|  | F |
SECTION F — MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING

|  | F01 - F42 |
Note(s) Guide to the use of this subsection (classes Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F01-F04) The following notes are meant to assist in the use of this part of the classification scheme. In this subsection, subclasses or groups designating "engines" or "pumps" cover methods of operating the same, unless otherwise specifically provided for. In this subsection, the following terms or expressions are used with the meanings indicated: "engine" means a device for continuously converting fluid energy into mechanical power. Thus, this term includes, for example, steam piston engines or steam turbines, per se, or internal-combustion piston engines, but it excludes single-stroke devices. "Engine" also includes the fluid-motive portion of a meter unless such portion is particularly adapted for use in a meter; "pump" means a device for continuously raising, forcing, compressing, or exhausting fluid by mechanical or other means. Thus, this term includes fans or blowers; "machine" means a device which could equally be an engine and a pump, and not a device which is restricted to an engine or one which is restricted to a pump; "positive displacement" means the way the energy of a working fluid is transformed into mechanical energy, in which variations of volume created by the working fluid in a working chamber produce equivalent displacements of the mechanical member transmitting the energy, the dynamic effect of the fluid being of minor importance, and vice versa; "non-positive displacement" means the way the energy of a working fluid is transformed into mechanical energy, by transformation of the energy of the working fluid into kinetic energy, and vice versa; "oscillating-piston machine" means a positive-displacement machine in which a fluid-engaging work-transmitting member oscillates. This definition applies also to engines and pumps; "rotary-piston machine" means a positive-displacement machine in which a fluid-engaging work-transmitting member rotates about a fixed axis or about an axis moving along a circular or similar orbit. This definition applies also to engines and pumps; "rotary piston" means the work-transmitting member of a rotary-piston machine and may be of any suitable form, e.g., like a toothed gear; "cooperating members" means the "oscillating piston" or "rotary piston" and another member, e.g., the working-chamber wall, which assists in the driving or pumping action; "movement of the co-operating members" is to be interpreted as relative, so that one of the "co-operating members" may be stationary, even though reference may be made to its rotational axis, or both may move; "teeth or tooth equivalents" include lobes, projections or abutments; "internal-axis type" means that the rotational axes of the inner and outer co-operating members remain at all times within the outer member, e.g., in a similar manner to that of a pinion meshing with the internal teeth of a ring gear; "free piston" means a piston of which the length of stroke is not defined by any member driven thereby; "cylinders" means positive-displacement working chambers in general. Thus, this term is not restricted to cylinders of circular cross-section; "main shaft" means the shaft which converts reciprocating piston motion into rotary motion or vice versa; "plant" means an engine together with such additional apparatus as is necessary to run the engine. For example, a steam engine plant includes a steam engine and means for generating the steam; "working fluid" means the driven fluid in a pump and the driving fluid in an engine. The working fluid may be in a gaseous state, i.e., compressible, or liquid. In the former case coexistence of two states is possible; "steam" includes condensable vapours in general, and "special vapour" is used when steam is excluded; "reaction type" as applied to non-positive-displacement machines or engines means machines or engines in which pressure/velocity transformation takes place wholly or partly in the rotor. Mmachines or engines with no, or only slight, pressure/velocity transformation in the rotor are called "impulse type". In this subsection: cyclically operating valves, lubricating, gas-flow silencers or exhaust apparatus, or cooling are classified in subclasses Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F01L, Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F01M, Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F01N, Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F01P irrespective of their stated application, unless their classifying features are peculiar to their application, in which case they are classified only in the relevant subclass of classes Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F01-F04; lubricating, gas-flow silencers or exhaust apparatus, or cooling of machines or engines are classified in subclasses Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F01M, Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F01N, Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F01P except for those peculiar to steam engines which are classified in subclass Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F01B. For use of this subsection with a good understanding, it is essential to remember, so far as subclasses Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F01B, Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F01C, Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F01D, Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F03B, and Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F04B, Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F04C, Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F04D, which form its skeleton, are concerned: the principle which resides in their elaboration, the classifying characteristics which they call for, and their complementarity. Principle This concerns essentially the subclasses listed above. Other subclasses, notably those of class Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F02, which cover better-defined matter, are not considered here. Each subclass covers fundamentally a genus of apparatus (engine or pump) and by extension covers equally "machines" of the same kind. Two different subjects, one having a more general character than the other, are thus covered by the same subclass. Subclasses Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F01B, Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F03B, Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F04B, beyond the two subjects which they cover, have further a character of generality in relation to other subclasses concerning the different species of apparatus in the genus concerned. This generality applies as well for the two subjects dealt with, without these always being in relation to the same subclasses. Thus, subclass Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F03B, in its part dealing with "machines", should be considered as being the general class relating to subclasses Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F04B, Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F04C, and in its part dealing with "engines" as being general in relation to subclass Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F03C. Characteristics The principal classifying characteristic of the subclass is that of genera of apparatus, of which there are three possible: Machines; engines; pumps. As stated above, "machines" are always associated with one of the other two genera. These main genera are subdivided according to the general principles of operation of the apparatus: Positive displacement; non-positive displacement. The positive displacement apparatus are further subdivided according to the ways of putting into effect the principle of operation, that is, to the kind of apparatus: Simple reciprocating piston; rotary or oscillating piston; other kind. Another classifying characteristic is that of the working fluid, in respect of which three kinds of apparatus are possible, namely: Liquid and elastic fluid; elastic fluid; liquid. Complementarity This resides in association of pairs of the subclasses listed above, according to the characteristics under consideration in respect of kind of apparatus or working fluid. The subclasses concerned with the various principles, characteristics and complementarity are shown in the following table: It is seen from this table that: For the same kind of apparatus in a given genus, the characteristic of "working fluid" associates: Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F01B and Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F04B Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F01C and Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F04C Machines Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F01D and Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F03B Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F01B and Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F03C Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F01C and Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F03C Engines Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F01D and Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F03B For the same kind of working fluid, the "apparatus" characteristic relates subclasses in the same way as considerations of relative generality.

