|  | F |
SECTION F — MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING

ENGINES OR PUMPS

|  | F01 - F04 |
Note(s) Guide to the use of this subsection (classes Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F01-F04) The following notes are meant to assist in the use of this part of the classification scheme. In this subsection, subclasses or groups designating "engines" or "pumps" cover methods of operating the same, unless otherwise specifically provided for. In this subsection, the following terms or expressions are used with the meanings indicated: "engine" means a device for continuously converting fluid energy into mechanical power. Thus, this term includes, for example, steam piston engines or steam turbines, per se, or internal-combustion piston engines, but it excludes single-stroke devices. "Engine" also includes the fluid-motive portion of a meter unless such portion is particularly adapted for use in a meter; "pump" means a device for continuously raising, forcing, compressing, or exhausting fluid by mechanical or other means. Thus, this term includes fans or blowers; "machine" means a device which could equally be an engine and a pump, and not a device which is restricted to an engine or one which is restricted to a pump; "positive displacement" means the way the energy of a working fluid is transformed into mechanical energy, in which variations of volume created by the working fluid in a working chamber produce equivalent displacements of the mechanical member transmitting the energy, the dynamic effect of the fluid being of minor importance, and vice versa; "non-positive displacement" means the way the energy of a working fluid is transformed into mechanical energy, by transformation of the energy of the working fluid into kinetic energy, and vice versa; "oscillating-piston machine" means a positive-displacement machine in which a fluid-engaging work-transmitting member oscillates. This definition applies also to engines and pumps; "rotary-piston machine" means a positive-displacement machine in which a fluid-engaging work-transmitting member rotates about a fixed axis or about an axis moving along a circular or similar orbit. This definition applies also to engines and pumps; "rotary piston" means the work-transmitting member of a rotary-piston machine and may be of any suitable form, e.g., like a toothed gear; "cooperating members" means the "oscillating piston" or "rotary piston" and another member, e.g., the working-chamber wall, which assists in the driving or pumping action; "movement of the co-operating members" is to be interpreted as relative, so that one of the "co-operating members" may be stationary, even though reference may be made to its rotational axis, or both may move; "teeth or tooth equivalents" include lobes, projections or abutments; "internal-axis type" means that the rotational axes of the inner and outer co-operating members remain at all times within the outer member, e.g., in a similar manner to that of a pinion meshing with the internal teeth of a ring gear; "free piston" means a piston of which the length of stroke is not defined by any member driven thereby; "cylinders" means positive-displacement working chambers in general. Thus, this term is not restricted to cylinders of circular cross-section; "main shaft" means the shaft which converts reciprocating piston motion into rotary motion or vice versa; "plant" means an engine together with such additional apparatus as is necessary to run the engine. For example, a steam engine plant includes a steam engine and means for generating the steam; "working fluid" means the driven fluid in a pump and the driving fluid in an engine. The working fluid may be in a gaseous state, i.e., compressible, or liquid. In the former case coexistence of two states is possible; "steam" includes condensable vapours in general, and "special vapour" is used when steam is excluded; "reaction type" as applied to non-positive-displacement machines or engines means machines or engines in which pressure/velocity transformation takes place wholly or partly in the rotor. Machines or engines with no, or only slight, pressure/velocity transformation in the rotor are called "impulse type". In this subsection: cyclically operating valves, lubricating, gas-flow silencers or exhaust apparatus, or cooling are classified in subclasses Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F01L, Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F01M, Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F01N, Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F01P irrespective of their stated application, unless their classifying features are peculiar to their application, in which case they are classified only in the relevant subclass of classes Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F01-F04; lubricating, gas-flow silencers or exhaust apparatus, or cooling of machines or engines are classified in subclasses Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F01M, Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F01N, Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F01P except for those peculiar to steam engines which are classified in subclass Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F01B. For use of this subsection with a good understanding, it is essential to remember, so far as subclasses Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F01B, Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F01C, Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F01D, Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F03B, and Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F04B, Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F04C, Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F04D, which form its skeleton, are concerned: the principle which resides in their elaboration, the classifying characteristics which they call for, and their complementarity. Principle This concerns essentially the subclasses listed above. Other subclasses, notably those of class Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F02, which cover better-defined matter, are not considered here. Each subclass covers fundamentally a genus of apparatus (engine or pump) and by extension covers equally "machines" of the same kind. Two different subjects, one having a more general character than the other, are thus covered by the same subclass. Subclasses Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F01B, Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F03B, Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F04B, beyond the two subjects which they cover, have further a character of generality in relation to other subclasses concerning the different species of apparatus in the genus concerned. This generality applies as well for the two subjects dealt with, without these always being in relation to the same subclasses. Thus, subclass Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F03B, in its part dealing with "machines", should be considered as being the general class relating to subclasses Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F04B, Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F04C, and in its part dealing with "engines" as being general in relation to subclass Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F03C. Characteristics The principal classifying characteristic of the subclass is that of genera of apparatus, of which there are three possible: Machines; engines; pumps. As stated above, "machines" are always associated with one of the other two genera. These main genera are subdivided according to the general principles of operation of the apparatus: Positive displacement; non-positive displacement. The positive displacement apparatus are further subdivided according to the ways of putting into effect the principle of operation, that is, to the kind of apparatus: Simple reciprocating piston; rotary or oscillating piston; other kind. Another classifying characteristic is that of the working fluid, in respect of which three kinds of apparatus are possible, namely: Liquid and elastic fluid; elastic fluid; liquid. Complementarity This resides in association of pairs of the subclasses listed above, according to the characteristics under consideration in respect of kind of apparatus or working fluid. The subclasses concerned with the various principles, characteristics and complementarity are shown in the subsection index below. It is seen from this index that: For the same kind of apparatus in a given genus, the characteristics of "working fluid" associates: Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F01B and Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F04B to Machines Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F01C and Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F04C to Machines Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F01D and Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F03B to Machines Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F01B and Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F03C to Engines Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F01C and Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F03C to Engines Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F01D and Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F03B to Engines For the same kind of working fluid, the "apparatus" characteristic relates subclasses in the same way as considerations of relative generality.

