|  | F |
SECTION F — MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING

ENGINES OR PUMPS

|  | F01 - F04 |
Note(s) Guide to the use of this subsection (classes Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F01-F04) The following notes are meant to assist in the use of this part of the classification scheme. In this subsection, subclasses or groups designating "engines" or "pumps" cover methods of operating the same, unless otherwise specifically provided for. In this subsection, the following terms or expressions are used with the meanings indicated: "engine" means a device for continuously converting fluid energy into mechanical power. Thus, this term includes, for example, steam piston engines or steam turbines, per se, or internal-combustion piston engines, but it excludes single-stroke devices. "Engine" also includes the fluid-motive portion of a meter unless such portion is particularly adapted for use in a meter; "pump" means a device for continuously raising, forcing, compressing, or exhausting fluid by mechanical or other means. Thus, this term includes fans or blowers; "machine" means a device which could equally be an engine and a pump, and not a device which is restricted to an engine or one which is restricted to a pump; "positive displacement" means the way the energy of a working fluid is transformed into mechanical energy, in which variations of volume created by the working fluid in a working chamber produce equivalent displacements of the mechanical member transmitting the energy, the dynamic effect of the fluid being of minor importance, and vice versa; "non-positive displacement" means the way the energy of a working fluid is transformed into mechanical energy, by transformation of the energy of the working fluid into kinetic energy, and vice versa; "oscillating-piston machine" means a positive-displacement machine in which a fluid-engaging work-transmitting member oscillates. This definition applies also to engines and pumps; "rotary-piston machine" means a positive-displacement machine in which a fluid-engaging work-transmitting member rotates about a fixed axis or about an axis moving along a circular or similar orbit. This definition applies also to engines and pumps; "rotary piston" means the work-transmitting member of a rotary-piston machine and may be of any suitable form, e.g., like a toothed gear; "cooperating members" means the "oscillating piston" or "rotary piston" and another member, e.g., the working-chamber wall, which assists in the driving or pumping action; "movement of the co-operating members" is to be interpreted as relative, so that one of the "co-operating members" may be stationary, even though reference may be made to its rotational axis, or both may move; "teeth or tooth equivalents" include lobes, projections or abutments; "internal-axis type" means that the rotational axes of the inner and outer co-operating members remain at all times within the outer member, e.g., in a similar manner to that of a pinion meshing with the internal teeth of a ring gear; "free piston" means a piston of which the length of stroke is not defined by any member driven thereby; "cylinders" means positive-displacement working chambers in general. Thus, this term is not restricted to cylinders of circular cross-section; "main shaft" means the shaft which converts reciprocating piston motion into rotary motion or vice versa; "plant" means an engine together with such additional apparatus as is necessary to run the engine. For example, a steam engine plant includes a steam engine and means for generating the steam; "working fluid" means the driven fluid in a pump and the driving fluid in an engine. The working fluid may be in a gaseous state, i.e., compressible, or liquid. In the former case coexistence of two states is possible; "steam" includes condensable vapours in general, and "special vapour" is used when steam is excluded; "reaction type" as applied to non-positive-displacement machines or engines means machines or engines in which pressure/velocity transformation takes place wholly or partly in the rotor. Machines or engines with no, or only slight, pressure/velocity transformation in the rotor are called "impulse type". In this subsection: cyclically operating valves, lubricating, gas-flow silencers or exhaust apparatus, or cooling are classified in subclasses Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F01L, Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F01M, Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F01N, Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F01P irrespective of their stated application, unless their classifying features are peculiar to their application, in which case they are classified only in the relevant subclass of classes Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F01-F04; lubricating, gas-flow silencers or exhaust apparatus, or cooling of machines or engines are classified in subclasses Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F01M, Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F01N, Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F01P except for those peculiar to steam engines which are classified in subclass Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F01B. For use of this subsection with a good understanding, it is essential to remember, so far as subclasses Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F01B, Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F01C, Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F01D, Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F03B, and Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F04B, Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F04C, Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F04D, which form its skeleton, are concerned: the principle which resides in their elaboration, the classifying characteristics which they call for, and their complementarity. Principle This concerns essentially the subclasses listed above. Other subclasses, notably those of class Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F02, which cover better-defined matter, are not considered here. Each subclass covers fundamentally a genus of apparatus (engine or pump) and by extension covers equally "machines" of the same kind. Two different subjects, one having a more general character than the other, are thus covered by the same subclass. Subclasses Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F01B, Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F03B, Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F04B, beyond the two subjects which they cover, have further a character of generality in relation to other subclasses concerning the different species of apparatus in the genus concerned. This generality applies as well for the two subjects dealt with, without these always being in relation to the same subclasses. Thus, subclass Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F03B, in its part dealing with "machines", should be considered as being the general class relating to subclasses Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F04B, Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F04C, and in its part dealing with "engines" as being general in relation to subclass Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F03C. Characteristics The principal classifying characteristic of the subclass is that of genera of apparatus, of which there are three possible: Machines; engines; pumps. As stated above, "machines" are always associated with one of the other two genera. These main genera are subdivided according to the general principles of operation of the apparatus: Positive displacement; non-positive displacement. The positive displacement apparatus are further subdivided according to the ways of putting into effect the principle of operation, that is, to the kind of apparatus: Simple reciprocating piston; rotary or oscillating piston; other kind. Another classifying characteristic is that of the working fluid, in respect of which three kinds of apparatus are possible, namely: Liquid and elastic fluid; elastic fluid; liquid. Complementarity This resides in association of pairs of the subclasses listed above, according to the characteristics under consideration in respect of kind of apparatus or working fluid. The subclasses concerned with the various principles, characteristics and complementarity are shown in the subsection index below. It is seen from this index that: For the same kind of apparatus in a given genus, the characteristics of "working fluid" associates: Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F01B and Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F04B to Machines Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F01C and Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F04C to Machines Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F01D and Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F03B to Machines Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F01B and Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F03C to Engines Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F01C and Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F03C to Engines Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F01D and Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F03B to Engines For the same kind of working fluid, the "apparatus" characteristic relates subclasses in the same way as considerations of relative generality.

