|  | G |
SECTION G — PHYSICS

|  | G |
Note(s) In this section, the following term is used with the meaning indicated: "variable" (as a noun) means a feature or property (e.g., a dimension, a physical condition such as temperature, a quality such as density or colour) which, in respect of a particular entity (e.g., an object, a quantity of a substance, a beam of light) and at a particular instant, is capable of being measured; the variable may change, so that its numerical expression may assume different values at different times, in different conditions or in individual cases, but may be constant in respect of a particular entity in certain conditions or for practical purposes (e.g., the length of a bar may be regarded as constant for many purposes). Attention is drawn to the definitions of terms or expressions used, appearing in the notes of several of the classes in this section, in particular those of "measuring" in class Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...G01 and "control" and "regulation" in class Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...G05. Classification in this section may present more difficulty than in other sections, because the distinction between different fields of use rests to a considerable extent on differences in the intention of the user rather than on any constructional differences or differences in the manner of use, and because the subjects dealt with are often in effect systems or combinations, which have features or parts in common, rather than "things", which are readily distinguishable as a whole. For example, information (e.g., a set of figures) may be displayed for the purpose of education or advertising (Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...G09), for enabling the result of a measurement to be known (Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...G01), for signalling the information to a distant point or for giving information which has been signalled from a distant point (Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...G08). The words used to describe the purpose depend on features that may be irrelevant to the form of the apparatus concerned, for example, such features as the desired effect on the person who sees the display, or whether the display is controlled from a remote point. Again, a device which responds to some change in a condition, e.g., in the pressure of a fluid, may be used, without modification of the device itself, to give information about the pressure (Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...G01L) or about some other condition linked to the pressure (another subclass of class Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...G01, e.g., Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...G01K for temperature), to make a record of the pressure or of its occurrence (Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...G07C), to give an alarm (Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...G08B), or to control another apparatus (Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...G05). The classification scheme is intended to enable things of a similar nature (as indicated above) to be classified together. It is therefore particularly necessary for the real nature of any technical subject to be decided before it can be properly classified.

INSTRUMENTS

|  | G02 |
OPTICS (making optical elements or apparatus Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...B24B, Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...B29D 11/00, Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...C03, or other appropriate subclasses or classes; materials per se, see the relevant places, e.g. Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...C03B, Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...C03C)

|  | G02 |
Note(s) In this class, the following expression is used with the meaning indicated: "optical" applies not only to visible light but also to ultra-violet or infra-red radiations. [4]

|  | G02B |
OPTICAL ELEMENTS, SYSTEMS, OR APPARATUS (Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...G02F takes precedence; measuring-instruments, see the relevant subclass of class Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...G01, e.g. optical rangefinders Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...G01C; testing of optical elements, systems, or apparatus Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...G01M 11/00; spectacles Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...G02C; apparatus or arrangements for taking photographs or for projecting or viewing them Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...G03B; sound lenses Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...G10K 11/30; electron and ion "optics" Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...H01J; X-ray "optics" Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...H01J, Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...H05G 1/00; optical elements structurally combined with electric discharge tubes Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...H01J 5/16, Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...H01J 29/89, Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...H01J 37/22; microwave "optics" Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...H01Q; combination of optical elements with television receivers Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...H04N 5/72; optical systems or arrangements in colour television systems Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...H04N 9/00; heating arrangements specially adapted for transparent or reflecting areas Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...H05B 3/84)

|  | G02B |
Note(s) In this subclass, the following terms or expressions are used with the meanings indicated: "simple lens or prism" means a single lens or prism; "compound lens or prism" means an optical member, the constituents of which either are close together without air-space or (except in group Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...G02B 11/00) are "in broken contact", i.e. with the air-space between the constituents having no essential optical influence; "objective" means a lens or an optical system designed to produce a real image of a real object; "eyepiece" means a lens or an optical system designed to produce a virtual image for viewing by the eye or by another optical system; "front" or "rear" is determined by looking from the more distant conjugate.

