|  | F |
SECTION F — MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING

ENGINES OR PUMPS

|  | F01 - F04 |
Note(s) Guide to the use of this subsection (classes Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F01-F04) The following notes are meant to assist in the use of this part of the classification scheme. In this subsection, subclasses or groups designating "engines" or "pumps" cover methods of operating the same, unless otherwise specifically provided for. In this subsection, the following terms or expressions are used with the meanings indicated: "engine" means a device for continuously converting fluid energy into mechanical power. Thus, this term includes, for example, steam piston engines or steam turbines, per se, or internal-combustion piston engines, but it excludes single-stroke devices. "Engine" also includes the fluid-motive portion of a meter unless such portion is particularly adapted for use in a meter; "pump" means a device for continuously raising, forcing, compressing, or exhausting fluid by mechanical or other means. Thus, this term includes fans or blowers; "machine" means a device which could equally be an engine and a pump, and not a device which is restricted to an engine or one which is restricted to a pump; "positive displacement" means the way the energy of a working fluid is transformed into mechanical energy, in which variations of volume created by the working fluid in a working chamber produce equivalent displacements of the mechanical member transmitting the energy, the dynamic effect of the fluid being of minor importance, and vice versa; "non-positive displacement" means the way the energy of a working fluid is transformed into mechanical energy, by transformation of the energy of the working fluid into kinetic energy, and vice versa; "oscillating-piston machine" means a positive-displacement machine in which a fluid-engaging work-transmitting member oscillates. This definition applies also to engines and pumps; "rotary-piston machine" means a positive-displacement machine in which a fluid-engaging work-transmitting member rotates about a fixed axis or about an axis moving along a circular or similar orbit. This definition applies also to engines and pumps; "rotary piston" means the work-transmitting member of a rotary-piston machine and may be of any suitable form, e.g., like a toothed gear; "cooperating members" means the "oscillating piston" or "rotary piston" and another member, e.g., the working-chamber wall, which assists in the driving or pumping action; "movement of the co-operating members" is to be interpreted as relative, so that one of the "co-operating members" may be stationary, even though reference may be made to its rotational axis, or both may move; "teeth or tooth equivalents" include lobes, projections or abutments; "internal-axis type" means that the rotational axes of the inner and outer co-operating members remain at all times within the outer member, e.g., in a similar manner to that of a pinion meshing with the internal teeth of a ring gear; "free piston" means a piston of which the length of stroke is not defined by any member driven thereby; "cylinders" means positive-displacement working chambers in general. Thus, this term is not restricted to cylinders of circular cross-section; "main shaft" means the shaft which converts reciprocating piston motion into rotary motion or vice versa; "plant" means an engine together with such additional apparatus as is necessary to run the engine. For example, a steam engine plant includes a steam engine and means for generating the steam; "working fluid" means the driven fluid in a pump and the driving fluid in an engine. The working fluid may be in a gaseous state, i.e., compressible, or liquid. In the former case coexistence of two states is possible; "steam" includes condensable vapours in general, and "special vapour" is used when steam is excluded; "reaction type" as applied to non-positive-displacement machines or engines means machines or engines in which pressure/velocity transformation takes place wholly or partly in the rotor. Machines or engines with no, or only slight, pressure/velocity transformation in the rotor are called "impulse type". In this subsection: cyclically operating valves, lubricating, gas-flow silencers or exhaust apparatus, or cooling are classified in subclasses Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F01L, Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F01M, Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F01N, Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F01P irrespective of their stated application, unless their classifying features are peculiar to their application, in which case they are classified only in the relevant subclass of classes Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F01-F04; lubricating, gas-flow silencers or exhaust apparatus, or cooling of machines or engines are classified in subclasses Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F01M, Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F01N, Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F01P except for those peculiar to steam engines which are classified in subclass Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F01B. For use of this subsection with a good understanding, it is essential to remember, so far as subclasses Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F01B, Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F01C, Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F01D, Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F03B, and Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F04B, Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F04C, Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F04D, which form its skeleton, are concerned: the principle which resides in their elaboration, the classifying characteristics which they call for, and their complementarity. Principle This concerns essentially the subclasses listed above. Other subclasses, notably those of class Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F02, which cover better-defined matter, are not considered here. Each subclass covers fundamentally a genus of apparatus (engine or pump) and by extension covers equally "machines" of the same kind. Two different subjects, one having a more general character than the other, are thus covered by the same subclass. Subclasses Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F01B, Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F03B, Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F04B, beyond the two subjects which they cover, have further a character of generality in relation to other subclasses concerning the different species of apparatus in the genus concerned. This generality applies as well for the two subjects dealt with, without these always being in relation to the same subclasses. Thus, subclass Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F03B, in its part dealing with "machines", should be considered as being the general class relating to subclasses Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F04B, Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F04C, and in its part dealing with "engines" as being general in relation to subclass Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F03C. Characteristics The principal classifying characteristic of the subclass is that of genera of apparatus, of which there are three possible: Machines; engines; pumps. As stated above, "machines" are always associated with one of the other two genera. These main genera are subdivided according to the general principles of operation of the apparatus: Positive displacement; non-positive displacement. The positive displacement apparatus are further subdivided according to the ways of putting into effect the principle of operation, that is, to the kind of apparatus: Simple reciprocating piston; rotary or oscillating piston; other kind. Another classifying characteristic is that of the working fluid, in respect of which three kinds of apparatus are possible, namely: Liquid and elastic fluid; elastic fluid; liquid. Complementarity This resides in association of pairs of the subclasses listed above, according to the characteristics under consideration in respect of kind of apparatus or working fluid. The subclasses concerned with the various principles, characteristics and complementarity are shown in the subsection index below. It is seen from this index that: For the same kind of apparatus in a given genus, the characteristics of "working fluid" associates: Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F01B and Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F04B to Machines Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F01C and Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F04C to Machines Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F01D and Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F03B to Machines Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F01B and Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F03C to Engines Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F01C and Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F03C to Engines Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F01D and Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F03B to Engines For the same kind of working fluid, the "apparatus" characteristic relates subclasses in the same way as considerations of relative generality.

