|  | H |
SECTION H — ELECTRICITY

|  | H |
Note(s) These Notes cover the basic principles and general instructions for use of section H. Section H covers: basic electric elements, which cover all electric units and the general mechanical structure of apparatus and circuits, including the assembly of various basic elements into what are called printed circuits and also cover to a certain extent the manufacture of these elements (when not covered elsewhere); generation of electricity, which covers the generation, conversion and distribution of electricity together with the controlling of the corresponding gear; applied electricity, which covers: general utilisation techniques, viz. those of electric heating and electric lighting circuits; some special utilisation techniques, either electric or electronic in the strict sense, which are not covered by other sections of the Classification, including: electric light sources, including lasers; electric X-ray technique; electric plasma technique and the generation and acceleration of electrically charged particles or neutrons; basic electronic circuits and their control; radio or electric communication technique; the use of a specified material for the manufacture of the article or element described. In this connection, paragraphs 57 to 59 of the Guide should be referred to. In this section, the following general rules apply: Subject to the exceptions stated in I(c), above, any electric aspect or part peculiar to a particular operation, process, apparatus, object or article, classified in one of the sections of the Classification other than section H, is always classified in the subclass for that operation, process, apparatus, object or article. Where common characteristics concerning technical subjects of similar nature have been brought out at class level, the electric aspect or part is classified, in conjunction with the operation, process, apparatus, object or article, in a subclass which covers entirely the general electrical applications for the technical subject in question; The electrical applications referred to under (a), above, either general or particular, include: the therapeutic processes and apparatus, in class Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...A61; the electric processes and apparatus used in various laboratory or industrial operations, in classes Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...B01 and Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...B03 and in subclass Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...B23K; the electricity supply, electric propulsion and electric lighting of vehicles in general and of particular vehicles, in the subsection "Transporting" of section B; the electric ignition systems of internal-combustion engines, in subclass Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F02P, and of combustion apparatus in general, in subclass Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F23Q; the whole electrical part of section G, i.e. measuring devices including apparatus for measuring electric variables, checking, signalling and calculating. Electricity in that section is generally dealt with as a means and not as an end in itself; All electrical applications, both general and particular, presuppose that the "basic electricity" aspect appears in section H (see I(a), above) as regards the electric "basic elements" which they comprise. This rule is also valid for applied electricity, referred to in I(c), above, which appears in section H itself. In this section, the following special cases occur: Among the general applications covered by sections other than section H, it is worth noting that electric heating in general is covered by subclasses Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F24D or Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F24H or class Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F27, and that electric lighting in general is partly covered by class Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F21, since in section H (see I(c), above) there are places in Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...H05B which cover the same technical subjects; In the two cases referred to under (a), above, the subclasses of section F, which deal with the respective subjects, essentially cover in the first place the whole mechanical aspect of the apparatus or devices, whereas the electrical aspect, as such, is covered by subclass Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...H05B; In the case of lighting, this mechanical aspect should be taken to cover the material arrangement of the various electric elements, i.e., their geometrical or physical position in relation to one another; this aspect is covered by subclass Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F21V, the elements themselves and the primary circuits remaining in section H. The same applies to electric light sources, when combined with light sources of a different kind. These are covered by subclass Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...H05B, whereas the physical arrangement which their combination constitutes is covered by the various subclasses of class Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F21; As regards heating, not only the electric elements and circuitry designs, as such, are covered by subclass Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...H05B, but also the electric aspects of their arrangement, where these concern cases of general application; electric furnaces being considered as such. The physical disposition of the electric elements in furnaces is covered by section F. If a comparison is made with electric welding circuits, which are covered by subclass Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...B23K in connection with welding, it can be seen that electric heating is not covered by the general rule stated in II, above.

|  | H04 |
ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE

|  | H04 |
Note(s) This class covers electrical communication systems with propagation paths employing light (optical communication), infra-red, ultrasonic, sonic, or infrasonic waves. [4]

|  | H04B |
TRANSMISSION (transmission systems for measured values, control or similar signals Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...G08C; coding, decoding or code conversion, in general Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...H03M; broadcast communication Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...H04H; multiplex systems Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...H04J; secret communication Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...H04K; transmission of digital information Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...H04L) [4]

|  | H04B |
Note(s) This subclass covers the transmission of information-carrying signals, the transmission being independent of the nature of the information, and includes monitoring and testing arrangements and the suppression and limitation of noise and interference.

|  | H04B |
Subclass index
DETAILS | 1/00
SYSTEMS CHARACTERISED BY THE MEDIUM USED FOR TRANSMISSION |
Using conductors | 3/00
Using free-space propagation | 5/00 - 11/00
Others | 13/00
SYSTEMS NOT CHARACTERISED BY THE MEDIUM USED FOR TRANSMISSION | 14/00
SUPPRESSION OR LIMITATION OF NOISE OR INTERFERENCE | 15/00
MONITORING, TESTING | 17/00

|  | H04H |
BROADCAST COMMUNICATION (transmission in general Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...H04B; multiplex communication Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...H04J)

|  | H04H |
Note(s) This subclass covers: distribution of entertainment or informative matter simultaneously to a number of receiving stations over transmission lines or over radio waves; recording of the use made of the broadcast service.

