|  | H |
SECTION H — ELECTRICITY

|  | H |
Note(s) These Notes cover the basic principles and general instructions for use of section H. Section H covers: basic electric elements, which cover all electric units and the general mechanical structure of apparatus and circuits, including the assembly of various basic elements into what are called printed circuits and also cover to a certain extent the manufacture of these elements (when not covered elsewhere); generation of electricity, which covers the generation, conversion and distribution of electricity together with the controlling of the corresponding gear; applied electricity, which covers: general utilisation techniques, viz. those of electric heating and electric lighting circuits; some special utilisation techniques, either electric or electronic in the strict sense, which are not covered by other sections of the Classification, including: electric light sources, including lasers; electric X-ray technique; electric plasma technique and the generation and acceleration of electrically charged particles or neutrons; basic electronic circuits and their control; radio or electric communication technique; the use of a specified material for the manufacture of the article or element described. In this connection, paragraphs 88 to 90 of the Guide should be referred to. In this section, the following general rules apply: Subject to the exceptions stated in I(c), above, any electric aspect or part peculiar to a particular operation, process, apparatus, object or article, classified in one of the sections of the Classification other than section H, is always classified in the subclass for that operation, process, apparatus, object or article. Where common characteristics concerning technical subjects of similar nature have been brought out at class level, the electric aspect or part is classified, in conjunction with the operation, process, apparatus, object or article, in a subclass which covers entirely the general electrical applications for the technical subject in question; The electrical applications referred to under (a), above, either general or particular, include: the therapeutic processes and apparatus, in class Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...A61; the electric processes and apparatus used in various laboratory or industrial operations, in classes Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...B01 and Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...B03 and in subclass Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...B23K; the electricity supply, electric propulsion and electric lighting of vehicles in general and of particular vehicles, in the subsection "Transporting" of section B; the electric ignition systems of internal-combustion engines, in subclass Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F02P, and of combustion apparatus in general, in subclass Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F23Q; the whole electrical part of section G, i.e. measuring devices including apparatus for measuring electric variables, checking, signalling and calculating. Electricity in that section is generally dealt with as a means and not as an end in itself; All electrical applications, both general and particular, presuppose that the "basic electricity" aspect appears in section H (see I(a) above) as regards the electric "basic elements" which they comprise. This rule is also valid for applied electricity, referred to in I(c), above, which appears in section H itself. In this section, the following special cases occur: Among the general applications covered by sections other than section H, it is worth noting that electric heating in general is covered by subclasses Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F24D or Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F24H or class Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F27, and that electric lighting in general is partly covered by class Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F21, since in section H (see I(c), above) there are places in Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...H05B which cover the same technical subjects; In the two cases referred to under (a), above, the subclasses of section F, which deal with the respective subjects, essentially cover in the first place the whole mechanical aspect of the apparatus or devices, whereas the electrical aspect, as such, is covered by subclass Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...H05B; In the case of lighting, this mechanical aspect should be taken to cover the material arrangement of the various electric elements, i.e., their geometrical or physical position in relation to one another; this aspect is covered by subclass Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F21V, the elements themselves and the primary circuits remaining in section H. The same applies to electric light sources, when combined with light sources of a different kind. These are covered by subclass Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...H05B, whereas the physical arrangement which their combination constitutes is covered by the various subclasses of class Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F21; As regards heating, not only the electric elements and circuitry designs, as such, are covered by subclass Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...H05B, but also the electric aspects of their arrangement, where these concern cases of general application; electric furnaces being considered as such. The physical disposition of the electric elements in furnaces is covered by section F. If a comparison is made with electric welding circuits, which are covered by subclass Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...B23K in connection with welding, it can be seen that electric heating is not covered by the general rule stated in II, above.

