|  | C |
SECTION C — CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY

|  | C |
Note(s) In section C, the definitions of groups of chemical elements are as follows: Alkali metals: Li, Na, K, Rb, Cs, Fr Alkaline earth metals: Ca, Sr, Ba, Ra Lanthanides: elements with atomic numbers 57 to 71 inclusive Rare earths: Sc, Y, Lanthanides Actinides: elements with atomic numbers 89 to 103 inclusive Refractory metals: Ti, V, Cr, Zr, Nb, Mo, Hf, Ta, W Halogens: F, Cl, Br, I, At Noble gases: He, Ne, Ar, Kr, Xe, Rn Platinum group: Os, Ir, Pt, Ru, Rh, Pd Noble metals: Ag, Au, Platinum group Light metals: alkali metals, alkaline earth metals, Be, Al, Mg Heavy metals: metals other than light metals Iron group: Fe, Co, Ni Non-metals: H, B, C, Si, N, P, O, S, Se, Te, noble gases, halogens Metals: elements other than non-metals Transition elements: elements with atomic numbers 21 to 30 inclusive, 39 to 48 inclusive, 57 to 80 inclusive, 89 upwards Section C covers: pure chemistry, which covers inorganic compounds, organic compounds, macromolecular compounds, and their methods of preparation; applied chemistry, which covers compositions containing the above compounds, such as: glass, ceramics, fertilisers, plastics compositions, paints, products of the petroleum industry. It also covers certain compositions on account of their having particular properties rendering them suitable for certain purposes, as in the case of explosives, dyestuffs, adhesives, lubricants, and detergents; certain marginal industries, such as the manufacture of coke and of solid or gaseous fuels, the production and refining of oils, fats and waxes, the fermentation industry (e.g., brewing and wine-making), the sugar industry; certain operations or treatments, which are either purely mechanical, e.g., the mechanical treatment of leather and skins, or partly mechanical, e.g., the treatment of water or the prevention of corrosion in general; metallurgy, ferrous or non-ferrous alloys. In the case of operations, treatments, products or articles having both a chemical and a non-chemical part or aspect, the general rule is that the chemical part or aspect is covered by section C. In some of these cases, the chemical part or aspect brings with it a non-chemical one, even though purely mechanical, because this latter aspect either is essential to the operation or treatment or constitutes an important element thereof. It has seemed, in fact, more logical not to dissociate the different parts or aspects of a coherent whole. This is the case for applied chemistry and for the industries, operations and treatments mentioned in Notes (1)(c), (d) and (e). For example, furnaces peculiar to the manufacture of glass are covered by class Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...C03 and not by class Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F27. There are, however, some exceptions in which the mechanical (or non-chemical) aspect carries with it the chemical aspect, for example: Certain extractive processes, in subclass Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...A61K; The chemical purification of air, in subclass Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...A61L; Chemical methods of fire-fighting, in subclass Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...A62D; Chemical processes and apparatus, in class Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...B01; Impregnation of wood, in subclass Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...B27K; Chemical methods of analysis or testing, in subclass Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...G01N; Photographic materials and processes, in class Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...G03, and, generally, the chemical treatment of textiles and the production of cellulose or paper, in section D. In still other cases, the pure chemical aspect is covered by section C and the applied chemical aspect by another section, such as A, B or F, e.g., the use of a substance or composition for: treatment of plants or animals, covered by subclass Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...A01N; foodstuffs, covered by class Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...A23; ammunition or explosives, covered by class Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F42. When the chemical and mechanical aspects are so closely interlocked that a neat and simple division is not possible, or when certain mechanical processes follow as a natural or logical continuation of a chemical treatment, section C may cover, in addition to the chemical aspect, a part only of the mechanical aspect, e.g., after-treatment of artificial stone, covered by class Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...C04. In this latter case, a note or a reference is usually given to make the position clear, even if sometimes the division is rather arbitrary.

CHEMISTRY

|  | C10 |
PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT

|  | C10J |
PRODUCTION OF PRODUCER GAS, WATER-GAS, SYNTHESIS GAS FROM SOLID CARBONACEOUS MATERIAL, OR MIXTURES CONTAINING THESE GASES (synthesis gas from liquid or gaseous hydrocarbons Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...C01B; underground gasification of minerals Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...E21B 43/295); CARBURETTING AIR OR OTHER GASES [5]

