|  | G |
SECTION G — PHYSICS

|  | G |
Note(s) In this section, the following term is used with the meaning indicated: "variable" (as a noun) means a feature or property (e.g., a dimension, a physical condition such as temperature, a quality such as density or colour) which, in respect of a particular entity (e.g., an object, a quantity of a substance, a beam of light) and at a particular instant, is capable of being measured; the variable may change, so that its numerical expression may assume different values at different times, in different conditions or in individual cases, but may be constant in respect of a particular entity in certain conditions or for practical purposes (e.g., the length of a bar may be regarded as constant for many purposes). Attention is drawn to the definitions of terms or expressions used, appearing in the notes of several of the classes in this section, in particular those of "measuring" in class Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...G01 and "control" and "regulation" in class Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...G05. Classification in this section may present more difficulty than in other sections, because the distinction between different fields of use rests to a considerable extent on differences in the intention of the user rather than on any constructional differences or differences in the manner of use, and because the subjects dealt with are often in effect systems or combinations, which have features or parts in common, rather than "things", which are readily distinguishable as a whole. For example, information (e.g., a set of figures) may be displayed for the purpose of education or advertising (Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...G09), for enabling the result of a measurement to be known (Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...G01), for signalling the information to a distant point or for giving information which has been signalled from a distant point (Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...G08). The words used to describe the purpose depend on features that may be irrelevant to the form of the apparatus concerned, for example, such features as the desired effect on the person who sees the display, or whether the display is controlled from a remote point. Again, a device which responds to some change in a condition, e.g., in the pressure of a fluid, may be used, without modification of the device itself, to give information about the pressure (Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...G01L) or about some other condition linked to the pressure (another subclass of class Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...G01, e.g., Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...G01K for temperature), to make a record of the pressure or of its occurrence (Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...G07C), to give an alarm (Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...G08B), or to control another apparatus (Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...G05). The classification scheme is intended to enable things of a similar nature (as indicated above) to be classified together. It is therefore particularly necessary for the real nature of any technical subject to be decided before it can be properly classified.

INSTRUMENTS

|  | G01 |
MEASURING (counting Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...G06M); TESTING

|  | G01 |
Note(s) This class covers, in addition to "true" measuring instruments, other indicating or recording devices of analogous construction, and also signalling or control devices insofar as they are concerned with measurement (as defined in Note 2 below) and are not specially adapted to the particular purpose of signalling or control. In this class, the following term is used with the meaning indicated: "measuring" is used to cover considerably more than its primary or basic meaning. In this primary sense, it means finding a numerical expression of the value of a variable in relation to a unit or datum or to another variable of the same nature, e.g. expressing a length in terms of another length as in measuring a length with a scale; the value may be obtained directly (as just suggested) or by measuring some other variable of which the value can be related to the value of the required variable, as in measuring a change in temperature by measuring a resultant change in the length of a column of mercury. However, since the same device or instrument may, instead of giving an immediate indication, be used to produce a record or to initiate a signal to produce an indication or control effect, or may be used in combination with other devices or instruments to give a conjoint result from measurement of two or more variables of the same or different kinds, it is necessary to interpret "measuring" as including also any operation that would make it possible to obtain such a numerical expression by the additional use of some way of converting a value into figures. Thus the expression in figures may be actually made by a digital presentation or by reading a scale, or an indication of it may be given without the use of figures, e.g. by some perceptible feature (variable) of the entity (e.g. object, substance, beam of light) of which the variable being measured is a property or condition or by an analogue of such a feature (e.g. the corresponding position of a member without any scale, a corresponding voltage generated in some way). In many cases there is no such value indication but only an indication of difference or equality in relation to a standard or datum (of which the value may or may not be known in figures); the standard or datum may be the value of another variable of the same nature but of a different entity (e.g. a standard measure) or of the same entity at a different time. In its simplest form, measurement may give merely an indication of presence or absence of a certain condition or quality, e.g. movement (in any direction or in a particular direction), or whether a variable exceeds a predetermined value. Attention is drawn to the Notes following the titles of class Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...B81 and subclass Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...B81B relating to "micro-structural devices" and "micro-structural systems" and the Notes following the title of subclass Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...B82B relating to "nano-structures". [7] Attention is drawn to the Notes following the title of section G, especially as regards the definition of the term "variable". In many measuring arrangements, a first variable to be measured is transformed into a second, or further, variables. The second, or further, variables may be (a) a condition related to the first variable and produced in a member, or (b) a displacement of a member. Further transformation may be needed. [6] When classifying such an arrangement, (i) the transformation step, or each transformation step, that is of interest is classified, or (ii) if interest lies only in the system as a whole, the first variable is classified in the appropriate place. [6] This is particularly important where two or more conversions take place, for instance where a first variable, for example pressure, is transformed into a second variable, for example an optical property of a sensing body, and that second variable is expressed by means of a third variable, for example an electric effect. In such a case, the following classification places should be considered: the place for the transformation of the first variable, that for sensing the condition caused by that variable, subclass Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...G01D for expression of the measurement, and finally the place for the overall system, if any. [6] The measurement of change in the value of a physical property is classified in the same subclass as the measurement of that physical property, e.g. measurement of expansion of length is classified in subclass Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...G01B.

