|  | F |
SECTION F — MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING

ENGINES OR PUMPS

|  | F01 - F04 |
Note(s) Guide to the use of this subsection (classes Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F01-F04) The following notes are meant to assist in the use of this part of the classification scheme. In this subsection, subclasses or groups designating "engines" or "pumps" cover methods of operating the same, unless otherwise specifically provided for. In this subsection, the following terms or expressions are used with the meanings indicated: "engine" means a device for continuously converting fluid energy into mechanical power. Thus, this term includes, for example, steam piston engines or steam turbines, per se, or internal-combustion piston engines, but it excludes single-stroke devices. "Engine" also includes the fluid-motive portion of a meter unless such portion is particularly adapted for use in a meter; "pump" means a device for continuously raising, forcing, compressing, or exhausting fluid by mechanical or other means. Thus, this term includes fans or blowers; "machine" means a device which could equally be an engine and a pump, and not a device which is restricted to an engine or one which is restricted to a pump; "positive displacement" means the way the energy of a working fluid is transformed into mechanical energy, in which variations of volume created by the working fluid in a working chamber produce equivalent displacements of the mechanical member transmitting the energy, the dynamic effect of the fluid being of minor importance, and vice versa; "non-positive displacement" means the way the energy of a working fluid is transformed into mechanical energy, by transformation of the energy of the working fluid into kinetic energy, and vice versa; "oscillating-piston machine" means a positive-displacement machine in which a fluid-engaging work-transmitting member oscillates. This definition applies also to engines and pumps; "rotary-piston machine" means a positive-displacement machine in which a fluid-engaging work-transmitting member rotates about a fixed axis or about an axis moving along a circular or similar orbit. This definition applies also to engines and pumps; "rotary piston" means the work-transmitting member of a rotary-piston machine and may be of any suitable form, e.g., like a toothed gear; "cooperating members" means the "oscillating piston" or "rotary piston" and another member, e.g., the working-chamber wall, which assists in the driving or pumping action; "movement of the co-operating members" is to be interpreted as relative, so that one of the "co-operating members" may be stationary, even though reference may be made to its rotational axis, or both may move; "teeth or tooth equivalents" include lobes, projections or abutments; "internal-axis type" means that the rotational axes of the inner and outer co-operating members remain at all times within the outer member, e.g., in a similar manner to that of a pinion meshing with the internal teeth of a ring gear; "free piston" means a piston of which the length of stroke is not defined by any member driven thereby; "cylinders" means positive-displacement working chambers in general. Thus, this term is not restricted to cylinders of circular cross-section; "main shaft" means the shaft which converts reciprocating piston motion into rotary motion or vice versa; "plant" means an engine together with such additional apparatus as is necessary to run the engine. For example, a steam engine plant includes a steam engine and means for generating the steam; "working fluid" means the driven fluid in a pump and the driving fluid in an engine. The working fluid may be in a gaseous state, i.e., compressible, or liquid. In the former case coexistence of two states is possible; "steam" includes condensable vapours in general, and "special vapour" is used when steam is excluded; "reaction type" as applied to non-positive-displacement machines or engines means machines or engines in which pressure/velocity transformation takes place wholly or partly in the rotor. Machines or engines with no, or only slight, pressure/velocity transformation in the rotor are called "impulse type". In this subsection: cyclically operating valves, lubricating, gas-flow silencers or exhaust apparatus, or cooling are classified in subclasses Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F01L, Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F01M, Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F01N, Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F01P irrespective of their stated application, unless their classifying features are peculiar to their application, in which case they are classified only in the relevant subclass of classes Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F01-F04; lubricating, gas-flow silencers or exhaust apparatus, or cooling of machines or engines are classified in subclasses Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F01M, Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F01N, Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F01P except for those peculiar to steam engines which are classified in subclass Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F01B. For use of this subsection with a good understanding, it is essential to remember, so far as subclasses Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F01B, Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F01C, Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F01D, Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F03B, and Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F04B, Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F04C, Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F04D, which form its skeleton, are concerned: the principle which resides in their elaboration, the classifying characteristics which they call for, and their complementarity. Principle This concerns essentially the subclasses listed above. Other subclasses, notably those of class Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F02, which cover better-defined matter, are not considered here. Each subclass covers fundamentally a genus of apparatus (engine or pump) and by extension covers equally "machines" of the same kind. Two different subjects, one having a more general character than the other, are thus covered by the same subclass. Subclasses Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F01B, Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F03B, Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F04B, beyond the two subjects which they cover, have further a character of generality in relation to other subclasses concerning the different species of apparatus in the genus concerned. This generality applies as well for the two subjects dealt with, without these always being in relation to the same subclasses. Thus, subclass Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F03B, in its part dealing with "machines", should be considered as being the general class relating to subclasses Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F04B, Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F04C, and in its part dealing with "engines" as being general in relation to subclass Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F03C. Characteristics The principal classifying characteristic of the subclass is that of genera of apparatus, of which there are three possible: Machines; engines; pumps. As stated above, "machines" are always associated with one of the other two genera. These main genera are subdivided according to the general principles of operation of the apparatus: Positive displacement; non-positive displacement. The positive displacement apparatus are further subdivided according to the ways of putting into effect the principle of operation, that is, to the kind of apparatus: Simple reciprocating piston; rotary or oscillating piston; other kind. Another classifying characteristic is that of the working fluid, in respect of which three kinds of apparatus are possible, namely: Liquid and elastic fluid; elastic fluid; liquid. Complementarity This resides in association of pairs of the subclasses listed above, according to the characteristics under consideration in respect of kind of apparatus or working fluid. The subclasses concerned with the various principles, characteristics and complementarity are shown in the subsection index below. It is seen from this index that: For the same kind of apparatus in a given genus, the characteristics of "working fluid" associates: Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F01B and Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F04B to Machines Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F01C and Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F04C to Machines Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F01D and Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F03B to Machines Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F01B and Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F03C to Engines Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F01C and Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F03C to Engines Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F01D and Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F03B to Engines For the same kind of working fluid, the "apparatus" characteristic relates subclasses in the same way as considerations of relative generality.

