|  | G |
SECTION G — PHYSICS

|  | G |
Note(s) In this section, the following term is used with the meaning indicated: "variable" (as a noun) means a feature or property (e.g., a dimension, a physical condition such as temperature, a quality such as density or colour) which, in respect of a particular entity (e.g., an object, a quantity of a substance, a beam of light) and at a particular instant, is capable of being measured; the variable may change, so that its numerical expression may assume different values at different times, in different conditions or in individual cases, but may be constant in respect of a particular entity in certain conditions or for practical purposes (e.g., the length of a bar may be regarded as constant for many purposes). Attention is drawn to the definitions of terms or expressions used, appearing in the notes of several of the classes in this section, in particular those of "measuring" in class Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...G01 and "control" and "regulation" in class Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...G05. Classification in this section may present more difficulty than in other sections, because the distinction between different fields of use rests to a considerable extent on differences in the intention of the user rather than on any constructional differences or differences in the manner of use, and because the subjects dealt with are often in effect systems or combinations, which have features or parts in common, rather than "things", which are readily distinguishable as a whole. For example, information (e.g., a set of figures) may be displayed for the purpose of education or advertising (Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...G09), for enabling the result of a measurement to be known (Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...G01), for signalling the information to a distant point or for giving information which has been signalled from a distant point (Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...G08). The words used to describe the purpose depend on features that may be irrelevant to the form of the apparatus concerned, for example, such features as the desired effect on the person who sees the display, or whether the display is controlled from a remote point. Again, a device which responds to some change in a condition, e.g., in the pressure of a fluid, may be used, without modification of the device itself, to give information about the pressure (Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...G01L) or about some other condition linked to the pressure (another subclass of class Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...G01, e.g., Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...G01K for temperature), to make a record of the pressure or of its occurrence (Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...G07C), to give an alarm (Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...G08B), or to control another apparatus (Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...G05). The classification scheme is intended to enable things of a similar nature (as indicated above) to be classified together. It is therefore particularly necessary for the real nature of any technical subject to be decided before it can be properly classified.

INSTRUMENTS

|  | G01 |
MEASURING (counting Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...G06M); TESTING

|  | G01 |
Note(s) This class covers, in addition to "true" measuring instruments, other indicating or recording devices of analogous construction, and also signalling or control devices insofar as they are concerned with measurement (as defined in Note 2 below) and are not specially adapted to the particular purpose of signalling or control. In this class, the following term is used with the meaning indicated: "measuring" is used to cover considerably more than its primary or basic meaning. In this primary sense, it means finding a numerical expression of the value of a variable in relation to a unit or datum or to another variable of the same nature, e.g. expressing a length in terms of another length as in measuring a length with a scale; the value may be obtained directly (as just suggested) or by measuring some other variable of which the value can be related to the value of the required variable, as in measuring a change in temperature by measuring a resultant change in the length of a column of mercury. However, since the same device or instrument may, instead of giving an immediate indication, be used to produce a record or to initiate a signal to produce an indication or control effect, or may be used in combination with other devices or instruments to give a conjoint result from measurement of two or more variables of the same or different kinds, it is necessary to interpret "measuring" as including also any operation that would make it possible to obtain such a numerical expression by the additional use of some way of converting a value into figures. Thus the expression in figures may be actually made by a digital presentation or by reading a scale, or an indication of it may be given without the use of figures, e.g. by some perceptible feature (variable) of the entity (e.g. object, substance, beam of light) of which the variable being measured is a property or condition or by an analogue of such a feature (e.g. the corresponding position of a member without any scale, a corresponding voltage generated in some way). In many cases there is no such value indication but only an indication of difference or equality in relation to a standard or datum (of which the value may or may not be known in figures); the standard or datum may be the value of another variable of the same nature but of a different entity (e.g. a standard measure) or of the same entity at a different time. In its simplest form, measurement may give merely an indication of presence or absence of a certain condition or quality, e.g. movement (in any direction or in a particular direction), or whether a variable exceeds a predetermined value. Attention is drawn to the Notes following the titles of class Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...B81 and subclass Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...B81B relating to "micro-structural devices" and "micro-structural systems" and the Notes following the title of subclass Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...B82B relating to "nano-structures". [7] Attention is drawn to the Notes following the title of section G, especially as regards the definition of the term "variable". In many measuring arrangements, a first variable to be measured is transformed into a second, or further, variables. The second, or further, variables may be (a) a condition related to the first variable and produced in a member, or (b) a displacement of a member. Further transformation may be needed. [6] When classifying such an arrangement, (i) the transformation step, or each transformation step, that is of interest is classified, or (ii) if interest lies only in the system as a whole, the first variable is classified in the appropriate place. [6] This is particularly important where two or more conversions take place, for instance where a first variable, for example pressure, is transformed into a second variable, for example an optical property of a sensing body, and that second variable is expressed by means of a third variable, for example an electric effect. In such a case, the following classification places should be considered: the place for the transformation of the first variable, that for sensing the condition caused by that variable, subclass Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...G01D for expression of the measurement, and finally the place for the overall system, if any. [6] The measurement of change in the value of a physical property is classified in the same subclass as the measurement of that physical property, e.g. measurement of expansion of length is classified in subclass Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...G01B.

