|  | F |
SECTION F — MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING

|  | F01 - F42 |
Note(s) Guide to the use of this subsection (classes Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F01-F04) The following notes are meant to assist in the use of this part of the classification scheme. In this subsection, subclasses or groups designating "engines" or "pumps" cover methods of operating the same, unless otherwise specifically provided for. In this subsection, the following terms or expressions are used with the meanings indicated: "engine" means a device for continuously converting fluid energy into mechanical power. Thus, this term includes, for example, steam piston engines or steam turbines, per se, or internal-combustion piston engines, but it excludes single-stroke devices. "Engine" also includes the fluid-motive portion of a meter unless such portion is particularly adapted for use in a meter; "pump" means a device for continuously raising, forcing, compressing, or exhausting fluid by mechanical or other means. Thus, this term includes fans or blowers; "machine" means a device which could equally be an engine and a pump, and not a device which is restricted to an engine or one which is restricted to a pump; "positive displacement" means the way the energy of a working fluid is transformed into mechanical energy, in which variations of volume created by the working fluid in a working chamber produce equivalent displacements of the mechanical member transmitting the energy, the dynamic effect of the fluid being of minor importance, and vice versa; "non-positive displacement" means the way the energy of a working fluid is transformed into mechanical energy, by transformation of the energy of the working fluid into kinetic energy, and vice versa; "oscillating-piston machine" means a positive-displacement machine in which a fluid-engaging work-transmitting member oscillates. This definition applies also to engines and pumps; "rotary-piston machine" means a positive-displacement machine in which a fluid-engaging work-transmitting member rotates about a fixed axis or about an axis moving along a circular or similar orbit. This definition applies also to engines and pumps; "rotary piston" means the work-transmitting member of a rotary-piston machine and may be of any suitable form, e.g., like a toothed gear; "cooperating members" means the "oscillating piston" or "rotary piston" and another member, e.g., the working-chamber wall, which assists in the driving or pumping action; "movement of the co-operating members" is to be interpreted as relative, so that one of the "co-operating members" may be stationary, even though reference may be made to its rotational axis, or both may move; "teeth or tooth equivalents" include lobes, projections or abutments; "internal-axis type" means that the rotational axes of the inner and outer co-operating members remain at all times within the outer member, e.g., in a similar manner to that of a pinion meshing with the internal teeth of a ring gear; "free piston" means a piston of which the length of stroke is not defined by any member driven thereby; "cylinders" means positive-displacement working chambers in general. Thus, this term is not restricted to cylinders of circular cross-section; "main shaft" means the shaft which converts reciprocating piston motion into rotary motion or vice versa; "plant" means an engine together with such additional apparatus as is necessary to run the engine. For example, a steam engine plant includes a steam engine and means for generating the steam; "working fluid" means the driven fluid in a pump and the driving fluid in an engine. The working fluid may be in a gaseous state, i.e., compressible, or liquid. In the former case coexistence of two states is possible; "steam" includes condensable vapours in general, and "special vapour" is used when steam is excluded; "reaction type" as applied to non-positive-displacement machines or engines means machines or engines in which pressure/velocity transformation takes place wholly or partly in the rotor. Mmachines or engines with no, or only slight, pressure/velocity transformation in the rotor are called "impulse type". In this subsection: cyclically operating valves, lubricating, gas-flow silencers or exhaust apparatus, or cooling are classified in subclasses Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F01L, Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F01M, Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F01N, Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F01P irrespective of their stated application, unless their classifying features are peculiar to their application, in which case they are classified only in the relevant subclass of classes Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F01-F04; lubricating, gas-flow silencers or exhaust apparatus, or cooling of machines or engines are classified in subclasses Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F01M, Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F01N, Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F01P except for those peculiar to steam engines which are classified in subclass Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F01B. For use of this subsection with a good understanding, it is essential to remember, so far as subclasses Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F01B, Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F01C, Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F01D, Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F03B, and Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F04B, Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F04C, Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F04D, which form its skeleton, are concerned: the principle which resides in their elaboration, the classifying characteristics which they call for, and their complementarity. Principle This concerns essentially the subclasses listed above. Other subclasses, notably those of class Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F02, which cover better-defined matter, are not considered here. Each subclass covers fundamentally a genus of apparatus (engine or pump) and by extension covers equally "machines" of the same kind. Two different subjects, one having a more general character than the other, are thus covered by the same subclass. Subclasses Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F01B, Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F03B, Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F04B, beyond the two subjects which they cover, have further a character of generality in relation to other subclasses concerning the different species of apparatus in the genus concerned. This generality applies as well for the two subjects dealt with, without these always being in relation to the same subclasses. Thus, subclass Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F03B, in its part dealing with "machines", should be considered as being the general class relating to subclasses Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F04B, Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F04C, and in its part dealing with "engines" as being general in relation to subclass Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F03C. Characteristics The principal classifying characteristic of the subclass is that of genera of apparatus, of which there are three possible: Machines; engines; pumps. As stated above, "machines" are always associated with one of the other two genera. These main genera are subdivided according to the general principles of operation of the apparatus: Positive displacement; non-positive displacement. The positive displacement apparatus are further subdivided according to the ways of putting into effect the principle of operation, that is, to the kind of apparatus: Simple reciprocating piston; rotary or oscillating piston; other kind. Another classifying characteristic is that of the working fluid, in respect of which three kinds of apparatus are possible, namely: Liquid and elastic fluid; elastic fluid; liquid. Complementarity This resides in association of pairs of the subclasses listed above, according to the characteristics under consideration in respect of kind of apparatus or working fluid. The subclasses concerned with the various principles, characteristics and complementarity are shown in the following table: It is seen from this table that: For the same kind of apparatus in a given genus, the characteristic of "working fluid" associates: Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F01B and Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F04B Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F01C and Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F04C Machines Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F01D and Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F03B Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F01B and Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F03C Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F01C and Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F03C Engines Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F01D and Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F03B For the same kind of working fluid, the "apparatus" characteristic relates subclasses in the same way as considerations of relative generality.