WEAPONS; BLASTING

|  | F42 |
AMMUNITION; BLASTING

|  | F42 |
Note(s) This class covers also means for practice or training which may have aspects of simulation, although simulators are generally covered by class Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...G09. In this class, the following terms or expressions are used with the meanings indicated: "primer" effects the first explosive step in the sequence of explosion; [2] "percussion cap" means a primer which is struck to explode; [2] "igniter" effects the first spark-producing or heat-producing step but may not be explosive; [2] "firing-means" or "initiator" (used respectively in the arts of weaponry and blasting) means a device acting directly on the primer, which device may or may not form part of the fuze; [2] "detonator" or "detonator charge" means a charge used to amplify the explosion of the primer; [2] "fuze" means an assembly or mechanism which incorporates safety and arming means in order that the explosion can only take place under certain conditions; this assembly or mechanism determines also the moment (instantaneous or delayed) or the manner, e.g. impact, proximity, hydrostatic pressure, of the firing; [2] "ammunition" covers propulsive charge and projectile whether or not forming a single body, unless otherwise made clear; [2] "projectile", "missile" or "projectile or missile" means any body which is projected or propelled; [4] "guided missile" means projectile or missile which is guided during at least part of its trajectory; [4] "rocket" means projectile or missile which is self-propelled, during at least part of its trajectory, by a rocket engine, i.e. by a jet-propulsion engine carrying both fuel and oxidant therefor; [4] "fuse" or "fuse cord" means a continuous train of explosive enclosed in a usually flexible cord or cable for setting-off an explosive charge in the art of blasting. [5]

|  | F42C |
AMMUNITION FUZES (blasting cartridge initiators Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F42B 3/10; chemical aspects Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...C06C); ARMING OR SAFETY MEANS THEREFOR (filling fuzes Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F42B 33/02; fitting or extracting primers in or from fuzes Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F42B 33/04; containers for fuzes Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F42B 39/30) [5]

|  | F42C |
Subclass index
FUZE-OPERATING PRINCIPLES |
Impact | 1/00
Liquid contact | 3/00
Fluid pressure | 5/00
Mechanical force | 7/00
Non-electric time fuzes | 9/00
Electric fuzes | 11/00
Proximity fuzes | 13/00
Combination fuzes | 9/00
FUZES CHARACTERISED BY THE TYPE OF AMMUNITION | 14/00
ARMING OR SAFETY MEANS | 15/00
FUZE-SETTING | 17/00
OTHER DETAILS | 19/00
CHECKING, TESTING | 21/00