|  | G01B |
MEASURING LENGTH, THICKNESS, OR SIMILAR LINEAR DIMENSIONS; MEASURING ANGLES; MEASURING AREAS; MEASURING IRREGULARITIES OF SURFACES OR CONTOURS (measuring human body, see the relevant places, where such exist, e.g. Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...A41H 1/00, Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...A43D 1/02, Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...A61B 5/103; measuring appliances combined with walking-sticks Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...A45B 3/08; sorting according to dimensions Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...B07; methods or devices for measuring, specially adapted for metal-rolling mills Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...B21B 38/00; tool-setting or drawing instruments not specially modified for measuring Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...B23B 49/00, Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...B23Q 15/00-B23Q 17/00, Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...B43L; measuring or gauging equipment specially adapted for grinding or polishing operations Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...B24B 49/00; combinations of measuring devices with writing-implements Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...B43K 29/08; geodetical, nautical or aeronautical measuring, surveying, rangefinding Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...G01C; photogrammetry or videogrammetry Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...G01C 11/00; measuring force or stress, in general Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...G01L 1/00; investigating or analysing surface structures in atomic ranges using scanning-probe techniques Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...G01N 13/00; investigating or analysing particle size, investigating or analysing surface area of porous material Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...G01N 15/00; radio direction-finding, determining distance or velocity by use of propagation effects, e.g. Doppler effect, propagation time, of radio waves, analogous arrangements using other waves Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...G01S; geophysical measuring Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...G01V; measuring length or roll diameter of film in cameras or projectors Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...G03B 1/60; combinations of measuring devices with means for controlling or regulating Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...G05; methods or arrangements for converting the position of a manually-operated writing or tracing member into an electrical signal Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...G06K 11/00; measuring elapsed travel of recording medium in recording or playback equipment, sensing diameter of record in autochange gramophones Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...G11B; details of scanning-probe apparatus, in general Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...G12B 21/00; means structurally associated with electric rotary current collectors for indicating brush wear Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...H01R 39/58; indicating consumption of electrodes in arc lamps Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...H05B 31/34)

|  | G01B |
Note(s) This subclass covers measuring of position or displacement in terms of linear or angular dimensions. [4] In this subclass, the groups are distinguished by the means of measurement which is of major importance. Thus the mere application of other means for giving a final indication does not affect the classification. Attention is drawn to the Notes following the title of class Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...G01. Machines operated on similar principles to the hand-held devices specified in this subclass are classified with these devices. Measuring arrangements or details thereof covered by two or more of groups Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...G01B 3/00-G01B 17/00 are classified in group Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...G01B 21/00 if no single other group can be selected as being predominantly applicable.

