|  | C |
SECTION C — CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY

|  | C |
Note(s) In section C, the definitions of groups of chemical elements are as follows: Alkali metals: Li, Na, K, Rb, Cs, Fr Alkaline earth metals: Ca, Sr, Ba, Ra Lanthanides: elements with atomic numbers 57 to 71 inclusive Rare earths: Sc, Y, Lanthanides Actinides: elements with atomic numbers 89 to 103 inclusive Refractory metals: Ti, V, Cr, Zr, Nb, Mo, Hf, Ta, W Halogens: F, Cl, Br, I, At Noble gases: He, Ne, Ar, Kr, Xe, Rn Platinum group: Os, Ir, Pt, Ru, Rh, Pd Noble metals: Ag, Au, Platinum group Light metals: alkali metals, alkaline earth metals, Be, Al, Mg Heavy metals: metals other than light metals Iron group: Fe, Co, Ni Non-metals: H, B, C, Si, N, P, O, S, Se, Te, noble gases, halogens Metals: elements other than non-metals Transition elements: elements with atomic numbers 21 to 30 inclusive, 39 to 48 inclusive, 57 to 80 inclusive, 89 upwards The following notes are meant to assist in the use of this part of the classification scheme. They must not be read as modifying in any way the elaborations. Section C covers: pure chemistry, which covers inorganic compounds, organic compounds, macromolecular compounds, and their methods of preparation; applied chemistry, which covers compositions containing the above compounds, such as: glass, ceramics, fertilisers, plastics compositions, paints, products of the petroleum industry. It also covers certain compositions on account of their having particular properties rendering them suitable for certain purposes, as in the case of explosives, dyestuffs, adhesives, lubricants, and detergents; certain marginal industries, such as the manufacture of coke and of solid or gaseous fuels, the production and refining of oils, fats and waxes, the fermentation industry (e.g., brewing and wine-making), the sugar industry; certain operations or treatments, which are either purely mechanical, e.g., the mechanical treatment of leather and skins, or partly mechanical, e.g., the treatment of water or the prevention of corrosion in general; metallurgy, ferrous or non-ferrous alloys. In the case of operations, treatments, products or articles having both a chemical and a non-chemical part or aspect, the general rule is that the chemical part or aspect is covered by section C. In some of these cases, the chemical part or aspect brings with it a non-chemical one, even though purely mechanical, because this latter aspect either is essential to the operation or treatment or constitutes an important element thereof. It has seemed, in fact, more logical not to dissociate the different parts or aspects of a coherent whole. This is the case for applied chemistry and for the industries, operations and treatments mentioned in Notes (1)(c), (d) and (e). For example, furnaces peculiar to the manufacture of glass are covered by class Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...C03 and not by class Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F27. There are, however, some exceptions in which the mechanical (or non-chemical) aspect carries with it the chemical aspect, for example: Certain extractive processes, in subclass Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...A61K; The chemical purification of air, in subclass Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...A61L; Chemical methods of fire-fighting, in subclass Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...A62D; Chemical processes and apparatus, in class Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...B01; Impregnation of wood, in subclass Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...B27K; Chemical methods of analysis or testing, in subclass Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...G01N; Photographic materials and processes, in class Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...G03, and, generally, the chemical treatment of textiles and the production of cellulose or paper, in section D. In still other cases, the pure chemical aspect is covered by section C and the applied chemical aspect by another section, such as A, B or F, e.g., the use of a substance or composition for: treatment of plants or animals, covered by subclass Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...A01N; foodstuffs, covered by class Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...A23; ammunition or explosives, covered by class Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F42. When the chemical and mechanical aspects are so closely interlocked that a neat and simple division is not possible, or when certain mechanical processes follow as a natural or logical continuation of a chemical treatment, section C may cover, in addition to the chemical aspect, a part only of the mechanical aspect, e.g., after-treatment of artificial stone, covered by class Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...C04. In this latter case, a note or a reference is usually given to make the position clear, even if sometimes the division is rather arbitrary.

