|  | C |
SECTION C — CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY

|  | C |
Note(s) In section C, the definitions of groups of chemical elements are as follows: Alkali metals: Li, Na, K, Rb, Cs, Fr Alkaline earth metals: Ca, Sr, Ba, Ra Lanthanides: elements with atomic numbers 57 to 71 inclusive Rare earths: Sc, Y, Lanthanides Actinides: elements with atomic numbers 89 to 103 inclusive Refractory metals: Ti, V, Cr, Zr, Nb, Mo, Hf, Ta, W Halogens: F, Cl, Br, I, At Noble gases: He, Ne, Ar, Kr, Xe, Rn Platinum group: Os, Ir, Pt, Ru, Rh, Pd Noble metals: Ag, Au, Platinum group Light metals: alkali metals, alkaline earth metals, Be, Al, Mg Heavy metals: metals other than light metals Iron group: Fe, Co, Ni Non-metals: H, B, C, Si, N, P, O, S, Se, Te, noble gases, halogens Metals: elements other than non-metals Transition elements: elements with atomic numbers 21 to 30 inclusive, 39 to 48 inclusive, 57 to 80 inclusive, 89 upwards Section C covers: pure chemistry, which covers inorganic compounds, organic compounds, macromolecular compounds, and their methods of preparation; applied chemistry, which covers compositions containing the above compounds, such as: glass, ceramics, fertilisers, plastics compositions, paints, products of the petroleum industry. It also covers certain compositions on account of their having particular properties rendering them suitable for certain purposes, as in the case of explosives, dyestuffs, adhesives, lubricants, and detergents; certain marginal industries, such as the manufacture of coke and of solid or gaseous fuels, the production and refining of oils, fats and waxes, the fermentation industry (e.g., brewing and wine-making), the sugar industry; certain operations or treatments, which are either purely mechanical, e.g., the mechanical treatment of leather and skins, or partly mechanical, e.g., the treatment of water or the prevention of corrosion in general; metallurgy, ferrous or non-ferrous alloys. In the case of operations, treatments, products or articles having both a chemical and a non-chemical part or aspect, the general rule is that the chemical part or aspect is covered by section C. In some of these cases, the chemical part or aspect brings with it a non-chemical one, even though purely mechanical, because this latter aspect either is essential to the operation or treatment or constitutes an important element thereof. It has seemed, in fact, more logical not to dissociate the different parts or aspects of a coherent whole. This is the case for applied chemistry and for the industries, operations and treatments mentioned in Notes (1)(c), (d) and (e). For example, furnaces peculiar to the manufacture of glass are covered by class Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...C03 and not by class Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F27. There are, however, some exceptions in which the mechanical (or non-chemical) aspect carries with it the chemical aspect, for example: Certain extractive processes, in subclass Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...A61K; The chemical purification of air, in subclass Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...A61L; Chemical methods of fire-fighting, in subclass Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...A62D; Chemical processes and apparatus, in class Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...B01; Impregnation of wood, in subclass Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...B27K; Chemical methods of analysis or testing, in subclass Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...G01N; Photographic materials and processes, in class Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...G03, and, generally, the chemical treatment of textiles and the production of cellulose or paper, in section D. In still other cases, the pure chemical aspect is covered by section C and the applied chemical aspect by another section, such as A, B or F, e.g., the use of a substance or composition for: treatment of plants or animals, covered by subclass Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...A01N; foodstuffs, covered by class Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...A23; ammunition or explosives, covered by class Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F42. When the chemical and mechanical aspects are so closely interlocked that a neat and simple division is not possible, or when certain mechanical processes follow as a natural or logical continuation of a chemical treatment, section C may cover, in addition to the chemical aspect, a part only of the mechanical aspect, e.g., after-treatment of artificial stone, covered by class Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...C04. In this latter case, a note or a reference is usually given to make the position clear, even if sometimes the division is rather arbitrary.

CHEMISTRY

|  | C08 |
ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON (manufacture or treatment of artificial threads, fibres, bristles or ribbons Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...D01)

|  | C08 |
Note(s) Biocidal, pest repellant, pest attractant or plant growth regulatory activity of compounds or preparations is further classified in subclass Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...A01P. [8] Processes using enzymes or micro-organisms in order to: liberate, separate or purify a pre-existing compound or composition, or to treat textiles or clean solid surfaces of materials are further classified in subclass Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...C12S.

