|  | G |
SECTION G — PHYSICS

|  | G |
Note(s) In this section, the following term is used with the meaning indicated: "variable" (as a noun) means a feature or property (e.g., a dimension, a physical condition such as temperature, a quality such as density or colour) which, in respect of a particular entity (e.g., an object, a quantity of a substance, a beam of light) and at a particular instant, is capable of being measured; the variable may change, so that its numerical expression may assume different values at different times, in different conditions or in individual cases, but may be constant in respect of a particular entity in certain conditions or for practical purposes (e.g., the length of a bar may be regarded as constant for many purposes). Attention is drawn to the definitions of terms or expressions used, appearing in the notes of several of the classes in this section, in particular those of "measuring" in class Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...G01 and "control" and "regulation" in class Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...G05. Classification in this section may present more difficulty than in other sections, because the distinction between different fields of use rests to a considerable extent on differences in the intention of the user rather than on any constructional differences or differences in the manner of use, and because the subjects dealt with are often in effect systems or combinations, which have features or parts in common, rather than "things", which are readily distinguishable as a whole. For example, information (e.g., a set of figures) may be displayed for the purpose of education or advertising (Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...G09), for enabling the result of a measurement to be known (Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...G01), for signalling the information to a distant point or for giving information which has been signalled from a distant point (Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...G08). The words used to describe the purpose depend on features that may be irrelevant to the form of the apparatus concerned, for example, such features as the desired effect on the person who sees the display, or whether the display is controlled from a remote point. Again, a device which responds to some change in a condition, e.g., in the pressure of a fluid, may be used, without modification of the device itself, to give information about the pressure (Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...G01L) or about some other condition linked to the pressure (another subclass of class Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...G01, e.g., Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...G01K for temperature), to make a record of the pressure or of its occurrence (Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...G07C), to give an alarm (Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...G08B), or to control another apparatus (Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...G05). The classification scheme is intended to enable things of a similar nature (as indicated above) to be classified together. It is therefore particularly necessary for the real nature of any technical subject to be decided before it can be properly classified.

INSTRUMENTS

|  | G06 |
COMPUTING; CALCULATING; COUNTING (score computers for games Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...A63B 71/06, Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...A63D 15/20, Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...A63F 1/18; combinations of writing implements with computing devices Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...B43K 29/08)

|  | G06 |
Note(s) This class covers: simulators which are concerned with the mathematics of computing the existing or anticipated conditions within the real device or system; simulators which demonstrate, by means involving computing, the function of apparatus or of a system, if no provision exists elsewhere; image data processing or generation. This class does not cover: control functions derived from simulators, in general, which are covered by class Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...G05, although such functions may be covered by the subclass of this class for the device controlled; measurement or analysis of an individual variable to serve as an input to a simulator, which is covered by class Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...G01; simulators regarded as teaching or training devices which is the case if they give perceptible sensations having a likeness to the sensations a student would experience in reality in response to actions taken by him. Such simulators are covered by class Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...G09; components of simulators, if identical with real devices or machines, which are covered by the relevant subclass for these devices or machines (and not by class Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...G09). In this class, the following terms or expressions are used with the meanings indicated: "data" is used as the synonym of "information". Therefore, the term "information" is not used in subclasses Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...G06C, Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...G06F or Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...G06Q; "calculating or computing" includes, inter alia, operations on numerical values and on data expressed in numerical form. Of these terms "computing" is used throughout the class; "computation" is derived from this interpretation of "computing". In the French language the term "calcul" will serve for either term; "simulator" is a device which may use the same time scale as the real device or operate on an expanded or compressed time scale. In interpreting this term models of real devices to reduced or expanded scales are not regarded as simulators; "record carrier" means a body, such as a cylinder, disc, card, tape, or wire, capable of permanently holding information, which can be read-off by a sensing element movable relative to the recorded information. Attention is drawn to the Notes following the title of section G, especially as regards the definition of the term "variable".

|  | G06K |
RECOGNITION OF DATA; PRESENTATION OF DATA; RECORD CARRIERS; HANDLING RECORD CARRIERS (postal sorting Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...B07C; secondary surveillance radar Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...G01S; detecting presence of transponders or tags Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...G01S, Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...G01V)

|  | G06K |
Note(s) This subclass covers: marking, sensing, and conveying of record carriers; recognising characters or other data; presenting visually or otherwise the data recognised or the result of a computation. This subclass does not cover printing per se.

|  | G06K |
Subclass index
READING |
Characters; graphs | 9/00; 11/00
RECOGNISING |
Characters; patterns | 9/00
CONVERTING POSITION OF MANUAL WRITING OR TRACING MEMBER INTO SIGNALS | 11/00
PERMANENT VISUAL PRESENTATION OF OUTPUT DATA | 15/00
MARKING, PRINTING-OUT | 1/00, 3/00
VERIFYING | 5/00
SENSING | 7/00
CONVEYING | 13/00
COMBINATIONS OF OPERATIONS COVERED BY TWO OR MORE OF THE PRECEDING GROUPS | 17/00
RECORD CARRIERS, PUNCHED CARDS | 19/00, 21/00

