|  | G |
SECTION G — PHYSICS

|  | G |
Note(s) In this section, the following term is used with the meaning indicated: "variable" (as a noun) means a feature or property (e.g., a dimension, a physical condition such as temperature, a quality such as density or colour) which, in respect of a particular entity (e.g., an object, a quantity of a substance, a beam of light) and at a particular instant, is capable of being measured; the variable may change, so that its numerical expression may assume different values at different times, in different conditions or in individual cases, but may be constant in respect of a particular entity in certain conditions or for practical purposes (e.g., the length of a bar may be regarded as constant for many purposes). Attention is drawn to the definitions of terms or expressions used, appearing in the notes of several of the classes in this section, in particular those of "measuring" in class Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...G01 and "control" and "regulation" in class Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...G05. Classification in this section may present more difficulty than in other sections, because the distinction between different fields of use rests to a considerable extent on differences in the intention of the user rather than on any constructional differences or differences in the manner of use, and because the subjects dealt with are often in effect systems or combinations, which have features or parts in common, rather than "things", which are readily distinguishable as a whole. For example, information (e.g., a set of figures) may be displayed for the purpose of education or advertising (Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...G09), for enabling the result of a measurement to be known (Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...G01), for signalling the information to a distant point or for giving information which has been signalled from a distant point (Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...G08). The words used to describe the purpose depend on features that may be irrelevant to the form of the apparatus concerned, for example, such features as the desired effect on the person who sees the display, or whether the display is controlled from a remote point. Again, a device which responds to some change in a condition, e.g., in the pressure of a fluid, may be used, without modification of the device itself, to give information about the pressure (Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...G01L) or about some other condition linked to the pressure (another subclass of class Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...G01, e.g., Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...G01K for temperature), to make a record of the pressure or of its occurrence (Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...G07C), to give an alarm (Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...G08B), or to control another apparatus (Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...G05). The classification scheme is intended to enable things of a similar nature (as indicated above) to be classified together. It is therefore particularly necessary for the real nature of any technical subject to be decided before it can be properly classified.

INSTRUMENTS

|  | G01 |
MEASURING (counting Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...G06M); TESTING

|  | G01 |
Note(s) This class covers, in addition to "true" measuring instruments, other indicating or recording devices of analogous construction, and also signalling or control devices insofar as they are concerned with measurement (as defined in Note 2 below) and are not specially adapted to the particular purpose of signalling or control. In this class, the following term is used with the meaning indicated: "measuring" is used to cover considerably more than its primary or basic meaning. In this primary sense, it means finding a numerical expression of the value of a variable in relation to a unit or datum or to another variable of the same nature, e.g. expressing a length in terms of another length as in measuring a length with a scale; the value may be obtained directly (as just suggested) or by measuring some other variable of which the value can be related to the value of the required variable, as in measuring a change in temperature by measuring a resultant change in the length of a column of mercury. However, since the same device or instrument may, instead of giving an immediate indication, be used to produce a record or to initiate a signal to produce an indication or control effect, or may be used in combination with other devices or instruments to give a conjoint result from measurement of two or more variables of the same or different kinds, it is necessary to interpret "measuring" as including also any operation that would make it possible to obtain such a numerical expression by the additional use of some way of converting a value into figures. Thus the expression in figures may be actually made by a digital presentation or by reading a scale, or an indication of it may be given without the use of figures, e.g. by some perceptible feature (variable) of the entity (e.g. object, substance, beam of light) of which the variable being measured is a property or condition or by an analogue of such a feature (e.g. the corresponding position of a member without any scale, a corresponding voltage generated in some way). In many cases there is no such value indication but only an indication of difference or equality in relation to a standard or datum (of which the value may or may not be known in figures); the standard or datum may be the value of another variable of the same nature but of a different entity (e.g. a standard measure) or of the same entity at a different time. In its simplest form, measurement may give merely an indication of presence or absence of a certain condition or quality, e.g. movement (in any direction or in a particular direction), or whether a variable exceeds a predetermined value. Attention is drawn to the Notes following the titles of class Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...B81 and subclass Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...B81B relating to "micro-structural devices" and "micro-structural systems" and the Notes following the title of subclass Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...B82B relating to "nano-structures". [7] Attention is drawn to the Notes following the title of section G, especially as regards the definition of the term "variable". In many measuring arrangements, a first variable to be measured is transformed into a second, or further, variables. The second, or further, variables may be (a) a condition related to the first variable and produced in a member, or (b) a displacement of a member. Further transformation may be needed. [6] When classifying such an arrangement, (i) the transformation step, or each transformation step, that is of interest is classified, or (ii) if interest lies only in the system as a whole, the first variable is classified in the appropriate place. [6] This is particularly important where two or more conversions take place, for instance where a first variable, for example pressure, is transformed into a second variable, for example an optical property of a sensing body, and that second variable is expressed by means of a third variable, for example an electric effect. In such a case, the following classification places should be considered: the place for the transformation of the first variable, that for sensing the condition caused by that variable, subclass Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...G01D for expression of the measurement, and finally the place for the overall system, if any. [6] The measurement of change in the value of a physical property is classified in the same subclass as the measurement of that physical property, e.g. measurement of expansion of length is classified in subclass Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...G01B.

|  | G01N |
INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES (separating components of materials in general Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...B01D, Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...B01J, Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...B03, Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...B07; apparatus fully provided for in a single other subclass, see the relevant subclass, e.g. Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...B01L; measuring or testing processes other than immunoassay, involving enzymes or micro-organisms Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...C12M, Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...C12Q; investigation of foundation soil in situ Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...E02D 1/00; monitoring or diagnostic devices for exhaust-gas treatment apparatus Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F01N 11/00; sensing humidity changes for compensating measurements of other variables or for compensating readings of instruments for variations in humidity, see Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...G01D or the relevant subclass for the variable measured; testing or determining the properties of structures Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...G01M; measuring or investigating electric or magnetic properties of materials Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...G01R; systems in general for determining distance, velocity or presence by use of propagation effects, e.g. Doppler effect, propagation time, of reflected or reradiated radio waves, analogous arrangements using other waves Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...G01S; determining sensitivity, graininess, or density of photographic materials Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...G03C 5/02; testing component parts of nuclear reactors Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...G21C 17/00)

|  | G01N |
Note(s) In this subclass, the following terms are used with the meanings indicated: "investigating" means testing or determining; "materials" includes solid, liquid or gaseous media, e.g. the atmosphere. Attention is drawn to the Notes following the title of class Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...G01. Investigating the properties of materials, specially adapted for use in processes covered by subclass Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...B23K, is classified in group Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...B23K 31/12. [5]

|  | G01N |
Subclass index
SAMPLING, PREPARING | 1/00
INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING CHARACTERISED BY THE PROPERTY INVESTIGATED |
Mechanical strength; density; flow | 3/00; 9/00; 11/00
Surface or boundary effects; characteristics of particles, permeability; friction, adhesive force | 13/00; 15/00; 19/00
Resistance to atmospheric agents | 17/00
INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING CHARACTERISED BY THE METHOD USED |
Weighing; measuring pressure or volume of gas; mechanical | 5/00; 7/00; 19/00
Optical; by microwaves; by radiation | 21/00; 22/00; 23/00
Magnetic resonance or other spin effects | 24/00
Thermal; electric, electrochemical, magnetic; sonic | 25/00; 27/00; 29/00
By separation into components; by the use of the chemical methods | 30/00; 31/00
OTHER INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING CHARACTERISED BY THE MATERIAL INVESTIGATED | 33/00
Immunoassay | 33/53
AUTOMATIC ANALYSIS | 35/00
DETAILS NOT COVERED BY THE PRECEDING GROUPS | 37/00