|  | F01 - F04 |
Subsection index
MACHINES |
positive displacement |
rotary or oscillating piston |
liquid and elastic fluid or elastic fluid | F01C
liquid only | F04C
reciprocating piston or other |
liquid and elastic fluid or elastic fluid | F01B
liquid only | F04B
non-positive displacement |
liquid and elastic fluid or elastic fluid | F01D
liquid only | F03B
ENGINES |
positive displacement |
rotary or oscillating piston |
liquid and elastic fluid or elastic fluid | F01C
liquid only | F03C
reciprocating piston or other |
liquid and elastic fluid or elastic fluid | F01B
liquid only | F03C
non-positive displacement |
liquid and elastic fluid or elastic fluid | F01D
liquid only | F03B
PUMPS |
positive displacement |
rotary or oscillating piston | F04C
reciprocating piston or other | F04B
non-positive displacement | F04D

|  | F04 |
POSITIVE-DISPLACEMENT MACHINES FOR LIQUIDS; PUMPS FOR LIQUIDS OR ELASTIC FLUIDS (portable fire extinguishers with manually-operated pumps Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...A62C 11/00, with power-driven pumps Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...A62C 25/00; charging or scavenging combustion engines by pumps Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F02B; engine fuel-injection pumps Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F02M; ion pumps Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...H01J 41/12; electrodynamic pumps Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...H02K 44/02)

|  | F04 |
Note(s) Combinations of positive-displacement and non-positive-displacement pumps are classified in subclass Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F04B as a general subclass for pumps, and in subclasses Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F04C, Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F04D in respect of matter specific to those subclasses.