|  | F01 - F04 |
Subsection index
MACHINES |
positive displacement |
rotary or oscillating piston |
liquid and elastic fluid or elastic fluid | F01C
liquid only | F04C
reciprocating piston or other |
liquid and elastic fluid or elastic fluid | F01B
liquid only | F04B
non-positive displacement |
liquid and elastic fluid or elastic fluid | F01D
liquid only | F03B
ENGINES |
positive displacement |
rotary or oscillating piston |
liquid and elastic fluid or elastic fluid | F01C
liquid only | F03C
reciprocating piston or other |
liquid and elastic fluid or elastic fluid | F01B
liquid only | F03C
non-positive displacement |
liquid and elastic fluid or elastic fluid | F01D
liquid only | F03B
PUMPS |
positive displacement |
rotary or oscillating piston | F04C
reciprocating piston or other | F04B
non-positive displacement | F04D

|  | F02 |
COMBUSTION ENGINES (cyclically operating valves therefor, lubricating, exhausting, or silencing engines Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F01); HOT-GAS OR COMBUSTION-PRODUCT ENGINE PLANTS

|  | F02P |
IGNITION, OTHER THAN COMPRESSION IGNITION, FOR INTERNAL-COMBUSTION ENGINES; TESTING OF IGNITION TIMING IN COMPRESSION-IGNITION ENGINES (specially adapted for rotary-piston or oscillating-piston engines Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F02B 53/12; ignition of combustion apparatus in general, glowing plugs Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F23Q; measuring of physical variables in general Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...G01; controlling in general Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...G05; data processing in general Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...G06; electrical components in general, see section H; sparking plugs Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...H01T)

|  | F02P |
Subclass index
ELECTRIC SPARK IGNITION |
Directly from generator; other installations | 1/00; 3/00
Sparking plugs structurally combined with engine parts | 13/00
Control: timing, distributing; other | 5/00, 7/00; 9/00
Safety means | 11/00
Other features | 15/00
Testing | 17/00
IGNITION OTHERWISE THAN BY ELECTRIC SPARK: BY INCANDESCENCE; BY DIRECT FLAME; BY OTHER MEANS | 19/00; 21/00; 23/00

|  | F02P 1/00 - F02P 3/00 |
Electric spark ignition installations characterised by the type of ignition power generation or storage