|  | G02B |
Subclass index
OPTICAL ELEMENTS |
Characterised by their structure: lenses; light guides; other elements | 3/00; 6/00; 5/00
Characterised by the material | 1/00
OPTICAL SYSTEMS |
General structure: number and arrangements of optical components | 9/00, 11/00
Special structures: according to purpose; with variable magnification; with reflecting surfaces | 13/00; 15/00; 17/00
Other systems | 27/00
STRUCTURAL DETAILS OF ARRANGEMENTS COMPRISING LIGHT GUIDES AND OTHER OPTICAL ELEMENTS | 6/00
OPTICAL APPARATUS |
Condensers | 19/00
Microscopes | 21/00
Telescopes, periscopes, instruments for viewing the inside of hollow bodies, viewfinders, aiming or sighting devices | 23/00
Eyepieces, magnifying glasses | 25/00
Other apparatus | 27/00
CONTROL OF LIGHT | 26/00
MOUNTINGS, ADJUSTING MEANS, LIGHT-TIGHT CONNECTIONS | 7/00

|  | G02B 1/00 |
Optical elements characterised by the material of which they are made (compositions of optical glasses Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...C03C 3/00); Optical coatings for optical elements

|  | G02B 1/02 |
· | made of crystals, e.g. rock-salt, semiconductors (Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...G02B 1/08 takes precedence)

|  | G02B 1/04 |
· | made of organic materials, e.g. plastics (Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...G02B 1/08 takes precedence)

|  | G02B 1/06 |
· | made of fluids in transparent cells

|  | G02B 1/08 |
· | made of polarising materials

|  | G02B 1/10 |
· | Optical coatings produced by application to, or surface treatment of, optical elements (Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...G02B 1/08 takes precedence)

|  | G02B 1/11 |
· · | Anti-reflection coatings [6]

|  | G02B 1/12 |
· · | by surface treatment, e.g. by irradiation

|  | G02B 3/00 |
Simple or compound lenses (artificial eyes Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...A61F 2/14; spectacle lenses or contact lenses for the eyes Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...G02C; watch or clock glasses Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...G04B 39/00)

|  | G02B 3/02 |
· | with non-spherical faces (Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...G02B 3/10 takes precedence)

|  | G02B 3/04 |
· · | with continuous faces that are rotationally symmetrical but deviate from a true sphere

|  | G02B 3/06 |
· · | with cylindrical or toric faces

|  | G02B 3/08 |
· · | with discontinuous faces, e.g. Fresnel lens

|  | G02B 3/10 |
· | Bifocal lenses; Multifocal lenses

|  | G02B 3/12 |
· | Fluid-filled or evacuated lenses

|  | G02B 3/14 |
· · | of variable focal length

|  | G02B 5/00 |
Optical elements other than lenses (light guides Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...G02B 6/00; optical logic elements Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...G02F 3/00) [4]

|  | G02B 5/02 |
· | Diffusing elements; Afocal elements

|  | G02B 5/04 |
· | Prisms

|  | G02B 5/06 |
· · | Fluid-filled or evacuated prisms

|  | G02B 5/08 |
· | Mirrors

|  | G02B 5/09 |
· · | Multifaceted or polygonal mirrors [6]

|  | G02B 5/10 |
· · | with curved faces

|  | G02B 5/12 |
· | Reflex reflectors

|  | G02B 5/122 |
· · | cube corner, trihedral or triple reflector type [2]

|  | G02B 5/124 |
· · · | plural reflecting elements forming part of a unitary plate or sheet [2]

|  | G02B 5/126 |
· · | including curved refracting surface [2]

|  | G02B 5/128 |
· · · | transparent spheres being embedded in matrix [2]

|  | G02B 5/13 |
· · · | plural curved refracting elements forming part of a unitary body [2]

|  | G02B 5/132 |
· · · | with individual reflector mounting means [2]

|  | G02B 5/134 |
· · · · | including a threaded mounting member [2]

|  | G02B 5/136 |
· · | plural reflecting elements forming part of a unitary body (Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...G02B 5/124 takes precedence) [2]

|  | G02B 5/18 |
· | Diffracting gratings

|  | G02B 5/20 |
· | Filters (polarising elements Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...G02B 5/30; filters specially adapted for photographic purposes Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...G03B 11/00)

|  | G02B 5/22 |
· · | Absorbing filters

|  | G02B 5/23 |
· · · | Photochromic filters [2]

|  | G02B 5/24 |
· · · | Liquid filters (Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...G02B 5/23 takes precedence) [2]

|  | G02B 5/26 |
· · | Reflecting filters (Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...G02B 5/28 takes precedence)

|  | G02B 5/28 |
· · | Interference filters

|  | G02B 5/30 |
· | Polarising elements (light-modulating devices Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...G02F 1/00)