|  | H04J |
MULTIPLEX COMMUNICATION (transmission in general Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...H04B; peculiar to transmission of digital information Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...H04L 5/00; systems for the simultaneous or sequential transmission of more than one television signal Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...H04N 7/08; in exchanges Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...H04Q 11/00; stereophonic systems Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...H04S)

|  | H04J |
Note(s) This subclass covers: circuits or apparatus for combining or dividing signals for the purpose of transmitting them simultaneously or sequentially over the same transmission path; monitoring arrangements therefor.

|  | H04K |
SECRET COMMUNICATION; JAMMING OF COMMUNICATION

|  | H04K |
Note(s) In this subclass, the following expression is used with the meaning indicated: "secret communication" includes secret line and radiation transmission systems, i.e. those in which apparatus at the transmitting station modifies the signal in such a way that the information cannot be intelligibly received without corresponding modifying apparatus at the receiving station.

|  | H04L |
TRANSMISSION OF DIGITAL INFORMATION, e.g. TELEGRAPHIC COMMUNICATION (typewriters Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...B41J; order telegraphs, fire or police telegraphs Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...G08B; visual telegraphy Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...G08B, Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...G08C; teleautographic systems Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...G08C; ciphering or deciphering apparatus per se Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...G09C; coding, decoding or code conversion, in general Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...H03M; arrangements common to telegraphic and telephonic communication Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...H04M; selecting Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...H04Q) [4]

|  | H04L |
Note(s) This subclass covers transmission of signals having been supplied in digital form and includes data transmission, telegraphic communication, or methods or arrangements for monitoring.

|  | H04L |
Subclass index
SYSTEMS CHARACTERISED BY: |
The code used: Morse; Baudot; details | 15/00; 17/00; 13/00
Otherwise: step by step; mosaic printers; other systems | 19/00; 21/00; 23/00
DATA SWITCHING NETWORKS | 12/00
ARRANGEMENTS OF GENERAL APPLICATION |
Security: errors; secret | 1/00; 9/00
Multiple communications; synchronising | 5/00; 7/00
OTHER ARRANGEMENTS, APPARATUS OR SYSTEMS | 29/00

|  | H04M |
TELEPHONIC COMMUNICATION (counting mechanisms Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...G06M; circuits for controlling other apparatus via a telephone cable and not involving telephone switching apparatus Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...G08; reels or other take-up devices for cords Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...H02G 11/00; multiplex transmission between switching centres Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...H04J; selecting arrangements Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...H04Q; loudspeakers, microphones, gramophone pick-ups or like electromechanical transducers Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...H04R)

|  | H04M |
Note(s) This subclass covers: telephonic communication systems combined with other electrical systems; testing arrangements peculiar to telephonic communication systems. In this subclass, the following terms or expressions are used with the meanings indicated: "subscriber" is a general term for terminal equipment, e.g. telephone for public use; "substation" means a subscriber or monitoring equipment which may connect a single subscriber to a line without choice as to subscriber; "satellite" is a type of exchange the operation of which depends upon control signals received from a supervisory exchange; "switching centres" includes exchanges and satellites.

|  | H04M |
Subclass index
TELEPHONIC SYSTEMS |
Combined; party-line systems; prepayment systems | 11/00; 13/00; 17/00
EQUIPMENTS AND ARRANGEMENTS |
Equipments | 1/00
Exchanges: automatic; manual | 3/00; 5/00
Interconnection arrangements: centralised; non-centralised | 7/00; 9/00
Monitoring and control; supply arrangements | 15/00; 19/00

|  | H04N |
PICTORIAL COMMUNICATION, e.g. TELEVISION (measuring, testing Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...G01; systems for autographic writing, e.g. writing telegraphy, which involve following an outline Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...G08; information storage based on relative movement between record carrier and transducer Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...G11B; coding, decoding or code conversion, in general Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...H03M; broadcast distribution or the recording of use made thereof Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...H04H) [4]