CHEMISTRY

|  | C10 |
PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT

|  | C10B |
DESTRUCTIVE DISTILLATION OF CARBONACEOUS MATERIALS FOR PRODUCTION OF GAS, COKE, TAR, OR SIMILAR MATERIALS (cracking oils Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...C10G; underground gasification of minerals Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...E21B 43/295) [5]

|  | C10B |
Subclass index
RETORTS; COKE OVENS |
Retorts | 1/00
Coke ovens | 3/00 - 15/00
Structural features of coke ovens |
doors, closures; other features | 25/00; 27/00, 29/00
heating | 17/00 - 23/00
charging devices | 13/00, 31/00 - 35/00
safety devices; preventing or removing incrustations | 41/00; 43/00
other details | 45/00
CARBONISING OR COKING PROCESSES |
By destructive distillation | 47/00 - 53/00
Coking mineral oils or the like | 55/00
Other processes | 57/00
FEATURES OF DESTRUCTIVE DISTILLATION PROCESSES IN GENERAL | 7/00, 13/00, 37/00, 39/00, 57/00

|  | C10B 1/00 - C10B 15/00 |
Retorts or coke ovens

|  | C10B 1/00 |
Retorts

|  | C10B 1/02 |
· | Stationary retorts

|  | C10B 1/04 |
· · | Vertical retorts

|  | C10B 1/06 |
· · | Horizontal retorts

|  | C10B 1/08 |
· · | Inclined retorts

|  | C10B 1/10 |
· | Rotary retorts

|  | C10B 3/00 |
Coke ovens with vertical chambers

|  | C10B 3/02 |
· | with heat-exchange devices

|  | C10B 5/00 |
Coke ovens with horizontal chambers

|  | C10B 5/02 |
· | with vertical heating flues

|  | C10B 5/04 |
· · | with cross-over inter-connections

|  | C10B 5/06 |
· | with horizontal heating flues

|  | C10B 5/08 |
· | with horizontal and vertical heating flues

|  | C10B 5/10 |
· | with heat-exchange devices

|  | C10B 5/12 |
· · | with regenerators

|  | C10B 5/14 |
· · · | situated in the longitudinal direction of the chambers

|  | C10B 5/16 |
· · · · | with separated flues

|  | C10B 5/18 |
· · · | situated in the longitudinal direction of the oven battery

|  | C10B 5/20 |
· · | with recuperators

|  | C10B 7/00 |
Coke ovens with mechanical conveying means for the raw material inside the oven

|  | C10B 7/02 |
· | with rotary scraping devices

|  | C10B 7/04 |
· | with shaking or vibrating devices

|  | C10B 7/06 |
· | with endless conveying devices

|  | C10B 7/08 |
· · | in vertical direction

|  | C10B 7/10 |
· | with conveyer-screws

|  | C10B 7/12 |
· | with tilting or rocking means

|  | C10B 7/14 |
· | with trucks, containers, or trays

|  | C10B 9/00 |
Beehive ovens

|  | C10B 11/00 |
Coke ovens with inclined chambers

|  | C10B 13/00 |
Coke ovens with means for bringing and keeping the charge under mechanical pressure

|  | C10B 15/00 |
Other coke ovens

|  | C10B 15/02 |
· | with floor heating

|  | C10B 17/00 - C10B 23/00 |
Heating of coke ovens

|  | C10B 17/00 |
Preheating of coke ovens

|  | C10B 19/00 |
Heating of coke ovens by electrical means

|  | C10B 21/00 |
Heating of coke ovens with combustible gases

|  | C10B 21/02 |
· | with lean gas

|  | C10B 21/04 |
· | with rich gas

|  | C10B 21/06 |
· | in coke ovens suitable for the use of lean gas or rich gas

|  | C10B 21/08 |
· | by applying special heating gases

|  | C10B 21/10 |
· | Regulating or controlling the combustion

|  | C10B 21/12 |
· · | Burners

|  | C10B 21/14 |
· · | Devices for reversing the draught

|  | C10B 21/16 |
· · | by controlling or varying the openings between the heating flues and the regenerator flues

|  | C10B 21/18 |
· · | Recirculating the flue gases

|  | C10B 21/20 |
· | Methods of heating ovens of the chamber oven type

|  | C10B 21/22 |
· · | by introducing the heating gas and air at various levels

|  | C10B 21/24 |
· · · | at the top and the bottom of the vertical heating flues

|  | C10B 21/26 |
· · | by introducing the heating gas and air at the top of the vertical flues only