|  | G02B 5/32 |
· | Holograms used as optical elements (processes or apparatus for producing holograms Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...G03H) [2]

|  | G02B 6/00 |
Light guides; Structural details of arrangements comprising light guides and other optical elements, e.g. couplings [4,6]

|  | G02B 6/02 |
· | Optical fibre with cladding (Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...G02B 6/16 takes precedence; mechanical structures for providing tensile strength and external protection Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...G02B 6/44) [4]

|  | G02B 6/04 |
· | formed by bundles of fibres (Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...G02B 6/24 takes precedence) [4]

|  | G02B 6/06 |
· · | the relative position of the fibres being the same at both ends, e.g. for transporting images [4]

|  | G02B 6/08 |
· · · | with fibre bundle in form of plate [4]

|  | G02B 6/10 |
· | of the optical waveguide type (Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...G02B 6/24 takes precedence; devices or arrangements for the control of light by electric, magnetic, electro-magnetic or acoustic means Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...G02F 1/00; transferring the modulation of modulated light Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...G02F 2/00; optical logic elements Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...G02F 3/00; optical analogue/digital converters Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...G02F 7/00; stores using opto-electronic devices Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...G11C 11/42; electric waveguides Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...H01P; transmission of information by optical means Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...H04B 10/00; multiplex systems Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...H04J 14/00) [4]

|  | G02B 6/12 |
· · | of the integrated circuit kind (production or processing of single crystals Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...C30B; electric integrated circuits Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...H01L 27/00) [4]

|  | G02B 6/122 |
· · · | Basic optical elements, e.g. light-guiding paths [6]

|  | G02B 6/124 |
· · · · | Geodesic lenses or integrated gratings [6]

|  | G02B 6/125 |
· · · · | Bends, branchings or intersections [6]

|  | G02B 6/126 |
· · · | using polarisation effects [6]

|  | G02B 6/13 |
· · · | Integrated optical circuits characterised by the manufacturing method [6]

|  | G02B 6/132 |
· · · · | by deposition of thin films [6]

|  | G02B 6/134 |
· · · · | by substitution by dopant atoms [6]

|  | G02B 6/136 |
· · · · | by etching [6]

|  | G02B 6/138 |
· · · · | by using polymerisation [6]

|  | G02B 6/14 |
· · | Mode converters [4]

|  | G02B 6/16 |
· · | Optical fibre with cladding (mechanical structures for providing tensile strength and external protection Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...G02B 6/44) [4]

|  | G02B 6/17 |
· · · | with polarisation-maintaining properties [6]

|  | G02B 6/18 |
· · · | with core or cladding having graded refractive index [4]

|  | G02B 6/20 |
· · · | with non-solid core or cladding [4]

|  | G02B 6/22 |
· · · | core or cladding comprising multiple layers [4]

|  | G02B 6/24 |
· | Coupling light guides (for electric waveguides Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...H01P 1/00) [4,5]

|  | G02B 6/245 |
· · | Removing protective coverings of light guides before coupling [5]

|  | G02B 6/25 |
· · | Preparing the ends of light guides for coupling, e.g. cutting [5]

|  | G02B 6/255 |
· · | Splicing of light guides, e.g. by fusion or bonding [5]

|  | G02B 6/26 |
· · | Optical coupling means (Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...G02B 6/36, Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...G02B 6/42 take precedence) [4]

|  | G02B 6/27 |
· · · | with polarisation selective and adjusting means (polarisation elements in general Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...G02B 5/30; polarisation systems in general Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...G02B 27/28; optical polarisation multiplex systems Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...H04J 14/06) [6]

|  | G02B 6/28 |
· · · | having data bus means, i.e. plural waveguides interconnected and providing an inherently bidirectional system by mixing and splitting signals [4]

|  | G02B 6/287 |
· · · · | Structuring of light guides to shape optical elements with heat application (Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...G02B 6/255 takes precedence) [6]

|  | G02B 6/293 |
· · · · | with wavelength selective means (for optical elements in use, see the relevant subgroups of this subclass; optical wavelength-division multiplexing systems Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...H04J 14/02) [6]

|  | G02B 6/30 |
· · · | for use between fibre and thin-film device [4]

|  | G02B 6/32 |
· · · | having lens focusing means [4]

|  | G02B 6/34 |
· · · | utilising prism or grating [4]

