|  | G |
SECTION G — PHYSICS

|  | G |
Note(s) In this section, the following term is used with the meaning indicated: "variable" (as a noun) means a feature or property (e.g., a dimension, a physical condition such as temperature, a quality such as density or colour) which, in respect of a particular entity (e.g., an object, a quantity of a substance, a beam of light) and at a particular instant, is capable of being measured; the variable may change, so that its numerical expression may assume different values at different times, in different conditions or in individual cases, but may be constant in respect of a particular entity in certain conditions or for practical purposes (e.g., the length of a bar may be regarded as constant for many purposes). Attention is drawn to the definitions of terms or expressions used, appearing in the notes of several of the classes in this section, in particular those of "measuring" in class Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...G01 and "control" and "regulation" in class Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...G05. Classification in this section may present more difficulty than in other sections, because the distinction between different fields of use rests to a considerable extent on differences in the intention of the user rather than on any constructional differences or differences in the manner of use, and because the subjects dealt with are often in effect systems or combinations, which have features or parts in common, rather than "things", which are readily distinguishable as a whole. For example, information (e.g., a set of figures) may be displayed for the purpose of education or advertising (Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...G09), for enabling the result of a measurement to be known (Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...G01), for signalling the information to a distant point or for giving information which has been signalled from a distant point (Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...G08). The words used to describe the purpose depend on features that may be irrelevant to the form of the apparatus concerned, for example, such features as the desired effect on the person who sees the display, or whether the display is controlled from a remote point. Again, a device which responds to some change in a condition, e.g., in the pressure of a fluid, may be used, without modification of the device itself, to give information about the pressure (Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...G01L) or about some other condition linked to the pressure (another subclass of class Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...G01, e.g., Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...G01K for temperature), to make a record of the pressure or of its occurrence (Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...G07C), to give an alarm (Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...G08B), or to control another apparatus (Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...G05). The classification scheme is intended to enable things of a similar nature (as indicated above) to be classified together. It is therefore particularly necessary for the real nature of any technical subject to be decided before it can be properly classified.

INSTRUMENTS

|  | G06 |
COMPUTING; CALCULATING; COUNTING (score computers for games Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...A63B 71/06, Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...A63D 15/20, Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...A63F 1/18; combinations of writing implements with computing devices Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...B43K 29/08)

|  | G06 |
Note(s) This class covers: simulators which are concerned with the mathematics of computing the existing or anticipated conditions within the real device or system; simulators which demonstrate, by means involving computing, the function of apparatus or of a system, if no provision exists elsewhere; image data processing or generation. This class does not cover: control functions derived from simulators, in general, which are covered by class Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...G05, although such functions may be covered by the subclass of this class for the device controlled; measurement or analysis of an individual variable to serve as an input to a simulator, which is covered by class Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...G01; simulators regarded as teaching or training devices which is the case if they give perceptible sensations having a likeness to the sensations a student would experience in reality in response to actions taken by him. Such simulators are covered by class Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...G09; components of simulators, if identical with real devices or machines, which are covered by the relevant subclass for these devices or machines (and not by class Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...G09). In this class, the following terms or expressions are used with the meanings indicated: "data" is used as the synonym of "information". Therefore, the term "information" is not used in subclass Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...G06C or Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...G06F; "calculating" or "computing" includes, inter alia, operations on numerical values and on data expressed in numerical form. Of these terms "computing" is used throughout the class; "computation" is derived from this interpretation of "computing". In the French language the term "calcul" will serve for either term; "simulator" is a device which may use the same time scale as the real device or operate on an expanded or compressed time scale. In interpreting this term models of real devices to reduced or expanded scales are not regarded as simulators; "record carrier" means a body, such as a cylinder, disc, card, tape, or wire, capable of permanently holding information, which can be read-off by a sensing element movable relative to the recorded information. Attention is drawn to the Notes following the title of section G, especially as regards the definition of the term "variable".

