|  | G |
SECTION G — PHYSICS

|  | G |
Note(s) In this section, the following term is used with the meaning indicated: "variable" (as a noun) means a feature or property (e.g., a dimension, a physical condition such as temperature, a quality such as density or colour) which, in respect of a particular entity (e.g., an object, a quantity of a substance, a beam of light) and at a particular instant, is capable of being measured; the variable may change, so that its numerical expression may assume different values at different times, in different conditions or in individual cases, but may be constant in respect of a particular entity in certain conditions or for practical purposes (e.g., the length of a bar may be regarded as constant for many purposes). Attention is drawn to the definitions of terms or expressions used, appearing in the notes of several of the classes in this section, in particular those of "measuring" in class Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...G01 and "control" and "regulation" in class Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...G05. Classification in this section may present more difficulty than in other sections, because the distinction between different fields of use rests to a considerable extent on differences in the intention of the user rather than on any constructional differences or differences in the manner of use, and because the subjects dealt with are often in effect systems or combinations, which have features or parts in common, rather than "things", which are readily distinguishable as a whole. For example, information (e.g., a set of figures) may be displayed for the purpose of education or advertising (Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...G09), for enabling the result of a measurement to be known (Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...G01), for signalling the information to a distant point or for giving information which has been signalled from a distant point (Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...G08). The words used to describe the purpose depend on features that may be irrelevant to the form of the apparatus concerned, for example, such features as the desired effect on the person who sees the display, or whether the display is controlled from a remote point. Again, a device which responds to some change in a condition, e.g., in the pressure of a fluid, may be used, without modification of the device itself, to give information about the pressure (Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...G01L) or about some other condition linked to the pressure (another subclass of class Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...G01, e.g., Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...G01K for temperature), to make a record of the pressure or of its occurrence (Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...G07C), to give an alarm (Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...G08B), or to control another apparatus (Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...G05). The classification scheme is intended to enable things of a similar nature (as indicated above) to be classified together. It is therefore particularly necessary for the real nature of any technical subject to be decided before it can be properly classified.

INSTRUMENTS

|  | G06 |
COMPUTING; CALCULATING; COUNTING (score computers for games Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...A63B 71/06, Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...A63D 15/20, Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...A63F 1/18; combinations of writing implements with computing devices Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...B43K 29/08)

|  | G06 |
Note(s) This class covers: simulators which are concerned with the mathematics of computing the existing or anticipated conditions within the real device or system; simulators which demonstrate, by means involving computing, the function of apparatus or of a system, if no provision exists elsewhere; image data processing or generation. This class does not cover: control functions derived from simulators, in general, which are covered by class Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...G05, although such functions may be covered by the subclass of this class for the device controlled; measurement or analysis of an individual variable to serve as an input to a simulator, which is covered by class Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...G01; simulators regarded as teaching or training devices which is the case if they give perceptible sensations having a likeness to the sensations a student would experience in reality in response to actions taken by him. Such simulators are covered by class Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...G09; components of simulators, if identical with real devices or machines, which are covered by the relevant subclass for these devices or machines (and not by class Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...G09). In this class, the following terms or expressions are used with the meanings indicated: "data" is used as the synonym of "information". Therefore, the term "information" is not used in subclasses Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...G06C, Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...G06F or Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...G06Q; "calculating or computing" includes, inter alia, operations on numerical values and on data expressed in numerical form. Of these terms "computing" is used throughout the class; "computation" is derived from this interpretation of "computing". In the French language the term "calcul" will serve for either term; "simulator" is a device which may use the same time scale as the real device or operate on an expanded or compressed time scale. In interpreting this term models of real devices to reduced or expanded scales are not regarded as simulators; "record carrier" means a body, such as a cylinder, disc, card, tape, or wire, capable of permanently holding information, which can be read-off by a sensing element movable relative to the recorded information. Attention is drawn to the Notes following the title of section G, especially as regards the definition of the term "variable".

|  | G06C |
DIGITAL COMPUTERS IN WHICH ALL THE COMPUTATION IS EFFECTED MECHANICALLY (score computers for card games Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...A63F 1/18; construction of keys, printing mechanisms, or other parts of general application to the typewriting or printing art Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...B41; keys or printing mechanisms for special applications, see the relevant subclass, e.g. Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...G05G, Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...G06K; cash registers Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...G07G 1/00) [4]

|  | G06C |
Note(s) This subclass does not cover details of mechanisms covered by main groups Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...G06C 9/00, Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...G06C 11/00 or Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...G06C 15/00, which are applicable to mechanical counters driven only through the lowest denomination. Such details are covered by subclass Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...G06M.