|  | F42C 1/00 |
Impact fuzes, i.e. fuzes actuated only by ammunition impact

|  | F42C 1/02 |
· | with firing pin structurally combined with fuze

|  | F42C 1/04 |
· · | operating by inertia of members on impact

|  | F42C 1/06 |
· · · | for any direction of impact

|  | F42C 1/08 |
· · | with delayed action after ignition of fuze (time fuzes Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F42C 9/00)

|  | F42C 1/09 |
· · | the fuze activating a propulsive charge for propelling the ammunition or the warhead into the air, e.g. in rebounding projectiles [5]

|  | F42C 1/10 |
· | without firing pin

|  | F42C 1/12 |
· · | with delayed action after ignition of fuze (time fuzes Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F42C 9/00)

|  | F42C 1/14 |
· | operating at a predetermined distance from ground or target by means of a protruding member

|  | F42C 3/00 |
Fuzes actuated by exposure to a liquid, e.g. sea-water (Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F42C 5/00 takes precedence; time fuzes Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F42C 9/00)

|  | F42C 5/00 |
Fuzes actuated by exposure to a predetermined ambient fluid pressure

|  | F42C 5/02 |
· | barometric pressure

|  | F42C 7/00 |
Fuzes actuated by application of a predetermined mechanical force, e.g. tension, torsion, pressure (by ammunition impact Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F42C 1/00; by exposure to a predetermined ambient fluid pressure Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F42C 5/00)

|  | F42C 7/02 |
· | Contact fuzes, i.e. fuzes actuated by mechanical contact between a stationary ammunition, e.g. a land mine, and a moving target, e.g. a person (Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F42C 7/12 takes precedence)

|  | F42C 7/04 |
· · | actuated by applying pressure on the ammunition head [5]

|  | F42C 7/06 |
· · · | and comprising pneumatic or hydraulic retarding means [5]

|  | F42C 7/08 |
· · | of release type, i.e. actuated by releasing pressure from the ammunition head [5]

|  | F42C 7/10 |
· · | of antenna type [5]

|  | F42C 7/12 |
· | Percussion fuzes of the double-action type, i.e. fuzes cocked and fired in a single movement, e.g. by pulling an incorporated percussion pin or hammer (percussion caps Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F42C 19/10) [5]

|  | F42C 9/00 |
Time fuzes; Combined time- and percussion- or pressure-actuated fuzes; Fuzes for timed self-destruction of ammunition

|  | F42C 9/02 |
· | the timing being caused by mechanical means

|  | F42C 9/04 |
· · | by spring motor

|  | F42C 9/06 |
· · | by flow of fluent material, e.g. shot, fluids

|  | F42C 9/08 |
· | the timing being caused by chemical action, e.g. of acids

|  | F42C 9/10 |
· | the timing being caused by combustion

|  | F42C 9/12 |
· · | with ring combustion elements

|  | F42C 9/14 |
· | Double fuzes; Multiple fuzes

|  | F42C 9/16 |
· · | for self-destruction of ammunition

|  | F42C 9/18 |
· · · | when the spin rate falls below a predetermined limit, e.g. a spring force being stronger than the locking action of a centrifugally-operated lock [5]

|  | F42C 11/00 |
Electric fuzes (proximity fuzes Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F42C 13/00; electric igniters Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F42C 19/12)

|  | F42C 11/02 |
· | with piezo-crystal

|  | F42C 11/04 |
· | with current induction

|  | F42C 11/06 |
· | with time delay by electric circuitry

|  | F42C 13/00 |
Proximity fuzes; Fuzes for remote detonation

|  | F42C 13/02 |
· | operated by intensity of light or similar radiation

|  | F42C 13/04 |
· | operated by radio waves

|  | F42C 13/06 |
· | operated by sound waves

|  | F42C 13/08 |
· | operated by variations in magnetic field

|  | F42C 14/00 |
Fuzes characterised by the ammunition class or type (Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F42C 1/00, Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F42C 13/00, Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F42C 15/00 take precedence) [5]

|  | F42C 14/02 |
· | for hand grenades [5]

|  | F42C 14/04 |
· | for torpedoes, marine mines or depth charges (influenced marine mines Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F42B 22/04) [5]

|  | F42C 14/06 |
· | for fall bombs [5]

|  | F42C 14/08 |
· | for land mines [5]

|  | F42C 15/00 |
Arming-means in fuzes; Safety means for preventing premature detonation of fuzes or charges

