|  | F |
SECTION F — MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING

ENGINES OR PUMPS

|  | F01 - F04 |
Note(s) Guide to the use of this subsection (classes Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F01-F04) The following notes are meant to assist in the use of this part of the classification scheme. In this subsection, subclasses or groups designating "engines" or "pumps" cover methods of operating the same, unless otherwise specifically provided for. In this subsection, the following terms or expressions are used with the meanings indicated: "engine" means a device for continuously converting fluid energy into mechanical power. Thus, this term includes, for example, steam piston engines or steam turbines, per se, or internal-combustion piston engines, but it excludes single-stroke devices. "Engine" also includes the fluid-motive portion of a meter unless such portion is particularly adapted for use in a meter; "pump" means a device for continuously raising, forcing, compressing, or exhausting fluid by mechanical or other means. Thus, this term includes fans or blowers; "machine" means a device which could equally be an engine and a pump, and not a device which is restricted to an engine or one which is restricted to a pump; "positive displacement" means the way the energy of a working fluid is transformed into mechanical energy, in which variations of volume created by the working fluid in a working chamber produce equivalent displacements of the mechanical member transmitting the energy, the dynamic effect of the fluid being of minor importance, and vice versa; "non-positive displacement" means the way the energy of a working fluid is transformed into mechanical energy, by transformation of the energy of the working fluid into kinetic energy, and vice versa; "oscillating-piston machine" means a positive-displacement machine in which a fluid-engaging work-transmitting member oscillates. This definition applies also to engines and pumps; "rotary-piston machine" means a positive-displacement machine in which a fluid-engaging work-transmitting member rotates about a fixed axis or about an axis moving along a circular or similar orbit. This definition applies also to engines and pumps; "rotary piston" means the work-transmitting member of a rotary-piston machine and may be of any suitable form, e.g., like a toothed gear; "cooperating members" means the "oscillating piston" or "rotary piston" and another member, e.g., the working-chamber wall, which assists in the driving or pumping action; "movement of the co-operating members" is to be interpreted as relative, so that one of the "co-operating members" may be stationary, even though reference may be made to its rotational axis, or both may move; "teeth or tooth equivalents" include lobes, projections or abutments; "internal-axis type" means that the rotational axes of the inner and outer co-operating members remain at all times within the outer member, e.g., in a similar manner to that of a pinion meshing with the internal teeth of a ring gear; "free piston" means a piston of which the length of stroke is not defined by any member driven thereby; "cylinders" means positive-displacement working chambers in general. Thus, this term is not restricted to cylinders of circular cross-section; "main shaft" means the shaft which converts reciprocating piston motion into rotary motion or vice versa; "plant" means an engine together with such additional apparatus as is necessary to run the engine. For example, a steam engine plant includes a steam engine and means for generating the steam; "working fluid" means the driven fluid in a pump and the driving fluid in an engine. The working fluid may be in a gaseous state, i.e., compressible, or liquid. In the former case coexistence of two states is possible; "steam" includes condensable vapours in general, and "special vapour" is used when steam is excluded; "reaction type" as applied to non-positive-displacement machines or engines means machines or engines in which pressure/velocity transformation takes place wholly or partly in the rotor. Machines or engines with no, or only slight, pressure/velocity transformation in the rotor are called "impulse type". In this subsection: cyclically operating valves, lubricating, gas-flow silencers or exhaust apparatus, or cooling are classified in subclasses Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F01L, Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F01M, Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F01N, Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F01P irrespective of their stated application, unless their classifying features are peculiar to their application, in which case they are classified only in the relevant subclass of classes Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F01-F04; lubricating, gas-flow silencers or exhaust apparatus, or cooling of machines or engines are classified in subclasses Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F01M, Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F01N, Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F01P except for those peculiar to steam engines which are classified in subclass Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F01B. For use of this subsection with a good understanding, it is essential to remember, so far as subclasses Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F01B, Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F01C, Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F01D, Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F03B, and Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F04B, Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F04C, Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F04D, which form its skeleton, are concerned: the principle which resides in their elaboration, the classifying characteristics which they call for, and their complementarity. Principle This concerns essentially the subclasses listed above. Other subclasses, notably those of class Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F02, which cover better-defined matter, are not considered here. Each subclass covers fundamentally a genus of apparatus (engine or pump) and by extension covers equally "machines" of the same kind. Two different subjects, one having a more general character than the other, are thus covered by the same subclass. Subclasses Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F01B, Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F03B, Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F04B, beyond the two subjects which they cover, have further a character of generality in relation to other subclasses concerning the different species of apparatus in the genus concerned. This generality applies as well for the two subjects dealt with, without these always being in relation to the same subclasses. Thus, subclass Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F03B, in its part dealing with "machines", should be considered as being the general class relating to subclasses Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F04B, Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F04C, and in its part dealing with "engines" as being general in relation to subclass Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F03C. Characteristics The principal classifying characteristic of the subclass is that of genera of apparatus, of which there are three possible: Machines; engines; pumps. As stated above, "machines" are always associated with one of the other two genera. These main genera are subdivided according to the general principles of operation of the apparatus: Positive displacement; non-positive displacement. The positive displacement apparatus are further subdivided according to the ways of putting into effect the principle of operation, that is, to the kind of apparatus: Simple reciprocating piston; rotary or oscillating piston; other kind. Another classifying characteristic is that of the working fluid, in respect of which three kinds of apparatus are possible, namely: Liquid and elastic fluid; elastic fluid; liquid. Complementarity This resides in association of pairs of the subclasses listed above, according to the characteristics under consideration in respect of kind of apparatus or working fluid. The subclasses concerned with the various principles, characteristics and complementarity are shown in the subsection index below. It is seen from this index that: For the same kind of apparatus in a given genus, the characteristics of "working fluid" associates: Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F01B and Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F04B to Machines Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F01C and Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F04C to Machines Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F01D and Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F03B to Machines Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F01B and Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F03C to Engines Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F01C and Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F03C to Engines Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F01D and Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F03B to Engines For the same kind of working fluid, the "apparatus" characteristic relates subclasses in the same way as considerations of relative generality.