|  | G06C |
Subclass index
MACHINES CHARACTERISED BY THEIR STRUCTURAL INTERCONNECTION | 27/00
FUNCTIONAL ELEMENTARY MECHANISMS |
Input; transfer; output; storage; computing | 7/00; 9/00; 11/00; 13/00; 15/00
AUXILIARY MECHANISMS OR ARRANGEMENTS |
Conversion; decimal-point; programming; driving; auxiliary arrangements | 17/00; 19/00; 21/00; 23/00; 25/00
NON-FUNCTIONAL ELEMENTS: HOUSINGS, FRAMEWORKS | 5/00
COMBINATIONS OF COMPUTING MACHINES WITH OTHER MACHINES | 29/00
COMPUTING AIDS, OTHER THAN MACHINES | 1/00, 3/00

|  | G06D |
DIGITAL FLUID-PRESSURE COMPUTING DEVICES

|  | G06D |
Note(s) This subclass covers all devices in which at least one computing function is performed by hydraulic or pneumatic means.

|  | G06E |
OPTICAL COMPUTING DEVICES (optical logic elements per se Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...G02F 3/00; computer systems based on specific computational models Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...G06N; digital storage using optical elements Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...G11C 13/04) [5]

|  | G06E |
Note(s) This subclass covers all devices in which at least one computing function is performed by optical means. [5] If other aspects, for example mechanical, fluid pressure or electrical computing, are of interest, classification is also made in the relevant subclass for such aspects. [5]

|  | G06F |
ELECTRIC DIGITAL DATA PROCESSING (computers in which a part of the computation is effected hydraulically or pneumatically Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...G06D, optically Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...G06E; computer systems based on specific computational models Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...G06N; impedance networks using digital techniques Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...H03H)

|  | G06F |
Note(s) In this subclass, the following terms or expressions are used with the meaning indicated: "handling" includes processing or transporting of data; "data processing equipment" means an association of an electric digital data processor classifiable under group Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...G06F 7/00, with one or more arrangements classifiable under groups Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...G06F 1/00-G06F 5/00 and Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...G06F 9/00-G06F 13/00.

|  | G06F |
Subclass index
DATA PROCESSING | 7/00, 15/00 - 19/00
INPUT, OUTPUT; INTERCONNECTIONS BETWEEN FUNCTIONAL ELEMENTS | 3/00; 13/00
ADDRESSING OR ALLOCATION | 12/00
CONVERSION; PROGRAMME CONTROL; ERROR DETECTION, MONITORING | 5/00; 9/00; 11/00
DETAILS | 1/00
SECURITY ARRANGEMENTS | 21/00

|  | G06G |
ANALOGUE COMPUTERS (analogue optical computing devices Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...G06E 3/00; computer systems based on specific computational models Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...G06N)

|  | G06J |
HYBRID COMPUTING ARRANGEMENTS (optical hybrid computing devices Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...G06E 3/00; computer systems based on specific computational models Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...G06N; neural networks for image data processing Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...G06T; analogue/digital conversion, in general Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...H03M 1/00)

|  | G06J |
Note(s) In this subclass, the following expression is used with the meaning indicated: "hybrid computing arrangement" is an arrangement in which part of the computation is digital and part is analogue.

|  | G06K |
RECOGNITION OF DATA; PRESENTATION OF DATA; RECORD CARRIERS; HANDLING RECORD CARRIERS (postal sorting Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...B07C; secondary surveillance radar Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...G01S; detecting presence of transponders or tags Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...G01S, Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...G01V)

|  | G06K |
Note(s) This subclass covers: marking, sensing, and conveying of record carriers; recognising characters or other data; presenting visually or otherwise the data recognised or the result of a computation. This subclass does not cover printing per se.