|  | G01B |
Subclass index
MEASURING DEVICES CHARACTERISED BY THE MATERIAL | 1/00
PREDOMINANT METHODS USED IN MEASURING DEVICES |
Mechanical | 3/00, 5/00
Electric or magnetic | 7/00
By fluids | 13/00
By light waves; by other electro-magnetic waves or radiation | 9/00, 11/00; 15/00
By sonic waves | 17/00
OTHER MEASURING ARRANGEMENTS | 21/00

|  | G01C |
MEASURING DISTANCES, LEVELS OR BEARINGS; SURVEYING; NAVIGATION; GYROSCOPIC INSTRUMENTS; PHOTOGRAMMETRY OR VIDEOGRAMMETRY (measuring dimensions or angles of objects Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...G01B; measuring liquid level Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...G01F; measuring intensity or direction of magnetic fields, other than the earth's field, in general Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...G01R; radio navigation, determining distance or velocity by use of propagation effects, e.g. Doppler effect, propagation time, of radio waves, analogous arrangements using other waves Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...G01S; optical systems therefor Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...G02B; maps, globes Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...G09B)

|  | G01C |
Note(s) In this subclass, the following term is used with the meaning indicated: "navigation" means determining the position and course of land vehicles, ships, aircraft, and space vehicles. Attention is drawn to the Notes following the title of class Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...G01.

|  | G01C |
Subclass index
MEASURING INSTRUMENTS |
For measuring angles; inclinations | 1/00; 9/00
For measuring distances; heights or levels | 3/00, 22/00; 5/00
Compasses; gyroscopes; other navigation instruments | 17/00; 19/00; 21/00
Other surveying instruments | 15/00
Combined instruments | 23/00
Manufacture, calibrating | 25/00
TRACING PROFILES | 7/00
PHOTOGRAMMETRY OR VIDEOGRAMMETRY | 11/00
SURVEYING OPEN WATER | 13/00

|  | G01D |
MEASURING NOT SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR A SPECIFIC VARIABLE; ARRANGEMENTS FOR MEASURING TWO OR MORE VARIABLES NOT COVERED BY A SINGLE OTHER SUBCLASS; TARIFF METERING APPARATUS; MEASURING OR TESTING NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR (means structurally associated with lightning or other overvoltage discharging apparatus for recording the operation thereof Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...G01R; displaying information in general Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...G09F; recording in a way which requires playback through a transducer Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...G11B)

|  | G01D |
Note(s) This subclass covers: devices for indicating or recording the results of measurements, not peculiar to variables covered by a single other subclass; analogous arrangements but in which the input is not a variable to be measured, e.g. a hand operation; details of measuring instruments, which are of general interest; measurement transducers not adapted solely for the measurement of a single specified variable and not provided for elsewhere, i.e. means for converting the output of a sensing member to another variable where the form or nature of the sensing member does not constrain the means for converting; measuring or testing not otherwise provided for. Attention is drawn to the Notes following the title of class Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...G01.

|  | G01D |
Subclass index
MEASURING ARRANGEMENTS IN GENERAL |
With data restitution in other form than their instantaneous value | 1/00
With provision for special purposes | 3/00
Transferring and converting arrangements, prevailing means used | 5/00
Component parts | 11/00
INDICATING; COMPONENT PARTS OF INDICATORS | 7/00, 13/00
RECORDING; COMPONENT PARTS OF RECORDERS | 9/00, 15/00
TESTING OR CALIBRATING | 18/00
MEASURING OR TESTING NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR | 21/00
TARIFF METERING | 4/00

|  | G01F |
MEASURING VOLUME, VOLUME FLOW, MASS FLOW, OR LIQUID LEVEL; METERING BY VOLUME (milk flow sensing devices in milking machines or devices Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...A01J 5/01; measuring or recording blood flow Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...A61B 5/02, Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...A61B 8/06; metering media to the human body Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...A61M 5/168; burettes or pipettes Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...B01L 3/02; arrangements of liquid volume meters or volume-flow meters in liquid-delivering apparatus, e.g. for retail sale purposes, Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...B67D 5/16; pumps, fluid motors, details common to measuring or metering devices and pumps or fluid motors Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F01-F04; locating, determining distance or velocity using reflection or reradiation of radio waves, analogous arrangements using other waves Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...G01S; systems for ratio control Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...G05D 11/00) [2,5]

|  | G01F |
Note(s) Attention is drawn to the Notes following the title of class Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...G01.