P:30 |  | F02P 1/00 |
Installations having electric ignition energy generated by magneto- or dynamo-electric generators without subsequent storage

|  | F02P 1/02 |
· | the generator rotor being characterised by forming part of the engine flywheel

|  | F02P 1/04 |
· | the generator being specially adapted for use with specific engine types, e.g. engines with V-arrangement of cylinders

|  | F02P 1/06 |
· | Generator drives, e.g. having snap couplings

|  | F02P 1/08 |
· | Layout of circuits

P:40 |  | F02P 3/00 |
Other installations

|  | F02P 3/01 |
· | Electric spark ignition installations without subsequent energy storage, i.e. energy supplied by an electrical oscillator (with magneto- or dynamo-electric generators Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F02P 1/00; piezo-electric ignition Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F02P 3/12; with continuous electric spark Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F02P 15/10) [4]

|  | F02P 3/02 |
· | having inductive energy storage, e.g. arrangements of induction coils

|  | F02P 3/04 |
· · | Layout of circuits

|  | F02P 3/045 |
· · · | for control of the dwell or anti-dwell time [4]

|  | F02P 3/05 |
· · · | for control of the magnitude of the current in the ignition coil (during starting Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F02P 15/12) [4]

|  | F02P 3/055 |
· · · | with protective means to prevent damage to the circuit or the ignition coil [4]

|  | F02P 3/06 |
· | having capacitive energy storage (piezo-electric or electrostatic ignition Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F02P 3/12)

|  | F02P 3/08 |
· · | Layout of circuits (for low tension Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F02P 3/10)

|  | F02P 3/09 |
· · · | for control of the charging current in the capacitor (Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F02P 15/12 takes precedence) [4]

|  | F02P 3/10 |
· · | Low-tension installation, e.g. using surface-discharge sparking plugs

|  | F02P 3/12 |
· | Piezo-electric ignition; Electrostatic ignition

|  | F02P 5/00 - F02P 11/00 |
Advancing or retarding electric ignition spark; Arrangements of distributors or of circuit-makers or -breakers for electric spark ignition; Electric spark ignition control or safety means, not otherwise provided for

P:50 |  | F02P 5/00 |
Advancing or retarding ignition; Control therefor [6]

|  | F02P 5/02 |
· | non-automatically; dependent on position of personal controls of engine, e.g. throttle position

|  | F02P 5/04 |
· | automatically, as a function of the working conditions of the engine or vehicle or of the atmospheric conditions (dependent on position of personal controls of engine Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F02P 5/02)

|  | F02P 5/05 |
· · | using mechanical means [4]

|  | F02P 5/06 |
· · · | dependent on engine speed [4]

|  | F02P 5/07 |
· · · · | Centrifugal timing mechanisms [6]

|  | F02P 5/10 |
· · · | dependent on fluid pressure in engine, e.g. combustion-air pressure [4]

|  | F02P 5/12 |
· · · · | dependent on a specific pressure other than that of combustion-air, e.g. of exhaust, cooling fluid, lubricant [4]

|  | F02P 5/14 |
· · · | dependent on specific conditions other than engine speed or engine fluid pressure, e.g. temperature [4]

|  | F02P 5/145 |
· · | using electrical means [4]

|  | F02P 5/15 |
· · · | Digital data processing [4]

|  | F02P 5/152 |
· · · · | dependent on pinking (detecting or indicating knocks in internal-combustion engines Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...G01L 23/22) [6]

|  | F02P 5/153 |
· · · · | dependent on combustion pressure [6]

|  | F02P 5/155 |
· · · | Analogue data processing [4]

|  | F02P 5/16 |
· | characterised by the mechanical transmission between sensing elements or personal controls and final actuating elements

