|  | C |
SECTION C — CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY

|  | C |
Note(s) In section C, the definitions of groups of chemical elements are as follows: Alkali metals: Li, Na, K, Rb, Cs, Fr Alkaline earth metals: Ca, Sr, Ba, Ra Lanthanides: elements with atomic numbers 57 to 71 inclusive Rare earths: Sc, Y, Lanthanides Actinides: elements with atomic numbers 89 to 103 inclusive Refractory metals: Ti, V, Cr, Zr, Nb, Mo, Hf, Ta, W Halogens: F, Cl, Br, I, At Noble gases: He, Ne, Ar, Kr, Xe, Rn Platinum group: Os, Ir, Pt, Ru, Rh, Pd Noble metals: Ag, Au, Platinum group Light metals: alkali metals, alkaline earth metals, Be, Al, Mg Heavy metals: metals other than light metals Iron group: Fe, Co, Ni Non-metals: H, B, C, Si, N, P, O, S, Se, Te, noble gases, halogens Metals: elements other than non-metals Transition elements: elements with atomic numbers 21 to 30 inclusive, 39 to 48 inclusive, 57 to 80 inclusive, 89 upwards Section C covers: pure chemistry, which covers inorganic compounds, organic compounds, macromolecular compounds, and their methods of preparation; applied chemistry, which covers compositions containing the above compounds, such as: glass, ceramics, fertilisers, plastics compositions, paints, products of the petroleum industry. It also covers certain compositions on account of their having particular properties rendering them suitable for certain purposes, as in the case of explosives, dyestuffs, adhesives, lubricants, and detergents; certain marginal industries, such as the manufacture of coke and of solid or gaseous fuels, the production and refining of oils, fats and waxes, the fermentation industry (e.g., brewing and wine-making), the sugar industry; certain operations or treatments, which are either purely mechanical, e.g., the mechanical treatment of leather and skins, or partly mechanical, e.g., the treatment of water or the prevention of corrosion in general; metallurgy, ferrous or non-ferrous alloys. In the case of operations, treatments, products or articles having both a chemical and a non-chemical part or aspect, the general rule is that the chemical part or aspect is covered by section C. In some of these cases, the chemical part or aspect brings with it a non-chemical one, even though purely mechanical, because this latter aspect either is essential to the operation or treatment or constitutes an important element thereof. It has seemed, in fact, more logical not to dissociate the different parts or aspects of a coherent whole. This is the case for applied chemistry and for the industries, operations and treatments mentioned in Notes (1)(c), (d) and (e). For example, furnaces peculiar to the manufacture of glass are covered by class Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...C03 and not by class Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F27. There are, however, some exceptions in which the mechanical (or non-chemical) aspect carries with it the chemical aspect, for example: Certain extractive processes, in subclass Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...A61K; The chemical purification of air, in subclass Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...A61L; Chemical methods of fire-fighting, in subclass Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...A62D; Chemical processes and apparatus, in class Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...B01; Impregnation of wood, in subclass Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...B27K; Chemical methods of analysis or testing, in subclass Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...G01N; Photographic materials and processes, in class Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...G03, and, generally, the chemical treatment of textiles and the production of cellulose or paper, in section D. In still other cases, the pure chemical aspect is covered by section C and the applied chemical aspect by another section, such as A, B or F, e.g., the use of a substance or composition for: treatment of plants or animals, covered by subclass Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...A01N; foodstuffs, covered by class Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...A23; ammunition or explosives, covered by class Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F42. When the chemical and mechanical aspects are so closely interlocked that a neat and simple division is not possible, or when certain mechanical processes follow as a natural or logical continuation of a chemical treatment, section C may cover, in addition to the chemical aspect, a part only of the mechanical aspect, e.g., after-treatment of artificial stone, covered by class Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...C04. In this latter case, a note or a reference is usually given to make the position clear, even if sometimes the division is rather arbitrary.

CHEMISTRY

|  | C07 |
ORGANIC CHEMISTRY (such compounds as the oxides, sulfides, or oxysulfides of carbon, cyanogen, phosgene, hydrocyanic acid or salts thereof Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...C01; products obtained from layered base-exchange silicates by ion-exchange with organic compounds such as ammonium, phosphonium or sulfonium compounds or by intercalation of organic compounds Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...C01B 33/44; macromolecular compounds Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...C08; dyes Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...C09; fermentation products Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...C12; fermentation or enzyme-using processes to synthesise a desired chemical compound or composition or to separate optical isomers from a racemic mixture Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...C12P; production of organic compounds by electrolysis or electrophoresis Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...C25B 3/00, Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...C25B 7/00) [2]