|  | G01F |
Subclass index
MEASURING VOLUME | 17/00, 19/00, 22/00
MEASURING VOLUME FLOW |
In continuous flow; in discontinuous flow; by proportion of flow | 1/00; 3/00; 5/00
With multiple measuring ranges | 7/00
By comparison with another value | 9/00
LEVEL INDICATORS | 23/00
METERING BY VOLUME | 11/00, 13/00
DETAILS, ACCESSORIES | 15/00
TESTING, CALIBRATING | 25/00

|  | G01G |
WEIGHING (sorting by weighing Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...B07C 5/16)

|  | G01G |
Note(s) Attention is drawn to the Notes following the title of class Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...G01.

|  | G01G |
Subclass index
WEIGHING APPARATUS CHARACTERISED BY THE MEANS USED |
Mechanical | 1/00, 3/00
Fluidic | 5/00
Electric, magnetic | 7/00
Other | 9/00
WEIGHING APPARATUS CHARACTERISED BY, OR ADAPTED FOR, THE WEIGHING OF LOADS HAVING SPECIAL CHARACTERISTICS | 11/00 - 19/00
DETAILS | 21/00
AUXILIARY DEVICES | 23/00

|  | G01H |
MEASUREMENT OF MECHANICAL VIBRATIONS OR ULTRASONIC, SONIC OR INFRASONIC WAVES (generation of mechanical vibrations without measurement Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...B06B, Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...G10K; measuring position, direction or velocity of an object Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...G01C, Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...G01S; measuring quasi-steady pressure of a fluid Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...G01L 7/00; determining unbalance Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...G01M 1/14; determining properties of material by sonic or ultrasonic waves transmitted therethrough Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...G01N; systems using the reflection or reradiation of acoustic waves, e.g. acoustic imaging, Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...G01S 15/00; seismology, seismic prospecting, acoustic prospecting Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...G01V 1/00; acousto-optical devices per se Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...G02F; obtaining records by techniques analogous to photography using ultrasonic, sonic or infrasonic waves Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...G03B 42/06; speech analysis or synthesis, speech recognition Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...G10L; information storage based on relative movement between record carrier and transducer Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...G11B; piezo-electric, electrostrictive or magnetostrictive elements in general Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...H01L; manufacture of electromechanical resonators by processes which include measurement of frequency with consequential modification of the resonator Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...H03H 3/00) [4]

|  | G01H |
Note(s) This subclass covers the combination of generation and measurement of mechanical vibrations. Attention is drawn to the Notes following the title of class Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...G01.

|  | G01H |
Subclass index
PRINCIPLE OF THE MEASURING |
By direct conduction; by detection in a fluid; by sensitivity to radiation; by detection of changes in electric or magnetic properties | 1/00; 3/00; 9/00; 11/00
SPECIAL CHARACTERISTICS MEASURED |
Propagation velocity; reverberation time; resonant frequency; mechanical or acoustic impedance | 5/00; 7/00; 13/00; 15/00

|  | G01J |
MEASUREMENT OF INTENSITY, VELOCITY, SPECTRAL CONTENT, POLARISATION, PHASE OR PULSE CHARACTERISTICS OF INFRA-RED, VISIBLE OR ULTRA-VIOLET LIGHT; COLORIMETRY; RADIATION PYROMETRY (light sources Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F21, Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...H01J, Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...H01K, Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...H05B; investigating properties of materials by optical means Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...G01N) [2]

|  | G01J |
Note(s) This subclass covers the detection of the presence or absence of infra-red, visible, or ultra-violet light, not otherwise provided for. Attention is drawn to the Notes following the title of class Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...G01.