|  | G06G |
ANALOGUE COMPUTERS (analogue optical computing devices Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...G06E 3/00)

|  | G06G 1/00 |
Hand-manipulated computing devices (planimeters Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...G01B 5/26)

|  | G06G 1/02 |
· | Devices in which computing is effected by adding, subtracting, or comparing lengths of parallel or concentric graduated scales

|  | G06G 1/04 |
· · | characterised by construction (Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...G06G 1/10 takes precedence)

|  | G06G 1/06 |
· · · | with rectilinear scales, e.g. slide rule

|  | G06G 1/08 |
· · · | with circular or helical scales

|  | G06G 1/10 |
· · | characterised by the graduation

|  | G06G 1/12 |
· · · | logarithmic graduations, e.g. for multiplication

|  | G06G 1/14 |
· | in which a straight or curved line has to be drawn from given points on one or more input scales to one or more points on a result scale

|  | G06G 1/16 |
· | in which a straight or curved line has to be drawn through related points on one or more families of curves

|  | G06G 3/00 |
Devices in which the computing operation is performed mechanically (Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...G06G 1/00 takes precedence)

|  | G06G 3/02 |
· | for performing additions or subtractions, e.g. differential gearing

|  | G06G 3/04 |
· | for performing multiplications or divisions, e.g. variable-ratio gearing

|  | G06G 3/06 |
· | for evaluating functions by using cams and cam followers

|  | G06G 3/08 |
· | for integrating or differentiating, e.g. by wheel and disc

|  | G06G 3/10 |
· | for simulating specific processes, systems, or devices

|  | G06G 5/00 |
Devices in which the computing operation is performed by means of fluid-pressure elements (such elements in general Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F15C)

|  | G06G 7/00 |
Devices in which the computing operation is performed by varying electric or magnetic quantities (neural networks for image data processing Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...G06T)

|  | G06G 7/02 |
· | Details not covered by groups Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...G06G 7/04-G06G 7/10

|  | G06G 7/04 |
· | Input or output devices (graph readers Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...G06K 11/00; using function plotters, co-ordinate plotters Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...G06K 15/22)

|  | G06G 7/06 |
· | Programming arrangements, e.g. plugboard for interconnecting functional units of the computer; Digital programming

|  | G06G 7/10 |
· | Power supply arrangements

|  | G06G 7/12 |
· | Arrangements for performing computing operations, e.g. amplifiers specially adapted therefor (amplifiers in general Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...H03F)

|  | G06G 7/122 |
· · | for optimisation, e.g. least square fitting, linear programming, critical path analysis, gradient method [2]

|  | G06G 7/14 |
· · | for addition or subtraction (of vector quantities Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...G06G 7/22)

|  | G06G 7/16 |
· · | for multiplication or division

|  | G06G 7/161 |
· · · | with pulse modulation, e.g. modulation of amplitude, width, frequency, phase, or form [2]

|  | G06G 7/162 |
· · · | using galvano-magnetic effects, e.g. Hall effect; using similar magnetic effects [2]

|  | G06G 7/163 |
· · · | using a variable impedance controlled by one of the input signals, variable amplification or transfer function [2]

|  | G06G 7/164 |
· · · | using means for evaluating powers, e.g. quarter square multiplier (evaluating powers Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...G06G 7/20) [3]

|  | G06G 7/18 |
· · | for integration or differentiation (Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...G06G 7/19 takes precedence) [3]

|  | G06G 7/182 |
· · · | using magnetic elements [3]

|  | G06G 7/184 |
· · · | using capacitive elements [3]

|  | G06G 7/186 |
· · · · | using an operational amplifier comprising a capacitor or a resistor in the feedback loop [3]

|  | G06G 7/188 |
· · · | using electromechanical elements [3]

|  | G06G 7/19 |
· · | for forming integrals of products, e.g. Fourier integrals, Laplace integrals, correlation integrals; for analysis or synthesis of functions using orthogonal functions (Fourier or spectrum analysis Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...G01R 23/16; speech analysis or synthesis Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...G10L) [3]

|  | G06G 7/195 |
· · · | using electro-acoustic elements [3]