|  | C07 |
Note(s) In this class, the following term is used with the meaning indicated: "preparation" covers purification, separation, stabilisation or use of additives, unless a separate place is provided therefor. [4] Biocidal, pest repellant, pest attractant or plant growth regulatory activity of compounds or preparations is further classified in subclass Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...A01P. [8] In subclasses Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...C07C-C07K and within each of theses subclasses, in the absence of an indication to the contrary, and with the exception referred to below, a compound is classified in the last appropriate place. For example, 2-butyl-pyridine, which contains an acyclic chain and a heterocyclic ring, is classified only as a heterocyclic compound, in subclass Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...C07D. In general, and in the absence of an indication to the contrary (such as groups Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...C07C 59/58, Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...C07C 59/70), the terms "acyclic" and "aliphatic" are used to describe compounds in which there is no ring; and, if a ring were present, the compound would be taken by the "last place" rule to a later group for cycloaliphatic or aromatic compounds, if such a group exists. Where a compound or an entire group of compounds exists in tautomeric forms, it is classified as though existing in the form which is classified last in the system, unless the other form is specifically mentioned earlier in the system. Chemical compounds and their preparation are classified in the groups for the type of compound prepared. The processes of preparation are also classified in the groups for the types of reaction employed, if of interest. General processes for the preparation of a class of compounds falling into more than one main group are classified in the groups for the processes employed, when such groups exist. The compounds prepared are also classified in the groups for the types of compound prepared, if of interest. In this class, in the absence of an indication to the contrary, the compounds containing carboxyl or thiocarboxyl groups are classified as the relevant carboxylic or thiocarboxylic acids, unless the "last place rule" (see Note (3), above) dictates otherwise; a carboxyl group being a carbon atom having three bonds, and no more than three, to hetero atoms, other than nitrogen atoms of nitro or nitroso groups, with at least one multiple bond to the same hetero atom and a thiocarboxyl group being a carboxyl group having at least one bond to a sulfur atom, e.g. amides or nitriles of carboxylic acids, are classified with the corresponding acids. [5] Salts of a compound, unless specifically provided for, are classified as that compound, e.g. aniline hydrochloride is classified as containing carbon, hydrogen and nitrogen only (in group Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...C07C 211/46), sodium malonate is classified as malonic acid (in Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...C07C 55/08), and a mercaptide is classified as the mercaptan. Metal chelates are dealt with in the same way. Similarly, metal alcoholates and metal phenates are classified in subclass Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...C07C and not in subclass Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...C07F, the alcoholates in groups Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...C07C 31/28-C07C 31/32 and the phenates as the corresponding phenols in group Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...C07C 39/235 or Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...C07C 39/44. Salts, adducts or complexes formed between two or more organic compounds are classified according to all compounds forming the salts, adducts or complexes. [2]

|  | C07B |
GENERAL METHODS OF ORGANIC CHEMISTRY; APPARATUS THEREFOR (preparation of carboxylic acid esters by telomerisation Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...C07C 67/47; telomerisation Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...C08F)

|  | C07B |
Note(s) In this subclass, the functional group which is present already in some residue being introduced and is not substantially involved in a chemical reaction, is not considered as the functional group which is formed or introduced as a result of the chemical reaction. [4] In this subclass, the following term is used with the meaning indicated: "separation" means separation only for the purposes of recovering organic compounds. [4] When classifying in this subclass, classification is also made in group Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...B01D 15/08 insofar as subject matter of general interest relating to chromatography is concerned. [8] In this subclass, in the absence of an indication to the contrary, classification is made in the last appropriate place according to the type of reaction employed, noting the bond or the functional group which is formed or introduced as a result of the chemical reaction. [4]

|  | C07B |
Subclass index
REACTIONS WITHOUT FORMATION OR INTRODUCTION OF FUNCTIONAL GROUPS CONTAINING HETERO ATOMS |
Change of bond type between carbon atoms already directly linked | 35/00
Formation of new or disconnection of existing carbon-to-carbon bonds | 37/00
REACTIONS WITH FORMATION OR INTRODUCTION OF FUNCTIONAL GROUPS CONTAINING HETERO ATOMS |
Halogenation | 39/00
Oxygen-containing groups | 41/00
Nitrogen-containing groups | 43/00
Sulfur-containing groups | 45/00
Other groups | 47/00
GRIGNARD REACTIONS | 49/00
INTRODUCTION OF PROTECTING OR ACTIVATING GROUPS NOT COVERED BY THE PRECEDING GROUPS | 51/00
ASYMMETRIC SYNTHESES | 53/00
RACEMISATION, INVERSION | 55/00
SEPARATION, PURIFICATION, STABILISATION, USE OF ADDITIVES | 57/00, 63/00
INTRODUCTION OF ISOTOPES | 59/00
OTHER GENERAL METHODS | 61/00