|  | H03 |
BASIC ELECTRONIC CIRCUITRY

|  | H03M |
CODING, DECODING OR CODE CONVERSION, IN GENERAL (using fluidic means Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F15C 4/00; optical analogue/digital converters Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...G02F 7/00; coding, decoding or code conversion, specially adapted for particular applications, see the relevant subclasses, e.g. Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...G01D, Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...G01R, Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...G06F, Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...G06T, Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...G09G, Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...G10L, Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...G11B, Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...G11C, Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...H04B, Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...H04L, Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...H04M, Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...H04N; ciphering or deciphering for cryptography or other purposes involving the need for secrecy Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...G09C) [4]

|  | H03M |
Subclass index
CODING AND DECODING |
in general | 1/00
to or from differential modulation | 3/00
in connection with keyboards | 11/00
CONVERSION |
of the form of individual digits | 5/00
of the sequence of digits | 7/00
parallel/series or vice versa | 9/00
ERROR DETECTION OR ERROR CORRECTION | 13/00
SUBJECT MATTER NOT PROVIDED FOR IN OTHER GROUPS OF THIS SUBCLASS | 99/00

P:60 |  | H03M 1/00 |
Analogue/digital conversion; Digital/analogue conversion (conversion of analogue values to or from differential modulation Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...H03M 3/00) [4]

|  | H03M 1/02 |
· | Reversible analogue/digital converters [4]

|  | H03M 1/04 |
· | using stochastic techniques [4]

|  | H03M 1/06 |
· | Continuously compensating for, or preventing, undesired influence of physical parameters (periodically Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...H03M 1/10) [4]

|  | H03M 1/08 |
· · | of noise [4]

|  | H03M 1/10 |
· | Calibration or testing [4]

|  | H03M 1/12 |
· | Analogue/digital converters (Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...H03M 1/02-H03M 1/10 take precedence) [4]

|  | H03M 1/14 |
· · | Conversion in steps with each step involving the same or a different conversion means and delivering more than one bit [4]

|  | H03M 1/16 |
· · · | with scale factor modification, i.e. by changing the amplification between the steps [4]

|  | H03M 1/18 |
· · | Automatic control for modifying the range of signals the converter can handle, e.g. gain ranging [4]

|  | H03M 1/20 |
· · | Increasing resolution using an n bit system to obtain n + m bits, e.g. by dithering [4]

|  | H03M 1/22 |
· · | pattern-reading type [4]

|  | H03M 1/24 |
· · · | using relatively movable reader and disc or strip [4,6]

|  | H03M 1/26 |
· · · · | with weighted coding, i.e. the weight given to a digit depends on the position of the digit within the block or code word, e.g. there is a given radix and the weights are powers of this radix [4]

|  | H03M 1/28 |
· · · · | with non-weighted coding [4]

|  | H03M 1/30 |
· · · · · | incremental [4]

|  | H03M 1/32 |
· · · | using cathode-ray tubes [4]

|  | H03M 1/34 |
· · | Analogue value compared with reference values (Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...H03M 1/48 takes precedence) [4]

|  | H03M 1/36 |
· · · | simultaneously only, i.e. parallel type [4]

|  | H03M 1/38 |
· · · | sequentially only, e.g. successive approximation type (converting more than one bit per step Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...H03M 1/14) [4]

|  | H03M 1/40 |
· · · · | recirculation type [4]

|  | H03M 1/42 |
· · · · | Sequential comparisons in series-connected stages with no change in value of analogue signal [4]

|  | H03M 1/44 |
· · · · | Sequential comparisons in series-connected stages with change in value of analogue signal [4]

|  | H03M 1/46 |
· · · · | with digital/analogue converter for supplying reference values to converter [4]

|  | H03M 1/48 |
· · | Servo-type converters [4]

|  | H03M 1/50 |
· · | with intermediate conversion to time interval (Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...H03M 1/64 takes precedence) [4]

|  | H03M 1/52 |
· · · | Input signal integrated with linear return to datum [4]

|  | H03M 1/54 |
· · · | Input signal sampled and held with linear return to datum [4]

|  | H03M 1/56 |
· · · | Input signal compared with linear ramp [4]

|  | H03M 1/58 |
· · · | Non-linear conversion [4]

|  | H03M 1/60 |
· · | with intermediate conversion to frequency of pulses [4]