|  | C10B 23/00 |
Other methods of heating coke ovens

|  | C10B 25/00 |
Doors or closures for coke ovens

|  | C10B 25/02 |
· | Doors; Door frames

|  | C10B 25/04 |
· · | for ovens with vertical chambers

|  | C10B 25/06 |
· · | for ovens with horizontal chambers

|  | C10B 25/08 |
· · | Closing or opening the doors

|  | C10B 25/10 |
· · · | for ovens with vertical chambers

|  | C10B 25/12 |
· · · | for ovens with horizontal chambers

|  | C10B 25/14 |
· · · | Devices for lifting doors

|  | C10B 25/16 |
· · | Sealing; Means for sealing

|  | C10B 25/18 |
· · | Cooling

|  | C10B 25/20 |
· | Lids or closures for charging holes

|  | C10B 25/22 |
· · | for ovens with vertical chambers

|  | C10B 25/24 |
· · | for ovens with horizontal chambers

|  | C10B 27/00 |
Arrangements for withdrawal of the distillation gases

|  | C10B 27/02 |
· | with outlets arranged at different levels in the chamber

|  | C10B 27/04 |
· | during the charging operation of the oven

|  | C10B 27/06 |
· | Conduit details, e.g. valves

|  | C10B 29/00 |
Other details of coke ovens

|  | C10B 29/02 |
· | Brickwork, e.g. casings, linings, walls

|  | C10B 29/04 |
· | Controlling or preventing expansion or contraction

|  | C10B 29/06 |
· | Preventing or repairing leakages of the brickwork

|  | C10B 29/08 |
· | Bracing or foundation of the ovens

|  | C10B 31/00 - C10B 37/00 |
Devices for charging or discharging coke ovens; Mechanical treatments of coal charges

|  | C10B 31/00 |
Charging devices

|  | C10B 31/02 |
· | for charging vertically

|  | C10B 31/04 |
· · | coke ovens with horizontal chambers

|  | C10B 31/06 |
· | for charging horizontally

|  | C10B 31/08 |
· · | coke ovens with horizontal chambers

|  | C10B 31/10 |
· · · | with one compact charge

|  | C10B 31/12 |
· | for liquid materials

|  | C10B 33/00 |
Discharging devices; Coke guides

|  | C10B 33/02 |
· | Extracting coke with built-in devices, e.g. gears, screws

|  | C10B 33/04 |
· | Pulling-out devices

|  | C10B 33/06 |
· · | for horizontal chambers

|  | C10B 33/08 |
· | Pushers, e.g. rams

|  | C10B 33/10 |
· · | for horizontal chambers

|  | C10B 33/12 |
· | Discharge valves

|  | C10B 33/14 |
· | Coke guides

|  | C10B 35/00 |
Combined charging and discharging devices

|  | C10B 37/00 |
Mechanical treatments of coal charges in the oven

|  | C10B 37/02 |
· | Levelling charges, e.g. with bars

|  | C10B 37/04 |
· | Compressing charges (during coking Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...C10B 47/12)

|  | C10B 37/06 |
· | Forming holes in charges

|  | C10B 39/00 |
Cooling or quenching coke

|  | C10B 39/02 |
· | Dry cooling outside the oven

|  | C10B 39/04 |
· | Wet quenching

|  | C10B 39/06 |
· · | in the oven

|  | C10B 39/08 |
· · | Coke-quenching towers

|  | C10B 39/10 |
· | combined with agitating means, e.g. rotating tables or drums

|  | C10B 39/12 |
· | combined with conveying means

|  | C10B 39/14 |
· | Cars

|  | C10B 39/16 |
· | combined with sorting

|  | C10B 39/18 |
· | Coke ramps

|  | C10B 41/00 |
Safety devices, e.g. signalling or controlling devices for use in the discharge of coke

|  | C10B 41/02 |
· | for discharging coke

|  | C10B 41/04 |
· · | by electrical means

|  | C10B 41/06 |
· · | by pneumatic or hydraulic means

|  | C10B 41/08 |
· | for the withdrawal of the distillation gases

|  | C10B 43/00 |
Preventing or removing incrustations

|  | C10B 43/02 |
· | Removing incrustations

|  | C10B 43/04 |
· · | by mechanical means

|  | C10B 43/06 |
· · · | from conduits, valves or the like

|  | C10B 43/08 |
· · | with liquids

|  | C10B 43/10 |
· · | by burning out

|  | C10B 43/12 |
· · · | Burners

|  | C10B 43/14 |
· | Preventing incrustations

|  | C10B 45/00 |
Other details

|  | C10B 45/02 |
· | Devices for producing compact unified coal charges outside the oven (briquetting presses Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...B30B)

|  | C10B 47/00 - C10B 57/00 |
Carbonising or coking processes

|  | C10B 47/00 |
Destructive distillation of solid carbonaceous materials with indirect heating, e.g. by external combustion

