|  | C |
SECTION C — CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY

|  | C |
Note(s) In section C, the definitions of groups of chemical elements are as follows: Alkali metals: Li, Na, K, Rb, Cs, Fr Alkaline earth metals: Ca, Sr, Ba, Ra Lanthanides: elements with atomic numbers 57 to 71 inclusive Rare earths: Sc, Y, Lanthanides Actinides: elements with atomic numbers 89 to 103 inclusive Refractory metals: Ti, V, Cr, Zr, Nb, Mo, Hf, Ta, W Halogens: F, Cl, Br, I, At Noble gases: He, Ne, Ar, Kr, Xe, Rn Platinum group: Os, Ir, Pt, Ru, Rh, Pd Noble metals: Ag, Au, Platinum group Light metals: alkali metals, alkaline earth metals, Be, Al, Mg Heavy metals: metals other than light metals Iron group: Fe, Co, Ni Non-metals: H, B, C, Si, N, P, O, S, Se, Te, noble gases, halogens Metals: elements other than non-metals Transition elements: elements with atomic numbers 21 to 30 inclusive, 39 to 48 inclusive, 57 to 80 inclusive, 89 upwards Section C covers: pure chemistry, which covers inorganic compounds, organic compounds, macromolecular compounds, and their methods of preparation; applied chemistry, which covers compositions containing the above compounds, such as: glass, ceramics, fertilisers, plastics compositions, paints, products of the petroleum industry. It also covers certain compositions on account of their having particular properties rendering them suitable for certain purposes, as in the case of explosives, dyestuffs, adhesives, lubricants, and detergents; certain marginal industries, such as the manufacture of coke and of solid or gaseous fuels, the production and refining of oils, fats and waxes, the fermentation industry (e.g., brewing and wine-making), the sugar industry; certain operations or treatments, which are either purely mechanical, e.g., the mechanical treatment of leather and skins, or partly mechanical, e.g., the treatment of water or the prevention of corrosion in general; metallurgy, ferrous or non-ferrous alloys. In the case of operations, treatments, products or articles having both a chemical and a non-chemical part or aspect, the general rule is that the chemical part or aspect is covered by section C. In some of these cases, the chemical part or aspect brings with it a non-chemical one, even though purely mechanical, because this latter aspect either is essential to the operation or treatment or constitutes an important element thereof. It has seemed, in fact, more logical not to dissociate the different parts or aspects of a coherent whole. This is the case for applied chemistry and for the industries, operations and treatments mentioned in Notes (1)(c), (d) and (e). For example, furnaces peculiar to the manufacture of glass are covered by class Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...C03 and not by class Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F27. There are, however, some exceptions in which the mechanical (or non-chemical) aspect carries with it the chemical aspect, for example: Certain extractive processes, in subclass Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...A61K; The chemical purification of air, in subclass Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...A61L; Chemical methods of fire-fighting, in subclass Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...A62D; Chemical processes and apparatus, in class Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...B01; Impregnation of wood, in subclass Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...B27K; Chemical methods of analysis or testing, in subclass Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...G01N; Photographic materials and processes, in class Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...G03, and, generally, the chemical treatment of textiles and the production of cellulose or paper, in section D. In still other cases, the pure chemical aspect is covered by section C and the applied chemical aspect by another section, such as A, B or F, e.g., the use of a substance or composition for: treatment of plants or animals, covered by subclass Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...A01N; foodstuffs, covered by class Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...A23; ammunition or explosives, covered by class Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F42. When the chemical and mechanical aspects are so closely interlocked that a neat and simple division is not possible, or when certain mechanical processes follow as a natural or logical continuation of a chemical treatment, section C may cover, in addition to the chemical aspect, a part only of the mechanical aspect, e.g., after-treatment of artificial stone, covered by class Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...C04. In this latter case, a note or a reference is usually given to make the position clear, even if sometimes the division is rather arbitrary.

CHEMISTRY

|  | C10 |
PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT

|  | C10L |
FUELS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR (fuels for generating pressure gas, e.g. for rockets, Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...C06D 5/00; candles Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...C11C; nuclear fuel Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...G21C 3/00); NATURAL GAS; SYNTHETIC NATURAL GAS OBTAINED BY PROCESSES NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...C10G, Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...C10K; LIQUEFIED PETROLEUM GAS; ADDING MATERIALS TO FUELS OR FIRES TO REDUCE SMOKE OR UNDESIRABLE DEPOSITS OR TO FACILITATE SOOT REMOVAL; FIRE-LIGHTERS [5]

