|  | C |
SECTION C — CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY

|  | C |
Note(s) In section C, the definitions of groups of chemical elements are as follows: Alkali metals: Li, Na, K, Rb, Cs, Fr Alkaline earth metals: Ca, Sr, Ba, Ra Lanthanides: elements with atomic numbers 57 to 71 inclusive Rare earths: Sc, Y, Lanthanides Actinides: elements with atomic numbers 89 to 103 inclusive Refractory metals: Ti, V, Cr, Zr, Nb, Mo, Hf, Ta, W Halogens: F, Cl, Br, I, At Noble gases: He, Ne, Ar, Kr, Xe, Rn Platinum group: Os, Ir, Pt, Ru, Rh, Pd Noble metals: Ag, Au, Platinum group Light metals: alkali metals, alkaline earth metals, Be, Al, Mg Heavy metals: metals other than light metals Iron group: Fe, Co, Ni Non-metals: H, B, C, Si, N, P, O, S, Se, Te, noble gases, halogens Metals: elements other than non-metals Transition elements: elements with atomic numbers 21 to 30 inclusive, 39 to 48 inclusive, 57 to 80 inclusive, 89 upwards Section C covers: pure chemistry, which covers inorganic compounds, organic compounds, macromolecular compounds, and their methods of preparation; applied chemistry, which covers compositions containing the above compounds, such as: glass, ceramics, fertilisers, plastics compositions, paints, products of the petroleum industry. It also covers certain compositions on account of their having particular properties rendering them suitable for certain purposes, as in the case of explosives, dyestuffs, adhesives, lubricants, and detergents; certain marginal industries, such as the manufacture of coke and of solid or gaseous fuels, the production and refining of oils, fats and waxes, the fermentation industry (e.g., brewing and wine-making), the sugar industry; certain operations or treatments, which are either purely mechanical, e.g., the mechanical treatment of leather and skins, or partly mechanical, e.g., the treatment of water or the prevention of corrosion in general; metallurgy, ferrous or non-ferrous alloys. In the case of operations, treatments, products or articles having both a chemical and a non-chemical part or aspect, the general rule is that the chemical part or aspect is covered by section C. In some of these cases, the chemical part or aspect brings with it a non-chemical one, even though purely mechanical, because this latter aspect either is essential to the operation or treatment or constitutes an important element thereof. It has seemed, in fact, more logical not to dissociate the different parts or aspects of a coherent whole. This is the case for applied chemistry and for the industries, operations and treatments mentioned in Notes (1)(c), (d) and (e). For example, furnaces peculiar to the manufacture of glass are covered by class Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...C03 and not by class Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F27. There are, however, some exceptions in which the mechanical (or non-chemical) aspect carries with it the chemical aspect, for example: Certain extractive processes, in subclass Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...A61K; The chemical purification of air, in subclass Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...A61L; Chemical methods of fire-fighting, in subclass Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...A62D; Chemical processes and apparatus, in class Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...B01; Impregnation of wood, in subclass Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...B27K; Chemical methods of analysis or testing, in subclass Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...G01N; Photographic materials and processes, in class Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...G03, and, generally, the chemical treatment of textiles and the production of cellulose or paper, in section D. In still other cases, the pure chemical aspect is covered by section C and the applied chemical aspect by another section, such as A, B or F, e.g., the use of a substance or composition for: treatment of plants or animals, covered by subclass Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...A01N; foodstuffs, covered by class Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...A23; ammunition or explosives, covered by class Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F42. When the chemical and mechanical aspects are so closely interlocked that a neat and simple division is not possible, or when certain mechanical processes follow as a natural or logical continuation of a chemical treatment, section C may cover, in addition to the chemical aspect, a part only of the mechanical aspect, e.g., after-treatment of artificial stone, covered by class Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...C04. In this latter case, a note or a reference is usually given to make the position clear, even if sometimes the division is rather arbitrary.

CHEMISTRY

|  | C10 |
PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT

|  | C10B |
DESTRUCTIVE DISTILLATION OF CARBONACEOUS MATERIALS FOR PRODUCTION OF GAS, COKE, TAR, OR SIMILAR MATERIALS (cracking oils Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...C10G; underground gasification of minerals Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...E21B 43/295) [5]

|  | C10B |
Subclass index
RETORTS; COKE OVENS |
Retorts | 1/00
Coke ovens | 3/00 - 15/00
Structural features of coke ovens |
doors, closures; other features | 25/00; 27/00, 29/00
heating | 17/00 - 23/00
charging devices | 13/00, 31/00 - 35/00
safety devices; preventing or removing incrustations | 41/00; 43/00
other details | 45/00
CARBONISING OR COKING PROCESSES |
By destructive distillation | 47/00 - 53/00
Coking mineral oils or the like | 55/00
Other processes | 57/00
FEATURES OF DESTRUCTIVE DISTILLATION PROCESSES IN GENERAL | 7/00, 13/00, 37/00, 39/00, 57/00