|  | F42C 15/16 |
· | wherein the firing pin is displaced out of the action line for safety (Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F42C 15/40 takes precedence)

|  | F42C 15/18 |
· | wherein a carrier for an element of the pyrotechnic or explosive train is moved (Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F42C 15/40 takes precedence) [5]

|  | F42C 15/184 |
· · | using a slidable carrier [5]

|  | F42C 15/188 |
· · | using a rotatable carrier [5]

|  | F42C 15/192 |
· · · | rotatable in a plane which is parallel to the longitudinal axis of the projectile [5]

|  | F42C 15/196 |
· · · · | by the action of centrifugal or inertia forces on the carrier body, e.g. the carrier having eccentrically mounted weights or eccentric centre of gravity [5]

|  | F42C 15/20 |
· | wherein a securing-pin or latch is removed to arm the fuze, e.g. removed from the firing pin (Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F42C 15/40 takes precedence)

|  | F42C 15/21 |
· · | using spring action (Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F42C 15/23 takes precedence) [5]

|  | F42C 15/22 |
· · | using centrifugal force (Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F42C 15/23 takes precedence)

|  | F42C 15/23 |
· · | by unwinding a flexible ribbon or tape [5]

|  | F42C 15/24 |
· | wherein the safety or arming action is effected by inertia means (Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F42C 15/196, Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F42C 15/20 take precedence)

|  | F42C 15/26 |
· · | using centrifugal force

|  | F42C 15/28 |
· | operated by flow of fluent material, e.g. shot, fluids (Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F42C 15/26 takes precedence)

|  | F42C 15/285 |
· · | stored within the fuze housing [5]

|  | F42C 15/29 |
· · | operated by fluidic oscillators; operated by dynamic fluid pressure, e.g. ram-air operated [5]

|  | F42C 15/295 |
· · | operated by a turbine or a propeller; Mounting means therefor [5]

|  | F42C 15/30 |
· · | of propellant gases, i.e. derived from propulsive charge or rocket motor

|  | F42C 15/31 |
· · | generated by the combustion of a pyrotechnic or explosive charge within the fuze [5]

|  | F42C 15/32 |
· | operated by change of fluid pressure (Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F42C 5/00, Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F42C 15/29 take precedence)

|  | F42C 15/33 |
· · | by breaking a vacuum or pressure container [5]

|  | F42C 15/34 |
· | wherein the safety or arming action is effected by a blocking-member in the pyrotechnic or explosive train between primer and main charge (Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F42C 15/18, Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F42C 15/40 take precedence)

|  | F42C 15/36 |
· | wherein arming is effected by combustion or fusion of an element (Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F42C 15/31 takes precedence)

|  | F42C 15/38 |
· | wherein arming is effected by chemical action (Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F42C 3/00 takes precedence)

|  | F42C 15/40 |
· | wherein the safety or arming action is effected electrically

|  | F42C 15/42 |
· · | from a remote location, e.g. for controlled mines or mine fields [5]

|  | F42C 15/44 |
· | Arrangements for disarming, or for rendering harmless, fuzes after arming, e.g. after launch [5]

|  | F42C 17/00 |
Fuze-setting apparatus

|  | F42C 17/02 |
· | Fuze-setting keys

|  | F42C 17/04 |
· | for electric fuzes [5]

|  | F42C 19/00 |
Details of fuzes (other parts Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F42C 15/00)

|  | F42C 19/02 |
· | Fuze bodies; Fuze housings

|  | F42C 19/04 |
· | Protective caps

|  | F42C 19/06 |
· | Electric contact parts specially adapted for use with electric fuzes

|  | F42C 19/07 |
· · | Nose-contacts for projectiles or missiles [5]

|  | F42C 19/08 |
· | Primers (initiators for blasting cartridges Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F42B 3/10); Detonators

|  | F42C 19/085 |
· · | Primers for caseless ammunition [5]

|  | F42C 19/09 |
· · | Primers or detonators containing a hollow charge [5]

|  | F42C 19/095 |
· · | Arrangement of a multiplicity of primers or detonators, dispersed around a warhead, one of the primers or detonators being selected for directional detonation effects [5]

|  | F42C 19/10 |
· · | Percussion caps

|  | F42C 19/12 |
· · | electric

|  | F42C 19/14 |
· · · | operable also in the percussion mode [5]

|  | F42C 21/00 |
Checking fuzes; Testing fuzes