|  | H03M 1/62 |
· · · | Non-linear conversion [4]

|  | H03M 1/64 |
· · | with intermediate conversion to phase of sinusoidal signals [4]

|  | H03M 1/66 |
· | Digital/analogue converters (Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...H03M 1/02-H03M 1/10 take precedence) [4]

|  | H03M 1/68 |
· · | with conversions of different sensitivity, i.e. one conversion relating to the more significant digital bits and another conversion to the less significant bits [4]

|  | H03M 1/70 |
· · | Automatic control for modifying converter range [4]

|  | H03M 1/72 |
· · | Sequential conversion in series-connected stages (Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...H03M 1/68 takes precedence) [4]

|  | H03M 1/74 |
· · | Simultaneous conversion [4]

|  | H03M 1/76 |
· · · | using switching tree [4]

|  | H03M 1/78 |
· · · | using ladder network [4]

|  | H03M 1/80 |
· · · | using weighted impedances (Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...H03M 1/76 takes precedence) [4]

|  | H03M 1/82 |
· · | with intermediate conversion to time interval [4]

|  | H03M 1/84 |
· · · | Non-linear conversion [4]

|  | H03M 1/86 |
· · | with intermediate conversion to frequency of pulses [4]

|  | H03M 1/88 |
· · · | Non-linear conversion [4]

P:50 |  | H03M 3/00 |
Conversion of analogue values to or from differential modulation [4]

|  | H03M 3/02 |
· | Delta modulation, i.e. one-bit differential modulation [4]

|  | H03M 3/04 |
· | Differential modulation with several bits [4]

P:30 |  | H03M 5/00 |
Conversion of the form of the representation of individual digits [4]

|  | H03M 5/02 - H03M 5/22 |
Note(s) In groups Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...H03M 5/02-H03M 5/22, in the absence of an indication to the contrary, classification is made in the last appropriate place. [4]

|  | H03M 5/02 |
· | Conversion to or from representation by pulses [4]

|  | H03M 5/04 |
· · | the pulses having two levels [4]

|  | H03M 5/06 |
· · · | Code representation, e.g. transition, for a given bit cell depending only on the information in that bit cell [4]

|  | H03M 5/08 |
· · · · | Code representation by pulse width [4]

|  | H03M 5/10 |
· · · · | Code representation by pulse frequency [4]

|  | H03M 5/12 |
· · · · | Biphase level code, e.g. split phase code, Manchester code; Biphase space or mark code, e.g. double frequency code [4]

|  | H03M 5/14 |
· · · | Code representation, e.g. transition, for a given bit cell depending on the information in one or more adjacent bit cells, e.g. delay modulation code, double density code [4]

|  | H03M 5/16 |
· · | the pulses having three levels [4]

|  | H03M 5/18 |
· · · | two levels being symmetrical with respect to the third level, i.e. balanced bipolar ternary code [4]

|  | H03M 5/20 |
· · | the pulses having more than three levels [4]

|  | H03M 5/22 |
· | Conversion to or from representation by sinusoidal signals [4]

P:20 |  | H03M 7/00 |
Conversion of a code where information is represented by a given sequence or number of digits to a code where the same information is represented by a different sequence or number of digits [4]

|  | H03M 7/02 - H03M 7/30 |
Note(s) In groups Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...H03M 7/02-H03M 7/30, in the absence of an indication to the contrary, classification is made in the last appropriate place. [4]

|  | H03M 7/02 |
· | Conversion to or from weighted codes, i.e. the weight given to a digit depending on the position of the digit within the block or code word [4]

|  | H03M 7/04 |
· · | the radix thereof being two [4]

|  | H03M 7/06 |
· · | the radix thereof being a positive integer different from two [4]

|  | H03M 7/08 |
· · · | the radix being ten, i.e. pure decimal code [4]

|  | H03M 7/10 |
· · | the radix thereof being negative [4]

|  | H03M 7/12 |
· · | having two radices, e.g. binary-coded-decimal code [4]