P:200 |  | G01N 1/00 |
Sampling; Preparing specimens for investigation (handling materials for automatic analysis Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...G01N 35/00)

|  | G01N 1/02 |
· | Devices for withdrawing samples (for medical or veterinary purposes Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...A61; obtaining samples of soil or well fluids Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...E21B 49/00)

|  | G01N 1/04 |
· · | in the solid state, e.g. by cutting

|  | G01N 1/06 |
· · · | providing a thin slice, e.g. microtome

|  | G01N 1/08 |
· · · | involving an extracting tool, e.g. core bit

|  | G01N 1/10 |
· · | in the liquid or fluent state

|  | G01N 1/12 |
· · · | Dippers; Dredgers (suction dredgers Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...E02F 3/88) [5]

|  | G01N 1/14 |
· · · | Suction devices, e.g. pumps; Ejector devices

|  | G01N 1/16 |
· · · | with provision for intake at several levels (Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...G01N 1/12, Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...G01N 1/14 take precedence)

|  | G01N 1/18 |
· · · | with provision for splitting samples into portions (Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...G01N 1/12, Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...G01N 1/14 take precedence; fraction-collection apparatus for chromatography Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...B01D 15/08)

|  | G01N 1/20 |
· · · | for flowing or falling materials (Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...G01N 1/12, Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...G01N 1/14 take precedence)

|  | G01N 1/22 |
· · | in the gaseous state

|  | G01N 1/24 |
· · · | Suction devices

|  | G01N 1/26 |
· · · | with provision for intake from several spaces

|  | G01N 1/28 |
· | Preparing specimens for investigation (mounting specimens on microscopic slides Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...G02B 21/34; means for supporting the objects or the materials to be analysed in electron microscopes Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...H01J 37/20)

|  | G01N 1/30 |
· · | Staining; Impregnating

|  | G01N 1/31 |
· · · | Apparatus therefor [6]

|  | G01N 1/32 |
· · | Polishing; Etching

|  | G01N 1/34 |
· · | Purifying; Cleaning

|  | G01N 1/36 |
· · | Embedding or analogous mounting of samples [6]

|  | G01N 1/38 |
· · | Diluting, dispersing or mixing samples [6]

|  | G01N 1/40 |
· · | Concentrating samples [6]

|  | G01N 1/42 |
· · | Low-temperature sample treatment, e.g. cryofixation [6]

|  | G01N 1/44 |
· · | Sample treatment involving radiation, e.g. heat [6]

P:50 |  | G01N 3/00 |
Investigating strength properties of solid materials by application of mechanical stress (strain gauges Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...G01B; measuring stress in general Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...G01L 1/00)

|  | G01N 3/00 |
Note(s) This group covers the stressing of materials not only below but also beyond the elastic limit, e.g. until breaking occurs.

|  | G01N 3/02 |
· | Details

|  | G01N 3/04 |
· · | Chucks

|  | G01N 3/06 |
· · | Special adaptations of indicating or recording means

|  | G01N 3/08 |
· | by applying steady tensile or compressive forces (Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...G01N 3/28 takes precedence)

|  | G01N 3/10 |
· · | generated by pneumatic or hydraulic pressure (Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...G01N 3/18 takes precedence)

|  | G01N 3/12 |
· · · | Pressure-testing (testing fluid-tightness Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...G01M 3/00)

|  | G01N 3/14 |
· · | generated by dead weight, e.g. pendulum; generated by spring tension (Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...G01N 3/18 takes precedence)

|  | G01N 3/16 |
· · | applied through gearing (Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...G01N 3/18 takes precedence)

|  | G01N 3/18 |
· · | Performing tests at high or low temperatures

|  | G01N 3/20 |
· | by applying steady bending forces (Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...G01N 3/26, Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...G01N 3/28 take precedence)

|  | G01N 3/22 |
· | by applying steady torsional forces (Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...G01N 3/26, Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...G01N 3/28 take precedence)

|  | G01N 3/24 |
· | by applying steady shearing forces (Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...G01N 3/26, Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...G01N 3/28 take precedence)

|  | G01N 3/26 |
· | Investigating twisting or coiling properties

|  | G01N 3/28 |
· | Investigating ductility, e.g. suitability of sheet metal for deep-drawing or spinning

|  | G01N 3/30 |
· | by applying a single impulsive force (investigating hardness by performing impressions under impulsive load Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...G01N 3/48)

|  | G01N 3/303 |
· · | generated only by free-falling weight [7]

|  | G01N 3/307 |
· · | generated by a compressed or tensile-stressed spring; generated by pneumatic or hydraulic means [7]

|  | G01N 3/31 |
· · | generated by a rotating fly-wheel [7]

|  | G01N 3/313 |
· · | generated by explosives [7]

|  | G01N 3/317 |
· · | generated by electromagnetic means [7]

|  | G01N 3/32 |
· | by applying repeated or pulsating forces (generation of such forces in general, see the relevant classes or subclasses, e.g. Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...B06, Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...G10)

|  | G01N 3/34 |
· · | generated by mechanical means, e.g. hammer blows

|  | G01N 3/36 |
· · | generated by pneumatic or hydraulic means

|  | G01N 3/38 |
· · | generated by electromagnetic means

|  | G01N 3/40 |
· | Investigating hardness or rebound hardness

|  | G01N 3/42 |
· · | by performing impressions under a steady load by indentors, e.g. sphere, pyramid (Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...G01N 3/54 takes precedence)

|  | G01N 3/44 |
· · · | the indentors being put under a minor load and a subsequent major load, i.e. Rockwell system

|  | G01N 3/46 |
· · · | the indentors performing a scratching movement

|  | G01N 3/48 |
· · | by performing impressions under impulsive load by indentors, e.g. falling ball (Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...G01N 3/54 takes precedence)

|  | G01N 3/50 |
· · | by measuring rolling friction, e.g. by rocking pendulum (Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...G01N 3/54 takes precedence)

|  | G01N 3/52 |
· · | by measuring extent of rebound of a striking body (Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...G01N 3/54 takes precedence)

|  | G01N 3/54 |
· · | Performing tests at high or low temperatures

|  | G01N 3/56 |
· | Investigating resistance to wear or abrasion

|  | G01N 3/58 |
· | Investigating machinability by cutting tools; Investigating the cutting ability of tools

|  | G01N 3/60 |
· | Investigating resistance of materials, e.g. refractory materials, to rapid heat changes

|  | G01N 3/62 |
· | Manufacturing, calibrating, or repairing devices used in investigations covered by the preceding subgroups

P:60 |  | G01N 5/00 |
Analysing materials by weighing, e.g. weighing small particles separated from a gas or liquid (Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...G01N 9/00 takes precedence)

|  | G01N 5/02 |
· | by absorbing or adsorbing components of a material and determining change of weight of the adsorbent, e.g. determining moisture content

|  | G01N 5/04 |
· | by removing a component, e.g. by evaporation, and weighing the remainder

P:70 |  | G01N 7/00 |
Analysing materials by measuring the pressure or volume of a gas or vapour

|  | G01N 7/02 |
· | by absorption, adsorption, or combustion of components and measurement of the change in pressure or volume of the remainder

|  | G01N 7/04 |
· · | by absorption or adsorption alone

|  | G01N 7/06 |
· · | by combustion alone

|  | G01N 7/08 |
· · | by combustion followed by absorption or adsorption of the combustion products

|  | G01N 7/10 |
· | by allowing diffusion of components through a porous wall and measuring a pressure or volume difference

|  | G01N 7/12 |
· · | the diffusion being followed by combustion or catalytic oxidation

|  | G01N 7/14 |
· | by allowing the material to emit a gas or vapour, e.g. water vapour, and measuring a pressure or volume difference

|  | G01N 7/16 |
· · | by heating the material

|  | G01N 7/18 |
· · | by allowing the material to react

|  | G01N 7/20 |
· · · | the reaction being fermentation

|  | G01N 7/22 |
· · · · | of dough

P:40 |  | G01N 9/00 |
Investigating density or specific gravity of materials; Analysing materials by determining density or specific gravity (weighing apparatus Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...G01G)

|  | G01N 9/02 |
· | by measuring weight of a known volume

|  | G01N 9/04 |
· · | of fluids

|  | G01N 9/06 |
· · · | with continuous circulation through a pivotally-supported member