|  | F04D |
NON-POSITIVE-DISPLACEMENT PUMPS

|  | F04D |
Note(s) This subclass covers non-positive-displacement pumps for liquids, for elastic fluids, or for liquids and elastic fluids whether rotary or not having pure rotation. This subclass does not cover combinations of non-positive-displacement pumps with other pumps, which are covered by subclass Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F04B, except that the use of such other pumps for priming or boosting non-positive-displacement is covered by this subclass. Attention is drawn to the Notes preceding class Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F01, especially as regards the definition of "pump".

|  | F04D |
Subclass index
ROTARY PUMPS FOR LIQUID AND ELASTIC FLUID OR LIQUID ALONE |
Kind of flow: radial or helico-centrifugal; axial; circumferential or transverse; other | 1/00; 3/00; 5/00; 11/00
For handling specific fluids | 7/00
Priming, preventing vapour lock | 9/00
Pumping installations or systems; control | 13/00; 15/00
ROTARY PUMPS FOR ELASTIC FLUID |
Kind of flow: radial or helico-centrifugal; axial; other | 17/00; 19/00; 23/00
Involving supersonic speed of fluid | 21/00
Pumping installations; control | 25/00; 27/00
DETAILS OR ACCESSORIES | 29/00
OTHER KINDS OF PUMPS |
Pumping liquid and elastic fluid at the same time | 31/00
With other than pure rotation | 33/00
Wave producers | 35/00

|  | F04D 1/00 - F04D 15/00 |
Pumping liquids, or liquids and elastic fluids, by rotary pumps (pumping liquids and elastic fluids at the same time Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F04D 31/00)

P:40 |  | F04D 1/00 |
Radial-flow pumps, e.g. centrifugal pumps; Helico-centrifugal pumps (adapted for pumping specific fluids Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F04D 7/00; priming or boosting Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F04D 9/00)

|  | F04D 1/02 |
· | having non-centrifugal stages, e.g. centripetal

|  | F04D 1/04 |
· | Helico-centrifugal pumps

|  | F04D 1/06 |
· | Multi-stage pumps (Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F04D 1/02 takes precedence)

|  | F04D 1/08 |
· · | the stages being situated concentrically

|  | F04D 1/10 |
· · | with means for changing the flow-path through the stages, e.g. series/parallel

|  | F04D 1/12 |
· | Pumps with scoops or like paring members protruding in the fluid circulating in a bowl

|  | F04D 1/14 |
· | Pumps raising fluids by centrifugal force within a conical rotary bowl with vertical axis

P:50 |  | F04D 3/00 |
Axial-flow pumps (priming or boosting Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F04D 9/00)

|  | F04D 3/02 |
· | of screw type

P:60 |  | F04D 5/00 |
Pumps with circumferential or transverse flow

P:20 |  | F04D 7/00 |
Pumps adapted for handling specific fluids, e.g. by selection of specific materials for pumps or pump parts

|  | F04D 7/02 |
· | of centrifugal type

|  | F04D 7/04 |
· · | the fluids being viscous or non-homogeneous

|  | F04D 7/06 |
· · | the fluids being hot or corrosive, e.g. liquid metal

|  | F04D 7/08 |
· · | the fluids being radioactive

P:30 |  | F04D 9/00 |
Priming; Preventing vapour lock

|  | F04D 9/02 |
· | Self-priming pumps

|  | F04D 9/04 |
· | using priming pumps; using booster pumps to prevent vapour lock

|  | F04D 9/06 |
· · | of jet type

P:70 |  | F04D 11/00 |
Other rotary non-positive-displacement pumps (pumping installations or systems Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F04D 13/00)