P:60 |  | C10L 1/00 |
Liquid carbonaceous fuels

|  | C10L 1/02 |
· | essentially based on components consisting of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen only

|  | C10L 1/04 |
· | essentially based on blends of hydrocarbons

|  | C10L 1/06 |
· · | for spark ignition

|  | C10L 1/08 |
· · | for compression ignition

|  | C10L 1/10 |
· | containing additives

|  | C10L 1/12 - C10L 1/14 |
Note(s) In groups Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...C10L 1/12-C10L 1/14, in the absence of an indication to the contrary, a compound is classified in the last appropriate place. If an additive is a mixture of compounds, classification is made for each compound of interest. [8] A metal salt or an ammonium salt of a compound is classified as that compound, e.g. a chromium sulfonate is classified as a sulfonate in group Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...C10L 1/24 and not in group Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...C10L 1/30.

|  | C10L 1/12 |
· · | Inorganic compounds

|  | C10L 1/14 |
· · | Organic compounds

|  | C10L 1/16 |
· · · | Hydrocarbons

|  | C10L 1/18 |
· · · | containing oxygen

|  | C10L 1/182 |
· · · · | containing hydroxy groups; Salts thereof [8]

|  | C10L 1/183 |
· · · · · | at least one hydroxy group bound to an aromatic carbon atom [8]

|  | C10L 1/185 |
· · · · | Ethers; Acetals; Ketals; Aldehydes; Ketones [8]

|  | C10L 1/188 |
· · · · | Carboxylic acids; Salts thereof [8]

|  | C10L 1/189 |
· · · · · | having at least one carboxyl group bound to an aromatic carbon atom [8]

|  | C10L 1/19 |
· · · · | Esters [8]

|  | C10L 1/192 |
· · · · | Macromolecular compounds [8]

|  | C10L 1/195 |
· · · · · | obtained by reactions involving only carbon-to-carbon unsaturated bonds [8]

|  | C10L 1/196 |
· · · · · · | derived from monomers containing a carbon-to-carbon unsaturated bond and a carboxyl group or salts, anhydrides or esters thereof [8]

|  | C10L 1/197 |
· · · · · · | derived from monomers containing a carbon-to-carbon unsaturated bond and an acyloxy group of a saturated carboxylic or carbonic acid [8]

|  | C10L 1/198 |
· · · · · | obtained otherwise than by reactions involving only carbon-to-carbon unsaturated bonds [8]

|  | C10L 1/20 |
· · · | containing halogen

|  | C10L 1/22 |
· · · | containing nitrogen

|  | C10L 1/222 |
· · · · | containing at least one carbon-to-nitrogen single bond [8]

|  | C10L 1/223 |
· · · · · | having at least one amino group bound to an aromatic carbon atom [8]

|  | C10L 1/224 |
· · · · · | Amides; Imides [8]

|  | C10L 1/226 |
· · · · | containing at least one nitrogen-to-nitrogen bond, e.g. azo compounds, azides, hydrazines [8]

|  | C10L 1/228 |
· · · · | containing at least one carbon-to-nitrogen double bond, e.g. guanidines, hydrazones, semicarbazones, imines; containing at least one carbon-to-nitrogen triple bond, e.g. nitriles [8]

|  | C10L 1/23 |
· · · · | containing at least one nitrogen-to-oxygen bond, e.g. nitro-compounds, nitrates, nitrites [8]

|  | C10L 1/232 |
· · · · | containing nitrogen in a heterocyclic ring [8]

|  | C10L 1/233 |
· · · · · | containing nitrogen and oxygen in the ring, e.g. oxazoles [8]

|  | C10L 1/234 |
· · · · | Macromolecular compounds [8]

|  | C10L 1/236 |
· · · · · | obtained by reactions involving only carbon-to-carbon unsaturated bonds [8]

|  | C10L 1/238 |
· · · · · | obtained otherwise than by reactions involving only carbon-to-carbon unsaturated bonds [8]

|  | C10L 1/2383 |
· · · · · · | Polyamines or polyimines, or derivatives thereof [8]

|  | C10L 1/2387 |
· · · · · · · | Polyoxyalkyleneamines [8]

|  | C10L 1/24 |
· · · | containing sulfur, selenium or tellurium

|  | C10L 1/26 |
· · · | containing phosphorus

|  | C10L 1/28 |
· · · | containing silicon

|  | C10L 1/30 |
· · · | containing elements not mentioned in groups Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...C10L 1/16-C10L 1/28

|  | C10L 1/32 |
· | consisting of coal-oil suspensions or aqueous emulsions

P:50 |  | C10L 3/00 |
Gaseous fuels; Natural gas; Synthetic natural gas obtained by processes not covered by subclasses Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...C10G, Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...C10K; Liquefied petroleum gas [5]

|  | C10L 3/02 |
· | Compositions containing acetylene

|  | C10L 3/04 |
· · | Absorbing compositions, e.g. solvents

|  | C10L 3/06 |
· | Natural gas; Synthetic natural gas obtained by processes not covered by Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...C10G, Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...C10K 3/02 or Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...C10K 3/04 [5]

|  | C10L 3/08 |
· · | Production of synthetic natural gas [5]

|  | C10L 3/10 |
· · | Working-up natural gas or synthetic natural gas [5]

|  | C10L 3/12 |
· | Liquefied petroleum gas [5]

