· · · | controlling flow ratio between flows [3]

|  | F02K 3/077 |
· · · | the plant being of the multiple flow type, i.e. having three or more flows [3]

|  | F02K 3/08 |
· | with supplementary heating of the working fluid (after-burners, combustion chambers Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F23R); Control thereof (control of fuel supply therefor Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F02C 9/26) [3]

|  | F02K 3/10 |
· · | by after-burners (Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F02K 3/105 takes precedence) [3]

|  | F02K 3/105 |
· · | Heating the by-pass flow [3]

|  | F02K 3/11 |
· · · | by means of burners or combustion chambers [3]

|  | F02K 3/115 |
· · · | by means of indirect heat exchange [3]

|  | F02K 3/12 |
· | characterised by having more than one gas turbine

P:30 |  | F02K 5/00 |
Plants including an engine, other than a gas turbine, driving a compressor or a ducted fan

|  | F02K 5/02 |
· | the engine being of the reciprocating-piston type

P:10 |  | F02K 7/00 |
Plants in which the working-fluid is used in a jet only, i.e. the plants not having a turbine or other engine driving a compressor or a ducted fan; Control thereof (rocket-engine plants Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F02K 9/00)

|  | F02K 7/02 |
· | the jet being intermittent, i.e. pulse jet

|  | F02K 7/04 |
· · | with resonant combustion chambers

|  | F02K 7/06 |
· · | with combustion chambers having valves

|  | F02K 7/067 |
· · · | having aerodynamic valves [3]

|  | F02K 7/075 |
· · | with multiple pulse-jet engines [3]

|  | F02K 7/08 |
· | the jet being continuous

|  | F02K 7/10 |
· | characterised by having ram-action compression, i.e. aero-thermo-dynamic-ducts or ram-jet engines

|  | F02K 7/12 |
· · | Injection-induction jet engines [3]

|  | F02K 7/14 |
· · | with external combustion, e.g. scram-jet engines [3]

|  | F02K 7/16 |
· · | Composite ram-jet/turbo-jet engines [3]

|  | F02K 7/18 |
· · | Composite ram-jet/rocket engines [3]

|  | F02K 7/20 |
· · | Composite ram-jet/pulse-jet engines [3]

P:0 |  | F02K 9/00 |
Rocket-engine plants, i.e. plants carrying both fuel and oxidant therefor; Control thereof (chemical composition of propellants Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...C06B, Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...C06D) [3]

|  | F02K 9/08 |
· | using solid propellants (Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F02K 9/72 takes precedence; using semi-solid or pulverulent propellants Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F02K 9/70) [3]

|  | F02K 9/10 |
· · | Shape or structure of solid propellant charges [3]

|  | F02K 9/12 |
· · · | made of two or more portions burning at different rates [3]

|  | F02K 9/14 |
· · · | made from sheet-like materials, e.g. of carpet-roll type, of layered structure [3]

|  | F02K 9/16 |
· · · | of honeycomb structure [3]

|  | F02K 9/18 |
· · · | of the internal-burning type having a star or like shaped internal cavity [3]

|  | F02K 9/20 |
· · · | of the external-burning type [3]

|  | F02K 9/22 |
· · · | of the front-burning type [3]

|  | F02K 9/24 |
· · | Charging rocket engines with solid propellants; Methods or apparatus specially adapted for working solid propellant charges [3]

|  | F02K 9/26 |
· · | Burning control [3]

|  | F02K 9/28 |
· · | having two or more propellant charges with the propulsion gases exhausting through a common nozzle [3]

|  | F02K 9/30 |
· · | with the propulsion gases exhausting through a plurality of nozzles [3]

|  | F02K 9/32 |
· · | Constructional parts; Details (shape or structure of solid propellant charges Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F02K 9/10; starting or ignition means or arrangements Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F02K 9/95; rocket nozzles Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F02K 9/97) [3]

|  | F02K 9/34 |
· · · | Casings; Combustion chambers; Liners thereof [3]

|  | F02K 9/36 |
· · · | Propellant charge supports [3]

|  | F02K 9/38 |
· · · | Safety devices, e.g. to prevent accidental ignition [3]

|  | F02K 9/40 |
· · · | Cooling arrangements [3]

|  | F02K 9/42 |
· | using liquid or gaseous propellants (Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F02K 9/72 takes precedence) [3]

|  | F02K 9/44 |
· · | Feeding propellants [3]

|  | F02K 9/46 |
· · · | using pumps (pumps per se Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F04) [3]

|  | F02K 9/48 |
· · · · | driven by a gas turbine fed by propellant combustion gases [3]

|  | F02K 9/50 |
· · · | using pressurised fluid to pressurize the propellants [3]

|  | F02K 9/52 |
· · · | Injectors (in general Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...B05B) [3]

|  | F02K 9/54 |
· · · | Leakage detectors; Purging systems; Filtration systems (filters per se Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...B01D) [3]

|  | F02K 9/56 |
· · · | Control [3]

|  | F02K 9/58 |
· · · · | Propellant feed valves (valves in general Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F16K) [3]

|  | F02K 9/60 |
· · | Constructional parts; Details (starting or ignition means or arrangements Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F02K 9/95; rocket nozzles Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F02K 9/97) [3]

|  | F02K 9/62 |
· · · | Combustion or thrust chambers [3]

|  | F02K 9/64 |
· · · · | having cooling arrangements [3]

|  | F02K 9/66 |
· · · · | of the rotary type [3]

|  | F02K 9/68 |
· · · | Decomposition chambers [3]

|  | F02K 9/70 |
· | using semi-solid or pulverulent propellants [3]

|  | F02K 9/72 |
· | using liquid and solid propellants, i.e. hybrid rocket-engine plants [3]

|  | F02K 9/74 |
· | combined with another jet-propulsion plant [3]

|  | F02K 9/76 |
· · | with another rocket-engine plant; Multistage rocket-engine plants [3]

|  | F02K 9/78 |
· · | with an air-breathing jet-propulsion plant (with a ram-jet engine Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F02K 7/18) [3]

|  | F02K 9/80 |
· | characterised by thrust or thrust vector control (Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F02K 9/26, Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F02K 9/56, Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F02K 9/94 take precedence) [3]

|  | F02K 9/82 |
· · | by injection of a secondary fluid into the rocket exhaust gases [3]

|  | F02K 9/84 |
· · | using movable nozzles [3]

|  | F02K 9/86 |
· · | using nozzle throats of adjustable cross-section [3]

|  | F02K 9/88 |
· · | using auxiliary rocket nozzles [3]

|  | F02K 9/90 |
· · | using deflectors (Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F02K 9/82 takes precedence) [3]

|  | F02K 9/92 |
· · | incorporating means for reversing or terminating thrust [3]

|  | F02K 9/94 |
· | Re-ignitable or restartable rocket-engine plants; Intermittently operated rocket-engine plants [3]

|  | F02K 9/95 |
· | characterised by starting or ignition means or arrangements (safety devices Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F02K 9/38) [3]

|  | F02K 9/96 |
· | characterised by specially adapted arrangements for testing or measuring [3]

|  | F02K 9/97 |
· | Rocket nozzles (thrust or thrust vector control Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F02K 9/80) [3]

P:50 |  | F02K 11/00 |
Plants not provided for in the other groups of this subclass [3]