|  | H04N |
Note(s) This subclass covers: transmission of pictures or their transient or permanent reproduction either locally or remotely, by methods involving both the following steps: step (a): the scanning of a picture, i.e. resolving the whole picture-containing area into individual picture-elements and the derivation of picture-representative electric signals related thereto, simultaneously or in sequence; step (b): the reproduction of the whole picture-containing area by the reproduction of individual picture-elements into which the picture is resolved by means of picture-representative electric signals derived therefrom, simultaneously or in sequence; [4] (in group Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...H04N 1/00) systems for the transmission or the reproduction of arbitrarily composed pictures or patterns in which the local light variations composing a picture are not subject to variation with time, e.g. documents (both written and printed), maps, charts, photographs (other than cinematograph films); circuits specially designed for dealing with pictorial communication signals, e.g. television signals, as distinct from merely signals of a particular frequency range. This subclass does not cover: circuits or other parts of systems which form the subject of other subclasses, which are covered by the corresponding subclasses, e.g. Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...H03C, Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...H03F, Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...H03J, Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...H04B, Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...H04H; systems in which legible alphanumeric or like character forms are analysed according to step (a) of Note (1) to derive an electric signal from which the character is recognised by comparison with stored information, which are covered by subclass Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...G06K; systems for the direct photographic copying of an original picture in which an electric signal representative of the picture is derived according to the said step (a) and employed to modify the operation of the system, e.g. to control exposure, which are covered by class Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...G03; systems for the reproduction according to step (b) of Note (1) of pictures comprising alphanumeric or like character forms but involving the production of the equivalent of a signal which would be derived according to the above-mentioned step (a), e.g. by cams, punched card or tape, coded control signal, or other means, which are covered by the subclass for the application, e.g. Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...G01D, Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...G06T, Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...H04L; systems for the reproduction according to the above-mentioned step (b) of pictures comprising alphanumeric or like character forms and involving the generation according to the above-mentioned step (a) of picture-representative electric signals from a pre-arranged assembly of such characters, or records thereof, forming an integral part of the systems, which are covered by the subclass for the application, e.g. Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...B41B, Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...G06K, subject to those applications which are covered by this subclass; printing, duplication or marking processes, or materials therefor, which are covered by the relevant subclasses, e.g. Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...B41C, Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...B41J, Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...B41M, Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...G03C, Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...G03F, Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...G03G. [4] In this subclass, the following expression is used with the meaning indicated: "television systems" means those systems for the transmission and reproduction of arbitrarily composed pictures in which the local light variations composing a picture may change with time, e.g. natural "live" scenes, recordings of such scenes such as cinematograph films.

|  | H04Q |
SELECTING (switches, relays, selectors Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...H01H; electronic switches Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...H03K 17/00)

|  | H04Q |
Note(s) This subclass covers: methods, circuits, or apparatus for establishing selectively a connection between a desired number of stations (normally two), or between a main station and a desired number of substations (normally one) for the purpose of transferring information via this connection after it has been established; selective calling arrangements over connections already established. In either case, the connection may be by means of electric conductors or electromagnetic waves. In this subclass, the following terms or expressions are used with the meanings indicated: "subscriber" is a general term for terminal equipment, e.g. telephone for public use; "substation" means a subscriber or monitoring equipment which may connect a single subscriber to a line without choice as to subscriber; "satellite" is a kind of exchange the operation of which depends upon control signals received from a supervisory exchange; "switching centres" includes exchanges and satellites.

|  | H04Q |
Subclass index
SELECTING ARRANGEMENTS |
General; by line; via radio or inductive links; multiplex | 3/00; 5/00; 7/00; 11/00
DISPOSITIONS FOR TELECONTROL OR TELEMETRY | 9/00
DETAILS | 1/00

|  | H04R |
LOUDSPEAKERS, MICROPHONES, GRAMOPHONE PICK-UPS OR LIKE ACOUSTIC ELECTROMECHANICAL TRANSDUCERS; DEAF-AID SETS; PUBLIC ADDRESS SYSTEMS (generating mechanical vibrations in general Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...B06B; transducers for measuring particular variables Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...G01; transducers in clocks Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...G04; producing sounds with frequency not determined by supply frequency Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...G10K; transducers in recording or reproducing heads Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...G11B; transducers in motors Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...H02) [6]

|  | H04R |
Note(s) This subclass covers: loudspeakers, microphones, gramophone pick-ups or like transducers producing acoustic waves or variations of electric current or voltage; arrangements actuated by variations of electric current or voltage for cutting grooves in records; circuits for the above-mentioned arrangements; monitoring or testing the above-mentioned equipment.

|  | H04R |
Subclass index
TYPES OF TRANSDUCER |
With magnetic circuit: |
moving coil; moving armature; magnetisable diaphragm; magnetostriction | 9/00; 11/00; 13/00; 15/00
Without magnetic circuit: |
piezo-electric; electrostatic; with variable resistance | 17/00; 19/00; 21/00
Other types | 23/00
Details |
general; circuits; diaphragms and cones | 1/00; 3/00; 7/00
APPLICATIONS |
Stereophonic arrangements; deaf-aid; public address systems | 5/00; 25/00; 27/00
MONITORING, TESTING; MANUFACTURE | 29/00; 31/00

|  | H04S |
STEREOPHONIC SYSTEMS (information storage on discs or tapes Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...G11B; broadcast systems for the distribution of stereophonic information Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...H04H 5/00; multiplex systems in general Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...H04J) [3]

|  | H04S |
Note(s) In this subclass, the following expression is used with the meaning indicated: "stereophonic systems" covers quadraphonic or similar systems. [3]