|  | G01B |
MEASURING LENGTH, THICKNESS, OR SIMILAR LINEAR DIMENSIONS; MEASURING ANGLES; MEASURING AREAS; MEASURING IRREGULARITIES OF SURFACES OR CONTOURS (measuring human body, see the relevant places, where such exist, e.g. Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...A41H 1/00, Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...A43D 1/02, Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...A61B 5/103; measuring appliances combined with walking-sticks Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...A45B 3/08; sorting according to dimensions Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...B07; methods or devices for measuring, specially adapted for metal-rolling mills Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...B21B 38/00; tool-setting or drawing instruments not specially modified for measuring Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...B23B 49/00, Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...B23Q 15/00-B23Q 17/00, Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...B43L; measuring or gauging equipment specially adapted for grinding or polishing operations Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...B24B 49/00; combinations of measuring devices with writing-implements Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...B43K 29/08; geodetical, nautical or aeronautical measuring, surveying, rangefinding Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...G01C; photogrammetry or videogrammetry Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...G01C 11/00; measuring force or stress, in general Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...G01L 1/00; investigating or analysing surface structures in atomic ranges using scanning-probe techniques Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...G01N 13/00; investigating or analysing particle size, investigating or analysing surface area of porous material Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...G01N 15/00; radio direction-finding, determining distance or velocity by use of propagation effects, e.g. Doppler effect, propagation time, of radio waves, analogous arrangements using other waves Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...G01S; geophysical measuring Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...G01V; measuring length or roll diameter of film in cameras or projectors Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...G03B 1/60; combinations of measuring devices with means for controlling or regulating Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...G05; methods or arrangements for converting the position of a manually-operated writing or tracing member into an electrical signal Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...G06K 11/00; measuring elapsed travel of recording medium in recording or playback equipment, sensing diameter of record in autochange gramophones Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...G11B; details of scanning-probe apparatus, in general Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...G12B 21/00; means structurally associated with electric rotary current collectors for indicating brush wear Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...H01R 39/58; indicating consumption of electrodes in arc lamps Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...H05B 31/34)

|  | G01B |
Note(s) This subclass covers measuring of position or displacement in terms of linear or angular dimensions. [4] In this subclass, the groups are distinguished by the means of measurement which is of major importance. Thus the mere application of other means for giving a final indication does not affect the classification. Attention is drawn to the Notes following the title of class Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...G01. Machines operated on similar principles to the hand-held devices specified in this subclass are classified with these devices. Measuring arrangements or details thereof covered by two or more of groups Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...G01B 3/00-G01B 17/00 are classified in group Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...G01B 21/00 if no single other group can be selected as being predominantly applicable.

|  | G01B |
Subclass index
MEASURING DEVICES CHARACTERISED BY THE MATERIAL | 1/00
PREDOMINANT METHODS USED IN MEASURING DEVICES |
Mechanical | 3/00, 5/00
Electric or magnetic | 7/00
By fluids | 13/00
By light waves; by other electro-magnetic waves or radiation | 9/00, 11/00; 15/00
By sonic waves | 17/00
OTHER MEASURING ARRANGEMENTS | 21/00

P:90 |  | G01B 1/00 |
Measuring instruments characterised by the selection of material therefor