|  | C08B |
POLYSACCHARIDES; DERIVATIVES THEREOF (polysaccharides containing less than six saccharide radicals attached to each other by glycosidic linkages Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...C07H; fermentation or enzyme-using processes Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...C12P 19/00; sugar industry Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...C13; production of cellulose Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...D21) [4]

|  | C08B |
Note(s) Therapeutic activity of compounds is further classified in subclass Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...A61P. [7]

|  | C08B |
Subclass index
CELLULOSE AND DERIVATIVES THEREOF |
Preparatory treatment of cellulose | 1/00
Esters | 3/00, 5/00, 7/00, 13/00, 17/00
Ethers | 11/00, 13/00, 17/00
Xanthates | 9/00
Other derivatives | 15/00
Regeneration of cellulose | 16/00
STARCH; DEGRADED OR NON-CHEMICALLY MODIFIED STARCH; AMYLOSE; AMYLOPECTIN | 30/00
CHEMICAL DERIVATIVES OF STARCH, OF AMYLOSE OR OF AMYLOPECTIN |
of starch | 31/00
of amylose | 33/00
of amylopectin | 35/00
OTHER POLYSACCHARIDES | 37/00

|  | C08B 1/00 - C08B 37/00 |
Preparation

P:10 |  | C08B 1/00 |
Preparatory treatment of cellulose for making derivatives thereof

|  | C08B 1/02 |
· | Rendering cellulose suitable for esterification

|  | C08B 1/04 |
· · | for the preparation of cellulose nitrate

|  | C08B 1/06 |
· | Rendering cellulose suitable for etherification

|  | C08B 1/08 |
· | Alkali cellulose

|  | C08B 1/10 |
· · | Apparatus for the preparation of alkali cellulose

|  | C08B 1/12 |
· · · | Steeping devices

|  | C08B 1/14 |
· · · | Ripening devices

P:50 |  | C08B 3/00 |
Preparation of cellulose esters of organic acids

|  | C08B 3/02 |
· | Catalysts used for the esterification

|  | C08B 3/04 |
· | Cellulose formate

|  | C08B 3/06 |
· | Cellulose acetate

|  | C08B 3/08 |
· | of monobasic organic acids with three or more carbon atoms

|  | C08B 3/10 |
· · | with five or more carbon atoms

|  | C08B 3/12 |
· | of polybasic organic acids

|  | C08B 3/14 |
· | in which the organic acid residue contains substituents, e.g. NH2, Cl

|  | C08B 3/16 |
· | Preparation of mixed organic cellulose esters

|  | C08B 3/18 |
· · | Aceto-butyrates

|  | C08B 3/20 |
· | Esterification with maintenance of the fibrous structure of the cellulose (surface esterification of textiles Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...D06M 13/00)

|  | C08B 3/22 |
· | Post-esterification treatments, including purification

|  | C08B 3/24 |
· · | Hydrolysis or ripening

|  | C08B 3/26 |
· · | Isolation of the cellulose ester

|  | C08B 3/28 |
· · · | by precipitation

|  | C08B 3/30 |
· · | Stabilisation (by addition of stabilisers Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...C08K)

P:60 |  | C08B 5/00 |
Preparation of cellulose esters of inorganic acids

|  | C08B 5/02 |
· | Cellulose nitrate

|  | C08B 5/04 |
· · | Post-esterification treatments, including purification

|  | C08B 5/06 |
· · · | Isolation of the cellulose nitrate

|  | C08B 5/08 |
· · · | Stabilisation (by addition of stabilisers Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...C08K)

|  | C08B 5/10 |
· · · | Reducing the viscosity

|  | C08B 5/12 |
· · · | Replacing the water by organic liquids

|  | C08B 5/14 |
· | Cellulose sulfate

P:40 |  | C08B 7/00 |
Preparation of cellulose esters of both organic and inorganic acids

P:20 |  | C08B 9/00 |
Cellulose xanthate; Viscose

|  | C08B 9/02 |
· | Sulfidisers; Dissolvers

|  | C08B 9/04 |
· | Continuous processes

|  | C08B 9/06 |
· | Single-stage processes

P:70 |  | C08B 11/00 |
Preparation of cellulose ethers

|  | C08B 11/02 |
· | Alkyl or cycloalkyl ethers

|  | C08B 11/04 |
· · | with substituted hydrocarbon radicals

|  | C08B 11/06 |
· · · | with halogen-substituted hydrocarbon radicals

|  | C08B 11/08 |
· · · | with hydroxylated hydrocarbon radicals; Esters, ethers, or acetals thereof

|  | C08B 11/10 |
· · · | substituted with acid radicals

|  | C08B 11/12 |
· · · · | substituted with carboxylic radicals

|  | C08B 11/14 |
· · · | with nitrogen-containing groups

|  | C08B 11/145 |
· · · · | with basic nitrogen, e.g. aminoalkyl ethers [2]

|  | C08B 11/15 |
· · · · | with carbamoyl groups [2]

|  | C08B 11/155 |
· · · · | with cyano groups, e.g. cyanoalkyl ethers [2]

|  | C08B 11/16 |
· | Aryl or aralkyl ethers

|  | C08B 11/18 |
· · | with substituted hydrocarbon radicals

|  | C08B 11/187 |
· | with olefinic unsaturated groups [2]

|  | C08B 11/193 |
· | Mixed ethers, i.e. ethers with two or more different etherifying groups [2]

|  | C08B 11/20 |
· | Post-etherification treatments, including purification

|  | C08B 11/22 |
· · | Isolation

P:30 |  | C08B 13/00 |
Preparation of cellulose ether-esters

|  | C08B 13/02 |
· | Cellulose ether xanthates

P:80 |  | C08B 15/00 |
Preparation of other cellulose derivatives or modified cellulose