|  | G02B 6/35 |
· · · | having switching means (optical switching in general Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...G02B 26/08; by changing the optical properties of the medium Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...G02F 1/00) [6]

|  | G02B 6/36 |
· · | Mechanical coupling means (Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...G02B 6/255, Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...G02B 6/42 take precedence) [4,5]

|  | G02B 6/38 |
· · · | having fibre to fibre mating means [4]

|  | G02B 6/40 |
· · · | having fibre bundle mating means [4]

|  | G02B 6/42 |
· · | Coupling light guides with opto-electronic elements [4]

|  | G02B 6/43 |
· · · | Arrangements comprising a plurality of opto-electronic elements and associated optical interconnections (light-emissive or light-sensitive semiconductor devices Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...H01L 27/00, Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...H01L 31/00, Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...H01L 33/00) [6]

|  | G02B 6/44 |
· | Mechanical structures for providing tensile strength and external protection for fibres, e.g. optical transmission cables (cables incorporating electric conductors and optical fibres Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...H01B 11/22) [4]

|  | G02B 6/46 |
· | Processes or apparatus adapted for installing optical fibres or optical cables (installation of cables containing electric conductors and optical fibres Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...H02G) [6]

|  | G02B 6/48 |
· · | Overhead installation [6]

|  | G02B 6/50 |
· · | Underground or underwater installation; Installation through tubing, conduits or ducts [6]

|  | G02B 6/52 |
· · · | using fluid, e.g. air [6]

|  | G02B 6/54 |
· · · | using mechanical means, e.g. pulling or pushing devices [6]

|  | G02B 7/00 |
Mountings, adjusting means, or light-tight connections, for optical elements

|  | G02B 7/02 |
· | for lenses

|  | G02B 7/04 |
· · | with mechanism for focusing or varying magnification [2]

|  | G02B 7/06 |
· · · | Focusing binocular pairs

|  | G02B 7/08 |
· · · | adapted to co-operate with a remote control mechanism

|  | G02B 7/09 |
· · · | adapted for automatic focusing or varying magnification (automatic generation of focusing signals Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...G02B 7/28) [5]

|  | G02B 7/10 |
· · · | by relative axial movement of several lenses, e.g. of varifocal objective lens

|  | G02B 7/105 |
· · · · | with movable lens means specially adapted for focusing at close distances [4]

|  | G02B 7/12 |
· · | Adjusting pupillary distance of binocular pairs

|  | G02B 7/14 |
· · | adapted to interchange lenses

|  | G02B 7/16 |
· · · | Rotatable turrets

|  | G02B 7/18 |
· | for prisms; for mirrors

|  | G02B 7/182 |
· · | for mirrors (optical devices or arrangements using movable or deformable optical elements for controlling the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...G02B 26/00) [5]

|  | G02B 7/183 |
· · · | specially adapted for very large mirrors, e.g. for astronomy (Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...G02B 7/185, Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...G02B 7/192, Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...G02B 7/198 take precedence) [6]

|  | G02B 7/185 |
· · · | with means for adjusting the shape of the mirror surface (mirrors with curved faces Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...G02B 5/10) [5]

|  | G02B 7/188 |
· · · · | Membrane mirrors [5]

|  | G02B 7/192 |
· · · | with means for minimising internal mirror stresses [5]

|  | G02B 7/195 |
· · · · | Fluid-cooled mirrors [5]

|  | G02B 7/198 |
· · · | with means for adjusting the mirror relative to its support [5]

|  | G02B 7/20 |
· | Light-tight connections for movable optical elements

|  | G02B 7/22 |
· · | Extensible connections, e.g. bellows

|  | G02B 7/24 |
· · | Pivoted connections

|  | G02B 7/28 |
· | Systems for automatic generation of focusing signals (measuring distance per se Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...G01C, Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...G01S; using such signals to control focus of particular apparatus, see the subclasses for the apparatus, e.g. Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...G03B, Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...G03F) [5]

|  | G02B 7/30 |
· · | using parallactic triangle with a base line [5]

|  | G02B 7/32 |
· · · | using active means, e.g. light emitter [5]

|  | G02B 7/34 |
· · | using different areas in a pupil plane [5]

|  | G02B 7/36 |
· · | using image sharpness techniques [5]

|  | G02B 7/38 |
· · · | measured at different points on the optical axis [5]

|  | G02B 7/40 |
· · | using time delay of the reflected waves, e.g. of ultrasonic waves [5]

|  | G02B 9/00 |
Optical objectives characterised both by the number of the components and their arrangements according to their sign, i.e. + or — (Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...G02B 13/00, Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...G02B 15/00 take precedence)

|  | G02B 9/00 |
Note(s) In this group, a component is deemed to be a simple lens or a compound lens or a divided lens equivalent to a simple or to a compound lens.