P:70 |  | G01B 3/00 |
Instruments as specified in the subgroups and characterised by the use of mechanical measuring means (arrangements for measuring particular parameters Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...G01B 5/00; devices of general interest specially adapted or mounted for storing and repeatedly paying-out and re-storing lengths of material Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...B65H 75/34) [2]

|  | G01B 3/02 |
· | Rulers or tapes with scales or marks for direct reading

|  | G01B 3/04 |
· · | rigid

|  | G01B 3/06 |
· · · | folding

|  | G01B 3/08 |
· · · | extensible

|  | G01B 3/10 |
· · | flexible

|  | G01B 3/11 |
· | Chains for measuring length

|  | G01B 3/12 |
· | Measuring wheels

|  | G01B 3/14 |
· | Templates for checking contours

|  | G01B 3/16 |
· | Compasses, i.e. with a pair of pivoted arms

|  | G01B 3/18 |
· | Micrometers

|  | G01B 3/20 |
· | Slide gauges

|  | G01B 3/22 |
· | Feeler-pin gauges, e.g. dial gauges (for measuring contours or curvatures Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...G01B 5/20)

|  | G01B 3/24 |
· · | with open yoke, i.e. calipers

|  | G01B 3/26 |
· · | Plug gauges

|  | G01B 3/28 |
· · | Depth gauges

|  | G01B 3/30 |
· | Bars, blocks, or strips in which the distance between a pair of faces is fixed, although it may be preadjustable, e.g. end measure, feeler strip

|  | G01B 3/32 |
· · | Holders therefor

|  | G01B 3/34 |
· | Ring or other apertured gauges, e.g. "go/no-go" gauge

|  | G01B 3/36 |
· · | for external screw threads

|  | G01B 3/38 |
· | Gauges with an open yoke and opposed faces, i.e. calipers, in which the internal distance between the faces is fixed, although it may be preadjustable

|  | G01B 3/40 |
· · | for external screw threads

|  | G01B 3/42 |
· · | of limit-gauge type, i.e. "go/no-go" (Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...G01B 3/40 takes precedence)

|  | G01B 3/44 |
· · · | preadjustable for wear or tolerance

|  | G01B 3/46 |
· | Plug gauges for internal dimensions with engaging surfaces which are at a fixed distance, although they may be preadjustable

|  | G01B 3/48 |
· · | for internal screw threads

|  | G01B 3/50 |
· · | of limit-gauge type, i.e. "go/no-go" (Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...G01B 3/48 takes precedence)

|  | G01B 3/52 |
· · · | preadjustable for wear or tolerance

|  | G01B 3/56 |
· | Gauges for measuring angles or tapers, e.g. conical calipers

P:60 |  | G01B 5/00 |
Measuring arrangements characterised by the use of mechanical means (instruments of the types covered by group Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...G01B 3/00 per se Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...G01B 3/00) [2]

|  | G01B 5/004 |
· | for measuring coordinates of points [6]

|  | G01B 5/008 |
· · | using coordinate measuring machines [6]

|  | G01B 5/012 |
· · · | Contact-making feeler heads therefor [6]

|  | G01B 5/016 |
· · · · | Constructional details of contacts [6]

|  | G01B 5/02 |
· | for measuring length, width, or thickness (Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...G01B 5/004, Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...G01B 5/08 take precedence) [6]

|  | G01B 5/04 |
· · | specially adapted for measuring length or width of objects while moving

|  | G01B 5/06 |
· · | for measuring thickness

|  | G01B 5/08 |
· | for measuring diameters

|  | G01B 5/10 |
· · | of objects while moving

|  | G01B 5/12 |
· · | internal diameters

|  | G01B 5/14 |
· | for measuring distance or clearance between spaced objects or spaced apertures (Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...G01B 5/24 takes precedence)

|  | G01B 5/16 |
· · | between a succession of regularly spaced objects or regularly spaced apertures

|  | G01B 5/18 |
· | for measuring depth

|  | G01B 5/20 |
· | for measuring contours or curvatures

|  | G01B 5/207 |
· · | using a plurality of fixed, simultaneously operating transducers (Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...G01B 5/213-G01B 5/22 take precedence) [6]

|  | G01B 5/213 |
· · | for measuring radius of curvature [6]

|  | G01B 5/22 |
· · | Spherometers

|  | G01B 5/24 |
· | for measuring angles or tapers; for testing the alignment of axes

|  | G01B 5/245 |
· · | for testing perpendicularity [6]

|  | G01B 5/25 |
· · | for testing the alignment of axes

|  | G01B 5/252 |
· · · | for measuring eccentricity, i.e. lateral shift between two parallel axes [6]

|  | G01B 5/255 |
· · | for testing wheel alignment

|  | G01B 5/26 |
· | for measuring areas, e.g. planimeter (integrators in general Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...G06G)

|  | G01B 5/28 |
· | for measuring roughness or irregularity of surfaces

|  | G01B 5/30 |
· | for measuring the deformation in a solid, e.g. mechanical strain gauge

