|  | H |
SECTION H — ELECTRICITY

|  | H |
Note(s) These Notes cover the basic principles and general instructions for use of section H. Section H covers: basic electric elements, which cover all electric units and the general mechanical structure of apparatus and circuits, including the assembly of various basic elements into what are called printed circuits and also cover to a certain extent the manufacture of these elements (when not covered elsewhere); generation of electricity, which covers the generation, conversion and distribution of electricity together with the controlling of the corresponding gear; applied electricity, which covers: general utilisation techniques, viz. those of electric heating and electric lighting circuits; some special utilisation techniques, either electric or electronic in the strict sense, which are not covered by other sections of the Classification, including: electric light sources, including lasers; electric X-ray technique; electric plasma technique and the generation and acceleration of electrically charged particles or neutrons; basic electronic circuits and their control; radio or electric communication technique; the use of a specified material for the manufacture of the article or element described. In this connection, paragraphs 88 to 90 of the Guide should be referred to. In this section, the following general rules apply: Subject to the exceptions stated in I(c), above, any electric aspect or part peculiar to a particular operation, process, apparatus, object or article, classified in one of the sections of the Classification other than section H, is always classified in the subclass for that operation, process, apparatus, object or article. Where common characteristics concerning technical subjects of similar nature have been brought out at class level, the electric aspect or part is classified, in conjunction with the operation, process, apparatus, object or article, in a subclass which covers entirely the general electrical applications for the technical subject in question; The electrical applications referred to under (a), above, either general or particular, include: the therapeutic processes and apparatus, in class Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...A61; the electric processes and apparatus used in various laboratory or industrial operations, in classes Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...B01 and Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...B03 and in subclass Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...B23K; the electricity supply, electric propulsion and electric lighting of vehicles in general and of particular vehicles, in the subsection "Transporting" of section B; the electric ignition systems of internal-combustion engines, in subclass Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F02P, and of combustion apparatus in general, in subclass Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F23Q; the whole electrical part of section G, i.e. measuring devices including apparatus for measuring electric variables, checking, signalling and calculating. Electricity in that section is generally dealt with as a means and not as an end in itself; All electrical applications, both general and particular, presuppose that the "basic electricity" aspect appears in section H (see I(a) above) as regards the electric "basic elements" which they comprise. This rule is also valid for applied electricity, referred to in I(c), above, which appears in section H itself. In this section, the following special cases occur: Among the general applications covered by sections other than section H, it is worth noting that electric heating in general is covered by subclasses Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F24D or Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F24H or class Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F27, and that electric lighting in general is partly covered by class Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F21, since in section H (see I(c), above) there are places in Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...H05B which cover the same technical subjects; In the two cases referred to under (a), above, the subclasses of section F, which deal with the respective subjects, essentially cover in the first place the whole mechanical aspect of the apparatus or devices, whereas the electrical aspect, as such, is covered by subclass Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...H05B; In the case of lighting, this mechanical aspect should be taken to cover the material arrangement of the various electric elements, i.e., their geometrical or physical position in relation to one another; this aspect is covered by subclass Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F21V, the elements themselves and the primary circuits remaining in section H. The same applies to electric light sources, when combined with light sources of a different kind. These are covered by subclass Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...H05B, whereas the physical arrangement which their combination constitutes is covered by the various subclasses of class Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F21; As regards heating, not only the electric elements and circuitry designs, as such, are covered by subclass Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...H05B, but also the electric aspects of their arrangement, where these concern cases of general application; electric furnaces being considered as such. The physical disposition of the electric elements in furnaces is covered by section F. If a comparison is made with electric welding circuits, which are covered by subclass Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...B23K in connection with welding, it can be seen that electric heating is not covered by the general rule stated in II, above.