|  | G02B 9/02 |
· | having one + component only (simple lenses Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...G02B 3/00)

|  | G02B 9/04 |
· | having two components only

|  | G02B 9/06 |
· · | two + components

|  | G02B 9/08 |
· · · | arranged about a stop

|  | G02B 9/10 |
· · | one + and one — component

|  | G02B 9/12 |
· | having three components only

|  | G02B 9/14 |
· · | arranged + — +

|  | G02B 9/16 |
· · · | all the components being simple

|  | G02B 9/18 |
· · · | only one component having a compound lens (Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...G02B 9/30 takes precedence)

|  | G02B 9/20 |
· · · · | the rear component having the compound

|  | G02B 9/22 |
· · · · | the middle component having the compound

|  | G02B 9/24 |
· · · | two of the components having compound lenses (Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...G02B 9/30 takes precedence)

|  | G02B 9/26 |
· · · · | the front and rear components having compound lenses

|  | G02B 9/28 |
· · · · | the middle and rear components having compound lenses

|  | G02B 9/30 |
· · · | the middle component being a — compound meniscus having a + lens

|  | G02B 9/32 |
· · · · | the + lens being a meniscus

|  | G02B 9/34 |
· | having four components only

|  | G02B 9/36 |
· · | arranged + — — +

|  | G02B 9/38 - G02B 9/56 |
Note(s) In groups Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...G02B 9/38, Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...G02B 9/44 or Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...G02B 9/50-G02B 9/56, the first-mentioned applicable group takes precedence over later-mentioned groups.

|  | G02B 9/38 |
· · · | both — components being meniscus

|  | G02B 9/40 |
· · · · | one — component being compound

|  | G02B 9/42 |
· · · · | two — components being compound

|  | G02B 9/44 |
· · · | both — components being biconcave

|  | G02B 9/46 |
· · · · | one — component being compound

|  | G02B 9/48 |
· · · · | two — components being compound

|  | G02B 9/50 |
· · · | both + components being meniscus

|  | G02B 9/52 |
· · · | the rear + component being compound

|  | G02B 9/54 |
· · · | the front + component being compound

|  | G02B 9/56 |
· · · | all components being simple lenses

|  | G02B 9/58 |
· · | arranged — + + —

|  | G02B 9/60 |
· | having five components only

|  | G02B 9/62 |
· | having six components only

|  | G02B 9/64 |
· | having more than six components

|  | G02B 11/00 |
Optical objectives characterised by the total number of simple and compound lenses forming the objective and their arrangement (Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...G02B 9/00 takes precedence; having only one simple lens Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...G02B 3/00)

|  | G02B 11/00 |
Note(s) In this group, lenses in broken contact are counted separately. Simple lenses are denoted by L, compound lenses by C, and the front lens is mentioned first.

|  | G02B 11/02 |
· | having two lenses only

|  | G02B 11/04 |
· · | arranged C C

|  | G02B 11/06 |
· | having three lenses only

|  | G02B 11/08 |
· · | arranged L L L

|  | G02B 11/10 |
· · | arranged L C L

|  | G02B 11/12 |
· · | arranged L L C

|  | G02B 11/14 |
· · | arranged C L C

|  | G02B 11/16 |
· · | arranged C C L

|  | G02B 11/18 |
· · | arranged C C C

|  | G02B 11/20 |
· | having four lenses only

|  | G02B 11/22 |
· · | arranged L L L L

|  | G02B 11/24 |
· · | arranged C L L C

|  | G02B 11/26 |
· · | arranged L C C L

|  | G02B 11/28 |
· · | arranged C C C C

|  | G02B 11/30 |
· | having five lenses only

|  | G02B 11/32 |
· | having six lenses only

|  | G02B 11/34 |
· | having more than six lenses

|  | G02B 13/00 |
Optical objectives specially designed for the purposes specified below (with variable magnification Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...G02B 15/00)