|  | C08B 15/02 |
· | Oxycellulose; Hydrocellulose; Cellulose hydrate

|  | C08B 15/04 |
· · | Carboxycellulose, e.g. prepared by oxidation with nitrogen dioxide

|  | C08B 15/05 |
· | Derivatives containing elements other than carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, halogen, or sulfur (esters of phosphorus acids Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...C08B 5/00) [2]

|  | C08B 15/06 |
· · | containing nitrogen [2]

|  | C08B 15/08 |
· | Fractionation of cellulose, e.g. separation of cellulose crystallites [2]

|  | C08B 15/10 |
· | Crosslinking of cellulose [2]

P:0 |  | C08B 16/00 |
Regeneration of cellulose [2]

P:90 |  | C08B 17/00 |
Apparatus for esterification or etherification of cellulose

|  | C08B 17/02 |
· | for making organic esters of cellulose

|  | C08B 17/04 |
· | for making cellulose nitrate

|  | C08B 17/06 |
· | for making cellulose ethers

P:130 |  | C08B 30/00 |
Preparation of starch, degraded or non-chemically modified starch, amylose, or amylopectin [4]

|  | C08B 30/02 |
· | Preparatory treatment, e.g. crushing of raw materials (machines for preliminary washing Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...A23N) [4]

|  | C08B 30/04 |
· | Extraction or purification [4]

|  | C08B 30/06 |
· | Drying; Forming [4]

|  | C08B 30/08 |
· | Concentration of starch suspensions [4]

|  | C08B 30/10 |
· | Working-up residues from the starch extraction, including pressing water from the starch-extracted material [4]

|  | C08B 30/12 |
· | Degraded or non-chemically modified starch; Bleaching of starch (preparation of chemical derivatives of starch Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...C08B 31/00) [4]

|  | C08B 30/14 |
· · | Cold water dispersible or pregelatinised starch [4]

|  | C08B 30/16 |
· · | Apparatus therefor [4]

|  | C08B 30/18 |
· · | Dextrin [4]

|  | C08B 30/20 |
· | Amylose or amylopectin (chemical derivatives thereof Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...C08B 33/00, Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...C08B 35/00) [4]

P:120 |  | C08B 31/00 |
Preparation of chemical derivatives of starch (chemical derivatives of amylose Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...C08B 33/00; chemical derivatives of amylopectin Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...C08B 35/00) [2]

|  | C08B 31/02 |
· | Esters [2]

|  | C08B 31/04 |
· · | of organic acids [2]

|  | C08B 31/06 |
· · | of inorganic acids [2]

|  | C08B 31/08 |
· | Ethers [2]

|  | C08B 31/10 |
· · | Alkyl or cycloalkyl ethers [2]

|  | C08B 31/12 |
· · | having alkyl or cycloalkyl radicals substituted by hetero atoms [2]

|  | C08B 31/14 |
· · | Aryl or aralkyl ethers [2]

|  | C08B 31/16 |
· | Ether-esters [2]

|  | C08B 31/18 |
· | Oxidised starch [2]

P:100 |  | C08B 33/00 |
Preparation of chemical derivatives of amylose [2]

|  | C08B 33/02 |
· | Esters [2]

|  | C08B 33/04 |
· | Ethers [2]

|  | C08B 33/06 |
· | Ether-esters [2]

|  | C08B 33/08 |
· | Oxidised amylose [2]

P:110 |  | C08B 35/00 |
Preparation of chemical derivatives of amylopectin [2]

|  | C08B 35/02 |
· | Esters [2]

|  | C08B 35/04 |
· | Ethers [2]

|  | C08B 35/06 |
· | Ether-esters [2]

|  | C08B 35/08 |
· | Oxidised amylopectin [2]

P:140 |  | C08B 37/00 |
Preparation of polysaccharides not provided for in groups Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...C08B 1/00-C08B 35/00; Derivatives thereof (cellulose Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...D21) [4]

|  | C08B 37/02 |
· | Dextran; Derivatives thereof [2]

|  | C08B 37/04 |
· | Alginic acid; Derivatives thereof (foodstuff preparations Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...A23L 1/05) [2]

|  | C08B 37/06 |
· | Pectin; Derivatives thereof [2]

|  | C08B 37/08 |
· | Chitin; Chondroitin sulfate; Hyaluronic acid; Derivatives thereof [2]

|  | C08B 37/10 |
· | Heparin; Derivatives thereof [2]

|  | C08B 37/12 |
· | Agar-agar; Derivatives thereof [2]

|  | C08B 37/14 |
· | Hemicellulose; Derivatives thereof [2]

|  | C08B 37/16 |
· | Cyclodextrin; Derivatives thereof [2]

|  | C08B 37/18 |
· | Reserve carbohydrates, e.g. glycogen, inulin, laminarin; Derivatives thereof [4]