|  | H |
SECTION H — ELECTRICITY

|  | H |
Note(s) These Notes cover the basic principles and general instructions for use of section H. Section H covers: basic electric elements, which cover all electric units and the general mechanical structure of apparatus and circuits, including the assembly of various basic elements into what are called printed circuits and also cover to a certain extent the manufacture of these elements (when not covered elsewhere); generation of electricity, which covers the generation, conversion and distribution of electricity together with the controlling of the corresponding gear; applied electricity, which covers: general utilisation techniques, viz. those of electric heating and electric lighting circuits; some special utilisation techniques, either electric or electronic in the strict sense, which are not covered by other sections of the Classification, including: electric light sources, including lasers; electric X-ray technique; electric plasma technique and the generation and acceleration of electrically charged particles or neutrons; basic electronic circuits and their control; radio or electric communication technique; the use of a specified material for the manufacture of the article or element described. In this connection, paragraphs 57 to 59 of the Guide should be referred to. In this section, the following general rules apply: Subject to the exceptions stated in I(c), above, any electric aspect or part peculiar to a particular operation, process, apparatus, object or article, classified in one of the sections of the Classification other than section H, is always classified in the subclass for that operation, process, apparatus, object or article. Where common characteristics concerning technical subjects of similar nature have been brought out at class level, the electric aspect or part is classified, in conjunction with the operation, process, apparatus, object or article, in a subclass which covers entirely the general electrical applications for the technical subject in question; The electrical applications referred to under (a), above, either general or particular, include: the therapeutic processes and apparatus, in class Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...A61; the electric processes and apparatus used in various laboratory or industrial operations, in classes Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...B01 and Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...B03 and in subclass Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...B23K; the electricity supply, electric propulsion and electric lighting of vehicles in general and of particular vehicles, in the subsection "Transporting" of section B; the electric ignition systems of internal-combustion engines, in subclass Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F02P, and of combustion apparatus in general, in subclass Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F23Q; the whole electrical part of section G, i.e. measuring devices including apparatus for measuring electric variables, checking, signalling and calculating. Electricity in that section is generally dealt with as a means and not as an end in itself; All electrical applications, both general and particular, presuppose that the "basic electricity" aspect appears in section H (see I(a), above) as regards the electric "basic elements" which they comprise. This rule is also valid for applied electricity, referred to in I(c), above, which appears in section H itself. In this section, the following special cases occur: Among the general applications covered by sections other than section H, it is worth noting that electric heating in general is covered by subclasses Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F24D or Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F24H or class Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F27, and that electric lighting in general is partly covered by class Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F21, since in section H (see I(c), above) there are places in Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...H05B which cover the same technical subjects; In the two cases referred to under (a), above, the subclasses of section F, which deal with the respective subjects, essentially cover in the first place the whole mechanical aspect of the apparatus or devices, whereas the electrical aspect, as such, is covered by subclass Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...H05B; In the case of lighting, this mechanical aspect should be taken to cover the material arrangement of the various electric elements, i.e., their geometrical or physical position in relation to one another; this aspect is covered by subclass Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F21V, the elements themselves and the primary circuits remaining in section H. The same applies to electric light sources, when combined with light sources of a different kind. These are covered by subclass Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...H05B, whereas the physical arrangement which their combination constitutes is covered by the various subclasses of class Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F21; As regards heating, not only the electric elements and circuitry designs, as such, are covered by subclass Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...H05B, but also the electric aspects of their arrangement, where these concern cases of general application; electric furnaces being considered as such. The physical disposition of the electric elements in furnaces is covered by section F. If a comparison is made with electric welding circuits, which are covered by subclass Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...B23K in connection with welding, it can be seen that electric heating is not covered by the general rule stated in II, above.

|  | H04 |
ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE

|  | H04 |
Note(s) This class covers electrical communication systems with propagation paths employing light (optical communication), infra-red, ultrasonic, sonic, or infrasonic waves. [4]

|  | H04R |
LOUDSPEAKERS, MICROPHONES, GRAMOPHONE PICK-UPS OR LIKE ACOUSTIC ELECTROMECHANICAL TRANSDUCERS; DEAF-AID SETS; PUBLIC ADDRESS SYSTEMS (generating mechanical vibrations in general Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...B06B; transducers for measuring particular variables Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...G01; transducers in clocks Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...G04; producing sounds with frequency not determined by supply frequency Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...G10K; transducers in recording or reproducing heads Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...G11B; transducers in motors Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...H02) [6]

|  | H04R |
Note(s) This subclass covers: loudspeakers, microphones, gramophone pick-ups or like transducers producing acoustic waves or variations of electric current or voltage; arrangements actuated by variations of electric current or voltage for cutting grooves in records; circuits for the above-mentioned arrangements; monitoring or testing the above-mentioned equipment.