|  | G01N 9/08 |
· | by measuring buoyant force of solid materials by weighing both in air and in a liquid

|  | G01N 9/10 |
· | by observing bodies wholly or partially immersed in fluid materials

|  | G01N 9/12 |
· · | by observing the depth of immersion of the bodies, e.g. hydrometers

|  | G01N 9/14 |
· · · | the body being built into a container

|  | G01N 9/16 |
· · · | the body being pivoted

|  | G01N 9/18 |
· · · | Special adaptations for indicating, recording, or control

|  | G01N 9/20 |
· · | by balancing the weight of the bodies

|  | G01N 9/22 |
· · · | with continuous circulation of the fluid

|  | G01N 9/24 |
· | by observing the transmission of wave or particle radiation through the material

|  | G01N 9/26 |
· | by measuring pressure differences

|  | G01N 9/28 |
· · | by measuring the blowing pressure of gas bubbles escaping from nozzles at different depths in a liquid

|  | G01N 9/30 |
· | by using centrifugal effects

|  | G01N 9/32 |
· | by using flow properties of fluids, e.g. flow through tubes or apertures

|  | G01N 9/34 |
· · | by using elements moving through the fluid, e.g. vane

|  | G01N 9/36 |
· | Analysing materials by measuring the density or specific gravity, e.g. determining quantity of moisture (methods of measurement in general Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...G01N 9/02-G01N 9/32)

P:30 |  | G01N 11/00 |
Investigating flow properties of materials, e.g. viscosity, plasticity; Analysing materials by determining flow properties

|  | G01N 11/02 |
· | by measuring flow of the material

|  | G01N 11/04 |
· · | through a restricted passage, e.g. tube, aperture

|  | G01N 11/06 |
· · · | by timing the outflow of a known quantity

|  | G01N 11/08 |
· · · | by measuring pressure required to produce a known flow

|  | G01N 11/10 |
· | by moving a body within the material

|  | G01N 11/12 |
· · | by measuring rising or falling speed of the body; by measuring penetration of wedged gauges (Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...G01N 11/16 takes precedence)

|  | G01N 11/14 |
· · | by using rotary bodies, e.g. vane (Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...G01N 11/16 takes precedence)

|  | G01N 11/16 |
· · | by measuring damping effect upon oscillatory body

P:20 |  | G01N 13/00 |
Investigating surface or boundary effects, e.g. wetting power; Investigating diffusion effects; Analysing materials by determining surface, boundary, or diffusion effects; Investigating or analysing surface structures in atomic ranges [1,7]

|  | G01N 13/02 |
· | Investigating surface tension of liquids

|  | G01N 13/04 |
· | Investigating osmotic effects

|  | G01N 13/10 |
· | Investigating or analysing surface structures in atomic ranges using scanning-probe techniques (by measuring secondary emission Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...G01N 23/22; dimensional measurement using scanning-probe techniques Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...G01B; details of scanning-probe apparatus, in general Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...G12B 21/00) [7]

|  | G01N 13/12 |
· · | using scanning tunnelling microscopy (STM) [7]

|  | G01N 13/14 |
· · | using scanning near-field optical microscopy (SNOM) [7]

|  | G01N 13/16 |
· · | using atomic force microscopy (AFM) [7]

|  | G01N 13/18 |
· · | using scanning ion-conductance microscopy (SICM) [7]

|  | G01N 13/20 |
· · | using scanning capacitance microscopy (SCM) [7]

|  | G01N 13/22 |
· · | using magnetic force microscopy (MFM) [7]

|  | G01N 13/24 |
· · | using scanning electrochemical microscopy [7]

P:10 |  | G01N 15/00 |
Investigating characteristics of particles; Investigating permeability, pore-volume or surface-area of porous materials (identification of micro-organisms Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...C12Q) [4]

|  | G01N 15/02 |
· | Investigating particle size or size distribution (Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...G01N 15/04, Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...G01N 15/10 take precedence; by measuring osmotic pressure Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...G01N 7/10; by filtering Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...B01D; by sifting Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...B07B) [4]

|  | G01N 15/04 |
· | Investigating sedimentation of particle suspensions

|  | G01N 15/05 |
· · | in blood [4]

|  | G01N 15/06 |
· | Investigating concentration of particle suspensions (Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...G01N 15/04, Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...G01N 15/10 take precedence; by weighing Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...G01N 5/00) [3]

|  | G01N 15/08 |
· | Investigating permeability, pore volume, or surface area of porous materials

|  | G01N 15/10 |
· | Investigating individual particles [4]

|  | G01N 15/12 |
· · | Coulter-counters [4]

|  | G01N 15/14 |
· · | Electro-optical investigation [4]

P:0 |  | G01N 17/00 |
Investigating resistance of materials to the weather, to corrosion, or to light

|  | G01N 17/02 |
· | Electrochemical measuring systems for weathering, corrosion or corrosion-protection measurement (Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...G01N 17/04 takes precedence) [5]

|  | G01N 17/04 |
· | Corrosion probes [5]

P:80 |  | G01N 19/00 |
Investigating materials by mechanical methods (Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...G01N 3/00-G01N 17/00 take precedence)

|  | G01N 19/02 |
· | Measuring coefficient of friction between materials

|  | G01N 19/04 |
· | Measuring adhesive force between materials, e.g. of sealing tape, of coating

|  | G01N 19/06 |
· | Investigating by removing material, e.g. spark-testing

|  | G01N 19/08 |
· | Detecting presence of flaws or irregularities (measuring roughness or irregularity of surfaces Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...G01B 5/28)

|  | G01N 19/10 |
· | Measuring moisture content, e.g. by measuring change in length of hygroscopic filament; Hygrometers

P:110 |  | G01N 21/00 |
Investigating or analysing materials by the use of optical means, i.e. using infra-red, visible, or ultra-violet light (Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...G01N 3/00-G01N 19/00 take precedence; measuring stress in general Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...G01L 1/00; optical elements of measuring instruments Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...G02B; image analysis by data processing Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...G06T)

|  | G01N 21/00 |
Note(s) This group does not cover the investigation of spectral properties of light per se, or measurements of the properties of materials where spectral properties of light are sensed and primary emphasis is placed on creating, detecting or analysing the spectrum providing that the properties of the materials to be investigated are of minor importance (see also Note (4) after the title of class Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...G01). Those subjects are covered by group Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...G01J 3/00. [7]

|  | G01N 21/01 |
· | Arrangements or apparatus for facilitating the optical investigation [3]

|  | G01N 21/03 |
· · | Cuvette constructions [3]

|  | G01N 21/05 |
· · · | Flow-through cuvettes (Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...G01N 21/09 takes precedence; handling fluid samples Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...G01N 1/10) [3]

|  | G01N 21/07 |
· · · | Centrifugal type cuvettes (Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...G01N 21/09 takes precedence; centrifuges Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...B04B) [3]

|  | G01N 21/09 |
· · · | adapted to resist hostile environments or corrosive or abrasive materials [3]

|  | G01N 21/11 |
· · | Filling or emptying of cuvettes [3]

|  | G01N 21/13 |
· · | Moving of cuvettes or solid samples to or from the investigating station [3]

|  | G01N 21/15 |
· · | Preventing contamination of the components of the optical system or obstruction of the light path [3]

|  | G01N 21/17 |
· | Systems in which incident light is modified in accordance with the properties of the material investigated (where the material investigated is optically excited causing a change in wavelength of the incident light Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...G01N 21/63) [3]

|  | G01N 21/19 |
· · | Dichroism [3]

|  | G01N 21/21 |
· · | Polarisation-affecting properties (Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...G01N 21/19 takes precedence) [3]

|  | G01N 21/23 |
· · · | Bi-refringence [3]

|  | G01N 21/25 |
· · | Colour; Spectral properties, i.e. comparison of effect of material on the light at two or more different wavelengths or wavelength bands [3]

|  | G01N 21/27 |
· · · | using photo-electric detection (Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...G01N 21/31 takes precedence) [3]