|  | F01 - F04 |
Subsection index
MACHINES |
positive displacement |
rotary or oscillating piston |
liquid and elastic fluid or elastic fluid | F01C
liquid only | F04C
reciprocating piston or other |
liquid and elastic fluid or elastic fluid | F01B
liquid only | F04B
non-positive displacement |
liquid and elastic fluid or elastic fluid | F01D
liquid only | F03B
ENGINES |
positive displacement |
rotary or oscillating piston |
liquid and elastic fluid or elastic fluid | F01C
liquid only | F03C
reciprocating piston or other |
liquid and elastic fluid or elastic fluid | F01B
liquid only | F03C
non-positive displacement |
liquid and elastic fluid or elastic fluid | F01D
liquid only | F03B
PUMPS |
positive displacement |
rotary or oscillating piston | F04C
reciprocating piston or other | F04B
non-positive displacement | F04D

|  | F01 |
MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL (combustion engines Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F02; machines for liquids Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F03, Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F04); ENGINE PLANTS IN GENERAL; STEAM ENGINES

|  | F01D |
NON-POSITIVE-DISPLACEMENT MACHINES OR ENGINES, e.g. STEAM TURBINES (machines or engines for liquids Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F03; non-positive-displacement pumps Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F04D)

|  | F01D |
Note(s) This subclass covers: non-positive-displacement engines for elastic fluids, e.g. steam turbines; non-positive-displacement engines for liquids and elastic fluids; non-positive-displacement machines for elastic fluids; non-positive-displacement machines for liquids and elastic fluids. Attention is drawn to the Notes preceding class Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F01, especially as regards the definitions of "reaction type", e.g. with airfoil-like blades, and "impulse type", e.g. bucket turbines.

|  | F01D |
Subclass index
NON-POSITIVE-DISPLACEMENT MACHINES OR ENGINES |
General characteristics; with axial-thrust balancing; with other than pure rotation | 1/00; 3/00; 23/00
Component parts |
blades and carrying members, protection thereof; rotors with adjustable blades; stators | 5/00; 7/00; 9/00
means against internal leakage | 11/00
COMBINATIONS OR ADAPTATIONS OF MACHINES OR ENGINES | 13/00, 15/00
REGULATION, CONTROLLING, SAFETY MEANS | 17/00, 19/00, 21/00
STARTING; SHUTTING-DOWN | 19/00; 21/00
OTHER DETAILS AND ACCESSORIES | 25/00