|  | C10B 47/02 |
· | with stationary charge

|  | C10B 47/04 |
· · | in shaft furnaces

|  | C10B 47/06 |
· · | in retorts

|  | C10B 47/08 |
· · | in beehive ovens

|  | C10B 47/10 |
· · | in coke ovens of the chamber type

|  | C10B 47/12 |
· · | in which the charge is subjected to mechanical pressure during coking

|  | C10B 47/14 |
· · | with the aid of hot liquids, e.g. molten salts

|  | C10B 47/16 |
· · | with indirect heating means both inside and outside the retorts

|  | C10B 47/18 |
· | with moving charge

|  | C10B 47/20 |
· · | according to the "moving bed" technique (Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...C10B 47/26 takes precedence)

|  | C10B 47/22 |
· · | in dispersed form (Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...C10B 47/26 takes precedence)

|  | C10B 47/24 |
· · · | according to the "fluidised bed" technique

|  | C10B 47/26 |
· · | with the aid of hot liquids, e.g. molten salts

|  | C10B 47/28 |
· | Other processes

|  | C10B 47/30 |
· · | in rotary ovens or retorts

|  | C10B 47/32 |
· · | in ovens with mechanical conveying means

|  | C10B 47/34 |
· · · | with rotary scraping devices

|  | C10B 47/36 |
· · · · | in multi-stage ovens

|  | C10B 47/38 |
· · · | with shaking or vibrating devices

|  | C10B 47/40 |
· · · | with endless conveying devices

|  | C10B 47/42 |
· · · · | in vertical direction

|  | C10B 47/44 |
· · · | with conveyer-screws

|  | C10B 47/46 |
· · · | with trucks, containers, or trays

|  | C10B 47/48 |
· · · | with tilting or rocking means

|  | C10B 49/00 |
Destructive distillation of solid carbonaceous materials by direct heating with heat-carrying agents including the partial combustion of the solid material to be treated

|  | C10B 49/02 |
· | with hot gases or vapours, e.g. hot gases obtained by partial combustion of the charge

|  | C10B 49/04 |
· · | while moving the solid material to be treated

|  | C10B 49/06 |
· · · | according to the "moving bed" technique

|  | C10B 49/08 |
· · · | in dispersed form

|  | C10B 49/10 |
· · · · | according to the "fluidised bed" technique

|  | C10B 49/12 |
· · · · | by mixing tangentially, e.g. in vortex chambers

|  | C10B 49/14 |
· | with hot liquids, e.g. molten metals

|  | C10B 49/16 |
· | with moving solid heat-carriers in divided form

|  | C10B 49/18 |
· · | according to the "moving bed" technique

|  | C10B 49/20 |
· · | in dispersed form

|  | C10B 49/22 |
· · · | according to the "fluidised bed" technique

|  | C10B 51/00 |
Destructive distillation of solid carbonaceous materials by combined direct and indirect heating

|  | C10B 53/00 |
Destructive distillation, specially adapted for particular solid raw materials or solid raw materials in special form (wet carbonising of peat Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...C10F)

|  | C10B 53/02 |
· | of cellulose-containing material (production of pyroligneous acid Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...C10C 5/00)

|  | C10B 53/04 |
· | of powdered coal

|  | C10B 53/06 |
· | of oil shale or bituminous rocks

|  | C10B 53/08 |
· | in the form of briquettes, lumps or the like

|  | C10B 55/00 |
Coking mineral oils, bitumen, tar or the like, or mixtures thereof, with solid carbonaceous materials (cracking oils Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...C10G)

|  | C10B 55/02 |
· | with solid materials

|  | C10B 55/04 |
· · | with moving solid materials

|  | C10B 55/06 |
· · · | according to the "moving bed" technique

|  | C10B 55/08 |
· · · | in dispersed form

|  | C10B 55/10 |
· · · · | according to the "fluidised bed" technique

|  | C10B 57/00 |
Other processes not covered above; Features of destructive distillation processes in general

|  | C10B 57/02 |
· | Multi-step carbonising or coking processes

|  | C10B 57/04 |
· | using charges of special composition

|  | C10B 57/06 |
· · | containing additives

|  | C10B 57/08 |
· | Non-mechanical pretreatment of the charge (Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...C10L 9/00 takes precedence)

|  | C10B 57/10 |
· · | Drying

|  | C10B 57/12 |
· | Applying additives during coking

|  | C10B 57/14 |
· | Features of low-temperature carbonising processes

|  | C10B 57/16 |
· | Features of high-temperature carbonising processes

|  | C10B 57/18 |
· | Modifying the properties of the distillation gases in the oven (outside the oven Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...C10K)