|  | G01J |
Subclass index
PHOTOMETRY; PYROMETRY | 1/00; 5/00
SPECTROMETRY; MEASURING: POLARISATION; VELOCITY; PHASE; PULSES | 3/00; 4/00; 7/00; 9/00; 11/00

|  | G01K |
MEASURING TEMPERATURE; MEASURING QUANTITY OF HEAT; THERMALLY-SENSITIVE ELEMENTS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR (sensing temperature changes for compensating measurements of other variables or for compensating readings of instruments for variations in temperature, see Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...G01D or relevant subclass for variable measured; radiation pyrometry Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...G01J; investigating or analysing materials by use of thermal means Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...G01N 25/00; compound sensitive elements, e.g. bimetallic, Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...G12B 1/02)

|  | G01K |
Note(s) In this subclass, the following term is used with the meaning indicated: "thermometer" includes thermally-sensitive elements not provided for in other subclasses. Attention is drawn to the Notes following the title of class Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...G01.

|  | G01K |
Subclass index
MEASURING TEMPERATURE |
characterised by principle of operation | 5/00, 7/00, 9/00, 11/00
Thermometers giving an indication other than the instantaneous value | 3/00
Details of thermometers not specially adapted for particular types of thermometers | 1/00
Adaptations of thermometers for specific purposes | 13/00
Testing and calibrating of thermometers | 15/00
MEASURING QUANTITY OF HEAT; TESTING AND CALIBRATING OF CALORIMETERS | 17/00; 19/00

|  | G01L |
MEASURING FORCE, STRESS, TORQUE, WORK, MECHANICAL POWER, MECHANICAL EFFICIENCY, OR FLUID PRESSURE (methods or devices for measuring specially adapted for metal-rolling mills Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...B21B 38/00; sensing pressure changes for compensating measurements of other variables or for compensating readings of instruments for variations in pressure, see Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...G01D or other relevant subclasses for the variable measured; weighing Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...G01G; scanning-probe techniques using atomic force microscopy Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...G01N 13/16; converting a pattern of forces into electrical signals Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...G06K 11/00) [4]

|  | G01L |
Note(s) Attention is drawn to the Notes following the title of class Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...G01.

|  | G01L |
Subclass index
MEASURING FORCE, STRESS, TORQUE, WORK, MECHANICAL POWER, MECHANICAL EFFICIENCY |
General methods; apparatus adapted to special purposes | 1/00, 3/00; 5/00
MEASURING FLUID PRESSURE |
Methods of measuring | 7/00, 9/00, 11/00
Measurements of differential or multiple pressure values | 13/00, 15/00
Details of apparatus or accessories | 19/00
SPECIAL ADAPTATIONS OF MEASURING APPARATUS |
Measurements of pressure of inflated bodies | 17/00
Vacuum gauges | 21/00
INDICATORS OF FAST CHANGES, PARTICULARLY IN THE OPERATION OF FLUID-PRESSURE ENGINES | 23/00
TESTING OR CALIBRATING | 25/00, 27/00

|  | G01M |
TESTING STATIC OR DYNAMIC BALANCE OF MACHINES OR STRUCTURES; TESTING STRUCTURES OR APPARATUS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR

|  | G01M |
Note(s) Attention is drawn to the Notes following the title of class Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...G01.

|  | G01M |
Subclass index
TESTING STATIC OR DYNAMIC BALANCE OF MACHINES OR STRUCTURES | 1/00
INVESTIGATING FLUID-TIGHTNESS; ELASTICITY | 3/00; 5/00
VIBRATION- OR SHOCK-TESTING | 7/00
SPECIAL APPLICATIONS |
Aerodynamic; hydrodynamic testing | 9/00; 10/00
Optical testing | 11/00
Mechanical or engine testing | 13/00, 15/00, 17/00
OTHER TESTING OF STRUCTURES OR OF APPARATUS NOT PROVIDED FOR ELSEWHERE | 19/00