P:70 |  | F01D 1/00 |
Non-positive-displacement machines or engines, e.g. steam turbines (with working-fluid flows in opposite axial directions for balancing axial thrust Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F01D 3/02; with other than pure rotation Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F01D 23/00; turbines characterised by their use in special steam systems, cycles, or processes, regulating devices therefor Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F01K)

|  | F01D 1/02 |
· | with stationary working-fluid guiding means and bladed or like rotor (Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F01D 1/24 takes precedence; without working-fluid guiding means Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F01D 1/18) [5]

|  | F01D 1/04 |
· · | traversed by the working-fluid substantially axially

|  | F01D 1/06 |
· · | traversed by the working-fluid substantially radially

|  | F01D 1/08 |
· · · | having inward flow

|  | F01D 1/10 |
· · | having two or more stages subjected to working-fluid flow without essential intermediate pressure change, i.e. with velocity stages (Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F01D 1/12 takes precedence)

|  | F01D 1/12 |
· · | with repeated action on same blade ring

|  | F01D 1/14 |
· · · | traversed by the working-fluid substantially radially

|  | F01D 1/16 |
· · | characterised by having both reaction stages and impulse stages

|  | F01D 1/18 |
· | without working-fluid guiding means (Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F01D 1/24, Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F01D 1/32, Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F01D 1/34 take precedence) [5]

|  | F01D 1/20 |
· · | traversed by the working-fluid substantially axially

|  | F01D 1/22 |
· · | traversed by the working-fluid substantially radially

|  | F01D 1/24 |
· | characterised by counter-rotating rotors subjected to same working-fluid stream without intermediate stator blades or the like

|  | F01D 1/26 |
· · | traversed by the working-fluid substantially axially

|  | F01D 1/28 |
· · | traversed by the working-fluid substantially radially

|  | F01D 1/30 |
· | characterised by having a single rotor operable in either direction of rotation, e.g. by reversing of blades (combinations of machines or engines Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F01D 13/00)

|  | F01D 1/32 |
· | with pressure/velocity transformation exclusively in rotor, e.g. the rotor rotating under the influence of jets issuing from the rotor

|  | F01D 1/34 |
· | characterised by non-bladed rotor, e.g. with drilled holes (Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F01D 1/32 takes precedence; sirens Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...G10K 7/00) [5]

|  | F01D 1/36 |
· · | using fluid friction

|  | F01D 1/38 |
· · | of the screw type [5]

P:60 |  | F01D 3/00 |
Machines or engines with axial-thrust balancing effected by working fluid

|  | F01D 3/02 |
· | characterised by having one fluid flow in one axial direction and another fluid flow in the opposite direction

|  | F01D 3/04 |
· | axial thrust being compensated by thrust-balancing dummy piston or the like

P:110 |  | F01D 5/00 |
Blades; Blade-carrying members (nozzle boxes Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F01D 9/02); Heating, heat-insulating, cooling, or antivibration means on the blades or the members

|  | F01D 5/02 |
· | Blade-carrying members, e.g. rotors (rotors of non-bladed type Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F01D 1/34; stators Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F01D 9/00)

|  | F01D 5/03 |
· · | Annular blade-carrying members having blades on the inner periphery of the annulus and extending inwardly radially, i.e. inverted rotors [6]

|  | F01D 5/04 |
· · | for radial-flow machines or engines

|  | F01D 5/06 |
· · | Rotors for more than one axial stage, e.g. of drum or multiple-disc type; Details thereof, e.g. shafts, shaft connections

|  | F01D 5/08 |
· · | Heating, heat-insulating, or cooling means

|  | F01D 5/10 |
· · | Antivibration means

|  | F01D 5/12 |
· | Blades (blade roots Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F01D 5/30; rotors with blades adjustable in operation Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F01D 7/00; stator blades Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F01D 9/02)

|  | F01D 5/14 |
· · | Form or construction (selecting particular materials, measures against erosion or corrosion Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F01D 5/28)

|  | F01D 5/16 |
· · · | for counteracting blade vibration

|  | F01D 5/18 |
· · · | Hollow blades; Heating, heat-insulating, or cooling means on blades

|  | F01D 5/20 |
· · · | Specially-shaped blade tips to seal space between tips and stator