|  | G01N 21/29 |
· · · | using visual detection (Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...G01N 21/31 takes precedence) [3]

|  | G01N 21/31 |
· · · | Investigating relative effect of material at wavelengths characteristic of specific elements or molecules, e.g. atomic absorption spectrometry [3]

|  | G01N 21/33 |
· · · · | using ultra-violet light (Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...G01N 21/39 takes precedence) [3]

|  | G01N 21/35 |
· · · · | using infra-red light (Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...G01N 21/39 takes precedence) [3]

|  | G01N 21/37 |
· · · · · | using pneumatic detection [3]

|  | G01N 21/39 |
· · · · | using tunable lasers [3]

|  | G01N 21/41 |
· · | Refractivity; Phase-affecting properties, e.g. optical path length (Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...G01N 21/21 takes precedence) [3]

|  | G01N 21/43 |
· · · | by measuring critical angle [3]

|  | G01N 21/45 |
· · · | using interferometric methods; using Schlieren methods [3]

|  | G01N 21/47 |
· · | Scattering, i.e. diffuse reflection (Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...G01N 21/25, Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...G01N 21/41 take precedence) [3]

|  | G01N 21/49 |
· · · | within a body or fluid [3]

|  | G01N 21/51 |
· · · · | inside a container, e.g. in an ampoule (Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...G01N 21/53 takes precedence; checking containers for cleanliness Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...B08B 9/46) [3]

|  | G01N 21/53 |
· · · · | within a flowing fluid, e.g. smoke (alarm devices actuated by smoke Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...G08B 17/10) [3]

|  | G01N 21/55 |
· · | Specular reflectivity [3]

|  | G01N 21/57 |
· · · | Measuring gloss [3]

|  | G01N 21/59 |
· · | Transmissivity (Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...G01N 21/25 takes precedence) [3]

|  | G01N 21/61 |
· · · | Non-dispersive gas analysers [3]

|  | G01N 21/62 |
· | Systems in which the material investigated is excited whereby it emits light or causes a change in wavelength of the incident light [3]

|  | G01N 21/63 |
· · | optically excited [3]

|  | G01N 21/64 |
· · · | Fluorescence; Phosphorescence [3]

|  | G01N 21/65 |
· · · | Raman scattering [3]

|  | G01N 21/66 |
· · | electrically excited, e.g. electroluminescence [3]

|  | G01N 21/67 |
· · · | using electric arcs or discharges (spark gaps Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...H01T) [3]

|  | G01N 21/68 |
· · · | using high frequency electric fields [3]

|  | G01N 21/69 |
· · · | specially adapted for fluids [3]

|  | G01N 21/70 |
· · | mechanically excited, e.g. triboluminescence [3]

|  | G01N 21/71 |
· · | thermally excited [3]

|  | G01N 21/72 |
· · · | using flame burners [3]

|  | G01N 21/73 |
· · · | using plasma burners or torches [3]

|  | G01N 21/74 |
· · · | using flameless atomising, e.g. graphite furnaces [3]

|  | G01N 21/75 |
· | Systems in which material is subjected to a chemical reaction, the progress or the result of the reaction being investigated (systems in which material is burnt in a flame or plasma Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...G01N 21/72, Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...G01N 21/73) [3]

|  | G01N 21/76 |
· · | Chemiluminescence; Bioluminescence [3]

|  | G01N 21/77 |
· · | by observing the effect on a chemical indicator [3]

|  | G01N 21/78 |
· · · | producing a change of colour [3]

|  | G01N 21/79 |
· · · · | Photometric titration [3]

|  | G01N 21/80 |
· · · · | Indicating pH value [3]

|  | G01N 21/81 |
· · · · | Indicating humidity [3]

|  | G01N 21/82 |
· · · | producing a precipitate or turbidity [3]

|  | G01N 21/83 |
· · · · | Turbidimetric titration [3]

|  | G01N 21/84 |
· | Systems specially adapted for particular applications [3]

|  | G01N 21/85 |
· · | Investigating moving fluids or granular solids [3]

|  | G01N 21/86 |
· · | Investigating moving sheets (Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...G01N 21/89 takes precedence) [3]

|  | G01N 21/87 |
· · | Investigating jewels (Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...G01N 21/88 takes precedence) [3]

|  | G01N 21/88 |
· · | Investigating the presence of flaws, defects or contamination [3]

|  | G01N 21/89 |
· · · | in moving material, e.g. paper, textiles (Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...G01N 21/90, Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...G01N 21/91, Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...G01N 21/94 take precedence) [3,7]

|  | G01N 21/892 |
· · · · | characterised by the flaw, defect or object feature examined [7]

|  | G01N 21/894 |
· · · · · | Pinholes [7]

|  | G01N 21/896 |
· · · · · | Optical defects in or on transparent materials, e.g. distortion, surface flaws [7]

|  | G01N 21/898 |
· · · · · | Irregularities in textured or patterned surfaces, e.g. textiles, wood [7]

|  | G01N 21/90 |
· · · | in a container or its contents (Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...G01N 21/91 takes precedence) [3]

|  | G01N 21/91 |
· · · | using penetration of dyes, e.g. fluorescent ink [3]

|  | G01N 21/93 |
· · · | Detection standards; Calibrating [7]

|  | G01N 21/94 |
· · · | Investigating contamination, e.g. dust (Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...G01N 21/85 takes precedence) [7]

|  | G01N 21/95 |
· · · | characterised by the material or shape of the object to be examined (Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...G01N 21/89-G01N 21/91, Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...G01N 21/94 take precedence) [7]

|  | G01N 21/952 |
· · · · | Inspecting the exterior surface of cylindrical bodies or wires (Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...G01N 21/956 takes precedence) [7]

|  | G01N 21/954 |
· · · · | Inspecting the inner surface of hollow bodies, e.g. bores [7]

|  | G01N 21/956 |
· · · · | Inspecting patterns on the surface of objects (contactless testing of electronic circuits Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...G01R 31/308; testing currency Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...G07D) [7]

|  | G01N 21/958 |
· · · · | Inspecting transparent materials [7]

P:100 |  | G01N 22/00 |
Investigating or analysing materials by the use of microwaves (Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...G01N 3/00-G01N 17/00, Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...G01N 24/00 take precedence) [3]

|  | G01N 22/02 |
· | Investigating the presence of flaws [3]

|  | G01N 22/04 |
· | Investigating moisture content [3]

P:120 |  | G01N 23/00 |
Investigating or analysing materials by the use of wave or particle radiation not covered by group Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...G01N 21/00 or Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...G01N 22/00, e.g. X-rays, neutrons (Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...G01N 3/00-G01N 17/00 take precedence; measuring stress in general Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...G01L 1/00; measurement of nuclear or X-radiation Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...G01T; introducing objects or materials into nuclear reactors, or removing them therefrom, or storing them after treatment therein Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...G21C; construction or operation of X-ray apparatus or circuits therefor Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...H05G)

|  | G01N 23/02 |
· | by transmitting the radiation through the material

|  | G01N 23/04 |
· · | and forming a picture (electron microscopes Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...H01J)

|  | G01N 23/05 |
· · · | using neutrons [3]

|  | G01N 23/06 |
· · | and measuring the absorption

|  | G01N 23/08 |
· · · | using electric detection means

|  | G01N 23/083 |
· · · · | the radiation being X-rays (Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...G01N 23/10-G01N 23/18 take precedence) [5]

|  | G01N 23/087 |
· · · · · | using polyenergetic X-rays [5]

|  | G01N 23/09 |
· · · · | the radiation being neutrons [3]

|  | G01N 23/10 |
· · · · | the material being confined in a container (Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...G01N 23/09 takes precedence) [3]

|  | G01N 23/12 |
· · · · | the material being a flowing fluid or a flowing granular solid (Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...G01N 23/09 takes precedence) [3]

|  | G01N 23/14 |
· · · · · | specially adapted for controlling or monitoring operations or for signalling

|  | G01N 23/16 |
· · · · | the material being a moving sheet (Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...G01N 23/09, Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...G01N 23/18 take precedence) [3]