|  | G01N |
INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES (separating components of materials in general Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...B01D, Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...B01J, Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...B03, Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...B07; apparatus fully provided for in a single other subclass, see the relevant subclass, e.g. Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...B01L; measuring or testing processes other than immunoassay, involving enzymes or micro-organisms Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...C12M, Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...C12Q; investigation of foundation soil in situ Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...E02D 1/00; monitoring or diagnostic devices for exhaust-gas treatment apparatus Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F01N 11/00; sensing humidity changes for compensating measurements of other variables or for compensating readings of instruments for variations in humidity, see Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...G01D or the relevant subclass for the variable measured; testing or determining the properties of structures Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...G01M; measuring or investigating electric or magnetic properties of materials Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...G01R; systems in general for determining distance, velocity or presence by use of propagation effects, e.g. Doppler effect, propagation time, of reflected or reradiated radio waves, analogous arrangements using other waves Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...G01S; determining sensitivity, graininess, or density of photographic materials Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...G03C 5/02; testing component parts of nuclear reactors Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...G21C 17/00)

|  | G01N |
Note(s) In this subclass, the following terms are used with the meanings indicated: "investigating" means testing or determining; "materials" includes solid, liquid or gaseous media, e.g. the atmosphere. Attention is drawn to the Notes following the title of class Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...G01. Investigating the properties of materials, specially adapted for use in processes covered by subclass Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...B23K, is classified in group Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...B23K 31/12. [5]

|  | G01N |
Subclass index
SAMPLING, PREPARING | 1/00
INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING CHARACTERISED BY THE PROPERTY INVESTIGATED |
Mechanical strength; density; flow | 3/00; 9/00; 11/00
Surface or boundary effects; characteristics of particles, permeability; friction, adhesive force | 13/00; 15/00; 19/00
Resistance to atmospheric agents | 17/00
INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING CHARACTERISED BY THE METHOD USED |
Weighing; measuring pressure or volume of gas; mechanical | 5/00; 7/00; 19/00
Optical; by microwaves; by radiation | 21/00; 22/00; 23/00
Magnetic resonance or other spin effects | 24/00
Thermal; electric, electrochemical, magnetic; sonic | 25/00; 27/00; 29/00
By separation into components; by the use of the chemical methods | 30/00; 31/00
OTHER INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING CHARACTERISED BY THE MATERIAL INVESTIGATED | 33/00
Immunoassay | 33/53
AUTOMATIC ANALYSIS | 35/00
DETAILS NOT COVERED BY THE PRECEDING GROUPS | 37/00

|  | G01P |
MEASURING LINEAR OR ANGULAR SPEED, ACCELERATION, DECELERATION, OR SHOCK; INDICATING PRESENCE, ABSENCE, OR DIRECTION, OF MOVEMENT (measuring or recording blood flow Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...A61B 5/02, Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...A61B 8/06; monitoring speed or deceleration of electrically-propelled vehicles Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...B60L 3/00; vehicle lighting systems adapted to indicate speed Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...B60Q 1/54; determining position or course in navigation, measuring ground distance in geodesy or surveying Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...G01C; combined measuring devices for measuring two or more variables of movement Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...G01C 23/00; measuring velocity of sound Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...G01H; measuring velocity of light Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...G01J 7/00; determining direction or velocity of solid objects by reflection or reradiation of radio or other waves and based on propagation effects, e.g. Doppler effect, propagation time, direction of propagation, Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...G01S; measuring speed of nuclear radiation Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...G01T; measuring acceleration of gravity Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...G01V)

|  | G01P |
Note(s) This subclass covers measuring direction or velocity of flowing fluids using propagation effects of radiowaves or other waves caused in the fluid itself, e.g. by laser anemometer, by ultrasonic flowmeter with "sing-around-system". [4] Attention is drawn to the Notes following the title of class Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...G01.