|  | F01D 5/22 |
· · | Blade-to-blade connections, e.g. by shrouding

|  | F01D 5/24 |
· · · | using wire or the like

|  | F01D 5/26 |
· · | Antivibration means not restricted to blade form or construction or to blade-to-blade connections

|  | F01D 5/28 |
· · | Selecting particular materials; Measures against erosion or corrosion

|  | F01D 5/30 |
· | Fixing blades to rotors; Blade roots

|  | F01D 5/32 |
· · | Locking, e.g. by final locking-blades or keys

|  | F01D 5/34 |
· | Rotor-blade aggregates of unitary construction

P:90 |  | F01D 7/00 |
Rotors with blades adjustable in operation; Control thereof (for reversing Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F01D 1/30)

|  | F01D 7/02 |
· | having adjustment responsive to speed

P:100 |  | F01D 9/00 |
Stators (non-fluid guiding aspects of casings, regulating, controlling, or safety aspects, see the relevant groups)

|  | F01D 9/02 |
· | Nozzles; Nozzle boxes; Stator blades; Guide conduits

|  | F01D 9/04 |
· · | forming ring or sector

|  | F01D 9/06 |
· | Fluid supply conduits to nozzles or the like

P:80 |  | F01D 11/00 |
Preventing or minimising internal leakage of working fluid, e.g. between stages (sealings in general Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F16J)

|  | F01D 11/02 |
· | by non-contact sealings, e.g. of labyrinth type (for sealing space between rotor blade tips and stator Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F01D 11/08)

|  | F01D 11/04 |
· · | using sealing fluid, e.g. steam

|  | F01D 11/06 |
· · · | Control thereof

|  | F01D 11/08 |
· | for sealing space between rotor blade tips and stator (specially-shaped blade tips therefor Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F01D 5/20)

|  | F01D 11/10 |
· · | using sealing fluid, e.g. steam

|  | F01D 11/12 |
· · | using a rubstrip, e.g. erodible, deformable or resiliently biased part [6]

|  | F01D 11/14 |
· · | Adjusting or regulating tip-clearance, i.e. distance between rotor-blade tips and stator casing (rotors with blades adjustable in operation Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F01D 7/00) [6]

|  | F01D 11/16 |
· · · | by self-adjusting means (Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F01D 11/12 takes precedence) [6]

|  | F01D 11/18 |
· · · · | using stator or rotor components with predetermined thermal response, e.g. selective insulation, thermal inertia, differential expansion [6]

|  | F01D 11/20 |
· · · | Actively adjusting tip-clearance [6]

|  | F01D 11/22 |
· · · · | by mechanically actuating the stator or rotor components, e.g. moving shroud sections relative to the rotor [6]

|  | F01D 11/24 |
· · · · | by selectively cooling or heating stator or rotor components [6]

P:40 |  | F01D 13/00 |
Combinations of two or more machines or engines (Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F01D 15/00 takes precedence; combinations of two or more pumps Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F04; fluid gearing Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F16H; regulating or controlling, see the relevant groups)

|  | F01D 13/02 |
· | Working-fluid interconnection of machines or engines

P:30 |  | F01D 15/00 |
Adaptations of machines or engines for special use; Combinations of engines with devices driven thereby (regulating or controlling, see the relevant groups; aspects predominantly concerning driven devices, see the relevant classes for the devices)

|  | F01D 15/02 |
· | Adaptations for driving vehicles, e.g. locomotives (arrangement in vehicles, see the relevant vehicle classes)

|  | F01D 15/04 |
· · | the vehicles being waterborne vessels

|  | F01D 15/06 |
· | Adaptations for driving, or combinations with, hand-held tools or the like

|  | F01D 15/08 |
· | Adaptations for driving, or combinations with, pumps

|  | F01D 15/10 |
· | Adaptations for driving, or combinations with, electric generators

|  | F01D 15/12 |
· | Combinations with mechanical gearing (driven by multiple engines Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F01D 13/00)