|  | F01 - F04 |
Subsection index
MACHINES |
positive displacement |
rotary or oscillating piston |
liquid and elastic fluid or elastic fluid | F01C
liquid only | F04C
reciprocating piston or other |
liquid and elastic fluid or elastic fluid | F01B
liquid only | F04B
non-positive displacement |
liquid and elastic fluid or elastic fluid | F01D
liquid only | F03B
ENGINES |
positive displacement |
rotary or oscillating piston |
liquid and elastic fluid or elastic fluid | F01C
liquid only | F03C
reciprocating piston or other |
liquid and elastic fluid or elastic fluid | F01B
liquid only | F03C
non-positive displacement |
liquid and elastic fluid or elastic fluid | F01D
liquid only | F03B
PUMPS |
positive displacement |
rotary or oscillating piston | F04C
reciprocating piston or other | F04B
non-positive displacement | F04D

|  | F01 |
MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL (combustion engines Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F02; machines for liquids Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F03, Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F04); ENGINE PLANTS IN GENERAL; STEAM ENGINES

|  | F01B |
MACHINES OR ENGINES, IN GENERAL OR OF POSITIVE-DISPLACEMENT TYPE, e.g. STEAM ENGINES (of rotary-piston or oscillating-piston type Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F01C; of non-positive-displacement type Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F01D; internal-combustion aspects of reciprocating-piston engines Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F02B 57/00, Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F02B 59/00; crankshafts, crossheads, connecting-rods Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F16C; flywheels Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F16F; gearings for interconverting rotary motion and reciprocating motion in general Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F16H; pistons, piston-rods, cylinders, for engines in general Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F16J)

|  | F01B |
Note(s) This subclass covers, with the exception of the matter provided for in subclasses Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F01C-F01P: engines for elastic fluids, e.g. steam engines; engines for liquids and elastic fluids; machines for elastic fluids; machines for liquids and elastic fluids. Attention is drawn to the Notes preceding class Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F01, especially as regards the definitions of "steam" and "special vapour".