|  | G01P |
Subclass index
INDICATING MOVEMENT OR DIRECTION OF MOVEMENT | 13/00
MEASURING LINEAR OR ANGULAR SPEED OF SOLID BODIES |
Characterised by prevailing principle of action of the means | 3/00
By integration; by gyroscopic effect; by averaging | 7/00; 9/00; 11/00
MEASURING SPEED OF FLUIDS OR RELATIVE SPEED OF SOLID TO FLUID OR FLUID TO SOLID | 5/00
MEASURING ACCELERATION OR SUDDEN CHANGE OF ACCELERATION | 15/00
DETAILS | 1/00
FUNCTIONAL TESTING OR CALIBRATING | 21/00

|  | G01R |
MEASURING ELECTRIC VARIABLES; MEASURING MAGNETIC VARIABLES (measuring physical variables of any kind by conversion into electric variables, see Note (4) following the title of class Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...G01; measuring diffusion of ions in an electric field, e.g. electrophoresis, electro-osmosis, Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...G01N; investigating non-electric or non-magnetic properties of materials by using electric or magnetic methods Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...G01N; indicating correct tuning of resonant circuits Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...H03J 3/12; monitoring electronic pulse counters Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...H03K 21/40; monitoring operation of communication systems Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...H04)

|  | G01R |
Note(s) This subclass covers: measuring all kinds of electric or magnetic variables directly or by derivation from other electric or magnetic variables; measuring all kinds of electric or magnetic properties of materials; testing electric or magnetic devices, apparatus or networks (e.g. discharge tubes, amplifiers) or measuring their characteristics; indicating presence or sign of current or voltage; NMR, EPR or other spin-effect apparatus, not specially adapted for a particular application; [5] equipment for generating signals to be used for carrying out such tests and measurements. In this subclass, the following terms or expressions are used with the meanings indicated: "measuring" includes investigating; "instruments" or "measuring instruments" means electro-mechanical measuring mechanisms; "arrangements for measuring" means apparatus, circuits, or methods for measuring; Attention is drawn to the Notes following the title of class Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...G01. In this subclass, instruments or arrangements for measuring electric variables are classified in the following way: [8] Electromechanical instruments where the measured electric variables direcly effect the indication of the measured value, including combined effects of two or more values, are classified in groups Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...G01R 5/00-G01R 11/00. [8] Details common to different types of the instruments covered by groups Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...G01R 5/00-G01R 11/00 are classified in group Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...G01R 1/00. [8] Arrangements involving circuitry to obtain an indication of a measured value by deriving, calculating or otherwise processing electric variables, e.g. by comparison with another value, are classified in groups Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...G01R 17/00-G01R 29/00. [8] Details common to different types of arrangements covered by groups Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...G01R 17/00-G01R 29/00 are classified in group Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...G01R 15/00. [8] In this subclass, group Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...G01R 17/00 takes precedence over groups Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...G01R 19/00-G01R 31/00.

|  | G01R |
Subclass index
ELECTRIC MEASURING INSTRUMENTS |
In general | 5/00, 7/00, 9/00
Details | 1/00
Manufacture; calibrating, testing | 3/00; 35/00
ELECTROMECHANICAL MEASUREMENT OF TIME INTEGRAL OF POWER OR CURRENT | 11/00
MEASURING ELECTRIC VARIABLES |
Details of measuring arrangements | 11/02, 15/00
Arrangements for displaying | 13/00
Involving comparison with a reference value | 17/00
Current or voltage; power, power factor; time integral of power or current; frequency; resistance, reactance, impedance | 19/00; 21/00; 22/00; 23/00; 27/00
Other variables | 25/00, 29/00
TESTING ELECTRIC PROPERTIES OR LOCATING FAULTS | 31/00
MEASURING MAGNETIC VARIABLES | 33/00

|  | G01S |
RADIO DIRECTION-FINDING; RADIO NAVIGATION; DETERMINING DISTANCE OR VELOCITY BY USE OF RADIO WAVES; LOCATING OR PRESENCE-DETECTING BY USE OF THE REFLECTION OR RERADIATION OF RADIO WAVES; ANALOGOUS ARRANGEMENTS USING OTHER WAVES (detecting masses or objects by methods not involving reflection or reradiation of radio, acoustic or other waves Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...G01V)

|  | G01S |
Note(s) In this subclass, the following term is used with the meaning indicated: [6] "transponder" means an arrangement which reacts to an incoming interrogating or detecting wave by emitting a specific answering or identifying wave. [6] Attention is drawn to the Notes following the title of class Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...G01 and to Note (1) following the title of subclass Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...G09B.