P:10 |  | F04D 13/00 |
Pumping installations or systems (controlling Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F04D 15/00)

|  | F04D 13/02 |
· | Units comprising pumps and their driving means (predominant aspects of the driving means, see the relevant classes for such means)

|  | F04D 13/04 |
· · | the pump being fluid-driven

|  | F04D 13/06 |
· · | the pump being electrically driven

|  | F04D 13/08 |
· · · | for submerged use

|  | F04D 13/10 |
· · · · | adapted for use in mining bore holes

|  | F04D 13/12 |
· | Combinations of two or more pumps (combinations with priming pumps or booster pumps to counter-act vapour lock Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F04D 9/04)

|  | F04D 13/14 |
· · | the pumps being all of centrifugal type

|  | F04D 13/16 |
· | with storage reservoirs

P:0 |  | F04D 15/00 |
Control, e.g. regulation, of pumps, pumping installations, or systems

|  | F04D 15/02 |
· | Stopping of pumps, or operating valves, on occurrence of unwanted conditions

|  | F04D 17/00 - F04D 27/00 |
Pumping elastic fluids by rotary pumps

P:110 |  | F04D 17/00 |
Radial-flow pumps, e.g. centrifugal pumps; Helico-centrifugal pumps (Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F04D 21/00 takes precedence)

|  | F04D 17/02 |
· | having non-centrifugal stages, e.g. centripetal

|  | F04D 17/04 |
· · | of transverse-flow type

|  | F04D 17/06 |
· | Helico-centrifugal pumps

|  | F04D 17/08 |
· | Centrifugal pumps

|  | F04D 17/10 |
· · | for compressing or evacuating

|  | F04D 17/12 |
· · · | Multi-stage pumps

|  | F04D 17/14 |
· · · · | with means for changing the flow-path through the stages, e.g. series/parallel (surge control Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F04D 27/02)

|  | F04D 17/16 |
· · | for displacing without appreciable compression

|  | F04D 17/18 |
· · | characterised by use of centrifugal force of liquids entrained in pumps

P:120 |  | F04D 19/00 |
Axial-flow pumps (Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F04D 21/00 takes precedence)

|  | F04D 19/02 |
· | Multi-stage pumps

|  | F04D 19/04 |
· · | specially adapted to the production of a high vacuum, e.g. molecular pumps

P:100 |  | F04D 21/00 |
Pumps involving supersonic speed of pumped fluids

P:130 |  | F04D 23/00 |
Other rotary non-positive-displacement pumps (pumping installations or systems Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F04D 25/00)

P:90 |  | F04D 25/00 |
Pumping installations or systems (controlling Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F04D 27/00)

|  | F04D 25/02 |
· | Units comprising pumps and their driving means (predominant aspects of the driving means, see the relevant classes for such means)

|  | F04D 25/04 |
· · | the pump being fluid-driven

|  | F04D 25/06 |
· · | the pump being electrically driven (Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F04D 25/08 takes precedence)

|  | F04D 25/08 |
· · | the working fluid being air, e.g. for ventilation

|  | F04D 25/10 |
· · · | the unit having provisions for automatically changing the direction of output air

|  | F04D 25/12 |
· · · | the unit being adapted for mounting in apertures

|  | F04D 25/14 |
· · · · | and having shutters, e.g. automatically closed when not in use

|  | F04D 25/16 |
· | Combinations of two or more pumps

P:80 |  | F04D 27/00 |
Control, e.g. regulation, of pumps, pumping installations, or systems

|  | F04D 27/02 |
· | Surge control

P:170 |  | F04D 29/00 |
Details, component parts, or accessories (machine elements in general Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F16)

|  | F04D 29/02 |
· | Selection of particular materials (for handling specific liquids Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F04D 7/00)

|  | F04D 29/04 |
· | Shafts or bearings, or assemblies thereof (specially adapted for elastic fluid pumps Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F04D 29/05) [1,8]

|  | F04D 29/041 |
· · | Axial thrust balancing [8]

|  | F04D 29/042 |
· · | Axially shiftable rotors (Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F04D 29/041 takes precedence) [8]

|  | F04D 29/043 |
· · | Shafts [8]

|  | F04D 29/044 |
· · · | Arrangements for joining or assembling shafts [8]

|  | F04D 29/046 |
· · | Bearings [8]

|  | F04D 29/047 |
· · · | hydrostatic; hydrodynamic [8]

|  | F04D 29/048 |
· · · | magnetic; electromagnetic [8]