|  | G02B 13/02 |
· | Telephoto objectives, i.e. systems of the type + — in which the distance from the front vertex to the image plane is less than the equivalent focal length

|  | G02B 13/04 |
· | Reversed telephoto objectives

|  | G02B 13/06 |
· | Panoramic objectives; So-called "sky lenses"

|  | G02B 13/08 |
· | Anamorphotic objectives

|  | G02B 13/10 |
· · | involving prisms (Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...G02B 13/12 takes precedence)

|  | G02B 13/12 |
· · | with variable magnification

|  | G02B 13/14 |
· | for use with infra-red or ultra-violet radiation (Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...G02B 13/16 takes precedence)

|  | G02B 13/16 |
· | for use in conjunction with image converters or intensifiers

|  | G02B 13/18 |
· | with lenses having one or more non-spherical faces, e.g. for reducing geometrical aberration

|  | G02B 13/20 |
· | Soft-focus objectives (diffusing elements in general Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...G02B 5/02)

|  | G02B 13/22 |
· | Telecentric objectives or lens systems

|  | G02B 13/24 |
· | for reproducing or copying at short object distances

|  | G02B 13/26 |
· · | for reproducing with unit magnification [3]

|  | G02B 15/00 |
Optical objectives with means for varying the magnification (anamorphotic objectives Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...G02B 13/08)

|  | G02B 15/02 |
· | by changing, adding, or subtracting a part of the objective, e.g. convertible objective

|  | G02B 15/04 |
· · | by changing a part

|  | G02B 15/06 |
· · · | by changing the front part

|  | G02B 15/08 |
· · · | by changing the rear part

|  | G02B 15/10 |
· · | by adding a part, e.g. close-up attachment

|  | G02B 15/12 |
· · · | by adding telescopic attachments (Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...G02B 15/14 takes precedence)

|  | G02B 15/14 |
· | by axial movement of one or more lenses or groups of lenses relative to the image plane for continuously varying the equivalent focal length of the objective [4]

|  | G02B 15/15 |
· · | compensation by means of only one movement or by means of only linearly related movements, e.g. optical compensation [4]

|  | G02B 15/16 |
· · | with interdependent non-linearly related movements between one lens or lens group, and another lens or lens group (Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...G02B 15/22 takes precedence) [4]

|  | G02B 15/163 |
· · · | having a first movable lens or lens group and a second movable lens or lens group, both in front of a fixed lens or lens group (Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...G02B 15/177 takes precedence) [4]

|  | G02B 15/167 |
· · · · | having an additional fixed front lens or group of lenses [4]

|  | G02B 15/17 |
· · · · · | arranged + —— [4]

|  | G02B 15/173 |
· · · · · | arranged + — + [4]

|  | G02B 15/177 |
· · · | having a negative front lens or group of lenses [4]

|  | G02B 15/20 |
· · · | having an additional movable lens or lens group for varying the objective focal length [4]

|  | G02B 15/22 |
· · | with movable lens means specially adapted for focusing at close distances [4]

|  | G02B 15/24 |
· · · | having a front fixed lens or lens group and two movable lenses or lens groups in front of a fixed lens or lens group [4]

|  | G02B 15/26 |
· · · · | arranged + —— [4]

|  | G02B 15/28 |
· · · · | arranged + — + [4]

|  | G02B 17/00 |
Systems with reflecting surfaces, with or without refracting elements (microscopes Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...G02B 21/00; telescopes, periscopes Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...G02B 23/00; beam shaping not otherwise provided for Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...G02B 27/09; for beam splitting or combining Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...G02B 27/10; for optical projection Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...G02B 27/18) [6]

|  | G02B 17/02 |
· | Catoptric systems, e.g. image erecting and reversing system

|  | G02B 17/04 |
· · | using prisms only

|  | G02B 17/06 |
· · | using mirrors only

|  | G02B 17/08 |
· | Catadioptric systems

|  | G02B 19/00 |
Condensers (for microscopes Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...G02B 21/08)

|  | G02B 21/00 |
Microscopes (eyepieces Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...G02B 25/00; polarising systems Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...G02B 27/28; measuring microscopes Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...G01B 9/04; microtomes Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...G01N 1/06)

|  | G02B 21/02 |
· | Objectives

|  | G02B 21/04 |
· · | involving mirrors

|  | G02B 21/06 |
· | Means for illuminating specimen

|  | G02B 21/08 |
· · | Condensers

|  | G02B 21/10 |
· · · | affording dark-field illumination (Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...G02B 21/14 takes precedence)