|  | G01S |
Subclass index
BEACON SYSTEMS; DIRECTION-FINDERS; POSITION FIXING | 1/00; 3/00; 5/00
RADAR OR ANALOGOUS SYSTEMS |
Details | 7/00
Using radio waves, using other waves where the wavelength or the kind of wave is irrelevant or unspecified | 13/00
Using acoustic waves | 15/00
Using electromagnetic waves other than radio waves | 17/00
SYSTEMS FOR DETERMINING DISTANCE OR VELOCITY NOT USING REFLECTION OR RERADIATION | 11/00

|  | G01T |
MEASUREMENT OF NUCLEAR OR X-RADIATION (radiation analysis of materials, mass spectrometry Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...G01N; counters per se Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...G06M, Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...H03K; electric discharge tubes for analysing radiation or particles Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...H01J 40/00, Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...H01J 47/00, Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...H01J 49/00)

|  | G01T |
Note(s) This subclass covers the measurement of X-radiation, gamma radiation, corpuscular radiation, cosmic radiation, or neutron radiation. Attention is drawn to the Notes following the title of class Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...G01.

|  | G01V |
GEOPHYSICS; GRAVITATIONAL MEASUREMENTS; DETECTING MASSES OR OBJECTS; TAGS (detecting or locating foreign bodies for diagnostic, surgical or person-identification purposes Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...A61B; means for indicating the location of accidentally buried, e.g. snow-buried, persons Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...A63B 29/02; investigating or analysing earth materials by determining their chemical or physical properties Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...G01N; measuring electric or magnetic variables in general, other than direction or magnitude of the earth's field Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...G01R; magnetic resonance arrangements in general Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...G01R 33/20) [4,6]

|  | G01V |
Note(s) This subclass covers radar, sonar, lidar or analogous systems specifically designed for geophysical use. Radar, sonar, lidar or analogous systems, or details of such systems, if of a general interest, are also classified in subclass Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...G01S. [6] In this subclass, the following term is used with the meaning indicated: [6] "tags" means arrangements cooperating with a detecting field, e.g. near field, and designed to produce a specific detectable effect; "tags" also means active markers capable of generating a detectable field. [6] In this subclass, the geophysical methods apply both to the earth and to other celestial objects, e.g. planets. Attention is drawn to the Notes following the title of class Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...G01.

|  | G01V |
Subclass index
APPARATUS OR METHODS OF PROSPECTING OR DETECTING |
Seismic or acoustic | 1/00
Electric, magnetic; by nuclear radiation; gravimetric; by optical means | 3/00; 5/00; 7/00; 8/00
Others or combined | 9/00, 11/00
Detection using tags | 15/00
MEASURING FIELDS |
Magnetic; gravitational | 3/00; 7/00
MANUFACTURING, CALIBRATING, MAINTENANCE | 13/00

|  | G01W |
METEOROLOGY (influencing weather conditions Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...A01G 15/00; dispersing fog Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...E01H 13/00; instruments for measuring single variables in general, see the appropriate subclasses of class Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...G01, e.g. Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...G01K, Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...G01L; radar, sonar, lidar or analogous systems, designed for meteorological use Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...G01S 13/95, Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...G01S 15/88, Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...G01S 17/95)

|  | G01W |
Note(s) In this subclass, the following term is used with the meaning indicated: "meteorology" includes measurement of certain ambient atmospheric conditions. Attention is drawn to the Notes following the title of class Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...G01.