P:75 |  | G06K 1/00 |
Methods or arrangements for marking the record carrier in digital fashion (interpreting Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...G06K 3/02)

|  | G06K 1/02 |
· | by punching (punching in general Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...B26F)

|  | G06K 1/04 |
· · | controlled by sensing markings on the record carrier being punched (sensing of record carriers Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...G06K 7/00)

|  | G06K 1/05 |
· · | High-speed punches, e.g. controlled by electric computer

|  | G06K 1/06 |
· · | Manually-controlled devices

|  | G06K 1/08 |
· · · | Card punches

|  | G06K 1/10 |
· · · | Tape punches (specially adapted for a particular purpose, see the relevant subclass, e.g. for transmission of digital information Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...H04L)

|  | G06K 1/12 |
· | otherwise than by punching (printing in general Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...B41, e.g. Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...B41J)

|  | G06K 1/14 |
· | by transferring data from a similar or dissimilar record carrier

|  | G06K 1/16 |
· · | by reproducing data from one punched card on to one or more punched cards without the code representation, i.e. duplicating

|  | G06K 1/18 |
· · | by transferring data from one type of record carrier on to another type of record carrier, e.g. from magnetic tape to punched card

|  | G06K 1/20 |
· | Simultaneous marking of record carrier and printing-out of data, e.g. printing-punch

|  | G06K 1/22 |
· · | Simultaneous marking and printing on different record carriers, e.g. on different types of record carrier

P:30 |  | G06K 3/00 |
Methods or arrangements for printing of data in the shape of alphanumeric or other characters from a record carrier, e.g. interpreting, printing-out from a magnetic tape

|  | G06K 3/02 |
· | Translating markings on a record carrier into printed data on the same record carrier, i.e. interpreting

P:50 |  | G06K 5/00 |
Methods or arrangements for verifying the correctness of markings on a record carrier; Column-detection devices

|  | G06K 5/02 |
· | the verifying forming a part of the marking action

|  | G06K 5/04 |
· | Verifying the alignment of markings

P:60 |  | G06K 7/00 |
Methods or arrangements for sensing record carriers (Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...G06K 9/00 takes precedence)

|  | G06K 7/01 |
· | Details

|  | G06K 7/015 |
· · | Aligning or centring of the sensing device with respect to the record carrier (in general Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...G11B)

|  | G06K 7/016 |
· · | Synchronisation of sensing process (in general Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...G11B)

|  | G06K 7/02 |
· | by pneumatic or hydraulic means, e.g. sensing punched holes with compressed air; by sonic means

|  | G06K 7/04 |
· | by mechanical means, e.g. by pins operating electric contacts

|  | G06K 7/06 |
· | by means which conduct current when a mark is sensed or absent, e.g. contact brush for a conductive mark

|  | G06K 7/08 |
· | by means detecting the change of an electrostatic or magnetic field, e.g. by detecting change of capacitance between electrodes

|  | G06K 7/10 |
· | by electromagnetic radiation, e.g. optical sensing; by corpuscular radiation

|  | G06K 7/12 |
· · | using a selected wavelength, e.g. to sense red marks and ignore blue marks

|  | G06K 7/14 |
· · | using light without selection of wavelength, e.g. sensing reflected white light

P:10 |  | G06K 9/00 |
Methods or arrangements for reading or recognising printed or written characters or for recognising patterns, e.g. fingerprints (processing or analysis of tracks of nuclear particles Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...G01T 5/02; testing patterns on paper currency or similar valuable papers Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...G07D 7/20; speech recognition Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...G10L 15/00) [1,7]

|  | G06K 9/03 |
· | Detection or correction of errors, e.g. by rescanning the pattern [3]

|  | G06K 9/18 |
· | using printed characters having additional code marks or containing code marks, e.g. the character being composed of individual strokes of different shape, each representing a different code value

|  | G06K 9/20 |
· | Image acquisition [3]

|  | G06K 9/22 |
· · | using hand-held instruments [3]

|  | G06K 9/24 |
· · · | Construction of the instrument [3]

|  | G06K 9/26 |
· · | using a slot moved over the image [3]

|  | G06K 9/28 |
· · | using discrete sensing elements at predetermined points [3]

|  | G06K 9/30 |
· · | using automatic curve following means [3]

|  | G06K 9/32 |
· · | Aligning or centering of the image pick-up or image-field [3]

|  | G06K 9/34 |
· · | Segmentation of touching or overlapping patterns in the image field [3]