|  | G01N 23/18 |
· · · · | Investigating the presence of flaws or inclusions (Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...G01N 23/09 takes precedence) [3,5]

|  | G01N 23/20 |
· | by using diffraction of the radiation, e.g. for investigating crystal structure; by using reflection of the radiation

|  | G01N 23/201 |
· · | by measuring small-angle scattering [2]

|  | G01N 23/202 |
· · · | using neutrons [3]

|  | G01N 23/203 |
· · | by measuring back scattering [2]

|  | G01N 23/204 |
· · · | using neutrons [3]

|  | G01N 23/205 |
· · | by means of diffraction cameras (Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...G01N 23/201 takes precedence) [2]

|  | G01N 23/206 |
· · · | the radiation being neutrons [3]

|  | G01N 23/207 |
· · | by means of diffractometry using detectors, e.g. using an analysing crystal or a crystal to be analysed in a central position and one or more displaceable detectors in circumferential positions (Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...G01N 23/201 takes precedence; spectrometry of detected or measured radiation intensity Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...G01T 1/36) [2]

|  | G01N 23/22 |
· | by measuring secondary emission [2]

|  | G01N 23/221 |
· · | by activation analysis [2]

|  | G01N 23/222 |
· · · | using neutrons [3]

|  | G01N 23/223 |
· · | by irradiating the sample with X-rays and by measuring X-ray fluorescence [2]

|  | G01N 23/225 |
· · | using electron or ion microprobe (electron or ion-beam tubes for microprobe analysis Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...H01J 37/00) [2]

|  | G01N 23/227 |
· · | by measuring photoelectric effect, e.g. Auger electrons [2]

P:90 |  | G01N 24/00 |
Investigating or analysing materials by the use of nuclear magnetic resonance, electron paramagnetic resonance or other spin effects (arrangements or instruments for measuring magnetic resonance effects Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...G01R 33/20) [3,4,5]

|  | G01N 24/08 |
· | by using nuclear magnetic resonance (Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...G01N 24/12 takes precedence) [3]

|  | G01N 24/10 |
· | by using electron paramagnetic resonance (Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...G01N 24/12 takes precedence) [3]

|  | G01N 24/12 |
· | by using double resonance [3]

|  | G01N 24/14 |
· | by using cyclotron resonance [3]

P:130 |  | G01N 25/00 |
Investigating or analysing materials by the use of thermal means (Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...G01N 3/00-G01N 23/00 take precedence)

|  | G01N 25/02 |
· | by investigating changes of state or changes of phase; by investigating sintering

|  | G01N 25/04 |
· · | of melting point; of freezing point; of softening point

|  | G01N 25/06 |
· · · | Analysis by measuring change of freezing point

|  | G01N 25/08 |
· · | of boiling point

|  | G01N 25/10 |
· · · | Analysis by measuring change of boiling point

|  | G01N 25/12 |
· · | of critical point; of other phase change

|  | G01N 25/14 |
· | by using distillation, extraction, sublimation, condensation, freezing, or crystallisation (Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...G01N 25/02 takes precedence)

|  | G01N 25/16 |
· | by investigating thermal coefficient of expansion

|  | G01N 25/18 |
· | by investigating thermal conductivity (by calorimetry Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...G01N 25/20; by measuring change of resistance of an electrically-heated body Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...G01N 27/18)

|  | G01N 25/20 |
· | by investigating the development of heat, i.e. calorimetry, e.g. by measuring specific heat, by measuring thermal conductivity

|  | G01N 25/22 |
· · | on combustion or catalytic oxidation, e.g. of components of gas mixtures

|  | G01N 25/24 |
· · · | using combustion tubes, e.g. for micro-analysis

|  | G01N 25/26 |
· · · | using combustion with oxygen under pressure, e.g. in bomb calorimeter

|  | G01N 25/28 |
· · · | the rise in temperature of the gases resulting from combustion being measured directly

|  | G01N 25/30 |
· · · · | using electric temperature-responsive elements

|  | G01N 25/32 |
· · · · · | using thermoelectric elements

|  | G01N 25/34 |
· · · · | using mechanical temperature-responsive elements, e.g. bimetallic

|  | G01N 25/36 |
· · · · · | for investigating the composition of gas mixtures

|  | G01N 25/38 |
· · · · | using the melting or combustion of a solid

|  | G01N 25/40 |
· · · | the heat developed being transferred to a flowing fluid

|  | G01N 25/42 |
· · · · | continuously

|  | G01N 25/44 |
· · · | the heat developed being transferred to a fixed quantity of fluid

|  | G01N 25/46 |
· · · · | for investigating the composition of gas mixtures

|  | G01N 25/48 |
· · | on solution, sorption, or a chemical reaction not involving combustion or catalytic oxidation

|  | G01N 25/50 |
· | by investigating flash-point; by investigating explosibility

|  | G01N 25/52 |
· · | by determining flash-point of liquids

|  | G01N 25/54 |
· · | by determining explosibility

|  | G01N 25/56 |
· | by investigating moisture content

|  | G01N 25/58 |
· · | by measuring changes of properties of the material due to heat, cold, or expansion

|  | G01N 25/60 |
· · · | for determining the wetness of steam

|  | G01N 25/62 |
· · | by psychrometric means, e.g. wet-and-dry-bulb thermometers

|  | G01N 25/64 |
· · · | using electric temperature-responsive elements

|  | G01N 25/66 |
· · | by investigating dew-point

|  | G01N 25/68 |
· · · | by varying the temperature of a condensing surface

|  | G01N 25/70 |
· · · | by varying the temperature of the material, e.g. by compression, by expansion

|  | G01N 25/72 |
· | Investigating presence of flaws (by investigating thermal conductivity Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...G01N 25/18)

P:140 |  | G01N 27/00 |
Investigating or analysing materials by the use of electric, electro-chemical, or magnetic means (Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...G01N 3/00-G01N 25/00 take precedence; measurement or testing of electric or magnetic variables or of electric or magnetic properties of materials Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...G01R)

|  | G01N 27/02 |
· | by investigating impedance

|  | G01N 27/04 |
· · | by investigating resistance

|  | G01N 27/06 |
· · · | of a liquid (involving electrolysis Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...G01N 27/26; involving polarography Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...G01N 27/48; measuring electric resistance of fluids Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...G01R 27/22)

|  | G01N 27/07 |
· · · · | Construction of measuring vessels; Electrodes therefor [2]

|  | G01N 27/08 |
· · · · | which is flowing continuously

|  | G01N 27/10 |
· · · · · | Investigation or analysis specially adapted for controlling or monitoring operations or for signalling (regulating Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...G05D)

|  | G01N 27/12 |
· · · | of a solid body in dependence upon absorption of a fluid; of a solid body in dependence upon reaction with a fluid

|  | G01N 27/14 |
· · · | of an electrically-heated body in dependence upon change of temperature

|  | G01N 27/16 |
· · · · | caused by burning or catalytic oxidation of surrounding material to be tested, e.g. of gas

|  | G01N 27/18 |
· · · · | caused by changes in the thermal conductivity of a surrounding material to be tested (Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...G01N 27/20 takes precedence)

|  | G01N 27/20 |
· · · | Investigating the presence of flaws

|  | G01N 27/22 |
· · | by investigating capacitance

|  | G01N 27/24 |
· · · | Investigating the presence of flaws

|  | G01N 27/26 |
· | by investigating electrochemical variables; by using electrolysis or electrophoresis (investigating resistance to corrosion Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...G01N 17/00; investigating or analysing materials by separation into components using adsorption, absorption or similar phenomena or using ion-exchange, e.g. chromatography, Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...G01N 30/00; immunoelectrophoresis Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...G01N 33/561; electrochemical processes or apparatus in general Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...B01J; standard cells Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...H01M 6/28) [5]

|  | G01N 27/27 |
· · | Association of two or more measuring systems or cells, each measuring a different parameter, where the measurement results may be either used independently, the systems or cells being physically associated, or combined to produce a value for a further parameter [5]