|  | H04R |
Subclass index
TYPES OF TRANSDUCER |
With magnetic circuit: |
moving coil; moving armature; magnetisable diaphragm; magnetostriction | 9/00; 11/00; 13/00; 15/00
Without magnetic circuit: |
piezo-electric; electrostatic; with variable resistance | 17/00; 19/00; 21/00
Other types | 23/00
Details |
general; circuits; diaphragms and cones | 1/00; 3/00; 7/00
APPLICATIONS |
Stereophonic arrangements; deaf-aid; public address systems | 5/00; 25/00; 27/00
MONITORING, TESTING; MANUFACTURE | 29/00; 31/00

|  | H04R 1/00 |
Details of transducers (diaphragms Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...H04R 7/00; characterised by the nature of the transducer, see the relevant group of main groups Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...H04R 9/00-H04R 23/00; mounting radio sets or communication systems in helmets Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...A42B 3/30; mountings specially adapted for telephone equipment Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...H04M 1/02)

|  | H04R 1/02 |
· | Casings; Cabinets; Mountings therein (Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...H04R 1/28 takes precedence)

|  | H04R 1/04 |
· · | Structural association of microphone with electric circuitry therefor (in deaf-aid sets Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...H04R 25/00)

|  | H04R 1/06 |
· | Arranging circuit leads; Relieving strain on circuit leads

|  | H04R 1/08 |
· | Mouthpieces; Attachments therefor

|  | H04R 1/10 |
· | Earpieces; Attachments therefor

|  | H04R 1/12 |
· | Sanitary or hygienic devices for mouthpieces or earpieces, e.g. for protecting against infection

|  | H04R 1/14 |
· | Throat mountings for microphones

|  | H04R 1/16 |
· | Mounting or connecting stylus to transducer with or without damping means

|  | H04R 1/18 |
· · | Holders for styli; Mounting holders on transducers

|  | H04R 1/20 |
· | Arrangements for obtaining desired frequency or directional characteristics (for stereophonic purposes Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...H04R 5/00)

|  | H04R 1/22 |
· · | for obtaining desired frequency characteristic only (circuits for combining transducers having different responses Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...H04R 3/00)

|  | H04R 1/24 |
· · · | Structural combinations of separate transducers or of parts of the same transducer and responsive respectively to two or more frequency ranges

|  | H04R 1/26 |
· · · | Spatial arrangement of separate transducers responsive to two or more frequency ranges

|  | H04R 1/28 |
· · · | Transducer mountings or enclosures designed for specific frequency response; Transducer enclosures modified by provision of mechanical or acoustic impedances, e.g. resonator, damping means

|  | H04R 1/30 |
· · · | Combinations of transducers with horns, e.g. with mechanical matching means (horns in general Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...G10K)

|  | H04R 1/32 |
· · | for obtaining desired directional characteristic only

|  | H04R 1/34 |
· · · | by using a single transducer with sound reflecting, diffracting, directing or guiding means

|  | H04R 1/36 |
· · · · | by using a single aperture of dimensions not greater than the shortest operating wavelength

|  | H04R 1/38 |
· · · · | in which sound waves act upon both sides of a diaphragm and incorporating acoustic phase-shifting means, e.g. pressure-gradient microphone

|  | H04R 1/40 |
· · · | by combining a number of identical transducers

|  | H04R 1/42 |
· | Combinations of transducers with fluid-pressure or other non-electrical amplifying means

|  | H04R 1/44 |
· | Special adaptations for subaqueous use, e.g. for hydrophone

|  | H04R 1/46 |
· | Special adaptations for use as contact microphones, e.g. on musical instrument, on stethoscope (throat mountings Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...H04R 1/14)

|  | H04R 3/00 |
Circuits for transducers (for stereophonic arrangements Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...H04R 5/04; arrangements for producing a reverberation or echo sound Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...G10K 15/08; amplifiers Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...H03F)

|  | H04R 3/02 |
· | for preventing acoustic reaction

|  | H04R 3/04 |
· | for correcting frequency response

|  | H04R 3/06 |
· · | of electrostatic transducers

|  | H04R 3/08 |
· · | of electromagnetic transducers

|  | H04R 3/10 |
· · | of variable-resistance microphones

|  | H04R 3/12 |
· | for distributing signals to two or more loud-speakers

|  | H04R 3/14 |
· · | Cross-over networks

|  | H04R 5/00 |
Stereophonic arrangements (stereophonic pick-ups Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...H04R 9/16, Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...H04R 11/12, Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...H04R 17/08, Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...H04R 19/10)

|  | H04R 5/00 |
Note(s) In this group, the following expression is used with the meaning indicated: "stereophonic arrangements" covers quadraphonic or similar arrangements. [3]

|  | H04R 5/02 |
· | Spatial or constructional arrangements of loud-speakers

|  | H04R 5/027 |
· | Spatial or constructional arrangements of microphones, e.g. in dummy heads [3]

|  | H04R 5/033 |
· | Headphones for stereophonic communication [3]

|  | H04R 5/04 |
· | Circuit arrangements (combinations of amplifiers Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...H03F 3/68; stereophonic systems Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...H04S)

|  | H04R 7/00 |
Diaphragms for electromechanical transducers (in general Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F16J 3/00); Cones (for musical instruments Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...G10)

|  | H04R 7/02 |
· | characterised by the construction

|  | H04R 7/04 |
· · | Plane diaphragms

|  | H04R 7/06 |
· · · | comprising a plurality of sections or layers

|  | H04R 7/08 |
· · · · | comprising superposed layers separated by air or other fluid