|  | H03 |
BASIC ELECTRONIC CIRCUITRY

|  | H03B |
GENERATION OF OSCILLATIONS, DIRECTLY OR BY FREQUENCY-CHANGING, BY CIRCUITS EMPLOYING ACTIVE ELEMENTS WHICH OPERATE IN A NON-SWITCHING MANNER; GENERATION OF NOISE BY SUCH CIRCUITS (measuring, testing Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...G01R; generators adapted for electrophonic musical instruments Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...G10H; speech synthesis Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...G10L 13/00; masers, lasers Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...H01S; dynamo-electric machines Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...H02K; power inverter circuits Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...H02M; by using pulse techniques Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...H03K; automatic control of generators Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...H03L; starting, synchronisation or stabilisation of generators where the type of generator is irrelevant or unspecified Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...H03L; generation of oscillations in plasma Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...H05H)

|  | H03B |
Subclass index
GENERATION WITHOUT FREQUENCY-CHANGING |
By means of amplification and feedback; negative resistance | 5/00; 7/00
By means of transit-time tubes; electron-beam tubes | 9/00; 13/00
By shock-exciting; Hall effect; radiation source and detectors | 11/00; 15/00; 17/00
GENERATION WITH FREQUENCY- CHANGING |
By multiplication or division of a signal | 19/00
By combining unmodulated signals | 21/00
PARTICULARITIES OF GENERATED OSCILLATIONS |
Swept-over frequency range; multi-frequency; multiphase; noise | 23/00; 25/00; 27/00; 29/00
OTHER METHODS OF GENERATION | 28/00
DETAILS | 1/00

P:140 |  | H03B 1/00 |
Details

|  | H03B 1/02 |
· | Structural details of power oscillators, e.g. for heating

|  | H03B 1/04 |
· | Reducing undesired oscillations, e.g. harmonics

P:110 |  | H03B 5/00 |
Generation of oscillations using amplifier with regenerative feedback from output to input (Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...H03B 9/00, Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...H03B 15/00 take precedence)

|  | H03B 5/02 |
· | Details

|  | H03B 5/04 |
· · | Modifications of generator to compensate for variations in physical values, e.g. power supply, load, temperature

|  | H03B 5/06 |
· · | Modifications of generator to ensure starting of oscillations

|  | H03B 5/08 |
· | with frequency-determining element comprising lumped inductance and capacitance

|  | H03B 5/10 |
· · | active element in amplifier being vacuum tube (Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...H03B 5/14 takes precedence)

|  | H03B 5/12 |
· · | active element in amplifier being semiconductor device (Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...H03B 5/14 takes precedence)

|  | H03B 5/14 |
· · | frequency-determining element connected via bridge circuit to closed ring around which signal is transmitted

|  | H03B 5/16 |
· · · | active element in amplifier being vacuum tube

|  | H03B 5/18 |
· | with frequency-determining element comprising distributed inductance and capacitance

|  | H03B 5/20 |
· | with frequency-determining element comprising resistance and either capacitance or inductance, e.g. phase-shift oscillator

|  | H03B 5/22 |
· · | active element in amplifier being vacuum tube (Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...H03B 5/26 takes precedence)

|  | H03B 5/24 |
· · | active element in amplifier being semiconductor device (Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...H03B 5/26 takes precedence)

|  | H03B 5/26 |
· · | frequency-determining element being part of bridge circuit in closed ring around which signal is transmitted; frequency-determining element being connected via a bridge circuit to such a closed ring, e.g. Wien-Bridge oscillator, parallel-T oscillator

|  | H03B 5/28 |
· · · | active element in amplifier being vacuum tube

|  | H03B 5/30 |
· | with frequency-determining element being electromechanical resonator

|  | H03B 5/32 |
· · | being a piezo-electric resonator (piezo-electric elements in general Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...H01L 41/00)

|  | H03B 5/34 |
· · · | active element in amplifier being vacuum tube (Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...H03B 5/38 takes precedence)

|  | H03B 5/36 |
· · · | active element in amplifier being semiconductor device (Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...H03B 5/38 takes precedence)

|  | H03B 5/38 |
· · · | frequency-determining element being connected via bridge circuit to closed ring around which signal is transmitted

|  | H03B 5/40 |
· · | being a magnetostrictive resonator (Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...H03B 5/42 takes precedence; magnetostrictive elements in general Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...H01L 41/00)

|  | H03B 5/42 |
· · | frequency-determining element connected via bridge circuit to closed ring around which signal is transmitted