|  | G01N 27/28 |
· · | Electrolytic cell components

|  | G01N 27/30 |
· · · | Electrodes, e.g. test electrodes; Half-cells (Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...G01N 27/414 takes precedence) [5]

|  | G01N 27/31 |
· · · · | Half-cells with permeable membranes, e.g. semi-porous or perm-selective membranes [5]

|  | G01N 27/32 |
· · · · | Calomel electrodes

|  | G01N 27/327 |
· · · · | Biochemical electrodes [5]

|  | G01N 27/333 |
· · · · | Ion-selective electrodes or membranes (glass electrodes Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...G01N 27/36) [5]

|  | G01N 27/34 |
· · · · | Dropping-mercury electrodes

|  | G01N 27/36 |
· · · · | Glass electrodes

|  | G01N 27/38 |
· · · · | Cleaning of electrodes

|  | G01N 27/40 |
· · · | Semi-permeable membranes or partitions

|  | G01N 27/401 |
· · · | Salt-bridge leaks; Liquid junctions [5]

|  | G01N 27/403 |
· · | Cells and electrode assemblies [5]

|  | G01N 27/404 |
· · · | Cells with anode, cathode and cell electrolyte on the same side of a permeable membrane which separates them from the sample fluid [5]

|  | G01N 27/406 |
· · · | Cells and probes with solid electrolytes [5]

|  | G01N 27/407 |
· · · · | for investigating or analysing gases [5]

|  | G01N 27/409 |
· · · · · | Oxygen concentration cells [5]

|  | G01N 27/41 |
· · · · · | Oxygen pumping cells [5]

|  | G01N 27/411 |
· · · · | for investigating or analysing of liquid metals [5]

|  | G01N 27/413 |
· · · | Concentration cells using liquid electrolytes [5]

|  | G01N 27/414 |
· · · | Ion-sensitive or chemical field-effect transistors, i.e. ISFETS or CHEMFETS [5]

|  | G01N 27/416 |
· · | Systems (Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...G01N 27/27 takes precedence) [5]

|  | G01N 27/417 |
· · · | using cells and probes with solid electrolytes [5]

|  | G01N 27/419 |
· · · · | Measuring voltages or currents with a combination of oxygen pumping cells and oxygen concentration cells [5]

|  | G01N 27/42 |
· · · | Measuring deposition or liberation of materials from an electrolyte; Coulometry, i.e. measuring coulomb-equivalent of material in an electrolyte [5]

|  | G01N 27/44 |
· · · · | using electrolysis to generate a reagent, e.g. for titration [5]

|  | G01N 27/447 |
· · · | using electrophoresis [5]

|  | G01N 27/453 |
· · · · | Cells therefor [5]

|  | G01N 27/48 |
· · · | using polarography, i.e. measuring changes in current under a slowly-varying voltage

|  | G01N 27/49 |
· · · | Systems involving the determination of the current at a single specific value, or small range of values, of applied voltage for producing selective measurement of one or more particular ionic species [5]

|  | G01N 27/60 |
· | by investigating electrostatic variables (by investigating capacitance Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...G01N 27/22)

|  | G01N 27/61 |
· · | Investigating the presence of flaws [3]

|  | G01N 27/62 |
· | by investigating the ionisation of gases; by investigating electric discharges, e.g. emission of cathode (particle spectrometers Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...H01J 49/00)

|  | G01N 27/64 |
· · | using wave or particle radiation to ionise a gas, e.g. in an ionisation chamber

|  | G01N 27/66 |
· · · | and measuring current or voltage

|  | G01N 27/68 |
· · | using electric discharge to ionise a gas

|  | G01N 27/70 |
· · · | and measuring current or voltage

|  | G01N 27/72 |
· | by investigating magnetic variables

|  | G01N 27/74 |
· · | of fluids (Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...G01N 24/00 takes precedence)

|  | G01N 27/76 |
· · · | by investigating susceptibility

|  | G01N 27/80 |
· · | for investigating mechanical hardness, e.g. by investigating saturation or remanence of ferromagnetic material

|  | G01N 27/82 |
· · | for investigating the presence of flaws

|  | G01N 27/83 |
· · · | by investigating stray magnetic fields [3]

|  | G01N 27/84 |
· · · · | by applying magnetic powder or magnetic ink [3]

|  | G01N 27/85 |
· · · · | using magnetographic methods [3]

|  | G01N 27/87 |
· · · · | using probes [3]

|  | G01N 27/90 |
· · · | using eddy currents [3]

|  | G01N 27/92 |
· | by investigating breakdown voltage (Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...G01N 27/60, Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...G01N 27/62 take precedence; testing of articles or specimens of solids or fluids for dielectric strength or breakdown voltage Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...G01R 31/12) [3]

P:150 |  | G01N 29/00 |
Investigating or analysing materials by the use of ultrasonic, sonic or infrasonic waves; Visualisation of the interior of objects by transmitting ultrasonic or sonic waves through the object (Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...G01N 3/00-G01N 27/00 take precedence; measuring or indicating of ultrasonic, sonic or infrasonic waves in general Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...G01H; systems using the reflection or reradiation of acoustic waves, e.g. acoustic imaging, Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...G01S 15/00; obtaining records by techniques analogous to photography using ultrasonic, sonic or infrasonic waves Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...G03B 42/06) [4]

|  | G01N 29/02 |
· | Analysing fluids (using acoustic emission techniques Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...G01N 29/14) [5,8]

|  | G01N 29/024 |
· · | by measuring propagation velocity or propagation time of acoustic waves [8]

|  | G01N 29/028 |
· · | by measuring mechanical or acoustic impedance [8]

|  | G01N 29/032 |
· · | by measuring attenuation of acoustic waves [8]

|  | G01N 29/036 |
· · | by measuring frequency or resonance of acoustic waves [8]

|  | G01N 29/04 |
· | Analysing solids (using acoustic emission techniques Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...G01N 29/14) [4,5,8]

|  | G01N 29/06 |
· · | Visualisation of the interior, e.g. acoustic microscopy [4,8]

|  | G01N 29/07 |
· · | by measuring propagation velocity or propagation time of acoustic waves [8]

|  | G01N 29/09 |
· · | by measuring mechanical or acoustic impedance [8]

|  | G01N 29/11 |
· · | by measuring attenuation of acoustic waves [8]

|  | G01N 29/12 |
· · | by measuring frequency or resonance of acoustic waves [5,8]

|  | G01N 29/14 |
· | using acoustic emission techniques [5,8]

|  | G01N 29/22 |
· | Details [5]

|  | G01N 29/24 |
· · | Probes [5]

|  | G01N 29/26 |
· · | Arrangements for orientation or scanning [5]

|  | G01N 29/265 |
· · · | by moving the sensor relative to a stationary material [8]

|  | G01N 29/27 |
· · · | by moving the material relative to a stationary sensor [8]

|  | G01N 29/275 |
· · · | by moving both the sensor and the material [8]

|  | G01N 29/28 |
· · | providing acoustic coupling [5]

|  | G01N 29/30 |
· · | Arrangements for calibrating or comparing, e.g. with standard objects [8]

|  | G01N 29/32 |
· · | Arrangements for suppressing undesired influences, e.g. temperature or pressure variations [8]

|  | G01N 29/34 |
· | Generating the ultrasonic, sonic or infrasonic waves [8]

|  | G01N 29/36 |
· | Detecting the response signal [8]

|  | G01N 29/38 |
· · | by time filtering, e.g. using time gates [8]

|  | G01N 29/40 |
· · | by amplitude filtering, e.g. by applying a threshold [8]

|  | G01N 29/42 |
· · | by frequency filtering [8]

|  | G01N 29/44 |
· | Processing the detected response signal [8]

|  | G01N 29/46 |
· · | by spectral analysis, e.g. Fourier analysis [8]

|  | G01N 29/48 |
· · | by amplitude comparison [8]

|  | G01N 29/50 |
· · | using auto-correlation techniques or cross-correlation techniques [8]

|  | G01N 29/52 |
· · | using inversion methods other than spectral analysis, e.g. conjugated gradient inversion [8]