|  | F01B |
Subclass index
MACHINES OR ENGINES |
With reciprocating pistons characterised by |
number or relative disposition of cylinders | 1/00
disposition of cylinder axes relative to main shaft | 3/00, 5/00
pistons reciprocating in same or coaxial cylinders; piston-main-shaft connections other than covered above | 7/00, 1/08; 9/00
no rotary main shaft | 11/00
rotary or other movement of cylinders | 13/00, 15/00
uniflow principle | 17/00
With positive displacement of flexible-wall type | 19/00
COMBINATIONS OR ADAPTATIONS OF MACHINES OR ENGINES | 21/00, 23/00
REGULATING, CONTROLLING, SAFETY MEANS; STARTING | 25/00; 27/00
OTHER CHARACTERISTICS; DETAILS, ACCESSORIES | 29/00; 31/00

P:110 |  | F01B 1/00 |
Reciprocating-piston machines or engines characterised by number or relative disposition of cylinders or by being built-up from separate cylinder-crankcase elements (Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F01B 3/00, Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F01B 5/00 take precedence) [2]

|  | F01B 1/01 |
· | with one single cylinder [2]

|  | F01B 1/02 |
· | with cylinders all in one line

|  | F01B 1/04 |
· | with cylinders in V-arrangement

|  | F01B 1/06 |
· | with cylinders in star or fan arrangement

|  | F01B 1/08 |
· | with cylinders arranged oppositely relative to main shaft and of "flat" type

|  | F01B 1/10 |
· | with more than one main shaft, e.g. coupled to common output shaft (combinations of two or more machines or engines Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F01B 21/00)

|  | F01B 1/12 |
· | Separate cylinder-crankcase elements coupled together to form a unit

P:80 |  | F01B 3/00 |
Reciprocating-piston machines or engines with cylinder axes coaxial with, or parallel or inclined to, main shaft axis

|  | F01B 3/02 |
· | with wobble-plate

|  | F01B 3/04 |
· | the piston motion being transmitted by curved surfaces

|  | F01B 3/06 |
· · | by multi-turn helical surfaces and automatic reversal

|  | F01B 3/08 |
· · · | the helices being arranged on the pistons

|  | F01B 3/10 |
· | Control of working-fluid admission or discharge peculiar thereto (suitable for more general application Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F01L)

P:90 |  | F01B 5/00 |
Reciprocating-piston machines or engines with cylinder axes arranged substantially tangentially to a circle centred on main shaft axis

P:70 |  | F01B 7/00 |
Machines or engines with two or more pistons reciprocating within same cylinder or within essentially coaxial cylinders (in opposite arrangement relative to main shaft Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F01B 1/08)

|  | F01B 7/02 |
· | with oppositely reciprocating pistons

|  | F01B 7/04 |
· · | acting on same main shaft

|  | F01B 7/06 |
· · · | using only connecting-rods for conversion of reciprocatory into rotary motion or vice versa

|  | F01B 7/08 |
· · · · | with side rods

|  | F01B 7/10 |
· · · · | having piston-rod of one piston passed through other piston

|  | F01B 7/12 |
· · · | using rockers and connecting-rods

|  | F01B 7/14 |
· · | acting on different main shafts

|  | F01B 7/16 |
· | with pistons synchronously moving in tandem arrangement

|  | F01B 7/18 |
· | with differential piston (Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F01B 7/20 takes precedence)

|  | F01B 7/20 |
· | with two or more pistons reciprocating one within another, e.g. one piston forming cylinder of the other