|  | H03M 7/14 |
· | Conversion to or from non-weighted codes [4]

|  | H03M 7/16 |
· · | Conversion to or from unit-distance codes, e.g. Gray code, reflected binary code [4]

|  | H03M 7/18 |
· · | Conversion to or from residue codes [4]

|  | H03M 7/20 |
· · | Conversion to or from n-out-of-m codes [4]

|  | H03M 7/22 |
· · · | to or from one-out-of-m codes [4]

|  | H03M 7/24 |
· · | Conversion to or from floating-point codes [4]

|  | H03M 7/26 |
· | Conversion to or from stochastic codes [4]

|  | H03M 7/28 |
· | Programmable structures, i.e. where the code converter contains apparatus which is operator-changeable to modify the conversion process [4]

|  | H03M 7/30 |
· | Compression (speech analysis-synthesis for redundancy reduction Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...G10L 19/00; for image communication Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...H04N); Expansion; Suppression of unnecessary data, e.g. redundancy reduction [4]

|  | H03M 7/32 |
· · | Conversion to or from delta modulation, i.e. one-bit differential modulation [4]

|  | H03M 7/34 |
· · · | adaptive [4]

|  | H03M 7/36 |
· · | Conversion to or from differential modulation with several bits, i.e. the difference between successive samples being coded by more than one bit [4]

|  | H03M 7/38 |
· · · | adaptive [4]

|  | H03M 7/40 |
· · | Conversion to or from variable length codes, e.g. Shannon-Fano code, Huffman code, Morse code [4]

|  | H03M 7/42 |
· · · | using table look-up for the coding or decoding process, e.g. using read-only memory [4]

|  | H03M 7/44 |
· · · | Suppression of irrelevant zeroes [4]

|  | H03M 7/46 |
· · | Conversion to or from run-length codes, i.e. by representing the number of consecutive digits, or groups of digits, of the same kind by a code word and a digit indicative of that kind [4]

|  | H03M 7/48 |
· · · | alternating with other codes during the code conversion process, e.g. run-length coding being performed only as long as sufficiently long runs of digits of the same kind are present [4]

|  | H03M 7/50 |
· · | Conversion to or from non-linear codes, e.g. companding [4]

P:10 |  | H03M 9/00 |
Parallel/series conversion or vice versa (digital stores in which the information is moved stepwise Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...G11C 19/00) [4]

P:40 |  | H03M 11/00 |
Coding in connection with keyboards or like devices, i.e. coding of the position of operated keys (keyboard switch arrangements, structural association of coders and keyboards Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...H01H 13/70, Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...H03K 17/94) [4]

|  | H03M 11/02 |
· | Details [5]

|  | H03M 11/04 |
· · | Coding of multifunction keys [5]

|  | H03M 11/06 |
· · · | by operating the multifunction key itself in different ways [5]

|  | H03M 11/08 |
· · · · | by operating selected combinations of multifunction keys [5]

|  | H03M 11/10 |
· · · · | by methods based on duration or pressure detection of keystrokes [5]

|  | H03M 11/12 |
· · · · | by operating a key a selected number of consecutive times whereafter a separate enter key is used which marks the end of the series [5]

|  | H03M 11/14 |
· · · | by using additional keys, e.g. shift keys, which determine the function performed by the multifunction key [5]

|  | H03M 11/16 |
· · · · | wherein the shift keys are operated after the operation of the multifunction keys [5]

|  | H03M 11/18 |
· · · · | wherein the shift keys are operated before the operation of the multifunction keys [5]

|  | H03M 11/20 |
· | Dynamic coding, i.e. by key scanning (Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...H03M 11/26 takes precedence) [5]

|  | H03M 11/22 |
· | Static coding (Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...H03M 11/26 takes precedence) [5]

|  | H03M 11/24 |
· · | using analogue means [5]

|  | H03M 11/26 |
· | using opto-electronic means [5]