|  | C10C |
WORKING-UP TAR, PITCH, ASPHALT, BITUMEN; PYROLIGNEOUS ACID (compositions of bituminous materials Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...C08L 95/00; carbon filaments by decomposition of organic filaments Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...D01F 9/14)

|  | C10F |
DRYING OR WORKING-UP OF PEAT [5]

|  | C10G |
CRACKING HYDROCARBON OILS; PRODUCTION OF LIQUID HYDROCARBON MIXTURES, e.g. BY DESTRUCTIVE HYDROGENATION, OLIGOMERISATION, POLYMERISATION (cracking to hydrogen or synthesis gas Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...C01B; cracking or pyrolysis of hydrocarbon gases to individual hydrocarbons or mixtures thereof of definite or specified constitution Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...C07C; cracking to cokes Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...C10B); RECOVERY OF HYDROCARBON OILS FROM OIL-SHALE, OIL-SAND, OR GASES; REFINING MIXTURES MAINLY CONSISTING OF HYDROCARBONS; REFORMING OF NAPHTHA; MINERAL WAXES (inhibiting corrosion or incrustation in general Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...C23F) [6]

|  | C10G |
Note(s) In this subclass: groups Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...C10G 9/00-C10G 49/00 are limited to one-step processes; [3] combined or multi-step processes are covered by groups Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...C10G 51/00-C10G 69/00; [3] refining or recovery of mineral waxes is covered by group Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...C10G 73/00. [3] In this subclass, the following terms or expressions are used with the meanings indicated: "in the presence of hydrogen" or "in the absence of hydrogen" mean treatments in which hydrogen, in free form or as hydrogen generating compounds, is added, or not added, respectively; [3] "hydrotreatment" is used for conversion processes as defined in group Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...C10G 45/00 or group Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...C10G 47/00; [3] "hydrocarbon oils" covers mixtures of hydrocarbons such as tar oils or mineral oils. [3] In this subclass, in the absence of an indication to the contrary, classification is made in the last appropriate place. [3] Processes using enzymes or micro-organisms in order to: liberate, separate or purify a pre-existing compound or composition, or to treat textiles or clean solid surfaces of materials are further classified in subclass Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...C12S. [5]

|  | C10G |
Subclass index
PRODUCTION OF LIQUID HYDROCARBON MIXTURES | 1/00 - 5/00, 50/00
DISTILLATION OF HYDROCARBON OILS | 7/00
CRACKING | 9/00 - 15/00, 47/00
REFINING HYDROCARBON OILS |
by treatment with acids, with alkalis | 17/00, 19/00
by extraction with solvents or adsorptive solids | 21/00, 25/00
by reaction with hydrogen, by oxidation or by other chemical reaction | 27/00, 29/00, 45/00, 49/00
Other processes | 31/00, 32/00, 33/00
REFORMING | 35/00, 59/00 - 63/00
MULTI-STEP PROCESSES | 51/00 - 69/00
OTHER PROCESSES | 70/00, 71/00
TREATING MINERAL WAXES | 73/00
INHIBITING CORROSION | 75/00
SUBJECT MATTER NOT PROVIDED FOR IN OTHER GROUPS OF THIS SUBCLASS | 99/00

|  | C10H |
PRODUCTION OF ACETYLENE BY WET METHODS (purification of acetylene Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...C07C 11/24) [5]

|  | C10H |
Subclass index
GENERATORS |
With non-automatic water feed | 1/00
With automatic water feed | 3/00, 5/00
Kipp's or Dobereiner's type | 7/00, 9/00
Other types | 11/00 - 19/00
Details | 21/00

|  | C10J |
PRODUCTION OF PRODUCER GAS, WATER-GAS, SYNTHESIS GAS FROM SOLID CARBONACEOUS MATERIAL, OR MIXTURES CONTAINING THESE GASES (synthesis gas from liquid or gaseous hydrocarbons Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...C01B; underground gasification of minerals Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...E21B 43/295); CARBURETTING AIR OR OTHER GASES [5]

|  | C10K |
PURIFYING OR MODIFYING THE CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF COMBUSTIBLE GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE

|  | C10L |
FUELS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR (fuels for generating pressure gas, e.g. for rockets, Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...C06D 5/00; candles Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...C11C; nuclear fuel Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...G21C 3/00); NATURAL GAS; SYNTHETIC NATURAL GAS OBTAINED BY PROCESSES NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...C10G, Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...C10K; LIQUEFIED PETROLEUM GAS; ADDING MATERIALS TO FUELS OR FIRES TO REDUCE SMOKE OR UNDESIRABLE DEPOSITS OR TO FACILITATE SOOT REMOVAL; FIRE-LIGHTERS [5]

|  | C10M |
LUBRICATING COMPOSITIONS (well drilling compositions Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...C09K 8/02); USE OF CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES EITHER ALONE OR AS LUBRICATING INGREDIENTS IN A LUBRICATING COMPOSITION (mould release, i.e. separating, agents for metals Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...B22C 3/00, for plastics or substances in a plastic state, in general Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...B29C 33/56, for glass Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...C03B 40/02; textile lubricating compositions Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...D06M 11/00, Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...D06M 13/00, Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...D06M 15/00; use of particular substances in particular apparatus or conditions, see Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F16N or the relevant groups for the application, e.g. Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...A21D 8/08, Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...B21C 9/00, Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...H01B 3/18; immersion oils for microscopy Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...G02B 21/33) [4]