|  | G06K 9/36 |
· | Image preprocessing, i.e. processing the image information without deciding about the identity of the image (image data processing or generation, in general Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...G06T) [3]

|  | G06K 9/38 - G06K 9/54 |
Note(s) Group Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...G06K 9/58 takes precedence over groups Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...G06K 9/38-G06K 9/54. [3]

|  | G06K 9/38 |
· · | Quantising the analogue image signal [3]

|  | G06K 9/40 |
· · | Noise filtering [3]

|  | G06K 9/42 |
· · | Normalisation of the pattern dimensions [3]

|  | G06K 9/44 |
· · | Smoothing or thinning of the pattern [3]

|  | G06K 9/46 |
· · | Extraction of features or characteristics of the image [3]

|  | G06K 9/48 |
· · · | by coding the contour of the pattern [3]

|  | G06K 9/50 |
· · · | by analysing segments intersecting the pattern [3]

|  | G06K 9/52 |
· · · | by deriving mathematical or geometrical properties from the whole image [3]

|  | G06K 9/54 |
· · | Combinations of preprocessing functions [3]

|  | G06K 9/56 |
· · · | using a local operator, i.e. means to operate on an elementary image point in terms of the immediate surroundings of this point [3]

|  | G06K 9/58 |
· · | using optical means [3]

|  | G06K 9/60 |
· | Combination of image acquisition and preprocessing functions [3]

|  | G06K 9/62 |
· | Methods or arrangements for recognition using electronic means (learning machines Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...G06F 15/18; digital correlation Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...G06F 17/15; analogue correlation Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...G06G 7/19) [3]

|  | G06K 9/64 |
· · | using simultaneous comparisons or correlations of the image signals with a plurality of references, e.g. resistor matrix [3]

|  | G06K 9/66 |
· · · | references adjustable by an adaptive method, e.g. learning [3]

|  | G06K 9/68 |
· · | using sequential comparisons of the image signals with a plurality of reference, e.g. addressable memory [3]

|  | G06K 9/70 |
· · · | the selection of the next reference depending on the result of the preceding comparison [3]

|  | G06K 9/72 |
· · | using context analysis based on the provisionally recognised identity of a number of successive patterns, e.g. a word [3]

|  | G06K 9/74 |
· | Arrangements for recognition using optical reference masks (optical analogue correlation Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...G06E 3/00) [3]

|  | G06K 9/76 |
· · | using holographic masks [3]

|  | G06K 9/78 |
· | Combination of image acquisition and recognition functions [3]

|  | G06K 9/80 |
· | Combination of image preprocessing and recognition functions [3]

|  | G06K 9/82 |
· · | using optical means in one or both functions [3]

P:20 |  | G06K 11/00 |
Methods or arrangements for graph-reading or for converting the pattern of mechanical parameters, e.g. force or presence, into electrical signals (combined with character or pattern recognition Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...G06K 9/00; feelers for copying devices on machine tools Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...B23Q 35/00; arrangements for measuring areas Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...G01B; measuring force Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...G01L; adapted as input devices to computers Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...G06F 3/00; systems for transmitting the position of an object with respect to a predetermined reference system, e.g. tele-autographic system, Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...G08C 21/00) [2]

|  | G06K 11/02 |
· | Automatic curve followers

|  | G06K 11/04 |
· · | using an auxiliary scanning pattern [2]

|  | G06K 11/06 |
· | Devices for converting the position of a manually-operated writing or tracing member into an electrical signal [3]

P:80 |  | G06K 13/00 |
Conveying record carriers from one station to another, e.g. from stack to punching mechanism (transport devices in general Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...B65G)

|  | G06K 13/02 |
· | the record carrier having longitudinal dimension comparable with transverse dimension, e.g. punched card

|  | G06K 13/04 |
· · | Details, e.g. flaps in card-sorting apparatus

|  | G06K 13/05 |
· · · | Capstans; Pinch rollers

|  | G06K 13/06 |
· · | Guiding cards; Checking correct operation of card-conveying mechanisms [2]

|  | G06K 13/063 |
· · · | Aligning cards [2]

|  | G06K 13/067 |
· · · | Checking presence, absence, correct position, or moving status of cards [2]

|  | G06K 13/07 |
· · | Transporting of cards between stations

|  | G06K 13/073 |
· · · | with continuous movement [2]

|  | G06K 13/077 |
· · · | with intermittent movement; Braking or stopping movement [2]

|  | G06K 13/08 |
· · | Feeding or discharging cards

|  | G06K 13/10 |
· · · | from magazine to conveying arrangement

|  | G06K 13/103 |
· · · · | using mechanical means [2]

|  | G06K 13/107 |
· · · · | using pneumatic means [2]

