|  | C |
SECTION C — CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY

|  | C |
Note(s) In section C, the definitions of groups of chemical elements are as follows: Alkali metals: Li, Na, K, Rb, Cs, Fr Alkaline earth metals: Ca, Sr, Ba, Ra Lanthanides: elements with atomic numbers 57 to 71 inclusive Rare earths: Sc, Y, Lanthanides Actinides: elements with atomic numbers 89 to 103 inclusive Refractory metals: Ti, V, Cr, Zr, Nb, Mo, Hf, Ta, W Halogens: F, Cl, Br, I, At Noble gases: He, Ne, Ar, Kr, Xe, Rn Platinum group: Os, Ir, Pt, Ru, Rh, Pd Noble metals: Ag, Au, Platinum group Light metals: alkali metals, alkaline earth metals, Be, Al, Mg Heavy metals: metals other than light metals Iron group: Fe, Co, Ni Non-metals: H, B, C, Si, N, P, O, S, Se, Te, noble gases, halogens Metals: elements other than non-metals Transition elements: elements with atomic numbers 21 to 30 inclusive, 39 to 48 inclusive, 57 to 80 inclusive, 89 upwards Section C covers: pure chemistry, which covers inorganic compounds, organic compounds, macromolecular compounds, and their methods of preparation; applied chemistry, which covers compositions containing the above compounds, such as: glass, ceramics, fertilisers, plastics compositions, paints, products of the petroleum industry. It also covers certain compositions on account of their having particular properties rendering them suitable for certain purposes, as in the case of explosives, dyestuffs, adhesives, lubricants, and detergents; certain marginal industries, such as the manufacture of coke and of solid or gaseous fuels, the production and refining of oils, fats and waxes, the fermentation industry (e.g., brewing and wine-making), the sugar industry; certain operations or treatments, which are either purely mechanical, e.g., the mechanical treatment of leather and skins, or partly mechanical, e.g., the treatment of water or the prevention of corrosion in general; metallurgy, ferrous or non-ferrous alloys. In the case of operations, treatments, products or articles having both a chemical and a non-chemical part or aspect, the general rule is that the chemical part or aspect is covered by section C. In some of these cases, the chemical part or aspect brings with it a non-chemical one, even though purely mechanical, because this latter aspect either is essential to the operation or treatment or constitutes an important element thereof. It has seemed, in fact, more logical not to dissociate the different parts or aspects of a coherent whole. This is the case for applied chemistry and for the industries, operations and treatments mentioned in Notes (1)(c), (d) and (e). For example, furnaces peculiar to the manufacture of glass are covered by class Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...C03 and not by class Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F27. There are, however, some exceptions in which the mechanical (or non-chemical) aspect carries with it the chemical aspect, for example: Certain extractive processes, in subclass Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...A61K; The chemical purification of air, in subclass Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...A61L; Chemical methods of fire-fighting, in subclass Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...A62D; Chemical processes and apparatus, in class Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...B01; Impregnation of wood, in subclass Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...B27K; Chemical methods of analysis or testing, in subclass Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...G01N; Photographic materials and processes, in class Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...G03, and, generally, the chemical treatment of textiles and the production of cellulose or paper, in section D. In still other cases, the pure chemical aspect is covered by section C and the applied chemical aspect by another section, such as A, B or F, e.g., the use of a substance or composition for: treatment of plants or animals, covered by subclass Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...A01N; foodstuffs, covered by class Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...A23; ammunition or explosives, covered by class Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F42. When the chemical and mechanical aspects are so closely interlocked that a neat and simple division is not possible, or when certain mechanical processes follow as a natural or logical continuation of a chemical treatment, section C may cover, in addition to the chemical aspect, a part only of the mechanical aspect, e.g., after-treatment of artificial stone, covered by class Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...C04. In this latter case, a note or a reference is usually given to make the position clear, even if sometimes the division is rather arbitrary.