P:50 |  | G01B 7/00 |
Measuring arrangements characterised by the use of electric or magnetic means

|  | G01B 7/004 |
· | for measuring coordinates of points [6]

|  | G01B 7/008 |
· · | using coordinate measuring machines [6]

|  | G01B 7/012 |
· · · | Contact-making feeler heads therefor [6]

|  | G01B 7/016 |
· · · · | Constructional details of contacts [6]

|  | G01B 7/02 |
· | for measuring length, width, or thickness (Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...G01B 7/004, Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...G01B 7/12 takes precedence) [6]

|  | G01B 7/04 |
· · | specially adapted for measuring length or width of objects while moving

|  | G01B 7/06 |
· · | for measuring thickness

|  | G01B 7/12 |
· | for measuring diameters

|  | G01B 7/13 |
· · | Internal diameters [6]

|  | G01B 7/14 |
· | for measuring distance or clearance between spaced objects or spaced apertures (Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...G01B 7/30 takes precedence)

|  | G01B 7/15 |
· · | being regularly spaced [6]

|  | G01B 7/16 |
· | for measuring the deformation in a solid, e.g. by resistance strain gauge

|  | G01B 7/24 |
· · | using change in magnetic properties

|  | G01B 7/26 |
· | for measuring depth

|  | G01B 7/28 |
· | for measuring contours or curvatures

|  | G01B 7/287 |
· · | using a plurality of fixed, simultaneously operating transducers (Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...G01B 7/293 takes precedence) [6]

|  | G01B 7/293 |
· · | for measuring radius of curvature [6]

|  | G01B 7/30 |
· | for measuring angles or tapers; for testing the alignment of axes

|  | G01B 7/305 |
· · | for testing perpendicularity [6]

|  | G01B 7/31 |
· · | for testing the alignment of axes

|  | G01B 7/312 |
· · · | for measuring eccentricity, i.e. lateral shift between two parallel axes [6]

|  | G01B 7/315 |
· · | for testing wheel alignment

|  | G01B 7/32 |
· | for measuring areas (integrators in general Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...G06G)

|  | G01B 7/34 |
· | for measuring roughness or irregularity of surfaces

P:10 |  | G01B 9/00 |
Instruments as specified in the subgroups and characterised by the use of optical measuring means (arrangements for measuring particular parameters Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...G01B 11/00) [2]

|  | G01B 9/02 |
· | Interferometers

|  | G01B 9/021 |
· · | using holographic techniques [2]

|  | G01B 9/023 |
· · · | for contour producing (Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...G01B 9/025-G01B 9/029 take precedence) [2]

|  | G01B 9/025 |
· · · | Double-exposure technique [2]

|  | G01B 9/027 |
· · · | in real time [2]

|  | G01B 9/029 |
· · · | by time averaging [2]

|  | G01B 9/04 |
· | Measuring microscopes (microscopes in general Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...G02B 21/00)

|  | G01B 9/06 |
· | Measuring telescopes (telescopes in general Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...G02B 23/00)

|  | G01B 9/08 |
· | Optical projection comparators

|  | G01B 9/10 |
· | Goniometers for measuring angles between surfaces

P:0 |  | G01B 11/00 |
Measuring arrangements characterised by the use of optical means (instruments of the types covered by group Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...G01B 9/00 per se Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...G01B 9/00) [2]

|  | G01B 11/02 |
· | for measuring length, width, or thickness (Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...G01B 11/08 takes precedence)

|  | G01B 11/03 |
· · | by measuring coordinates of points [3]

|  | G01B 11/04 |
· · | specially adapted for measuring length or width of objects while moving

|  | G01B 11/06 |
· · | for measuring thickness

|  | G01B 11/08 |
· | for measuring diameters

|  | G01B 11/10 |
· · | of objects while moving

|  | G01B 11/12 |
· · | internal diameters

|  | G01B 11/14 |
· | for measuring distance or clearance between spaced objects or spaced apertures (Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...G01B 11/26 takes precedence; rangefinders Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...G01C)

|  | G01B 11/16 |
· | for measuring the deformation in a solid, e.g. optical strain gauge

|  | G01B 11/22 |
· | for measuring depth

|  | G01B 11/24 |
· | for measuring contours or curvatures

|  | G01B 11/245 |
· · | using a plurality of fixed, simultaneously operating transducers (Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...G01B 11/255 takes precedence) [7]