|  | C10M |
Note(s) In this subclass, the following terms or expressions are used with the meanings indicated: "lubricant" or "lubricating composition" includes cutting oils, hydraulic fluids, metal drawing compositions, flushing oils, slushing oils, or the like; "aliphatic" includes "cycloaliphatic". [4] In this subclass, in the absence of an indication to the contrary, classification is made in the last appropriate place. Thus, a compound having an aromatic ring is classified as aromatic regardless of whether the substituent(s) of interest are on the ring or on an aliphatic part of the molecule. [4] In this subclass: metal or ammonium salts of a compound are classified as that compound; salts or adducts formed between two or more organic compounds are classified according to all compounds forming the salt or adduct, if of interest; a specified compound, e.g. phenols, acids, substituted by a macromolecular hydrocarbon radical is classified as that compound; base-materials or thickeners or additives consisting of a mixture for which no specific main group is provided are classified in the most indented group covering all essential constituents of the mixture, for example, a base-material mixture of ketone and amide group Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...C10M 105/00; a base-material mixture of ketone and ether group Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...C10M 105/08; an additive mixture of long and short chain esters group Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...C10M 129/00; an additive mixture of short chain aliphatic and aromatic carboxylic acids group Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...C10M 129/26; except for aqueous lubricating compositions containing more than 10% water, which are classified separately, classification is made according to the type of ingredient or mixture of types of ingredient (base-material, thickener or additive) which characterises the composition. Attention is drawn to the fact that a mixture of essential ingredients characterised by only one of its components, rather than by the mixture as a whole, is not classified as a mixture, e.g., a lubricating composition consisting of: a known base-material and a new additive is classified only in the "additive" part of the classification scheme; a known base-material with both a thickener and a further additive as essential ingredients, which may be individually known or not, is classified as a mixture of thickener and additive; a known base-material with a combination of additives as essential ingredients, which may be individually known or not, is classified in the appropriate place for the additive mixture. [4] Any part of a composition which is not identified by the classification according to Notes (2) or (3) above, and which itself is determined to be novel and non-obvious, must also be classified in the last appropriate place. The part can be either a single ingredient or a composition in itself. [8] Any part of a composition which is not identified by the classification according to Notes (2) to (4) above, and which is considered to represent information of interest for search, may also be classified in the last appropriate place. This can, for example, be the case when it is considered of interest to enable searching of compositions using a combination of classification symbols. Such non-obligatory classification should be given as "additional information". [8]

|  | C10M - C10M 177/00 |
Note(s) In this subclass, it is desirable to add the indexing codes of subclass Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...C10N. [4]

|  | C10M |
Subclass index
BASE-MATERIALS |
Mineral or fatty oils | 101/00
Inorganic materials | 103/00
Non-macromolecular organic compounds | 105/00
Macromolecular compounds | 107/00
Compounds of unknown or incompletely defined constitution | 109/00
Mixtures | 111/00, 169/00
THICKENERS |
Inorganic materials | 113/00
Non-macromolecular organic compounds | 115/00, 117/00
Macromolecular compounds | 119/00
Compounds of unknown or incompletely defined constitution | 121/00
Mixtures | 123/00, 169/00
ADDITIVES |
Inorganic materials | 125/00
Non-macromolecular organic compounds | 127/00 - 139/00
Macromolecular compounds | 143/00 - 155/00
Compounds of unknown or incompletely defined constitution | 159/00
Mixtures | 141/00, 157/00, 161/00 - 169/00
COMPOSITIONS CHARACTERISED BY PHYSICAL PROPERTIES | 171/00
AQUEOUS COMPOSITIONS | 173/00
WORKING-UP | 175/00
PREPARATION OR AFTER TREATMENT | 177/00

|  | C10N |
INDEXING SCHEME ASSOCIATED WITH SUBCLASS Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...C10M [4]

|  | C10N |
Note(s) This subclass constitutes an indexing scheme associated with subclass Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...C10M, relating to: metals and the metal of a compound (Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...C10N 10/00); the properties of the lubricant composition or constituents thereof (Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...C10N 20/00, Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...C10N 30/00); the use or application of the lubricant composition (Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...C10N 40/00); the form in which the lubricant composition is applied (Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...C10N 50/00); chemical modification by after-treatment of lubricant constituents (Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...C10N 60/00); special methods of preparation (Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...C10N 70/00); special pretreatment of the material to be lubricated (Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...C10N 80/00). In this subclass, the following terms or expressions are used with the meanings indicated: "lubricant" or "lubricating composition" includes cutting oils, hydraulic fluids, metal drawing compositions, flushing oils, slushing oils, or the like; "aliphatic" includes "cycloaliphatic". [4]