CHEMISTRY

|  | C08 |
ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON (manufacture or treatment of artificial threads, fibres, bristles or ribbons Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...D01)

|  | C08 |
Note(s) Biocidal, pest repellant, pest attractant or plant growth regulatory activity of compounds or preparations is further classified in subclass Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...A01P. [8] Processes using enzymes or micro-organisms in order to: liberate, separate or purify a pre-existing compound or composition, or to treat textiles or clean solid surfaces of materials are further classified in subclass Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...C12S.

|  | C08B |
POLYSACCHARIDES; DERIVATIVES THEREOF (polysaccharides containing less than six saccharide radicals attached to each other by glycosidic linkages Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...C07H; fermentation or enzyme-using processes Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...C12P 19/00; sugar industry Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...C13; production of cellulose Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...D21) [4]

|  | C08B |
Note(s) Therapeutic activity of compounds is further classified in subclass Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...A61P. [7]

|  | C08B |
Subclass index
CELLULOSE AND DERIVATIVES THEREOF |
Preparatory treatment of cellulose | 1/00
Esters | 3/00, 5/00, 7/00, 13/00, 17/00
Ethers | 11/00, 13/00, 17/00
Xanthates | 9/00
Other derivatives | 15/00
Regeneration of cellulose | 16/00
STARCH; DEGRADED OR NON-CHEMICALLY MODIFIED STARCH; AMYLOSE; AMYLOPECTIN | 30/00
CHEMICAL DERIVATIVES OF STARCH, OF AMYLOSE OR OF AMYLOPECTIN |
of starch | 31/00
of amylose | 33/00
of amylopectin | 35/00
OTHER POLYSACCHARIDES | 37/00

|  | C08C |
TREATMENT OR CHEMICAL MODIFICATION OF RUBBERS

|  | C08C |
Note(s) This subclass covers: processes directed to natural rubber or to conjugated diene rubbers (synthesis thereof Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...C08F); [2] processes directed to rubbers in general (to a specific rubber, other than provided for above, Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...C08F-C08H). [2]

|  | C08F |
MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS OBTAINED BY REACTIONS ONLY INVOLVING CARBON-TO-CARBON UNSATURATED BONDS (production of liquid hydrocarbon mixtures from lower carbon number hydrocarbons, e.g. by oligomerisation, Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...C10G 50/00) [2]

|  | C08F |
Note(s) In this subclass, boron or silicon are considered as metals. [2] In this subclass, the following expression is used with the meaning indicated: "aliphatic radical" means an acyclic or a non-aromatic carbocyclic carbon skeleton which is considered to be terminated by every bond to: an element other than carbon; a carbon atom having a double bond to one atom other than carbon; an aromatic carbocyclic ring or a heterocyclic ring. Examples: Polymers of CH2=CH—O—CH2-CH2—NH—COO—CH2-CH2—OH are classified in group Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...C08F 16/28; are classified in group Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...C08F 16/36; are classified in group Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...C08F 12/18. [2] Therapeutic activity of compounds is further classified in subclass Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...A61P. [7] In this subclass, in the absence of an indication to the contrary, a catalyst or a polymer is classified in the last appropriate place. [2] In this subclass: macromolecular compounds and their preparation are classified in the groups for the type of compound prepared. General processes for the preparation of macromolecular compounds according to more than one main group are classified in the groups for the processes employed (Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...C08F 2/00-C08F 8/00). Processes for the preparation of macromolecular compounds are also classified in the groups for the types of reactions employed, if of interest; [2] subject matter relating to both homopolymers and copolymers is classified in groups Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...C08F 10/00-C08F 38/00; [2] subject matter limited to homopolymers is classified only in groups Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...C08F 110/00-C08F 138/00; [2] subject matter limited to copolymers is classified only in groups Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...C08F 210/00-C08F 246/00; [2] in groups Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...C08F 210/00-C08F 238/00, in the absence of an indication to the contrary, a copolymer is classified according to the major monomeric component. [2] This subclass covers also compositions based on monomers which form macromolecular compounds classifiable in this subclass (paints Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...C09D 4/00; adhesives Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...C09J 4/00). [7] In this subclass: [7] if the monomers are defined, classification is made according to the polymer to be formed: [7] in groups Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...C08F 10/00-C08F 246/00 if no preformed polymer is present; [7] in groups Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...C08F 251/00-C08F 291/00 if a preformed polymer is present, considering the reaction to take place as a graft or cross-linking reaction; [7] if the presence of compounding ingredients is of interest, classification is made in group Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...C08F 2/44 (sensitising agents Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...C08F 2/50; catalysts Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...C08F 4/00); [7] if the compounding ingredients are of interest per se, classification is also made in subclass Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...C08K. [7]