|  | F01 - F04 |
Subsection index
MACHINES |
positive displacement |
rotary or oscillating piston |
liquid and elastic fluid or elastic fluid | F01C
liquid only | F04C
reciprocating piston or other |
liquid and elastic fluid or elastic fluid | F01B
liquid only | F04B
non-positive displacement |
liquid and elastic fluid or elastic fluid | F01D
liquid only | F03B
ENGINES |
positive displacement |
rotary or oscillating piston |
liquid and elastic fluid or elastic fluid | F01C
liquid only | F03C
reciprocating piston or other |
liquid and elastic fluid or elastic fluid | F01B
liquid only | F03C
non-positive displacement |
liquid and elastic fluid or elastic fluid | F01D
liquid only | F03B
PUMPS |
positive displacement |
rotary or oscillating piston | F04C
reciprocating piston or other | F04B
non-positive displacement | F04D

|  | F01 |
MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL (combustion engines Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F02; machines for liquids Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F03, Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F04); ENGINE PLANTS IN GENERAL; STEAM ENGINES

|  | F01P |
COOLING OF MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; COOLING OF INTERNAL-COMBUSTION ENGINES (arrangements in connection with cooling of propulsion units in vehicles Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...B60K 11/00; heat-transfer, heat-exchange or heat-storage materials Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...C09K 5/00; heat-exchange in general, radiators Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F28)

|  | F01P |
Note(s) In this subclass, the following terms or expressions are used with the meanings indicated: "air" also includes other gaseous cooling fluids; "liquid cooling" also includes cooling where liquid is used as the heat-transferring fluid between parts to be cooled and the air, e.g. using radiators; "air cooling" means direct air cooling and thus excludes indirect air cooling occurring in liquid cooling systems as explained under liquid cooling above; "cooling-air" includes directly- or indirectly-acting cooling-air. Attention is drawn to the Notes preceding class Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F01, especially as regards Note (3). Cooling by lubricant is classified in subclass Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F01M when the lubrication aspect predominates, and in subclass Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F01P when the cooling aspect predominates.

|  | F01P 1/00 - F01P 3/00 |
Air cooling; Liquid cooling (propelling cooling-air or liquid coolants Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F01P 5/00; controlling supply or circulation of coolants Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F01P 7/00; cylinders, pistons, valves, fuel injectors, sparking-plugs, or other engine or machine parts, modified to facilitate cooling, see the relevant classes for such parts)

P:20 |  | F01P 1/00 |
Air cooling

|  | F01P 1/02 |
· | Arrangements for cooling cylinders or cylinder heads, e.g. ducting cooling-air from its pressure source to cylinders or along cylinders

|  | F01P 1/04 |
· | Arrangements for cooling pistons

|  | F01P 1/06 |
· | Arrangements for cooling other engine or machine parts

|  | F01P 1/08 |
· · | for cooling intake or exhaust valves

|  | F01P 1/10 |
· · | for cooling fuel injectors or sparking-plugs

P:10 |  | F01P 3/00 |
Liquid cooling

|  | F01P 3/02 |
· | Arrangements for cooling cylinders or cylinder heads

|  | F01P 3/04 |
· · | Liquid-to-air heat-exchangers combined with, or arranged on, cylinders or cylinder heads

