|  | C |
SECTION C — CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY

|  | C |
Note(s) In section C, the definitions of groups of chemical elements are as follows: Alkali metals: Li, Na, K, Rb, Cs, Fr Alkaline earth metals: Ca, Sr, Ba, Ra Lanthanides: elements with atomic numbers 57 to 71 inclusive Rare earths: Sc, Y, Lanthanides Actinides: elements with atomic numbers 89 to 103 inclusive Refractory metals: Ti, V, Cr, Zr, Nb, Mo, Hf, Ta, W Halogens: F, Cl, Br, I, At Noble gases: He, Ne, Ar, Kr, Xe, Rn Platinum group: Os, Ir, Pt, Ru, Rh, Pd Noble metals: Ag, Au, Platinum group Light metals: alkali metals, alkaline earth metals, Be, Al, Mg Heavy metals: metals other than light metals Iron group: Fe, Co, Ni Non-metals: H, B, C, Si, N, P, O, S, Se, Te, noble gases, halogens Metals: elements other than non-metals Transition elements: elements with atomic numbers 21 to 30 inclusive, 39 to 48 inclusive, 57 to 80 inclusive, 89 upwards The following notes are meant to assist in the use of this part of the classification scheme. They must not be read as modifying in any way the elaborations. Section C covers: pure chemistry, which covers inorganic compounds, organic compounds, macromolecular compounds, and their methods of preparation; applied chemistry, which covers compositions containing the above compounds, such as: glass, ceramics, fertilisers, plastics compositions, paints, products of the petroleum industry. It also covers certain compositions on account of their having particular properties rendering them suitable for certain purposes, as in the case of explosives, dyestuffs, adhesives, lubricants, and detergents; certain marginal industries, such as the manufacture of coke and of solid or gaseous fuels, the production and refining of oils, fats and waxes, the fermentation industry (e.g., brewing and wine-making), the sugar industry; certain operations or treatments, which are either purely mechanical, e.g., the mechanical treatment of leather and skins, or partly mechanical, e.g., the treatment of water or the prevention of corrosion in general; metallurgy, ferrous or non-ferrous alloys. In the case of operations, treatments, products or articles having both a chemical and a non-chemical part or aspect, the general rule is that the chemical part or aspect is covered by section C. In some of these cases, the chemical part or aspect brings with it a non-chemical one, even though purely mechanical, because this latter aspect either is essential to the operation or treatment or constitutes an important element thereof. It has seemed, in fact, more logical not to dissociate the different parts or aspects of a coherent whole. This is the case for applied chemistry and for the industries, operations and treatments mentioned in Notes (1)(c), (d) and (e). For example, furnaces peculiar to the manufacture of glass are covered by class Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...C03 and not by class Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F27. There are, however, some exceptions in which the mechanical (or non-chemical) aspect carries with it the chemical aspect, for example: Certain extractive processes, in subclass Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...A61K; The chemical purification of air, in subclass Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...A61L; Chemical methods of fire-fighting, in subclass Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...A62D; Chemical processes and apparatus, in class Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...B01; Impregnation of wood, in subclass Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...B27K; Chemical methods of analysis or testing, in subclass Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...G01N; Photographic materials and processes, in class Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...G03, and, generally, the chemical treatment of textiles and the production of cellulose or paper, in section D. In still other cases, the pure chemical aspect is covered by section C and the applied chemical aspect by another section, such as A, B or F, e.g., the use of a substance or composition for: treatment of plants or animals, covered by subclass Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...A01N; foodstuffs, covered by class Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...A23; ammunition or explosives, covered by class Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F42. When the chemical and mechanical aspects are so closely interlocked that a neat and simple division is not possible, or when certain mechanical processes follow as a natural or logical continuation of a chemical treatment, section C may cover, in addition to the chemical aspect, a part only of the mechanical aspect, e.g., after-treatment of artificial stone, covered by class Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...C04. In this latter case, a note or a reference is usually given to make the position clear, even if sometimes the division is rather arbitrary.