P:0 |  | F01D 17/00 |
Regulating or controlling by varying flow (for reversing Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F01D 1/30; by varying rotor blade position Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F01D 7/00; specially for starting Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F01D 19/00; shutting-down Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F01D 21/00; regulating or controlling in general Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...G05)

|  | F01D 17/02 |
· | Arrangement of sensing elements (sensing elements per se, see the relevant subclasses)

|  | F01D 17/04 |
· · | responsive to load

|  | F01D 17/06 |
· · | responsive to speed

|  | F01D 17/08 |
· · | responsive to condition of working fluid, e.g. pressure

|  | F01D 17/10 |
· | Final actuators (valves in general Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F16K)

|  | F01D 17/12 |
· · | arranged in stator parts

|  | F01D 17/14 |
· · · | varying effective cross-sectional area of nozzles or guide conduits

|  | F01D 17/16 |
· · · · | by means of nozzle vanes

|  | F01D 17/18 |
· · · | varying effective number of nozzles or guide conduits

|  | F01D 17/20 |
· | Devices dealing with sensing elements or final actuators or transmitting means between them, e.g. power-assisted (sensing elements alone Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F01D 17/02; final actuators alone Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F01D 17/10)

|  | F01D 17/22 |
· · | the operation or power assistance being predominantly non-mechanical

|  | F01D 17/24 |
· · · | electrical

|  | F01D 17/26 |
· · · | fluid, e.g. hydraulic

P:10 |  | F01D 19/00 |
Starting of machines or engines; Regulating, controlling, or safety means in connection therewith (warming-up before starting Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F01D 25/10; turning or inching gear Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F01D 25/34)

|  | F01D 19/02 |
· | dependent on temperature of component parts, e.g. of turbine casing

P:20 |  | F01D 21/00 |
Shutting-down of machines or engines, e.g. in emergency; Regulating, controlling, or safety means not otherwise provided for

|  | F01D 21/02 |
· | Shutting-down responsive to overspeed

|  | F01D 21/04 |
· | responsive to undesired position of rotor relative to stator, e.g. indicating such position

|  | F01D 21/06 |
· · | Shutting-down

|  | F01D 21/08 |
· · | Restoring position

|  | F01D 21/10 |
· | responsive to unwanted deposits on blades, in working-fluid conduits, or the like

|  | F01D 21/12 |
· | responsive to temperature

|  | F01D 21/14 |
· | responsive to other specific conditions

|  | F01D 21/16 |
· | Trip gear

|  | F01D 21/18 |
· · | involving hydraulic means

|  | F01D 21/20 |
· | Checking operation of shut-down devices

P:50 |  | F01D 23/00 |
Non-positive-displacement machines or engines with movement other than pure rotation, e.g. of endless-chain type

P:120 |  | F01D 25/00 |
Component parts, details, or accessories, not provided for in, or of interest apart from, other groups

|  | F01D 25/02 |
· | De-icing means for engines having icing phenomena

|  | F01D 25/04 |
· | Antivibration arrangements

|  | F01D 25/06 |
· · | for preventing blade vibration (means on blade-carrying members or blades Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F01D 5/00)

|  | F01D 25/08 |
· | Cooling (of machines or engines in general Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F01P); Heating; Heat insulation (of blade-carrying members, of blades Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F01D 5/00)

|  | F01D 25/10 |
· · | Heating, e.g. warming-up before starting

|  | F01D 25/12 |
· · | Cooling

|  | F01D 25/14 |
· · | Casings modified therefor (double casings Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F01D 25/26)

|  | F01D 25/16 |
· | Arrangement of bearings; Supporting or mounting bearings in casings (bearings per se Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F16C)

|  | F01D 25/18 |
· | Lubricating arrangements (of machines or engines in general Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F01M)

|  | F01D 25/20 |
· · | using lubrication pumps

|  | F01D 25/22 |
· · | using working fluid or other gaseous fluid as lubricant

|  | F01D 25/24 |
· | Casings (modified for heating or cooling Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F01D 25/14); Casing parts, e.g. diaphragms, casing fastenings (casings for rotary machines or engines in general Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F16M)

|  | F01D 25/26 |
· · | Double casings; Measures against temperature strain in casings

|  | F01D 25/28 |
· | Supporting or mounting arrangements, e.g. for turbine casing

|  | F01D 25/30 |
· | Exhaust heads, chambers, or the like

|  | F01D 25/32 |
· | Collecting of condensation water; Drainage

|  | F01D 25/34 |
· | Turning or inching gear

|  | F01D 25/36 |
· · | using electric motors