|  | F01P 3/06 |
· | Arrangements for cooling pistons

|  | F01P 3/08 |
· · | Cooling of piston exterior only, e.g. by jets

|  | F01P 3/10 |
· · | Cooling by flow of coolant through pistons

|  | F01P 3/12 |
· | Arrangements for cooling other engine or machine parts

|  | F01P 3/14 |
· · | for cooling intake or exhaust valves

|  | F01P 3/16 |
· · | for cooling fuel injectors or sparking-plugs

|  | F01P 3/18 |
· | Arrangement or mounting of liquid-to-air heat-exchangers (such arrangements on cylinders or cylinder heads Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F01P 3/04; relative to vehicles Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...B60K 11/04)

|  | F01P 3/20 |
· | Cooling circuits not specific to a single part of engine or machine (Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F01P 3/22 takes precedence)

|  | F01P 3/22 |
· | characterised by evaporation and condensation of coolant in closed cycles (other cooling by evaporation Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F01P 9/02); characterised by the coolant reaching higher temperatures than normal atmospheric boiling-point

|  | F01P 5/00 - F01P 7/00 |
Pumping cooling-air or liquid coolants; Controlling circulation or supply of coolants

P:5 |  | F01P 5/00 |
Pumping cooling-air or liquid coolants (controlling circulation or supply of coolants by influencing drive of pumps Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F01P 7/00)

|  | F01P 5/02 |
· | Pumping cooling-air; Arrangements of cooling-air pumps, e.g. fans or blowers

|  | F01P 5/04 |
· · | Pump-driving arrangements

|  | F01P 5/06 |
· · | Guiding or ducting air to or from ducted fans

|  | F01P 5/08 |
· · | Use of engine exhaust gases for pumping cooling-air

|  | F01P 5/10 |
· | Pumping liquid coolant; Arrangements of coolant pumps

|  | F01P 5/12 |
· · | Pump-driving arrangements

|  | F01P 5/14 |
· | Safety means against, or active at, failure of coolant-pump drives, e.g. shutting engine down; Means for indicating functioning of coolant pumps

P:0 |  | F01P 7/00 |
Controlling of coolant flow

|  | F01P 7/02 |
· | the coolant being cooling-air

|  | F01P 7/04 |
· · | by varying pump speed, e.g. by changing pump-drive gear ratio

|  | F01P 7/06 |
· · | by varying blade pitch

|  | F01P 7/08 |
· · | by cutting in or out of pumps

|  | F01P 7/10 |
· · | by throttling amount of air flowing through liquid-to-air heat-exchangers

|  | F01P 7/12 |
· · · | by thermostatic control

|  | F01P 7/14 |
· | the coolant being liquid

|  | F01P 7/16 |
· · | by thermostatic control

P:30 |  | F01P 9/00 |
Cooling having pertinent characteristics not provided for in, or of interest apart from, groups Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F01P 1/00-F01P 7/00 (profiting from waste heat of combustion-engine cooling Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F02G 5/00)

|  | F01P 9/02 |
· | Cooling by evaporation, e.g. by spraying water on to cylinders (evaporation and condensation of liquid coolant in closed cycles Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F01P 3/22)

|  | F01P 9/04 |
· | by simultaneous or alternative use of direct air cooling and liquid cooling (Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F01P 9/02 takes precedence)

|  | F01P 9/06 |
· | by use of refrigerating apparatus, e.g. of compressor or absorber type

P:40 |  | F01P 11/00 |
Component parts, details, or accessories, not provided for in, or of interest apart from, groups Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F01P 1/00-F01P 9/00

|  | F01P 11/02 |
· | Liquid-coolant overflow, venting, or draining devices (automatic draining during freezing conditions Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F01P 11/20)

|  | F01P 11/04 |
· | Arrangements of liquid pipes or hoses

|  | F01P 11/06 |
· | Cleaning (in general Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...B08B); Combating corrosion (in general Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...C23F)

|  | F01P 11/08 |
· | Arrangements of lubricant coolers (in lubrication apparatus Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F01M)

|  | F01P 11/10 |
· | Guiding or ducting cooling-air to or from liquid-to-air heat-exchangers

|  | F01P 11/12 |
· | Filtering, cooling, or silencing cooling-air

|  | F01P 11/14 |
· | Indicating devices; Other safety devices

|  | F01P 11/16 |
· · | concerning coolant temperature (Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F01P 11/20 takes precedence)

|  | F01P 11/18 |
· · | concerning coolant pressure, coolant flow, or liquid-coolant level

|  | F01P 11/20 |
· · | concerning atmospheric freezing conditions, e.g. automatically draining or heating during frosty weather