CHEMISTRY

|  | C12 |
BIOCHEMISTRY; BEER; SPIRITS; WINE; VINEGAR; MICROBIOLOGY; ENZYMOLOGY; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING

|  | C12 |
Note(s) In subclasses Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...C12M-C12Q or Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...C12S, and within each of these subclasses, in the absence of an indication to the contrary, classification is made in the last appropriate place. [3] In this class, viruses, undifferentiated human, animal or plant cells, protozoa, tissues and unicellular algae are considered as micro-organisms. [3,5] In this subclass, unless specifically provided for, undifferentiated human, animal or plant cells, protozoa, tissues and unicellular algae are classified together with micro-organisms. Sub-cellular parts, unless specifically provided for, are classified with the whole cell. [5] The codes of subclass Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...C12R are only for use as indexing codes associated with subclasses Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...C12C-C12Q or Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...C12S, so as to provide information concerning the micro-organisms used in the processes classified in these subclasses. [3]

|  | C12S |
PROCESSES USING ENZYMES OR MICRO-ORGANISMS TO LIBERATE, SEPARATE OR PURIFY A PRE-EXISTING COMPOUND OR COMPOSITION (biological treatment of water, waste water, or sewage Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...C02F 3/00, of sludge Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...C02F 11/02; processes using enzymes or micro-organisms to separate optical isomers from a racemic mixture Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...C12P 41/00); PROCESSES USING ENZYMES OR MICRO-ORGANISMS TO TREAT TEXTILES OR TO CLEAN SOLID SURFACES OF MATERIALS [5]

|  | C12S |
Note(s) This subclass covers processes already provided for in: Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...A21, Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...C01, Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...D01C, Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...A23, Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...C05F, Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...D01F Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...A61L, Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...C08, Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...D06L, Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...A62D, Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...C09B, Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...D06M, Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...C09H Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...D06P Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...B01D, Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...C10G, Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...D21C, Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...B08B Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...C13, Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...D21H Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...B09C Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...C14C Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...C21B, Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F24F, Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...C22B Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F24J Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...C23F, Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F26B Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...C23G Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...H01M This subclass is intended to provide a basis for a complete search to be made with respect to the subject matter defined by the subclass title and, therefore, all relevant information is classified in this subclass, even if classified elsewhere. [5] Attention is drawn to Notes (1) to (3) following the title of class Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...C12. [5] The classification symbols of this subclass are not listed first when printed on the patent documents. [5] In this subclass, it is desirable to add the indexing codes of subclass Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...C12R. The indexing codes should be linked. [6]

|  | C12S 1/00 |
Treatment of petroleum oils, shale oils or sand oils [5]

|  | C12S 1/02 |
· | Desulfurising [5]

|  | C12S 3/00 |
Treatment of animal or plant materials or micro-organisms [5]

|  | C12S 3/02 |
· | Recovery or purification of carbohydrate material [5]

|  | C12S 3/04 |
· · | Cellulose, e.g. plant fibres [5]

|  | C12S 3/06 |
· · · | Treatment of hemp or flax [5]

|  | C12S 3/08 |
· · · | in the production of paper pulp [5]

|  | C12S 3/10 |
· · | Treatment of sugar or molasses [5]

|  | C12S 3/12 |
· · | Treatment of pectin or starch [5]

|  | C12S 3/14 |
· | Recovery or purification of proteinaceous material [5]

|  | C12S 3/16 |
· · | Collagen or gelatin [5]

|  | C12S 3/18 |
· | Recovery or purification of glyceridic oils, fats, ester-type waxes or fatty acids [5]

|  | C12S 3/20 |
· | Removal of nucleic acids from intact or disrupted cells [5]

|  | C12S 3/22 |
· | Treatment of blood fractions [5]

|  | C12S 3/24 |
· | Treatment of animal secretions or organs [5]

|  | C12S 5/00 |
Treatment of emulsions, gases or foams [5]

|  | C12S 7/00 |
Treatment of hides, e.g. depilating, bating [5]

|  | C12S 9/00 |
Cleaning solid surfaces of materials [5]

|  | C12S 11/00 |
Treatment of textiles, e.g. cleaning [5]

|  | C12S 13/00 |
Processes not provided for in groups Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...C12S 1/00-C12S 11/00 [5]