|  | C |
SECTION C — CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY

|  | C |
Note(s) In section C, the definitions of groups of chemical elements are as follows: Alkali metals: Li, Na, K, Rb, Cs, Fr Alkaline earth metals: Ca, Sr, Ba, Ra Lanthanides: elements with atomic numbers 57 to 71 inclusive Rare earths: Sc, Y, Lanthanides Actinides: elements with atomic numbers 89 to 103 inclusive Refractory metals: Ti, V, Cr, Zr, Nb, Mo, Hf, Ta, W Halogens: F, Cl, Br, I, At Noble gases: He, Ne, Ar, Kr, Xe, Rn Platinum group: Os, Ir, Pt, Ru, Rh, Pd Noble metals: Ag, Au, Platinum group Light metals: alkali metals, alkaline earth metals, Be, Al, Mg Heavy metals: metals other than light metals Iron group: Fe, Co, Ni Non-metals: H, B, C, Si, N, P, O, S, Se, Te, noble gases, halogens Metals: elements other than non-metals Transition elements: elements with atomic numbers 21 to 30 inclusive, 39 to 48 inclusive, 57 to 80 inclusive, 89 upwards Section C covers: pure chemistry, which covers inorganic compounds, organic compounds, macromolecular compounds, and their methods of preparation; applied chemistry, which covers compositions containing the above compounds, such as: glass, ceramics, fertilisers, plastics compositions, paints, products of the petroleum industry. It also covers certain compositions on account of their having particular properties rendering them suitable for certain purposes, as in the case of explosives, dyestuffs, adhesives, lubricants, and detergents; certain marginal industries, such as the manufacture of coke and of solid or gaseous fuels, the production and refining of oils, fats and waxes, the fermentation industry (e.g., brewing and wine-making), the sugar industry; certain operations or treatments, which are either purely mechanical, e.g., the mechanical treatment of leather and skins, or partly mechanical, e.g., the treatment of water or the prevention of corrosion in general; metallurgy, ferrous or non-ferrous alloys. In the case of operations, treatments, products or articles having both a chemical and a non-chemical part or aspect, the general rule is that the chemical part or aspect is covered by section C. In some of these cases, the chemical part or aspect brings with it a non-chemical one, even though purely mechanical, because this latter aspect either is essential to the operation or treatment or constitutes an important element thereof. It has seemed, in fact, more logical not to dissociate the different parts or aspects of a coherent whole. This is the case for applied chemistry and for the industries, operations and treatments mentioned in Notes (1)(c), (d) and (e). For example, furnaces peculiar to the manufacture of glass are covered by class Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...C03 and not by class Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F27. There are, however, some exceptions in which the mechanical (or non-chemical) aspect carries with it the chemical aspect, for example: Certain extractive processes, in subclass Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...A61K; The chemical purification of air, in subclass Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...A61L; Chemical methods of fire-fighting, in subclass Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...A62D; Chemical processes and apparatus, in class Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...B01; Impregnation of wood, in subclass Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...B27K; Chemical methods of analysis or testing, in subclass Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...G01N; Photographic materials and processes, in class Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...G03, and, generally, the chemical treatment of textiles and the production of cellulose or paper, in section D. In still other cases, the pure chemical aspect is covered by section C and the applied chemical aspect by another section, such as A, B or F, e.g., the use of a substance or composition for: treatment of plants or animals, covered by subclass Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...A01N; foodstuffs, covered by class Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...A23; ammunition or explosives, covered by class Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F42. When the chemical and mechanical aspects are so closely interlocked that a neat and simple division is not possible, or when certain mechanical processes follow as a natural or logical continuation of a chemical treatment, section C may cover, in addition to the chemical aspect, a part only of the mechanical aspect, e.g., after-treatment of artificial stone, covered by class Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...C04. In this latter case, a note or a reference is usually given to make the position clear, even if sometimes the division is rather arbitrary.

CHEMISTRY

|  | C12 |
BIOCHEMISTRY; BEER; SPIRITS; WINE; VINEGAR; MICROBIOLOGY; ENZYMOLOGY; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING

|  | C12 |
Note(s) In subclasses Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...C12M-C12Q or Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...C12S, and within each of these subclasses, in the absence of an indication to the contrary, classification is made in the last appropriate place. [3] In this class, viruses, undifferentiated human, animal or plant cells, protozoa, tissues and unicellular algae are considered as micro-organisms. [3,5] In this subclass, unless specifically provided for, undifferentiated human, animal or plant cells, protozoa, tissues and unicellular algae are classified together with micro-organisms. Sub-cellular parts, unless specifically provided for, are classified with the whole cell. [5]

|  | C12 - C12S |
Note(s) The codes of subclass Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...C12R are only for use as indexing codes associated with subclasses Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...C12C-C12Q or Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...C12S, so as to provide information concerning the micro-organisms used in the processes classified in these subclasses. [3]