|  | G06G 7/20 |
· · | for evaluating powers, roots, polynomes, mean square values, standard deviation (Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...G06G 7/122, Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...G06G 7/28 take precedence; gamma correction in television systems Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...H04N 5/202, Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...H04N 9/69) [3]

|  | G06G 7/22 |
· · | for evaluating trigonometric functions; for conversion of co-ordinates; for computations involving vector quantities (trigonometric computations using simultaneous equations Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...G06G 7/34)

|  | G06G 7/24 |
· · | for evaluating logarithmic or exponential functions, e.g. hyperbolic functions

|  | G06G 7/25 |
· · | for discontinuous functions, e.g. backlash, dead zone, limiting, absolute value, or peak value [2]

|  | G06G 7/26 |
· · | Arbitrary function generators (using orthogonal functions, e.g. Fourier series, Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...G06G 7/19; using curve follower Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...G06K 11/02)

|  | G06G 7/28 |
· · · | for synthesising functions by piecewise approximation

|  | G06G 7/30 |
· · | for interpolation or extrapolation (Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...G06G 7/122 takes precedence) [2]

|  | G06G 7/32 |
· · | for solving of equations

|  | G06G 7/34 |
· · · | of simultaneous equations (Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...G06G 7/122 takes precedence) [2]

|  | G06G 7/36 |
· · · | of single equations of quadratic or higher degree (Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...G06G 7/22, Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...G06G 7/24 take precedence)

|  | G06G 7/38 |
· · · | of differential or integral equations

|  | G06G 7/40 |
· · · · | of partial differential equations (simulating specific devices Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...G06G 7/48)

|  | G06G 7/42 |
· · · · · | using electrolytic tank

|  | G06G 7/44 |
· · · · · | using continuous medium, current-sensitive paper

|  | G06G 7/46 |
· · · · · | using discontinuous medium, e.g. resistance network

|  | G06G 7/48 |
· | Analogue computers for specific processes, systems, or devices, e.g. simulators [2]

|  | G06G 7/50 |
· · | for distribution networks, e.g. for fluids (Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...G06G 7/62 takes precedence)

|  | G06G 7/52 |
· · | for economic systems; for statistics (Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...G06G 7/122, Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...G06G 7/19, Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...G06G 7/20 take precedence) [3]

|  | G06G 7/54 |
· · | for nuclear physics, e.g. nuclear reactors, radioactive fallout

|  | G06G 7/56 |
· · | for heat flow (Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...G06G 7/58 takes precedence)

|  | G06G 7/57 |
· · | for fluid flow (Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...G06G 7/50 takes precedence)

|  | G06G 7/58 |
· · | for chemical processes (Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...G06G 7/75 takes precedence)

|  | G06G 7/60 |
· · | for living beings, e.g. their nervous systems

|  | G06G 7/62 |
· · | for electric systems or apparatus

|  | G06G 7/625 |
· · · | for impedance networks, e.g. determining response, determining poles or zeros, determining the Nyquist diagram (measuring impedance Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...G01R 27/00) [2]

|  | G06G 7/63 |
· · · | for power apparatus, e.g. motors, or supply distribution networks [2]

|  | G06G 7/635 |
· · · · | for determining the most economical distribution in power systems [2]

|  | G06G 7/64 |
· · | for non-electric machines, e.g. turbine

|  | G06G 7/66 |
· · | for control systems

|  | G06G 7/68 |
· · | for civil-engineering structures, e.g. beam, strut, girder

|  | G06G 7/70 |
· · | for vehicles, e.g. to determine permissible loading of ships

|  | G06G 7/72 |
· · · | Flight simulators (Link trainers Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...G09B 9/08)

|  | G06G 7/75 |
· · | for component analysis, e.g. of mixtures, of colours (Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...G06G 7/122 takes precedence) [2]

|  | G06G 7/76 |
· · | for traffic

|  | G06G 7/78 |
· · | for direction-finding, locating, distance or velocity measuring, or navigation systems

|  | G06G 7/80 |
· · | for gun-laying; for bomb aiming; for guiding missiles [2]