P:0 |  | C10J 1/00 |
Production of fuel gases by carburetting air or other gases without pyrolysis (for internal-combustion engines Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F02)

|  | C10J 1/02 |
· | Carburetting air

|  | C10J 1/04 |
· · | Controlling supply of air

|  | C10J 1/06 |
· · | with materials which are liquid at ordinary temperatures

|  | C10J 1/08 |
· · · | by passage of air through or over the surface of the liquid

|  | C10J 1/10 |
· · · · | with the liquid absorbed on carriers

|  | C10J 1/12 |
· · · | by atomisation of the liquid

|  | C10J 1/14 |
· · · | Controlling the supply of liquid in accordance with the air supply

|  | C10J 1/16 |
· · | with solid hydrocarbons

|  | C10J 1/18 |
· · | in rotary carburettors

|  | C10J 1/20 |
· | Carburetting gases other than air

|  | C10J 1/22 |
· | Adding materials to prevent vapour deposition

|  | C10J 1/24 |
· | Controlling humidity of the air or gas to be carburetted

|  | C10J 1/26 |
· | using raised temperatures or pressures

|  | C10J 1/28 |
· | Odorising air gas

P:10 |  | C10J 3/00 |
Production of combustible gases containing carbon monoxide from solid carbonaceous fuels (destructive distillation processes Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...C10B)

|  | C10J 3/02 |
· | Fixed-bed gasification of lump fuel

|  | C10J 3/04 |
· · | Cyclic processes, e.g. alternate blast and run

|  | C10J 3/06 |
· · | Continuous processes

|  | C10J 3/08 |
· · · | with ash-removal in liquid state

|  | C10J 3/10 |
· · · | using external heating

|  | C10J 3/12 |
· · · | using solid heat-carriers

|  | C10J 3/14 |
· · · | using gaseous heat-carriers

|  | C10J 3/16 |
· · · | simultaneously reacting oxygen and water with the carbonaceous material

|  | C10J 3/18 |
· · · | using electricity

|  | C10J 3/20 |
· · | Apparatus; Plants

|  | C10J 3/22 |
· · · | Arrangements or dispositions of valves or flues

|  | C10J 3/24 |
· · · · | to permit flow of gases or vapours other than upwardly through the fuel bed

|  | C10J 3/26 |
· · · · · | downwardly

|  | C10J 3/28 |
· · · · | fully automatic

|  | C10J 3/30 |
· · · | Fuel charging devices

|  | C10J 3/32 |
· · · | Devices for distributing fuel evenly over the bed for stirring-up the fuel bed

|  | C10J 3/34 |
· · · | Grates; Mechanical ash-removing devices

|  | C10J 3/36 |
· · · · | Fixed grates

|  | C10J 3/38 |
· · · · · | with stirring beams

|  | C10J 3/40 |
· · · · | Movable grates

|  | C10J 3/42 |
· · · · · | Rotary grates

|  | C10J 3/44 |
· · · | adapted for use on vehicles

|  | C10J 3/46 |
· | Gasification of granular or pulverulent fuels in suspension

|  | C10J 3/48 |
· · | Apparatus; Plants

|  | C10J 3/50 |
· · · | Fuel charging devices

|  | C10J 3/52 |
· · · | Ash-removing devices

|  | C10J 3/54 |
· · | Gasification of granular or pulverulent fuels by the Winkler technique, i.e. by fluidisation

|  | C10J 3/56 |
· · · | Apparatus; Plants

|  | C10J 3/57 |
· | Gasification using molten salts or metals (Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...C10J 3/02, Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...C10J 3/46 take precedence) [4]

|  | C10J 3/58 |
· | combined with pre-distillation of the fuel

|  | C10J 3/60 |
· · | Processes

|  | C10J 3/62 |
· · · | with separate withdrawal of the distillation products

|  | C10J 3/64 |
· · · | with decomposition of the distillation products

|  | C10J 3/66 |
· · · · | by introducing them into the gasification zone

|  | C10J 3/68 |
· | Carburetting by pyrolysis of carbonaceous material in the fuel bed (Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...C10J 3/66 takes precedence)

|  | C10J 3/70 |
· | Carburetting by pyrolysis of carbonaceous material in a carburettor

|  | C10J 3/72 |
· | Other features

|  | C10J 3/74 |
· · | Construction of shells or jackets

|  | C10J 3/76 |
· · · | Water jackets; Steam boiler jackets

|  | C10J 3/78 |
· · | High-pressure apparatus

|  | C10J 3/80 |
· · | with arrangements for preheating the blast or the water vapour

|  | C10J 3/82 |
· · | Gas withdrawal means

|  | C10J 3/84 |
· · · | with means for removing dust or tar from the gas

|  | C10J 3/86 |
· · | combined with waste-heat boilers