P:140 |  | C07B 31/00 |
Reduction in general [4]

P:130 |  | C07B 33/00 |
Oxidation in general [4]

|  | C07B 35/00 - C07B 37/00 |
Reactions without formation or introduction of functional groups containing hetero atoms [4]

P:120 |  | C07B 35/00 |
Reactions without formation or introduction of functional groups containing hetero atoms, involving a change in the type of bonding between two carbon atoms already directly linked [4]

|  | C07B 35/02 |
· | Reduction [4]

|  | C07B 35/04 |
· | Dehydrogenation [4]

|  | C07B 35/06 |
· | Decomposition, e.g. elimination of halogens, water or hydrogen halides [4]

|  | C07B 35/08 |
· | Isomerisation [4]

P:110 |  | C07B 37/00 |
Reactions without formation or introduction of functional groups containing hetero atoms, involving either the formation of a carbon-to-carbon bond between two carbon atoms not directly linked already or the disconnection of two directly linked carbon atoms [4]

|  | C07B 37/02 |
· | Addition [4]

|  | C07B 37/04 |
· | Substitution [4]

|  | C07B 37/06 |
· | Decomposition, e.g. elimination of carbon dioxide [4]

|  | C07B 37/08 |
· | Isomerisation [4]

|  | C07B 37/10 |
· | Cyclisation [4]

|  | C07B 37/12 |
· · | Diels-Alder reactions [4]

|  | C07B 39/00 - C07B 47/00 |
Reactions with formation or introduction of functional groups containing hetero atoms [4]

P:90 |  | C07B 39/00 |
Halogenation [4]

P:80 |  | C07B 41/00 |
Formation or introduction of functional groups containing oxygen [4]

|  | C07B 41/02 |
· | of hydroxy or O-metal groups [4]

|  | C07B 41/04 |
· | of ether, acetal or ketal groups [4]

|  | C07B 41/06 |
· | of carbonyl groups [4]

|  | C07B 41/08 |
· | of carboxyl groups or salts, halides or anhydrides thereof [4]

|  | C07B 41/10 |
· · | Salts, halides or anhydrides of carboxyl groups [4]

|  | C07B 41/12 |
· | of carboxylic acid ester groups [4]

|  | C07B 41/14 |
· | of peroxy or hydroperoxy groups [4]

P:70 |  | C07B 43/00 |
Formation or introduction of functional groups containing nitrogen [4]

|  | C07B 43/02 |
· | of nitro or nitroso groups [4]

|  | C07B 43/04 |
· | of amino groups [4]

|  | C07B 43/06 |
· | of amide groups [4]

|  | C07B 43/08 |
· | of cyano groups [4]

|  | C07B 43/10 |
· | of isocyanate groups [4]

P:60 |  | C07B 45/00 |
Formation or introduction of functional groups containing sulfur [4]

|  | C07B 45/02 |
· | of sulfo or sulfonyldioxy groups [4]

|  | C07B 45/04 |
· | of sulfonyl or sulfinyl groups [4]

|  | C07B 45/06 |
· | of mercapto or sulfide groups [4]

P:100 |  | C07B 47/00 |
Formation or introduction of functional groups not provided for in groups Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...C07B 39/00-C07B 45/00 [4]

P:50 |  | C07B 49/00 |
Grignard reactions [4]

P:150 |  | C07B 51/00 |
Introduction of protecting groups or activating groups, not provided for in groups Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...C07B 31/00-C07B 49/00 [4]

P:40 |  | C07B 53/00 |
Asymmetric syntheses [4]

P:30 |  | C07B 55/00 |
Racemisation; Complete or partial inversion [4]

P:20 |  | C07B 57/00 |
Separation of optically-active compounds [4]

P:10 |  | C07B 59/00 |
Introduction of isotopes of elements into organic compounds [4]

P:160 |  | C07B 61/00 |
Other general methods [4]

|  | C07B 61/02 |
· | Generation of organic free radicals [4]

|  | C07B 63/00 |
Purification; Separation; Stabilisation [4]

P:0 |  | C07B 63/00 |
Purification; Separation (separation of optically-active compounds Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...C07B 57/00); Stabilisation; Use of additives [4]

|  | C07B 63/02 |
· | by treatment giving rise to a chemical modification [4]

|  | C07B 63/04 |
· | Use of additives [4]