|  | C12R |
INDEXING SCHEME ASSOCIATED WITH SUBCLASSES Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...C12C-C12Q OR Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...C12S, RELATING TO MICRO-ORGANISMS [3]

|  | C12R |
Note(s) This subclass constitutes an indexing scheme associated with the other subclasses of class Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...C12, relating to micro-organisms used in the processes classified in subclasses Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...C12C-C12Q or Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...C12S. [3] The bacteria terminology is based on "Bergey's Manual of Determinative Bacteriology", Eighth Edition, 1975. [3]

|  | C12R 1/00 |
Micro-organisms [3]

|  | C12R 1/01 |
· | Bacteria or actinomycetales [3]

|  | C12R 1/02 |
· · | Acetobacter [3]

|  | C12R 1/025 |
· · | Achromobacter [3]

|  | C12R 1/03 |
· · | Actinomadura [3]

|  | C12R 1/04 |
· · | Actinomyces [3]

|  | C12R 1/045 |
· · | Actinoplanes [3]

|  | C12R 1/05 |
· · | Alcaligenes [3]

|  | C12R 1/06 |
· · | Arthrobacter [3]

|  | C12R 1/065 |
· · | Azotobacter [3]

|  | C12R 1/07 |
· · | Bacillus [3]

|  | C12R 1/08 |
· · · | Bacillus brevis [3]

|  | C12R 1/085 |
· · · | Bacillus cereus [3]

|  | C12R 1/09 |
· · · | Bacillus circulans [3]

|  | C12R 1/10 |
· · · | Bacillus licheniformis [3]

|  | C12R 1/11 |
· · · | Bacillus megaterium [3]

|  | C12R 1/12 |
· · · | Bacillus polymyxa [3]

|  | C12R 1/125 |
· · · | Bacillus subtilis [3]

|  | C12R 1/13 |
· · | Brevibacterium [3]

|  | C12R 1/14 |
· · | Chainia [3]

|  | C12R 1/145 |
· · | Clostridium [3]

|  | C12R 1/15 |
· · | Corynebacterium [3]

|  | C12R 1/16 |
· · · | Corynebacterium diphtheriae [3]

|  | C12R 1/165 |
· · · | Corynebacterium poinsettiae [3]

|  | C12R 1/17 |
· · · | Corynebacterium pyogenes [3]

|  | C12R 1/18 |
· · | Erwinia [3]

|  | C12R 1/185 |
· · | Escherichia [3]

|  | C12R 1/19 |
· · · | Escherichia coli [3]

|  | C12R 1/20 |
· · | Flavobacterium [3]

|  | C12R 1/21 |
· · | Haemophilus [3]

|  | C12R 1/22 |
· · | Klebsiella [3]

|  | C12R 1/225 |
· · | Lactobacillus [3]

|  | C12R 1/23 |
· · · | Lactobacillus acidophilus [3]

|  | C12R 1/24 |
· · · | Lactobacillus brevis [3]

|  | C12R 1/245 |
· · · | Lactobacillus casei [3]

|  | C12R 1/25 |
· · · | Lactobacillus plantarum [3]

|  | C12R 1/26 |
· · | Methylomonas [3]

|  | C12R 1/265 |
· · | Micrococcus [3]

|  | C12R 1/27 |
· · · | Micrococcus flavus [3]

|  | C12R 1/28 |
· · · | Micrococcus glutamicus [3]

|  | C12R 1/285 |
· · · | Micrococcus lysodeikticus [3]

|  | C12R 1/29 |
· · | Micromonospora [3]

|  | C12R 1/30 |
· · · | Micromonospora chalcea [3]

|  | C12R 1/31 |
· · · | Micromonospora purpurea [3]

|  | C12R 1/32 |
· · | Mycobacterium [3]

|  | C12R 1/325 |
· · · | Mycobacterium avium [3]

|  | C12R 1/33 |
· · · | Mycobacterium fortuitum [3]

|  | C12R 1/34 |
· · · | Mycobacterium smegmatis [3]

|  | C12R 1/35 |
· · | Mycoplasma [3]

|  | C12R 1/36 |
· · | Neisseria [3]

|  | C12R 1/365 |
· · | Nocardia [3]

|  | C12R 1/37 |
· · | Proteus [3]

|  | C12R 1/38 |
· · | Pseudomonas [3]

|  | C12R 1/385 |
· · · | Pseudomonas aeruginosa [3]

|  | C12R 1/39 |
· · · | Pseudomonas fluorescens [3]

|  | C12R 1/40 |
· · · | Pseudomonas putida [3]

|  | C12R 1/41 |
· · | Rhizobium [3]

|  | C12R 1/42 |
· · | Salmonella [3]

|  | C12R 1/425 |
· · | Serratia [3]

|  | C12R 1/43 |
· · · | Serratia marcescens [3]

|  | C12R 1/44 |
· · | Staphylococcus [3]

|  | C12R 1/445 |
· · · | Staphylococcus aureus [3]