ENGINEERING IN GENERAL

|  | F16 |
ENGINEERING ELEMENTS OR UNITS; GENERAL MEASURES FOR PRODUCING AND MAINTAINING EFFECTIVE FUNCTIONING OF MACHINES OR INSTALLATIONS; THERMAL INSULATION IN GENERAL

|  | F16P |
SAFETY DEVICES IN GENERAL

|  | F16P |
Note(s) Attention is drawn to the following places:
Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...A01D 75/18 | Harvesting machines |
Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...A01F 21/00 | Threshing machines or baling presses |
Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...B02C 23/04 | Crushing or disintegrating machines |
Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...B21B 33/00 | Rolling of metal |
Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...B21D 55/00 | Working sheet metal or tubes, rods or profiles without essentially removing material |
Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...B23B 25/04 | Turning-machines |
Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...B23Q 11/00 | Machine tools |
Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...B24B 55/00 | Grinding or polishing machines |
Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...B25D 17/10 | Portable power-driven percussive tools |
Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...B25J 19/06 | Manipulators |
Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...B26D 7/22 | Cutting machines |
Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...B27G 19/00 | Wood saws |
Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...B65B 57/00 | Packaging machines or apparatus |
Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...B65G 43/00 | Conveyers |
Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...B65H 26/00 | Web-advancing mechanisms |
Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...B65H 63/00 | Handling or winding of thin or filamentary material |
Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...D01G 31/00 | Treatment of fibres |
Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...D01H 13/14 | Spinning or twisting |
Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...D05B 83/00 | Sewing machines |
Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F21V 25/00 | Lighting devices. |

|  | F16P 1/00 - F16P 3/00 |
Devices protecting or preventing injuries to people

|  | F16P 1/00 |
Safety devices independent of the control or operation of any machine (protective devices for the eyes or ears, worn on the body or carried in the hand, Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...A61F 9/00, Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...A61F 11/00)

|  | F16P 1/02 |
· | Fixed screens or hoods

|  | F16P 1/04 |
· | Screens or hoods rotating with rotary shafts

|  | F16P 1/06 |
· | specially designed for welding

|  | F16P 3/00 |
Safety devices acting in conjunction with the control or operation of a machine; Control arrangements requiring the simultaneous use of two or more parts of the body (Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F16P 5/00 takes precedence)

|  | F16P 3/02 |
· | Screens or other safety members moving in synchronism with members which move to and fro

|  | F16P 3/04 |
· · | for machines with parts which approach one another during operation, e.g. for stamping presses

|  | F16P 3/06 |
· · · | in which body parts of the operator are removed from the danger zone on approach of the machine parts

|  | F16P 3/08 |
· | in connection with the locking of doors, covers, guards, or like members giving access to moving machine parts

|  | F16P 3/10 |
· · | in which the operation of locking the door or other member causes the machine to start

|  | F16P 3/12 |
· | with means, e.g. feelers, which in case of the presence of a body part of a person in or near the danger zone influence the control or operation of the machine (Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F16P 3/08 takes precedence)

|  | F16P 3/14 |
· · | the means being photocells or other devices sensitive without mechanical contact

|  | F16P 3/16 |
· · | with feeling members moved by the machine

|  | F16P 3/18 |
· | Control arrangements requiring the use of both hands

|  | F16P 3/20 |
· · | for electric control systems

|  | F16P 3/22 |
· · | for hydraulic or pneumatic control systems

|  | F16P 3/24 |
· · | for mechanical controls

|  | F16P 5/00 |
Emergency means for rendering ineffective a coupling conveying reciprocating movement if the motion of the driven part is prematurely resisted

|  | F16P 7/00 |
Emergency devices preventing damage to a machine or apparatus (Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F16P 1/00, Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F16P 3/00, Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F16P 5/00 take precedence; indicating means, see the appropriate classes)

|  | F16P 7/02 |
· | by causing the machine to stop on the occurence of dangerous conditions therein (devices in bearings affected by abnormal conditions Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F16C)