P:160 |  | G01N 30/00 |
Investigating or analysing materials by separation into components using adsorption, absorption or similar phenomena or using ion-exchange, e.g. chromatography (Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...G01N 3/00-G01N 29/00 take precedence; separation for the preparation or production of components Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...B01D 15/00, Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...B01D 53/02, Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...B01D 53/14) [4]

|  | G01N 30/02 |
· | Column chromatography [4]

|  | G01N 30/02 |
Note(s) In this group, the following term is used with the meaning indicated: "conditioning" means the adjustment or control of environmental parameters, e.g. temperature or pressure. [4]

|  | G01N 30/04 |
· · | Preparation or injection of sample to be analysed [4]

|  | G01N 30/06 |
· · · | Preparation [4]

|  | G01N 30/08 |
· · · · | using an enricher [4]

|  | G01N 30/10 |
· · · · | using a splitter [4]

|  | G01N 30/12 |
· · · · | by evaporation [4]

|  | G01N 30/14 |
· · · · | by elimination of some components [4]

|  | G01N 30/16 |
· · · | Injection (Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...G01N 30/24 takes precedence) [4]

|  | G01N 30/18 |
· · · · | using a septum or microsyringe [4]

|  | G01N 30/20 |
· · · · | using a sampling valve [4]

|  | G01N 30/22 |
· · · · | in high pressure liquid systems [4]

|  | G01N 30/24 |
· · · | Automatic injection systems [4]

|  | G01N 30/26 |
· · | Conditioning of the fluid carrier; Flow patterns [4]

|  | G01N 30/28 |
· · · | Control of physical parameters of the fluid carrier [4]

|  | G01N 30/30 |
· · · · | of temperature [4]

|  | G01N 30/32 |
· · · · | of pressure or speed (Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...G01N 30/36 takes precedence) [4]

|  | G01N 30/34 |
· · · · | of fluid composition, e.g. gradient (Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...G01N 30/36 takes precedence) [4]

|  | G01N 30/36 |
· · · · | in high pressure liquid systems [4]

|  | G01N 30/38 |
· · · | Flow patterns [4]

|  | G01N 30/40 |
· · · · | using back flushing [4]

|  | G01N 30/42 |
· · · · | using counter-current [4]

|  | G01N 30/44 |
· · · · | using recycling of the fraction to be distributed [4]

|  | G01N 30/46 |
· · · · | using more than one column [4]

|  | G01N 30/50 |
· · | Conditioning of the sorbent material or stationary liquid [4]

|  | G01N 30/52 |
· · · | Physical parameters [4]

|  | G01N 30/54 |
· · · · | Temperature [4]

|  | G01N 30/56 |
· · · | Packing methods or coating methods [4]

|  | G01N 30/58 |
· · · | the sorbent moving as a whole [4]

|  | G01N 30/60 |
· · | Construction of the column [4]

|  | G01N 30/62 |
· · | Detectors specially adapted therefor [4]

|  | G01N 30/64 |
· · · | Electrical detectors [4]

|  | G01N 30/66 |
· · · · | Thermal conductivity detectors [4]

|  | G01N 30/68 |
· · · · | Flame ionisation detectors [4]

|  | G01N 30/70 |
· · · · | Electron capture detectors (Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...G01N 30/68 takes precedence) [4]

|  | G01N 30/72 |
· · · | Mass spectrometers [4]

|  | G01N 30/74 |
· · · | Optical detectors [4]

|  | G01N 30/76 |
· · · | Acoustical detectors [4]

|  | G01N 30/78 |
· · · | using more than one detector [4]

|  | G01N 30/80 |
· · | Fraction collectors [4]

|  | G01N 30/82 |
· · · | Automatic means therefor [4]

|  | G01N 30/84 |
· · | Preparation of the fraction to be distributed [4]

|  | G01N 30/86 |
· · | Signal analysis [4]

|  | G01N 30/88 |
· · | Integrated analysis systems specially adapted therefor, not covered by a single one of groups Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...G01N 30/04-G01N 30/86 (signal analysis systems in general Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...G06F, Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...G06G, Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...G06T) [4]

|  | G01N 30/89 |
· | Inverse chromatography, i.e. with the analyte in stationary phase [8]

|  | G01N 30/90 |
· | Plate chromatography, e.g. thin layer or paper chromatography [4]

|  | G01N 30/91 |
· · | Application of the sample [4]

|  | G01N 30/92 |
· · | Construction of the plate [4]

|  | G01N 30/93 |
· · · | Application of the sorbent layer [4]

|  | G01N 30/94 |
· · | Development [4]

|  | G01N 30/95 |
· · | Detectors specially adapted therefor; Signal analysis [4]

|  | G01N 30/96 |
· | using ion-exchange (Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...G01N 30/02, Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...G01N 30/90 take precedence) [4]

P:170 |  | G01N 31/00 |
Investigating or analysing non-biological materials by the use of the chemical methods specified in the subgroups (testing the effectiveness or completeness of sterilisation procedures without using enzymes or microorganisms Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...A61L 2/28; measuring or testing processes involving enzymes or micro-organisms Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...C12Q 1/00); Apparatus specially adapted for such methods [4]

|  | G01N 31/00 |
Note(s) The observation of the progress of the reactions covered by groups Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...G01N 31/02-G01N 31/22 by any of the methods specified in groups Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...G01N 3/00-G01N 29/00, if this observation is of major importance, is classified in the relevant group covering the method.

|  | G01N 31/02 |
· | using precipitation

|  | G01N 31/10 |
· | using catalysis

|  | G01N 31/12 |
· | using combustion (Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...G01N 25/20 takes precedence)

|  | G01N 31/16 |
· | using titration

|  | G01N 31/18 |
· · | Burettes specially adapted for titration (burettes in general Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...B01L 3/02)

|  | G01N 31/20 |
· | using micro-analysis, e.g. drop reaction

|  | G01N 31/22 |
· | using chemical indicators (Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...G01N 31/02 takes precedence)

P:180 |  | G01N 33/00 |
Investigating or analysing materials by specific methods not covered by groups Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...G01N 1/00-G01N 31/00

|  | G01N 33/02 |
· | Food

|  | G01N 33/03 |
· · | Edible oils or edible fats [4]

|  | G01N 33/04 |
· · | Dairy products

|  | G01N 33/06 |
· · · | Determining fat content, e.g. by butyrometer

|  | G01N 33/08 |
· · | Eggs, e.g. by candling

|  | G01N 33/10 |
· · | Starch-containing substances, e.g. dough

|  | G01N 33/12 |
· · | Meat; fish

|  | G01N 33/14 |
· · | Beverages

|  | G01N 33/15 |
· | Medicinal preparations [3]

|  | G01N 33/18 |
· | Water

|  | G01N 33/20 |
· | Metals

|  | G01N 33/22 |
· | Fuels; explosives

|  | G01N 33/24 |
· | Earth materials (Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...G01N 33/42 takes precedence)

|  | G01N 33/26 |
· | Oils; viscous liquids; paints; inks (Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...G01N 33/22 takes precedence)

|  | G01N 33/28 |
· · | Oils (edible oils or edible fats Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...G01N 33/03) [4]

|  | G01N 33/30 |
· · · | for lubricating properties

|  | G01N 33/32 |
· · | Paints; inks

|  | G01N 33/34 |
· | Paper

|  | G01N 33/36 |
· | Textiles

|  | G01N 33/38 |
· | Concrete; lime; mortar; gypsum; bricks; ceramics; glass

|  | G01N 33/40 |
· | Grinding-materials

|  | G01N 33/42 |
· | Road-making materials (Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...G01N 33/38 takes precedence)