P:130 |  | F01B 9/00 |
Reciprocating-piston machines or engines characterised by connections between pistons and main shafts and not specific to groups Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F01B 1/00-F01B 7/00 (connections disengageable during idling Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F01B 31/24)

|  | F01B 9/02 |
· | with crankshaft

|  | F01B 9/04 |
· | with rotary main shaft other than crankshaft

|  | F01B 9/06 |
· · | the piston motion being transmitted by curved surfaces

|  | F01B 9/08 |
· · | with ratchet and pawl

P:20 |  | F01B 11/00 |
Reciprocating-piston machines or engines without rotary main shaft, e.g. of free-piston type

|  | F01B 11/02 |
· | Equalising or cushioning devices

|  | F01B 11/04 |
· | Engines combined with reciprocatory driven devices, e.g. hammers (with pumps Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F01B 23/08; predominating aspects of driven devices, see the relevant classes for the devices)

|  | F01B 11/06 |
· · | for generating vibration only

|  | F01B 11/08 |
· | with direct fluid transmission link (Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F01B 11/02 takes precedence)

P:100 |  | F01B 13/00 |
Reciprocating-piston machines or engines with rotating cylinders in order to obtain the reciprocating-piston motion (machines or engines of flexible-wall type Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F01B 19/00) [2]

|  | F01B 13/02 |
· | with one cylinder only

|  | F01B 13/04 |
· | with more than one cylinder

|  | F01B 13/06 |
· · | in star arrangement

P:120 |  | F01B 15/00 |
Reciprocating-piston machines or engines with movable cylinders other than provided for in group Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F01B 13/00 (with movable cylinder sleeves for working-fluid control Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F01L)

|  | F01B 15/02 |
· | with reciprocating cylinders (with one piston within another Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F01B 7/20)

|  | F01B 15/04 |
· | with oscillating cylinder

|  | F01B 15/06 |
· · | Control of working-fluid admission or discharge peculiar thereto

P:60 |  | F01B 17/00 |
Reciprocating-piston machines or engines characterised by use of uniflow principle

|  | F01B 17/02 |
· | Engines

|  | F01B 17/04 |
· · | Steam engines

P:50 |  | F01B 19/00 |
Positive-displacement machines or engines of flexible-wall type

|  | F01B 19/02 |
· | with plate-like flexible members

|  | F01B 19/04 |
· | with tubular flexible members

P:40 |  | F01B 21/00 |
Combinations of two or more machines or engines (Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F01B 23/00 takes precedence; combinations of two or more pumps Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F04; fluid gearing Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F16H; regulating or controlling, see the relevant groups)

|  | F01B 21/02 |
· | the machines or engines being all of reciprocating-piston type

|  | F01B 21/04 |
· | the machines or engines being not all of reciprocating-piston type, e.g. of reciprocating steam engine with steam turbine

P:30 |  | F01B 23/00 |
Adaptations of machines or engines for special use; Combinations of engines with devices driven thereby (Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F01B 11/00 takes precedence; fluid gearing Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F16H; aspects predominantly concerning driven devices, see the relevant classes for these devices; regulating or controlling, see the relevant groups)

|  | F01B 23/02 |
· | Adaptations for driving vehicles, e.g. locomotives (arrangements in vehicles, see the relevant classes for vehicles)

|  | F01B 23/04 |
· · | the vehicles being waterborne vessels

|  | F01B 23/06 |
· | Adaptations for driving, or combinations with, hand-held tools or the like

|  | F01B 23/08 |
· | Adaptations for driving, or combinations with, pumps

|  | F01B 23/10 |
· | Adaptations for driving, or combinations with, electric generators

|  | F01B 23/12 |
· | Adaptations for driving rolling mills or other heavy reversing machinery