|  | F04D 29/049 |
· · · | Roller bearings [8]

|  | F04D 29/05 |
· | Shafts or bearings, or assemblies therof, specially adapted for elastic fluid pumps [8]

|  | F04D 29/051 |
· · | Axial thrust balancing [8]

|  | F04D 29/052 |
· · | Axially shiftable rotors (Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F04D 29/051 takes precedence) [8]

|  | F04D 29/053 |
· · | Shafts [8]

|  | F04D 29/054 |
· · · | Arrangements for joining or assembling shafts [8]

|  | F04D 29/056 |
· · | Bearings [8]

|  | F04D 29/057 |
· · · | hydrostatic; hydrodynamic [8]

|  | F04D 29/058 |
· · · | magnetic; electromagnetic [8]

|  | F04D 29/059 |
· · · | Roller bearings [8]

|  | F04D 29/06 |
· | Lubrication [1,8]

|  | F04D 29/063 |
· · | specially adapted for elastic fluid pumps [8]

|  | F04D 29/08 |
· | Sealings

|  | F04D 29/10 |
· · | Shaft sealings

|  | F04D 29/12 |
· · · | using sealing-rings

|  | F04D 29/14 |
· · · | operative only when pump is inoperative

|  | F04D 29/16 |
· · | between pressure and suction sides

|  | F04D 29/18 |
· | Rotors (specially adapted for elastic fluids Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F04D 29/26)

|  | F04D 29/20 |
· · | Mounting rotors on shafts

|  | F04D 29/22 |
· · | specially for centrifugal pumps

|  | F04D 29/24 |
· · · | Vanes

|  | F04D 29/26 |
· | Rotors specially adapted for elastic fluids

|  | F04D 29/28 |
· · | for centrifugal or helico-centrifugal pumps

|  | F04D 29/30 |
· · · | Vanes

|  | F04D 29/32 |
· · | for axial-flow pumps

|  | F04D 29/34 |
· · · | Blade mountings

|  | F04D 29/36 |
· · · · | adjustable

|  | F04D 29/38 |
· · · | Blades

|  | F04D 29/40 |
· | Casings; Connections for working fluid

|  | F04D 29/42 |
· · | for radial or helico-centrifugal pumps

|  | F04D 29/44 |
· · · | Fluid-guiding means, e.g. diffusers

|  | F04D 29/46 |
· · · · | adjustable

|  | F04D 29/48 |
· · · · · | for unidirectional fluid flow in reversible pumps

|  | F04D 29/50 |
· · · · · | for reversing fluid flow

|  | F04D 29/52 |
· · | for axial pumps

|  | F04D 29/54 |
· · · | Fluid-guiding means, e.g. diffusers

|  | F04D 29/56 |
· · · · | adjustable

|  | F04D 29/58 |
· | Cooling (of machines or engines in general Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F01P); Heating; Diminishing heat transfer

|  | F04D 29/60 |
· | Mounting; Assembling; Disassembling

|  | F04D 29/62 |
· · | of radial or helico-centrifugal pumps

|  | F04D 29/64 |
· · | of axial pumps

|  | F04D 29/66 |
· | Combating cavitation, whirls, noise, vibration, or the like (gas-flow silencers for machines or engines in general Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F01N); Balancing (surge control Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F04D 27/02)

|  | F04D 29/68 |
· · | by influencing boundary layers

|  | F04D 29/70 |
· | Suction grids; Strainers; Dust separation; Cleaning

|  | F04D 31/00 - F04D 35/00 |
Other non-positive-displacement pumps

P:140 |  | F04D 31/00 |
Pumping liquids and elastic fluids at the same time

P:160 |  | F04D 33/00 |
Non-positive-displacement pumps with other than pure rotation, e.g. of oscillating type (Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F04D 35/00 takes precedence; hand-held fans Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...A45B) [2]

P:150 |  | F04D 35/00 |
Pumps producing waves in liquids, i.e. wave-producers (for bath tubs Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...A47K 3/10) [2]