|  | C12R 1/45 |
· · · | Staphylococcus epidermidis [3]

|  | C12R 1/46 |
· · | Streptococcus [3]

|  | C12R 1/465 |
· · | Streptomyces [3]

|  | C12R 1/47 |
· · · | Streptomyces albus [3]

|  | C12R 1/48 |
· · · | Streptomyces antibioticus [3]

|  | C12R 1/485 |
· · · | Streptomyces aureofaciens [3]

|  | C12R 1/49 |
· · · | Streptomyces aureus [3]

|  | C12R 1/50 |
· · · | Streptomyces bikiniensis [3]

|  | C12R 1/51 |
· · · | Streptomyces candidus [3]

|  | C12R 1/52 |
· · · | Streptomyces chartreusis [3]

|  | C12R 1/525 |
· · · | Streptomyces diastatochromogenes [3]

|  | C12R 1/53 |
· · · | Streptomyces filipinensis [3]

|  | C12R 1/54 |
· · · | Streptomyces fradiae [3]

|  | C12R 1/545 |
· · · | Streptomyces griseus [3]

|  | C12R 1/55 |
· · · | Streptomyces hygroscopicus [3]

|  | C12R 1/56 |
· · · | Streptomyces lavendulae [3]

|  | C12R 1/565 |
· · · | Streptomyces lincolnensis [3]

|  | C12R 1/57 |
· · · | Streptomyces noursei [3]

|  | C12R 1/58 |
· · · | Streptomyces olivaceus [3]

|  | C12R 1/585 |
· · · | Streptomyces platensis [3]

|  | C12R 1/59 |
· · · | Streptomyces rimosus [3]

|  | C12R 1/60 |
· · · | Streptomyces sparsogenes [3]

|  | C12R 1/61 |
· · · | Streptomyces venezuelae [3]

|  | C12R 1/62 |
· · | Streptosporangium [3]

|  | C12R 1/625 |
· · | Streptoverticillium [3]

|  | C12R 1/63 |
· · | Vibrio [3]

|  | C12R 1/64 |
· · | Xanthomonas [3]

|  | C12R 1/645 |
· | Fungi [3]

|  | C12R 1/65 |
· · | Absidia [3]

|  | C12R 1/66 |
· · | Aspergillus [3]

|  | C12R 1/665 |
· · · | Aspergillus awamori [3]

|  | C12R 1/67 |
· · · | Aspergillus flavus [3]

|  | C12R 1/68 |
· · · | Aspergillus fumigatus [3]

|  | C12R 1/685 |
· · · | Aspergillus niger [3]

|  | C12R 1/69 |
· · · | Aspergillus oryzae [3]

|  | C12R 1/70 |
· · · | Aspergillus ustus [3]

|  | C12R 1/71 |
· · · | Aspergillus wentii [3]

|  | C12R 1/72 |
· · | Candida [3]

|  | C12R 1/725 |
· · · | Candida albicans [3]

|  | C12R 1/73 |
· · · | Candida lipolytica [3]

|  | C12R 1/74 |
· · · | Candida tropicalis [3]

|  | C12R 1/745 |
· · | Cephalosporium [3]

|  | C12R 1/75 |
· · · | Cephalosporium acremonium [3]

|  | C12R 1/76 |
· · · | Cephalosporium coerulescens [3]

|  | C12R 1/765 |
· · · | Cephalosporium crotocinigenum [3]

|  | C12R 1/77 |
· · | Fusarium [3]

|  | C12R 1/78 |
· · | Hansenula [3]

|  | C12R 1/785 |
· · | Mucor [3]

|  | C12R 1/79 |
· · | Paecilomyces [3]

|  | C12R 1/80 |
· · | Penicillium [3]

|  | C12R 1/81 |
· · · | Penicillium brevi [3]

|  | C12R 1/82 |
· · · | Penicillium chrysogenum [3]

|  | C12R 1/825 |
· · · | Penicillium notatum [3]

|  | C12R 1/83 |
· · · | Penicillium patulum [3]

|  | C12R 1/84 |
· · | Pichia [3]

|  | C12R 1/845 |
· · | Rhizopus [3]

|  | C12R 1/85 |
· · | Saccharomyces [3]

|  | C12R 1/86 |
· · · | Saccharomyces carlsbergensis [3]

|  | C12R 1/865 |
· · · | Saccharomyces cerevisiae [3]

|  | C12R 1/87 |
· · · | Saccharomyces lactis [3]

|  | C12R 1/88 |
· · | Torulopsis [3]

|  | C12R 1/885 |
· · | Trichoderma [3]

|  | C12R 1/89 |
· | Algae [3]

|  | C12R 1/90 |
· | Protozoa [3]

|  | C12R 1/91 |
· | Cell lines [3,7]

|  | C12R 1/92 |
· | Viruses [5,7]

|  | C12R 1/93 |
· · | Animal viruses [7]

|  | C12R 1/94 |
· · | Plant viruses [7]