|  | C08F |
Subclass index
Processes of polymerisation; Catalysts | 2/00; 4/00
Post-polymerisation treatments; Chemical modification | 6/00; 8/00
Homopolymers and copolymers of compounds having one or more unsaturated aliphatic radicals, each having only one carbon-to-carbon double bond | 10/00 - 30/00
Homopolymers | 110/00 - 130/00
Copolymers | 210/00 - 230/00
Homopolymers and copolymers of cyclic compounds having no unsaturated aliphatic radicals in a side chain and having one or more carbon-to-carbon double bonds in a ring | 32/00, 34/00
Homopolymers | 132/00, 134/00
Copolymers | 232/00, 234/00
Homopolymers and copolymers of compounds having one or more unsaturated aliphatic radicals, at least one having two or more carbon-to-carbon double bonds | 36/00
Homopolymers | 136/00
Copolymers | 236/00
Homopolymers and copolymers of compounds having one or more carbon-to-carbon triple bonds | 38/00
Homopolymers | 138/00
Copolymers | 238/00
Copolymers of hydrocarbons and mineral oils | 240/00
Copolymers of drying oils with other monomers | 242/00
Coumarone-indene copolymers | 244/00
Copolymers in which the nature of only the monomers in minority is defined | 246/00
Graft polymers; Polymers cross-linked with unsaturated monomers | 251/00 - 292/00
Block polymers | 293/00 - 297/00
Macromolecular compounds obtained by interreacting polymers involving only carbon-to-carbon unsaturated bond reactions, in the absence of non-macromolecular monomers | 299/00
Subject matter not provided for in other groups of this subclass | 301/00

|  | C08G |
MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS OBTAINED OTHERWISE THAN BY REACTIONS ONLY INVOLVING CARBON-TO-CARBON UNSATURATED BONDS [2]

|  | C08G |
Note(s) Therapeutic activity of compounds is further classified in subclass Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...A61P. [7] In this subclass, group Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...C08G 18/00 takes precedence over the other groups. A further classification is given if the polymers are obtained by reactions forming specific linkages for which an appropriate group is provided. [2] Within each main group of this subclass, in the absence of an indication to the contrary, classification is made in the last appropriate place. [2] This subclass covers also compositions based on monomers which form macromolecular compounds classifiable in this subclass. [7] In this subclass: [7] if the monomers are defined, classification is made in groups Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...C08G 2/00-C08G 79/00, Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...C08G 83/00 according to the polymer to be formed; [7] if the monomers are defined in a way that a composition cannot be classified within one main group of this subclass, the composition is classified in group Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...C08G 85/00; [7] if the compounding ingredients are of interest per se, classification is also made in subclass Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...C08K. [7]

|  | C08G |
Subclass index
MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS OBTAINED FROM ALDEHYDES OR KETONES | 2/00 - 16/00
Polyacetals | 2/00, 4/00
MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS OBTAINED FROM ISOCYANATES OR ISOTHIOCYANATES | 18/00
EPOXY RESINS | 59/00
MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS OBTAINED BY REACTIONS FORMING A LINKAGE IN THE MAIN CHAIN | 61/00 - 79/00
a carbon-to-carbon link | 61/00
a linkage containing oxygen | 63/00 - 67/00
a linkage containing nitrogen | 69/00 - 73/00
a linkage containing sulfur | 75/00
a linkage containing silicon | 77/00
a linkage containing atoms other than carbon, oxygen, nitrogen, sulfur, or silicon | 79/00
MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS OBTAINED BY INTERREACTING POLYMERS IN THE ABSENCE OF MONOMERS | 81/00
OTHER MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS | 83/00
GENERAL PROCESSES | 85/00

|  | C08H |
DERIVATIVES OF NATURAL MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS (polysaccharides Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...C08B; natural rubber Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...C08C)

|  | C08H |
Note(s) Therapeutic activity of compounds is further classified in subclass Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...A61P. [7]

|  | C08J |
WORKING-UP; GENERAL PROCESSES OF COMPOUNDING; AFTER-TREATMENT NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...C08B, Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...C08C, Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...C08F, Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...C08G or Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...C08H (working, e.g. shaping, of plastics Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...B29; layered products, manufacture thereof Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...B32B; treatment of macromolecular material specially adapted to enhance its filling properties in mortars, concrete or artificial stone Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...C04B 16/04, Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...C04B 18/20, Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...C04B 20/00; treatment of textiles Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...D06) [2]