|  | G01N 33/44 |
· | Resins; plastics; rubber; leather

|  | G01N 33/46 |
· | Wood

|  | G01N 33/48 |
· | Biological material, e.g. blood, urine (Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...G01N 33/02-G01N 33/14, Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...G01N 33/26, Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...G01N 33/44, Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...G01N 33/46 take precedence; determining the germinating capacity of seeds Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...A01C 1/02); Haemocytometers (counting blood corpuscules distributed over a surface by scanning the surface Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...G06M 11/02) [3,4]

|  | G01N 33/483 |
· · | Physical analysis of biological material [4]

|  | G01N 33/487 |
· · · | of liquid biological material [4]

|  | G01N 33/49 |
· · · · | blood [4]

|  | G01N 33/493 |
· · · · | urine [4]

|  | G01N 33/497 |
· · · | of gaseous biological material, e.g. breath [4]

|  | G01N 33/50 |
· · | Chemical analysis of biological material, e.g. blood, urine; Testing involving biospecific ligand binding methods; Immunological testing (measuring or testing processes other than immunological involving enzymes or micro-organisms, compositions or test papers therefor; processes of forming such compositions, condition responsive control in microbiological or enzymological processes Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...C12Q) [3]

|  | G01N 33/50 |
Note(s) In this group, the following expression is used with the meaning indicated: "involving", when used in relation to a material, includes the testing for the material as well as employing the material as a determinant or reactant in a test for a different material. [3]

|  | G01N 33/52 - G01N 33/98 |
Note(s) In groups Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...G01N 33/52-G01N 33/98, in the absence of an indication to the contrary, classification is made in the last appropriate place. [3]

|  | G01N 33/52 |
· · · | Use of compounds or compositions for colorimetric, spectrophotometric or fluorometric investigation, e.g. use of reagent paper [3]

|  | G01N 33/53 |
· · · | Immunoassay; Biospecific binding assay; Materials therefor (medicinal preparations containing antigens or antibodies Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...A61K; haptens in general, see the relevant places in class Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...C07; peptides, e.g. proteins, in general Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...C07K) [4]

|  | G01N 33/531 |
· · · · | Production of immunochemical test materials [4]

|  | G01N 33/532 |
· · · · · | Production of labelled immunochemicals [4]

|  | G01N 33/533 |
· · · · · · | with fluorescent label [4]

|  | G01N 33/534 |
· · · · · · | with radioactive label [4]

|  | G01N 33/535 |
· · · · · · | with enzyme label [4]

|  | G01N 33/536 |
· · · · | with immune complex formed in liquid phase [4]

|  | G01N 33/537 |
· · · · · | with separation of immune complex from unbound antigen or antibody [4]

|  | G01N 33/538 |
· · · · · · | by sorbent column, particles or resin strip [4]

|  | G01N 33/539 |
· · · · · · | involving precipitating reagent [4]

|  | G01N 33/541 |
· · · · · · · | Double or second antibody [4]

|  | G01N 33/542 |
· · · · · | with steric inhibition or signal modification, e.g. fluorescent quenching [4]

|  | G01N 33/543 |
· · · · | with an insoluble carrier for immobilising immunochemicals [4]

|  | G01N 33/544 |
· · · · · | the carrier being organic [4]

|  | G01N 33/545 |
· · · · · · | Synthetic resin [4]

|  | G01N 33/546 |
· · · · · · · | as water suspendable particles [4]

|  | G01N 33/547 |
· · · · · · · | with antigen or antibody attached to the carrier via a bridging agent [4]

|  | G01N 33/548 |
· · · · · · | Carbohydrates, e.g. dextran [4]

|  | G01N 33/549 |
· · · · · · | with antigen or antibody entrapped within the carrier [4]

|  | G01N 33/551 |
· · · · · | the carrier being inorganic [4]

|  | G01N 33/552 |
· · · · · · | Glass or silica [4]

|  | G01N 33/553 |
· · · · · · | Metal or metal coated [4]

|  | G01N 33/554 |
· · · · · | the carrier being a biological cell or cell fragment, e.g. bacteria, yeast cells [4]

|  | G01N 33/555 |
· · · · · · | Red blood cell [4]

|  | G01N 33/556 |
· · · · · · · | Fixed or stabilised red blood cell [4]

|  | G01N 33/557 |
· · · · | using kinetic measurement, i.e. time rate of progress of an antigen-antibody interaction [4]

|  | G01N 33/558 |
· · · · | using diffusion or migration of antigen or antibody [4]

|  | G01N 33/559 |
· · · · · | through a gel, e.g. Ouchterlony technique [4]

|  | G01N 33/561 |
· · · · · | Immunoelectrophoresis [4]

|  | G01N 33/563 |
· · · · | involving antibody fragments [4]

|  | G01N 33/564 |
· · · · | for pre-existing immune complex or autoimmune disease [4]

|  | G01N 33/566 |
· · · · | using specific carrier or receptor proteins as ligand binding reagent [4]

|  | G01N 33/567 |
· · · · · | utilising isolate of tissue or organ as binding agent [4]

|  | G01N 33/569 |
· · · · | for micro-organisms, e.g. protozoa, bacteria, viruses [4]

|  | G01N 33/571 |
· · · · · | for venereal disease, e.g. syphilis, gonorrhoea, herpes [4]

|  | G01N 33/573 |
· · · · | for enzymes or isoenzymes [4]

|  | G01N 33/574 |
· · · · | for cancer [4]

|  | G01N 33/576 |
· · · · | for hepatitis [4]

|  | G01N 33/577 |
· · · · | involving monoclonal antibodies [4]

|  | G01N 33/579 |
· · · | involving limulus lysate [4]

|  | G01N 33/58 |
· · · | involving labelled substances (Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...G01N 33/53 takes precedence; for testing in vivo Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...A61K 51/00) [3]

|  | G01N 33/60 |
· · · · | involving radioactive labelled substances (tracers Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...G21H 5/02) [3]

|  | G01N 33/62 |
· · · | involving urea [3]

|  | G01N 33/64 |
· · · | involving ketones [3]

|  | G01N 33/66 |
· · · | involving blood sugars, e.g. galactose [3]

|  | G01N 33/68 |
· · · | involving proteins, peptides or amino acids [3]

|  | G01N 33/70 |
· · · | involving creatine or creatinine [3]

|  | G01N 33/72 |
· · · | involving blood pigments, e.g. hemoglobin, bilirubin [3]

|  | G01N 33/74 |
· · · | involving hormones [3]

|  | G01N 33/76 |
· · · · | Human chorionic gonadotropin [3]

|  | G01N 33/78 |
· · · · | Thyroid gland hormones [3]

|  | G01N 33/80 |
· · · | involving blood groups or blood types [3]

|  | G01N 33/82 |
· · · | involving vitamins [3]

|  | G01N 33/84 |
· · · | involving inorganic compounds or pH [3]

|  | G01N 33/86 |
· · · | involving blood coagulating time [3]

|  | G01N 33/88 |
· · · | involving prostaglandins [3]

|  | G01N 33/90 |
· · · | involving iron binding capacity of blood [3]

|  | G01N 33/92 |
· · · | involving lipids, e.g. cholesterol [3]

|  | G01N 33/94 |
· · · | involving narcotics [3]

|  | G01N 33/96 |
· · · | involving blood or serum control standard [3]

|  | G01N 33/98 |
· · · | involving alcohol, e.g. ethanol in breath [4]

P:190 |  | G01N 35/00 |
Automatic analysis not limited to methods or materials provided for in any single one of groups Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...G01N 1/00-G01N 33/00; Handling materials therefor [3]

|  | G01N 35/02 |
· | using a plurality of sample containers moved by a conveyer system past one or more treatment or analysis stations [3]

|  | G01N 35/04 |
· · | Details of the conveyer system [3]

|  | G01N 35/08 |
· | using a stream of discrete samples flowing along a tube system, e.g. flow injection analysis [3]

|  | G01N 35/10 |
· | Devices for transferring samples to, in, or from, the analysis apparatus, e.g. suction devices, injection devices [6]

P:210 |  | G01N 37/00 |
Details not covered by any other group of this subclass [3]