|  | G06K 13/12 |
· · · | from conveying arrangement to magazine

|  | G06K 13/14 |
· · · | Card magazines, e.g. pocket, hopper (card magazines in general Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...B42F)

|  | G06K 13/16 |
· · | Handling flexible sheets, e.g. cheques

|  | G06K 13/18 |
· | the record carrier being longitudinally extended, e.g. punched tape (features of interest apart from data processing Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...G11B; magnetic-tape drive Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...G11B 15/00)

|  | G06K 13/20 |
· · | Details

|  | G06K 13/22 |
· · · | Capstans; Pinch rollers

|  | G06K 13/24 |
· · | Guiding of record carriers; Recognising end of record carrier

|  | G06K 13/26 |
· · | Winding-up or unwinding of record carriers; Driving of record carriers [2]

|  | G06K 13/28 |
· · · | continuously [2]

|  | G06K 13/30 |
· · · | intermittently [2]

P:40 |  | G06K 15/00 |
Arrangements for producing a permanent visual presentation of the output data [3]

|  | G06K 15/02 |
· | using printers (printers per se Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...B41J)

|  | G06K 15/04 |
· · | by rack-type printers

|  | G06K 15/06 |
· · | by type-wheel printers

|  | G06K 15/07 |
· · · | by continuously-rotating-type-wheel printers, e.g. rotating-type-drum printers [2]

|  | G06K 15/08 |
· · | by flight printing with type font moving in the direction of the printed line, e.g. chain printers

|  | G06K 15/10 |
· · | by matrix printers

|  | G06K 15/12 |
· · | by photographic printing

|  | G06K 15/14 |
· · | by electrographic printing, e.g. xerography; by magnetographic printing

|  | G06K 15/16 |
· · | Means for paper feeding or form feeding

|  | G06K 15/22 |
· | using plotters (plotters per se Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...B43L 13/00) [3]

P:0 |  | G06K 17/00 |
Methods or arrangements for effecting co-operative working between equipments covered by two or more of main groups Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...G06K 1/00-G06K 15/00, e.g. automatic card files incorporating conveying and reading operations

P:90 |  | G06K 19/00 |
Record carriers for use with machines and with at least a part designed to carry digital markings (record carriers adapted for controlling specific machines, see the appropriate subclass for the machine, e.g. Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...B23Q, Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...D03C, Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...G10F, Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...H04L; form printing Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...B41; file cards Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...B42F 19/00; record carriers in general Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...G11)

|  | G06K 19/02 |
· | characterised by the selection of materials, e.g. to avoid wear during transport through the machine

|  | G06K 19/04 |
· | characterised by the shape

|  | G06K 19/06 |
· | characterised by the kind of the digital marking, e.g. shape, nature, code

|  | G06K 19/063 |
· · | the carrier being marginally punched or notched, e.g. having elongated slots [5]

|  | G06K 19/067 |
· · | Record carriers with conductive marks, printed circuits or semiconductor circuit elements, e.g. credit or identity cards (using a coded card to authorise calls from a telephone set Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...H04M 1/675) [5]

|  | G06K 19/07 |
· · · | with integrated circuit chips [5]

|  | G06K 19/073 |
· · · · | Special arrangements for circuits, e.g. for protecting identification code in memory (protection against unauthorised use of computer memory Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...G06F 12/14) [5]

|  | G06K 19/077 |
· · · · | Constructional details, e.g. mounting of circuits in the carrier [5]

|  | G06K 19/08 |
· · | using markings of different kinds in the same record carrier, e.g. one marking being sensed by optical and the other by magnetic means

|  | G06K 19/10 |
· · · | at least one kind of marking being used for authentication, e.g. of credit or identity cards (verification of coded identity or credit cards in mechanisms actuated by them Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...G07F 7/12) [5]

|  | G06K 19/12 |
· · · · | the marking being sensed by magnetic means [5]

|  | G06K 19/14 |
· · · · | the marking being sensed by radiation [5]

|  | G06K 19/16 |
· · · · · | the marking being a hologram or diffraction grating [5]

|  | G06K 19/18 |
· · · · | Constructional details [5]

P:100 |  | G06K 21/00 |
Information retrieval from punched cards designed for manual use or handling by machine (Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...G06K 19/00 takes precedence); Apparatus for handling such cards, e.g. marking or correcting

|  | G06K 21/02 |
· | in which coincidence of markings is sensed mechanically, e.g. by needle

|  | G06K 21/04 |
· | in which coincidence of markings is sensed optically, e.g. peek-a-boo system

|  | G06K 21/06 |
· | Apparatus or tools adapted for slotting or otherwise marking information-retrieval cards (tools for perforating in general Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...B26F)

|  | G06K 21/08 |
· | Apparatus or tools for correcting punching or slotting errors [2]