P:100 |  | H03B 7/00 |
Generation of oscillations using active element having a negative resistance between two of its electrodes (Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...H03B 9/00 takes precedence)

|  | H03B 7/02 |
· | with frequency-determining element comprising lumped inductance and capacitance

|  | H03B 7/04 |
· · | active element being vacuum tube

|  | H03B 7/06 |
· · | active element being semiconductor device

|  | H03B 7/08 |
· · · | being a tunnel diode

|  | H03B 7/10 |
· · | active element being gas-discharge or arc-discharge tube

|  | H03B 7/12 |
· | with frequency-determining element comprising distributed inductance and capacitance

|  | H03B 7/14 |
· · | active element being semiconductor device

P:90 |  | H03B 9/00 |
Generation of oscillations using transit-time effects [2]

|  | H03B 9/01 |
· | using discharge tubes [2]

|  | H03B 9/02 |
· · | using a retarding-field tube (using klystrons Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...H03B 9/04) [2]

|  | H03B 9/04 |
· · | using a klystron [2]

|  | H03B 9/06 |
· · · | using a reflex klystron [2]

|  | H03B 9/08 |
· · | using a travelling-wave tube [2]

|  | H03B 9/10 |
· · | using a magnetron [2]

|  | H03B 9/12 |
· | using solid state devices, e.g. Gunn-effect devices [2]

|  | H03B 9/14 |
· · | and elements comprising distributed inductance and capacitance [3]

P:120 |  | H03B 11/00 |
Generation of oscillations using a shock-excited tuned circuit (with feedback Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...H03B 5/00)

|  | H03B 11/02 |
· | excited by spark (spark gaps therefor Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...H01T 9/00)

|  | H03B 11/04 |
· | excited by interrupter

|  | H03B 11/06 |
· · | by mechanical interrupter

|  | H03B 11/08 |
· · | interrupter being discharge tube

|  | H03B 11/10 |
· · | interrupter being semiconductor device

P:80 |  | H03B 13/00 |
Generation of oscillations using deflection of electron beam in a cathode-ray tube

P:70 |  | H03B 15/00 |
Generation of oscillations using galvano-magnetic devices, e.g. Hall-effect devices, or using super-conductivity effects (galvano-magnetic devices per se Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...H01L 43/00)

P:60 |  | H03B 17/00 |
Generation of oscillations using radiation source and detector, e.g. with interposed variable obturator

P:40 |  | H03B 19/00 |
Generation of oscillations by non-regenerative frequency multiplication or division of a signal from a separate source (transference of modulation from one carrier to another Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...H03D 7/00)

|  | H03B 19/03 |
· | using non-linear inductance [3]

|  | H03B 19/05 |
· | using non-linear capacitance, e.g. varactor diodes [3]

|  | H03B 19/06 |
· | by means of discharge device or semiconductor device with more than two electrodes

|  | H03B 19/08 |
· · | by means of a discharge device

|  | H03B 19/10 |
· · · | using multiplication only

|  | H03B 19/12 |
· · · | using division only

|  | H03B 19/14 |
· · | by means of a semiconductor device

|  | H03B 19/16 |
· | using uncontrolled rectifying devices, e.g. rectifying diodes or Schottky diodes [3]

|  | H03B 19/18 |
· · | and elements comprising distributed inductance and capacitance [3]

|  | H03B 19/20 |
· · | being diodes exhibiting charge storage or enhancement effects [3]

P:50 |  | H03B 21/00 |
Generation of oscillations by combining unmodulated signals of different frequencies (Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...H03B 19/00 takes precedence; frequency changing circuits in general Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...H03D) [3]

|  | H03B 21/01 |
· | by beating unmodulated signals of different frequencies [3]

|  | H03B 21/02 |
· · | by plural beating, i.e. for frequency synthesis [3]

|  | H03B 21/04 |
· · | using several similar stages [3]

P:20 |  | H03B 23/00 |
Generation of oscillations periodically swept over a predetermined frequency range (angle-modulating circuits in general Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...H03C 3/00)

P:10 |  | H03B 25/00 |
Simultaneous generation by a free-running oscillator of oscillations having different frequencies

P:0 |  | H03B 27/00 |
Generation of oscillations providing a plurality of outputs of the same frequency but differing in phase, other than merely two anti-phase outputs

P:130 |  | H03B 28/00 |
Generation of oscillations by methods not covered by groups Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...H03B 5/00-H03B 27/00, including modification of the waveform to produce sinusoidal oscillations (analogue function generators for performing computing operations Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...G06G 7/26; use of transformers for conversion of waveform in ac–ac converters Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...H02M 5/18) [4]

P:30 |  | H03B 29/00 |
Generation of noise currents and voltages