P:60 |  | F02P 7/00 |
Arrangement of distributors, circuit-makers or -breakers, or pick-up devices (advancing or retarding ignition or control therefor Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F02P 5/00; such devices per se, see the relevant classes of section Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...H, e.g. rotary switches Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...H01H 19/00, contact-breakers, distributors Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...H01R 39/00, generators Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...H02K)

|  | F02P 7/02 |
· | of distributors

|  | F02P 7/03 |
· · | with electrical means (ignition occurring simultaneously at different places in one engine cylinder or in two or more separate engine cylinders Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F02P 15/08) [4]

|  | F02P 7/04 |
· · | having distributors with air-tight casing

|  | F02P 7/06 |
· | of circuit-makers or -breakers, or pick-up devices adapted to sense particular points of the timing cycle [4]

|  | F02P 7/063 |
· · | Mechanical pick-up devices, circuit-makers or -breakers, e.g. contact-breakers [4]

|  | F02P 7/067 |
· · | Electromagnetic pick-up devices [4]

|  | F02P 7/07 |
· · · | Hall-effect pick-up devices [4]

|  | F02P 7/073 |
· · | Optical pick-up devices [4]

|  | F02P 7/077 |
· · | Circuits therefor, e.g. pulse generators [4]

|  | F02P 7/08 |
· · | having air-tight casings

|  | F02P 7/10 |
· | Drives of distributors or of circuit-makers or -breakers

P:70 |  | F02P 9/00 |
Electric spark ignition control, not otherwise provided for

P:80 |  | F02P 11/00 |
Safety means for electric spark ignition, not otherwise provided for

|  | F02P 11/02 |
· | Preventing damage to engines or engine-driven gearing

|  | F02P 11/04 |
· | Preventing unauthorised use of engines (of vehicles Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...B60R 25/04; ignition locks Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...H01H 27/00)

|  | F02P 11/06 |
· | Indicating unsafe conditions

P:20 |  | F02P 13/00 |
Sparking plugs structurally combined with other parts of internal-combustion engines (with fuel injectors Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F02M 57/06; predominant aspects of the parts, see the relevant subclasses)

P:90 |  | F02P 15/00 |
Electric spark ignition having characteristics not provided for in, or of interest apart from, groups Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F02P 1/00-F02P 13/00

|  | F02P 15/02 |
· | Arrangements having two or more sparking plugs

|  | F02P 15/04 |
· | one of the spark electrodes being mounted on the engine working piston

|  | F02P 15/06 |
· | the electric spark triggered by engine working cylinder compression

|  | F02P 15/08 |
· | having multiple-spark ignition, i.e. ignition occurring simultaneously at different places in one engine cylinder or in two or more separate engine cylinders

|  | F02P 15/10 |
· | having continuous electric sparks

|  | F02P 15/12 |
· | having means for strengthening spark during starting

P:0 |  | F02P 17/00 |
Testing of ignition installations, e.g. in combination with adjusting (testing fuel injection apparatus Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F02M 65/00; testing ignition installations in general Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F23Q 23/00); Testing of ignition timing in compression-ignition engines [4]

|  | F02P 17/02 |
· | Checking or adjusting ignition timing [6]

|  | F02P 17/04 |
· · | dynamically [6]

|  | F02P 17/06 |
· · · | using a stroboscopic lamp [6]

|  | F02P 17/08 |
· · · | using a cathode-ray oscilloscope (Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F02P 17/06 takes precedence) [6]

|  | F02P 17/10 |
· | Measuring dwell or antidwell time [6]

|  | F02P 17/12 |
· | Testing characteristics of the spark, ignition voltage or current (testing of sparking plugs Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...G01M 19/02) [6]

|  | F02P 19/00 - F02P 23/00 |
Other ignition

P:10 |  | F02P 19/00 |
Incandescent ignition, e.g. during starting of internal-combustion engines; Combination of incandescent and spark ignition [4]

|  | F02P 19/02 |
· | electric, e.g. layout of circuits of apparatus having glowing plugs

|  | F02P 19/04 |
· | non-electric, e.g. heating incandescent spots by burners (use of burners for direct ignition Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F02P 21/00)

P:100 |  | F02P 21/00 |
Direct use of flames or burners for ignition

|  | F02P 21/02 |
· | the flames being kept burning essentially external to engine working chambers

|  | F02P 21/04 |
· | Burning-cartridges or like inserts being arranged in engine working chambers (as starting aid Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F02N 17/02)

P:110 |  | F02P 23/00 |
Other ignition

|  | F02P 23/02 |
· | Friction, pyrophoric, or catalytic ignition

|  | F02P 23/04 |
· | Other physical ignition means, e.g. using laser rays