|  | G02B 21/12 |
· · · | affording bright-field illumination (Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...G02B 21/14 takes precedence)

|  | G02B 21/14 |
· · · | affording illumination for phase-contrast observation

|  | G02B 21/16 |
· | adapted for ultra-violet illumination

|  | G02B 21/18 |
· | Arrangements with more than one light-path, e.g. for comparing two specimens

|  | G02B 21/20 |
· · | Binocular arrangements

|  | G02B 21/22 |
· · · | Stereoscopic arrangements

|  | G02B 21/24 |
· | Base structure

|  | G02B 21/26 |
· · | Stages; Adjusting means therefor

|  | G02B 21/28 |
· · | with cooling device

|  | G02B 21/30 |
· · | with heating device

|  | G02B 21/32 |
· | Micromanipulators structurally combined with microscopes

|  | G02B 21/33 |
· | Immersion oils [6]

|  | G02B 21/34 |
· | Microscope slides, e.g. mounting specimens on microscope slides (preparing specimens for investigation Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...G01N 1/28; means for supporting the objects or the materials to be analysed in electron microscopes Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...H01J 37/20)

|  | G02B 21/36 |
· | arranged for photographic purposes or projection purposes (Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...G02B 21/18 takes precedence)

|  | G02B 23/00 |
Telescopes, e.g. binoculars (measuring telescopes Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...G01B 9/06); Periscopes; Instruments for viewing the inside of hollow bodies (diagnostic instruments Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...A61B); Viewfinders (objectives Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...G02B 9/00, Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...G02B 11/00, Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...G02B 15/00, Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...G02B 17/00; eyepieces Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...G02B 25/00); Optical aiming or sighting devices (non-optical aspects of weapon aiming or sighting devices Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F41G) [4]

|  | G02B 23/02 |
· | involving prisms or mirrors (Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...G02B 23/14 takes precedence)

|  | G02B 23/04 |
· · | for the purpose of beam splitting or combining, e.g. fitted with eyepieces for more than one observer (Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...G02B 23/10 takes precedence)

|  | G02B 23/06 |
· · | having a focusing action, e.g. parabolic mirror

|  | G02B 23/08 |
· · | Periscopes

|  | G02B 23/10 |
· · | reflecting into the field of view additional indications, e.g. from collimator (collimators in general Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...G02B 27/30; graticules Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...G02B 27/34)

|  | G02B 23/12 |
· | with means for image conversion or intensification (objectives for image conversion or intensification Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...G02B 13/16; electrical image converters with optical input and optical output Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...H01J 31/50)

|  | G02B 23/14 |
· | Viewfinders (for photographic apparatus Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...G03B 13/02)

|  | G02B 23/16 |
· | Housings; Caps; Mountings; Supports, e.g. with counterweight (cases or receptacles Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...A45C)

|  | G02B 23/18 |
· · | for binocular arrangements

|  | G02B 23/20 |
· · | Collapsible housings (Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...G02B 23/18 takes precedence)

|  | G02B 23/22 |
· · | Underwater equipments, e.g. for submarine periscope

|  | G02B 23/24 |
· | Instruments for viewing the inside of hollow bodies, e.g. fibrescopes [4]

|  | G02B 23/26 |
· · | using light guides [4]

|  | G02B 25/00 |
Eyepieces; Magnifying glasses (simple lenses Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...G02B 3/00)

|  | G02B 25/02 |
· | with means for illuminating object viewed

|  | G02B 25/04 |
· | affording a wide-angle view, e.g. through a spy-hole

|  | G02B 26/00 |
Optical devices or arrangements using movable or deformable optical elements for controlling the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light, e.g. switching, gating, modulating (mechanically operable parts of lighting devices for the control of light order Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F21V; specially adapted for measuring characteristics of light Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...G01J; devices or arrangements, the optical operation of which is modified by changing the optical properties of the medium of the devices or arrangements Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...G02F 1/00; control of light in general Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...G05D 25/00; control of light sources Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...H01S 3/10, Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...H05B 37/00-H05B 43/00) [4]

|  | G02B 26/02 |
· | for controlling the intensity of light [4]

|  | G02B 26/04 |
· · | by periodically varying the intensity of light, e.g. using choppers [4]