P:0 |  | H03M 13/00 |
Coding, decoding or code conversion, for error detection or error correction; Coding theory basic assumptions; Coding bounds; Error probability evaluation methods; Channel models; Simulation or testing of codes (error detection or error correction for analogue/digital, digital/analogue or code conversion Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...H03M 1/00-H03M 11/00; specially adapted for digital computers Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...G06F 11/08, for information storage based on relative movement between record carrier and transducer Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...G11B, e.g. Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...G11B 20/18, for static stores Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...G11C) [4,7]

|  | H03M 13/01 |
· | Coding theory basic assumptions; Coding bounds; Error probability evaluation methods; Channel models; Simulation or testing of codes [7]

|  | H03M 13/03 |
· | Error detection or forward error correction by redundancy in data representation, i.e. code words containing more digits than the source words [7]

|  | H03M 13/05 |
· · | using block codes, i.e. a predetermined number of check bits joined to a predetermined number of information bits [7]

|  | H03M 13/07 |
· · · | Arithmetic codes [7]

|  | H03M 13/09 |
· · · | Error detection only, e.g. using cyclic redundancy check (CRC) codes or single parity bit [7]

|  | H03M 13/11 |
· · · | using multiple parity bits [7]

|  | H03M 13/13 |
· · · | Linear codes [7]

|  | H03M 13/15 |
· · · · | Cyclic codes, i.e. cyclic shifts of codewords produce other codewords, e.g. codes defined by a generator polynomial, Bose-Chaudhuri-Hocquenghem (BCH) codes (Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...H03M 13/17 takes precedence) [7]

|  | H03M 13/17 |
· · · · | Burst error correction, e.g. error trapping, Fire codes [7]

|  | H03M 13/19 |
· · · · | Single error correction without using particular properties of the cyclic codes, e.g. Hamming codes, extended or generalised Hamming codes [7]

|  | H03M 13/21 |
· · · | Non-linear codes, e.g. m-bit data word to n-bit code word (mBnB) conversion with error detection or error correction [7]

|  | H03M 13/23 |
· · | using convolutional codes, e.g. unit memory codes [7]

|  | H03M 13/25 |
· | Error detection or forward error correction by signal space coding, i.e. adding redundancy in the signal constellation, e.g. Trellis Coded Modulation (TCM) [7]

|  | H03M 13/27 |
· | using interleaving techniques [7]

|  | H03M 13/29 |
· | combining two or more codes or code structures, e.g. product codes, generalised product codes, concatenated codes, inner and outer codes [7]

|  | H03M 13/31 |
· | combining coding for error detection or correction and efficient use of the spectrum (without error detection or correction Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...H03M 5/14) [7]

|  | H03M 13/33 |
· | Synchronisation based on error coding or decoding [7]

|  | H03M 13/35 |
· | Unequal or adaptive error protection, e.g. by providing a different level of protection according to significance of source information or by adapting the coding according to the change of transmission channel characteristics [7]

|  | H03M 13/37 |
· | Decoding methods or techniques, not specific to the particular type of coding provided for in groups Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...H03M 13/03-H03M 13/35 [7]

|  | H03M 13/39 |
· · | Sequence estimation, i.e using statistical methods for the reconstruction of the original codes [7]

|  | H03M 13/41 |
· · · | using the Viterbi algorithm or Viterbi processors [7]

|  | H03M 13/43 |
· · | Majority logic or threshold decoding [7]

|  | H03M 13/45 |
· · | Soft decoding, i.e. using symbol reliability information (Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...H03M 13/41 takes precedence) [7]

|  | H03M 13/47 |
· | Error detection, forward error correction or error protection, not provided for in groups Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...H03M 13/01-H03M 13/37 [7]

|  | H03M 13/49 |
· · | Unidirectional error detection or correction [7]

|  | H03M 13/51 |
· · | Constant weight codes; n-out-of-m codes; Berger codes [7]

|  | H03M 13/53 |
· · | Codes using Fibonacci numbers series [7]

P:70 |  | H03M 99/00 |
Subject matter not provided for in other groups of this subclass [8]