P:0 |  | F01B 25/00 |
Regulating, controlling, or safety means (regulating or controlling in general Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...G05)

|  | F01B 25/02 |
· | Regulating or controlling by varying working-fluid admission or exhaust, e.g. by varying pressure or quantity (distributing or expansion valve gear Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F01L)

|  | F01B 25/04 |
· · | Sensing elements

|  | F01B 25/06 |
· · · | responsive to speed

|  | F01B 25/08 |
· · | Final actuators

|  | F01B 25/10 |
· · · | Arrangements or adaptations of working-fluid admission or discharge valves (valves in general Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F16K)

|  | F01B 25/12 |
· · | Devices dealing with sensing elements or final actuators or transmitting means between them, e.g. power-assisted (sensing elements alone Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F01B 25/04; final actuators alone Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F01B 25/08)

|  | F01B 25/14 |
· · | peculiar to particular kinds of machines or engines

|  | F01B 25/16 |
· | Safety means responsive to specific conditions (against water hammer or the like in steam engines Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F01B 31/34)

|  | F01B 25/18 |
· · | preventing rotation in wrong direction

|  | F01B 25/20 |
· | Checking operation of safety devices

|  | F01B 25/22 |
· | Braking by redirecting working fluid

|  | F01B 25/24 |
· · | thereby regenerating energy

|  | F01B 25/26 |
· | Warning devices

P:10 |  | F01B 27/00 |
Starting of machines or engines (starting combustion engines Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F02N)

|  | F01B 27/02 |
· | of reciprocating-piston engines

|  | F01B 27/04 |
· · | by directing working-fluid supply, e.g. by aid of by-pass steam conduits

|  | F01B 27/06 |
· · · | specially for compound engines

|  | F01B 27/08 |
· · | Means for moving crank off dead-centre (turning-gear in general Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F16H)

P:140 |  | F01B 29/00 |
Machines or engines with pertinent characteristics other than those provided for in main groups Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F01B 1/00-F01B 27/00

|  | F01B 29/02 |
· | Atmospheric engines, i.e. atmosphere acting against vacuum

|  | F01B 29/04 |
· | characterised by means for converting from one type to a different one

|  | F01B 29/06 |
· · | from steam engine into combustion engine

|  | F01B 29/08 |
· | Reciprocating-piston machines or engines not otherwise provided for

|  | F01B 29/10 |
· · | Engines (refrigeration machines Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F25B)

|  | F01B 29/12 |
· · · | Steam engines (toy steam engines Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...A63H 25/00)

P:150 |  | F01B 31/00 |
Component parts, details, or accessories not provided for in, or of interest apart from, other groups (machine or engine casings, other than those peculiar to steam engines, Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F16M)

|  | F01B 31/02 |
· | De-icing means for engines having icing phenomena

|  | F01B 31/04 |
· | Means for equalising torque in reciprocating-piston machines or engines (compensation of inertial forces, suppression of vibration in systems Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F16F)

|  | F01B 31/06 |
· | Means for compensating relative expansion of component parts

|  | F01B 31/08 |
· | Cooling of steam engines (cooling of fluid machines or engines in general Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F01P); Heating; Heat insulation (heat insulation in general Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F16L 59/00)

|  | F01B 31/10 |
· | Lubricating arrangements of steam engines (of fluid machines or engines in general Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F01M)

|  | F01B 31/12 |
· | Arrangements of measuring or indicating devices (warning apparatus Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F01B 25/26; measuring instruments or the like per se Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...G01)

|  | F01B 31/14 |
· | Changing of compression ratio

|  | F01B 31/16 |
· | Silencers specially adapted for steam engines (arrangements of exhaust pipes or tubes on steam engines Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F01B 31/30; gas-flow silencers or exhaust silencers for machines or engines in general Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F01N)

|  | F01B 31/18 |
· | Draining

|  | F01B 31/20 |
· · | of cylinders

|  | F01B 31/22 |
· | Idling devices, e.g. having by-passing valves

|  | F01B 31/24 |
· · | Disengagement of connections between pistons and main shafts

|  | F01B 31/26 |
· | Other component parts, details, or accessories, peculiar to steam engines

|  | F01B 31/28 |
· · | Cylinders or cylinder covers

|  | F01B 31/30 |
· · | Arrangements of steam conduits

|  | F01B 31/32 |
· · | Arrangements or adaptations of vacuum breakers

|  | F01B 31/34 |
· · | Safety means against water hammer or against the penetration of water (steam traps Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F16T)

|  | F01B 31/36 |
· · · | automatically cutting-off steam supply