|  | G02B 26/06 |
· | for controlling the phase of light (Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...G02B 26/08 takes precedence) [4]

|  | G02B 26/08 |
· | for controlling the direction of light (in light guides Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...G02B 6/35) [4]

|  | G02B 26/10 |
· · | Scanning systems (for special applications, see the relevant places, e.g. Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...G03B 27/32, Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...G03F 3/08, Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...G03G 15/04, Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...G09G 3/00, Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...H04N) [4]

|  | G02B 26/12 |
· · · | using multifaceted mirrors [6]

|  | G02B 27/00 |
Other optical systems; Other optical apparatus (means for bringing-about special optical effects in shop-windows, showcases Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...A47F, e.g. Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...A47F 11/06; optical toys Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...A63H 33/22; designs or pictures characterised by special light effects Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...B44F 1/00)

|  | G02B 27/01 |
· | Head-up displays [6]

|  | G02B 27/02 |
· | Viewing or reading apparatus (stereoscopic systems Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...G02B 27/22; of the projection type Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...G03B; slide-changing apparatus Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...G03B)

|  | G02B 27/04 |
· · | having collapsible parts

|  | G02B 27/06 |
· · | with moving-picture effect

|  | G02B 27/08 |
· · | Kaleidoscopes

|  | G02B 27/09 |
· | Beam shaping, e.g. changing the cross-sectioned area, not otherwise provided for [6]

|  | G02B 27/10 |
· | Beam splitting or combining systems (mixing and splitting light signals using optical waveguides Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...G02B 6/28; polarising systems Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...G02B 27/28) [4]

|  | G02B 27/12 |
· · | operating by refraction only

|  | G02B 27/14 |
· · | operating by reflection only

|  | G02B 27/16 |
· · | used as aids for focusing

|  | G02B 27/18 |
· | for optical projection, e.g. combination of mirror and condenser and objective

|  | G02B 27/20 |
· · | for imaging minute objects, e.g. light-pointer

|  | G02B 27/22 |
· | for producing stereoscopic or other three-dimensional effects (in microscopes Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...G02B 21/22; viewing apparatus Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...G02B 27/02)

|  | G02B 27/24 |
· · | involving reflecting prisms and mirrors only

|  | G02B 27/26 |
· · | involving polarising means

|  | G02B 27/28 |
· | for polarising (used in stereoscopes Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...G02B 27/26)

|  | G02B 27/30 |
· | Collimators

|  | G02B 27/32 |
· | Fiducial marks or measuring scales within the optical system

|  | G02B 27/34 |
· · | illuminated

|  | G02B 27/36 |
· · | adjustable

|  | G02B 27/40 |
· | Optical focusing aids (beam splitting or combining systems Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...G02B 27/10)

|  | G02B 27/42 |
· | Diffraction optics (Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...G02B 27/60 takes precedence) [3]

|  | G02B 27/44 |
· · | Grating systems; Zone plate systems (Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...G02B 27/46 takes precedence; spectrometry Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...G01J) [3]

|  | G02B 27/46 |
· · | Systems using spatial filters (character recognition Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...G06K 9/00) [3]

|  | G02B 27/46 |
Note(s) In this group, the filter may be in any plane, e.g. the image or the Fourier transfer plane. [3]

|  | G02B 27/48 |
· | Laser speckle optics (speckle suppression in holography Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...G03H 1/32) [3]

|  | G02B 27/50 |
· | Optics for phase object visualisation [3]

|  | G02B 27/52 |
· · | Phase contrast optics (in microscopes Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...G02B 21/14) [3]

|  | G02B 27/54 |
· · | Schlieren-optical systems [3]

|  | G02B 27/56 |
· | Optics using evanescent waves, i.e. inhomogeneous waves [3]

|  | G02B 27/58 |
· | Optics for apodization or superresolution; Optical synthetic aperture systems [3]

|  | G02B 27/60 |
· | Systems using moire fringes (means for converting the output of a sensing member using diffraction gratings Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...G01D 5/38) [3]

|  | G02B 27/62 |
· | Optical apparatus specially adapted for adjusting optical elements during the assembly of optical systems (adjusting means being part of the system to be assembled Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...G02B 7/00) [3]

|  | G02B 27/64 |
· | Imaging systems using optical elements for stabilisation of the lateral and angular position of the image (focusing systems Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...G02B 7/04; adjustment of optical system relative to image or object surface Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...G03B 5/00) [3]