|  | G01B 11/25 |
· · | by projecting a pattern, e.g. moiré fringes, on the object (Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...G01B 11/255 takes precedence) [7]

|  | G01B 11/255 |
· · | for measuring radius of curvature [7]

|  | G01B 11/26 |
· | for measuring angles or tapers; for testing the alignment of axes

|  | G01B 11/27 |
· · | for testing the alignment of axes

|  | G01B 11/275 |
· · | for testing wheel alignment

|  | G01B 11/28 |
· | for measuring areas (integrators in general Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...G06G)

|  | G01B 11/30 |
· | for measuring roughness or irregularity of surfaces

P:30 |  | G01B 13/00 |
Measuring arrangements characterised by the use of fluids

|  | G01B 13/02 |
· | for measuring length, width, or thickness (Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...G01B 13/08 takes precedence)

|  | G01B 13/03 |
· · | by measuring coordinates of points [3]

|  | G01B 13/04 |
· · | specially adapted for measuring length or width of objects while moving

|  | G01B 13/06 |
· · | for measuring thickness

|  | G01B 13/08 |
· | for measuring diameters

|  | G01B 13/10 |
· · | internal diameters

|  | G01B 13/12 |
· | for measuring distance or clearance between spaced objects or spaced apertures (Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...G01B 13/18 takes precedence)

|  | G01B 13/14 |
· | for measuring depth

|  | G01B 13/16 |
· | for measuring contours or curvatures

|  | G01B 13/18 |
· | for measuring angles or tapers; for testing the alignment of axes

|  | G01B 13/19 |
· · | for testing the alignment of axes

|  | G01B 13/195 |
· · | for testing wheel alignment

|  | G01B 13/20 |
· | for measuring areas, e.g. pneumatic planimeter (integrators in general Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...G06G)

|  | G01B 13/22 |
· | for measuring roughness or irregularity of surfaces

|  | G01B 13/24 |
· | for measuring the deformation in a solid [3]

P:20 |  | G01B 15/00 |
Measuring arrangements characterised by the use of wave or particle radiation (Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...G01B 9/00, Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...G01B 11/00 take precedence) [4]

|  | G01B 15/02 |
· | for measuring thickness

|  | G01B 15/04 |
· | for measuring contours or curvatures

|  | G01B 15/06 |
· | for measuring the deformation in a solid

|  | G01B 15/08 |
· | for measuring roughness or irregularity of surfaces [6]

P:40 |  | G01B 17/00 |
Measuring arrangements characterised by the use of infrasonic, sonic, or ultrasonic vibrations [4]

|  | G01B 17/02 |
· | for measuring thickness

|  | G01B 17/04 |
· | for measuring the deformation in a solid, e.g. by vibrating string

|  | G01B 17/06 |
· | for measuring contours or curvatures [6]

|  | G01B 17/08 |
· | for measuring roughness or irregularity of surfaces [6]

P:80 |  | G01B 21/00 |
Measuring arrangements or details thereof in so far as they are not adapted to particular types of measuring means of the other groups of this subclass [3]

|  | G01B 21/02 |
· | for measuring length, width, or thickness (Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...G01B 21/10 takes precedence) [3]

|  | G01B 21/04 |
· · | by measuring coordinates of points [3]

|  | G01B 21/06 |
· · | specially adapted for measuring length or width of objects while moving [3]

|  | G01B 21/08 |
· · | for measuring thickness [3]

|  | G01B 21/10 |
· | for measuring diameters [3]

|  | G01B 21/12 |
· · | of objects while moving [3]

|  | G01B 21/14 |
· · | internal diameters [3]

|  | G01B 21/16 |
· | for measuring distance or clearance between spaced objects [3]

|  | G01B 21/18 |
· | for measuring depth [3]

|  | G01B 21/20 |
· | for measuring contours or curvatures, e.g. determining profile [3]

|  | G01B 21/22 |
· | for measuring angles or tapers; for testing the alignment of axes [3]

|  | G01B 21/24 |
· · | for testing the alignment of axes [3]

|  | G01B 21/26 |
· · | for testing wheel alignment [3]

|  | G01B 21/28 |
· | for measuring areas (integrators in general Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...G06G) [3]

|  | G01B 21/30 |
· | for measuring roughness or irregularity of surfaces [3]

|  | G01B 21/32 |
· | for measuring the deformation in a solid [3]