P:40 |  | C10L 5/00 |
Solid fuels (produced by solidifying fluid fuels Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...C10L 7/00)

|  | C10L 5/02 |
· | Briquettes consisting mainly of carbonaceous materials of mineral origin (peat briquettes Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...C10F)

|  | C10L 5/04 |
· · | Raw material to be used; Pretreatment thereof

|  | C10L 5/06 |
· · | Briquetting processes (briquetting presses Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...B30B 11/00)

|  | C10L 5/08 |
· · · | without the aid of extraneous binders (briquetting peat Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...C10F)

|  | C10L 5/10 |
· · · | with the aid of binders, e.g. pretreated binders

|  | C10L 5/12 |
· · · · | with inorganic binders

|  | C10L 5/14 |
· · · · | with organic binders

|  | C10L 5/16 |
· · · · · | with bituminous binders, e.g. tar, pitch

|  | C10L 5/18 |
· · · · · | with naphthalene

|  | C10L 5/20 |
· · · · · | with sulfite lye

|  | C10L 5/22 |
· · · · | Methods of applying the binder to the other compounding ingredients; Apparatus therefor

|  | C10L 5/24 |
· · | Combating dust during briquetting; Safety devices against explosion

|  | C10L 5/26 |
· · | After-treatment of the briquettes

|  | C10L 5/28 |
· · · | Heating the briquettes; Coking the binders

|  | C10L 5/30 |
· · · | Cooling the briquettes

|  | C10L 5/32 |
· · · | Coating

|  | C10L 5/34 |
· · | Other details of the briquettes

|  | C10L 5/36 |
· · · | Shape

|  | C10L 5/38 |
· · · · | Briquettes consisting of different layers

|  | C10L 5/40 |
· | essentially based on materials of non-mineral origin

|  | C10L 5/42 |
· · | on animal substances or products obtained therefrom

|  | C10L 5/44 |
· · | on vegetable substances

|  | C10L 5/46 |
· · | on sewage, house, or town refuse

|  | C10L 5/48 |
· · | on industrial residues or waste materials (Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...C10L 5/42, Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...C10L 5/44 take precedence) [4]

P:30 |  | C10L 7/00 |
Fuels produced by solidifying fluid fuels

|  | C10L 7/02 |
· | liquid fuels (lubricating compositions Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...C10M)

|  | C10L 7/04 |
· · | alcohol

P:70 |  | C10L 8/00 |
Fuels not provided for in other groups of this subclass [8]

P:20 |  | C10L 9/00 |
Treating solid fuels to improve their combustion

|  | C10L 9/02 |
· | by chemical means

|  | C10L 9/04 |
· · | by hydrogenating

|  | C10L 9/06 |
· · | by oxidation

|  | C10L 9/08 |
· | by heat treatment, e.g. calcining

|  | C10L 9/10 |
· | by using additives

|  | C10L 9/12 |
· · | Oxidation means, e.g. oxygen-generating compounds

P:10 |  | C10L 10/00 |
Use of additives to fuels or fires for particular purposes (additives for liquid carbonaceous fuels characterised by their chemical nature Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...C10L 1/10; using binders for briquetting solid fuels Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...C10L 5/10; using additives to improve the combustion of solid fuels Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...C10L 9/10) [1,8]

|  | C10L 10/02 |
· | for reducing smoke development

|  | C10L 10/04 |
· | for minimising corrosion or incrustation

|  | C10L 10/06 |
· | for facilitating soot removal

|  | C10L 10/08 |
· | for improving lubricity; for reducing wear [8]

|  | C10L 10/10 |
· | for improving the octane number [8]

|  | C10L 10/12 |
· | for improving the cetane number [8]

|  | C10L 10/14 |
· | for improving low temperature properties [8]

|  | C10L 10/16 |
· · | Pour-point depressants [8]

|  | C10L 10/18 |
· | use of detergents or dispersants for purposes not provided for in groups Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...C10L 10/02-C10L 10/16 [8]

P:0 |  | C10L 11/00 |
Fire-lighters

|  | C10L 11/02 |
· | based on refractory porous bodies

|  | C10L 11/04 |
· | consisting of combustible material (matches Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...C06F)

|  | C10L 11/06 |
· | of a special shape

|  | C10L 11/08 |
· | Apparatus for the manufacture thereof