|  | G06K |
Subclass index
READING |
Characters; graphs | 9/00; 11/00
RECOGNISING |
Characters; patterns | 9/00
CONVERTING POSITION OF MANUAL WRITING OR TRACING MEMBER INTO SIGNALS | 11/00
PERMANENT VISUAL PRESENTATION OF OUTPUT DATA | 15/00
MARKING, PRINTING-OUT | 1/00, 3/00
VERIFYING | 5/00
SENSING | 7/00
CONVEYING | 13/00
COMBINATIONS OF OPERATIONS COVERED BY TWO OR MORE OF THE PRECEDING GROUPS | 17/00
RECORD CARRIERS, PUNCHED CARDS | 19/00, 21/00

|  | G06M |
COUNTING MECHANISMS; COUNTING OF OBJECTS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR (counting by measuring volume or weight of articles to be counted Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...G01F, Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...G01G; adaptation of counters to electricity meters in electromechanical arrangements for measuring time integral of electric power or current Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...G01R 11/16; computers Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...G06C-G06J; counting electric pulses Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...H03K; counting characters, words or messages in switching networks for transmission of digital information Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...H04L 12/08; metering arrangements in telephonic systems Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...H04M 15/00)

|  | G06M |
Note(s) This subclass covers: stepping or continuously-moving mechanical counters operated through one or more inputs applied to the lowest order mechanically or electrically; counting systems involving applications of either mechanical, electrical, or electronic counters.

|  | G06N |
COMPUTER SYSTEMS BASED ON SPECIFIC COMPUTATIONAL MODELS [7]

|  | G06Q |
DATA PROCESSING SYSTEMS OR METHODS, SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR ADMINISTRATIVE, COMMERCIAL, FINANCIAL, MANAGERIAL, SUPERVISORY OR FORECASTING PURPOSES; SYSTEMS OR METHODS SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR ADMINISTRATIVE, COMMERCIAL, FINANCIAL, MANAGERIAL, SUPERVISORY OR FORECASTING PURPOSES, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR [8]

|  | G06Q |
Note(s) Groups Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...G06Q 10/00-G06Q 50/00 and Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...G06Q 99/00 only cover systems or methods that involve significant data processing operations, i.e. data processing operations that need to be carried out by a technological, e.g. computing, system or device. [8] Group Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...G06Q 90/00 covers systems or methods that do not involve significant data processing, when both of the following conditions are fulfilled: [8] the systems or methods are specially adapted for the purposes mentioned in the subclass title or the titles of groups Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...G06Q 10/00-G06Q 50/00; and [8] the systems or methods cannot be classified elsewhere in the IPC, for example by applying the principles described in paragraph 96 of the Guide. [8] When classifying such systems or methods in group Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...G06Q 90/00, additional classification may be made in the most closely related group of this or any other subclass, if this classification gives information about the application of the systems or methods that could be of interest for search. Such non-obligatory classification must be given as "additional information". [8] When classifying in groups Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...G06Q 10/00-G06Q 40/00, systems or methods that are specially adapted for a specific business sector must also be classified in group Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...G06Q 50/00, when the special adaptation is determined to be novel and non-obvious. [8] In this subclass, the first place priority rule is applied, i.e. at each hierarchical level, classification is made in the first appropriate place. [8]

|  | G06T |
IMAGE DATA PROCESSING OR GENERATION, IN GENERAL (specially adapted for particular applications, see the relevant subclasses, e.g. Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...G01C, Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...G06K, Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...G09G, Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...H04N) [6,8]

|  | G06T |
Note(s) This subclass covers: [6] arrangements for geometrically modelling objects, whether the final model is used for display of an image of the object or for some other purpose, such as manufacture of a corresponding object; [6] arrangements for analysing the geometric attributes of an image of an object. [6] This subclass does not cover: [6] photogrammetry or videogrammetry, which are covered by subclass Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...G01C; [8] reading or recognising printed or written characters or recognising patterns, e.g. fingerprints, which is covered by subclass Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...G06K; [6] modification of image data to allow display using multiple viewports, which is covered by subclass Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...G09G; [6] circuits for generating functions for visual indicators, which are covered by subclass Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...G09G; [6] scanning of documents or the like in pictorial communication, which is covered by subclass Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...H04N. [6]

|  | G06T |
Subclass index
GENERAL PURPOSE IMAGE DATA PROCESSING | 1/00
GEOMETRIC IMAGE TRANSFORMATION IN THE PLANE OF THE IMAGE | 3/00
IMAGE ENHANCEMENT OR RESTORATION | 5/00
IMAGE ANALYSIS | 7/00
IMAGE CODING | 9/00
TWO DIMENSIONAL (2D) IMAGE GENERATION | 11/00
ANIMATION EFFECTS IN TWO DIMENSIONAL (2D) IMAGES | 13/00
THREE DIMENSIONAL (3D) IMAGE RENDERING | 15/00
THREE DIMENSIONAL (3D) MODELLING | 17/00