|  | C08J |
Note(s) This subclass covers processes, not covered by subclasses Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...C08B-C08H, for treating polymers. [4] In this subclass, in the absence of an indication to the contrary, classification is made in the last appropriate place. [2] When classifying in this subclass, additional classification may be made in class Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...C08L relating to the materials used. [8]

|  | C08K |
USE OF INORGANIC OR NON-MACROMOLECULAR ORGANIC SUBSTANCES AS COMPOUNDING INGREDIENTS (pesticides, herbicides Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...A01N; pharmaceuticals, cosmetics Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...A61K; explosives Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...C06B; paints, inks, varnishes, dyes, polishes, adhesives Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...C09; lubricants Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...C10M; detergents Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...C11D; artificial filaments or fibres Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...D01F; textile treating compositions Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...D06) [2]

|  | C08K |
Note(s) In this subclass, in the absence of an indication to the contrary, an ingredient is classified in the last appropriate place. [2] In this subclass: a mixture of ingredients is classified in the most indented group covering all the essential ingredients of the mixture, e.g.: a mixture of a monohydroxylic and a polyhydroxylic alcohol Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...C08K 5/05; [4] a mixture of two polyhydroxylic alcohols Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...C08K 5/053; [6] a mixture of an alcohol and an ether Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...C08K 5/04; [4] a mixture of an ether and an amine Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...C08K 5/00; [4] a mixture of an amine and a metal Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...C08K 13/02; [4] ammonium salts are classified in the same way as metal salts. [2] In this subclass, any ingredient of a mixture which is not identified by the classification according to Note (2) above, and the use of which is determined to be novel and non-obvious, must also be classified in this subclass according to Note (1). The ingredient can be either a single compound or a composition in itself. [8] Any ingredient of a mixture which is not identified by the classification according to Notes (2) or (3) above, and which is considered to represent information of interest for search, may also be classified in this subclass according to Note (1). This can, for example, be the case when it is considered of interest to enable searching of mixtures using a combination of classification symbols. Such non-obligatory classification should be given as "additional information". [8]

|  | C08L |
COMPOSITIONS OF MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS (pesticides, herbicides Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...A01N; pharmaceuticals, cosmetics Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...A61K; explosives Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...C06B; compositions based on polymerisable monomers Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...C08F, Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...C08G; paints, inks, varnishes, dyes, polishes, adhesives Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...C09; lubricants Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...C10M; detergents Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...C11D; artificial filaments or fibres Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...D01F; textile treating compositions Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...D06) [2]

|  | C08L |
Note(s) In this subclass, the following term is used with the meaning indicated: "rubber" includes: natural or conjugated diene rubbers; rubber in general (for a specific rubber, other than a natural rubber or a conjugated diene rubber, see the group provided for compositions of such macromolecular compounds). [2] In this subclass: compositions are classified according to the mutual proportions by weight of only the macromolecular constituents; [2] compositions are classified according to the macromolecular constituent or constituents present in the highest proportion; if all these constituents are present in equal proportions the composition is classified according to each of these constituents. [2] Any macromolecular constituent of a composition which is not identified by the classification according to Note (2) above, and the use of which is determined to be novel and non-obvious, must also be classified in this subclass. For example, a composition containing 80 parts polyethene and 20 parts polyvinyl chloride is classified in both groups Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...C08L 23/06 and Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...C08L 27/06, if the use of polyvinyl chloride is determined to be novel and non-obvious. [8] Any macromolecular constituent of a composition which is not identified by the classification according to Notes (2) or (3) above, and which is considered to represent information of interest for search, may also be classified in this subclass. This can, for example, be the case when it is considered of interest to enable searching of compositions using a combination of classification symbols. Such non-obligatory classification should be given as "additional information". [8]

|  | C08L |
Subclass index
Compositions of polysaccharides or of their derivatives | 1/00 - 5/00
Compositions of rubbers or of their derivatives | 7/00 - 21/00
Compositions of macromolecular compounds obtained by reactions involving only carbon-to-carbon unsaturated bonds; Compositions of derivatives of such polymers | 23/00 - 57/00
Compositions of macromolecular compounds obtained otherwise than by reactions only involving carbon-to-carbon unsaturated bonds; Compositions of derivatives of such polymers | 59/00 - 87/00
Compositions of natural macromolecular compounds or of derivatives thereof | 89/00 - 99/00
Compositions of unspecified macromolecular compounds | 101/00