|  | H04R 7/10 |
· · · · | comprising superposed layers in contact

|  | H04R 7/12 |
· · | Non-planar diaphragms or cones

|  | H04R 7/14 |
· · · | corrugated, pleated, or ribbed

|  | H04R 7/16 |
· | Mounting or tensioning of diaphragms or cones

|  | H04R 7/18 |
· · | at the periphery

|  | H04R 7/20 |
· · · | Securing diaphragm or cone resiliently to support by flexible material, springs, cords, or strands

|  | H04R 7/22 |
· · · | Clamping rim of diaphragm or cone against seating

|  | H04R 7/24 |
· · | Tensioning by means acting directly on free portion of diaphragm or cone

|  | H04R 7/26 |
· | Damping by means acting directly on free portion of diaphragm or cone (air damping Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...H04R 1/28)

|  | H04R 9/00 |
Transducers of moving-coil, moving-strip, or moving-wire type

|  | H04R 9/02 |
· | Details

|  | H04R 9/04 |
· · | Construction, mounting, or centering of coil

|  | H04R 9/06 |
· | Loud-speakers

|  | H04R 9/08 |
· | Microphones

|  | H04R 9/10 |
· | Telephone receivers

|  | H04R 9/12 |
· | Gramophone pick-ups using a stylus; Recorders using a stylus

|  | H04R 9/14 |
· · | comprising two or more styli or transducers (Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...H04R 9/16 takes precedence)

|  | H04R 9/16 |
· · | signals being recorded or played-back by vibration of a stylus in two orthogonal directions simultaneously

|  | H04R 9/18 |
· | Resonant transducers, i.e. adapted to produce maximum output at a predetermined frequency

|  | H04R 11/00 |
Transducers of moving-armature or moving-core type (acoustic diaphragm of magnetisable material directly co-acting with electromagnet Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...H04R 13/00)

|  | H04R 11/02 |
· | Loud-speakers

|  | H04R 11/04 |
· | Microphones

|  | H04R 11/06 |
· | Telephone receivers

|  | H04R 11/08 |
· | Gramophone pick-ups using a stylus; Recorders using a stylus

|  | H04R 11/10 |
· · | comprising two or more styli or transducers (Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...H04R 11/12 takes precedence)

|  | H04R 11/12 |
· · | signals being recorded or played-back by vibration of a stylus in two orthogonal directions simultaneously

|  | H04R 11/14 |
· | Resonant transducers, i.e. adapted to produce maximum output at a predetermined frequency

|  | H04R 13/00 |
Transducers having an acoustic diaphragm of magnetisable material directly co-acting with electromagnet

|  | H04R 13/02 |
· | Telephone receivers

|  | H04R 15/00 |
Magnetostrictive transducers (magnetostrictive elements in general Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...H01L 41/00)

|  | H04R 15/02 |
· | Resonant transducers, i.e. adapted to produce maximum output at a predetermined frequency

|  | H04R 17/00 |
Piezo-electric transducers; Electrostrictive transducers (piezo-electric or electrostrictive elements in general Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...H01L 41/00; details of piezo-electric or electrostrictive motors, generators or positioners Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...H02N 2/00)

|  | H04R 17/02 |
· | Microphones

|  | H04R 17/04 |
· | Gramophone pick-ups using a stylus; Recorders using a stylus

|  | H04R 17/06 |
· · | comprising two or more styli or transducers (Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...H04R 17/08 takes precedence)

|  | H04R 17/08 |
· · | signals being recorded or played-back by vibration of a stylus in two orthogonal directions simultaneously

|  | H04R 17/10 |
· | Resonant transducers, i.e. adapted to produce maximum output at a predetermined frequency

|  | H04R 19/00 |
Electrostatic transducers

|  | H04R 19/01 |
· | characterised by the use of electrets [3]

|  | H04R 19/02 |
· | Loud-speakers (Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...H04R 19/01 takes precedence) [3]

|  | H04R 19/04 |
· | Microphones (Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...H04R 19/01 takes precedence) [3]

|  | H04R 19/06 |
· | Gramophone pick-ups using a stylus; Recorders using a stylus (Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...H04R 19/01 takes precedence) [3]

|  | H04R 19/08 |
· · | comprising two or more styli or transducers (Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...H04R 19/10 takes precedence)

|  | H04R 19/10 |
· · | signals being recorded or played-back by vibration of a stylus in two orthogonal directions simultaneously

|  | H04R 21/00 |
Variable-resistance transducers (gaseous-resistance transducers Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...H04R 23/00; magneto-resistive transducers Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...H04R 23/00)

|  | H04R 21/02 |
· | Microphones

|  | H04R 21/04 |
· | Gramophone pick-ups using a stylus; Recorders using a stylus

|  | H04R 23/00 |
Transducers other than those covered by groups Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...H04R 9/00-H04R 21/00

|  | H04R 23/02 |
· | Transducers using more than one principle simultaneously

|  | H04R 25/00 |
Deaf-aid sets (constructions of transducers per se Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...H04R 9/00-H04R 23/00; structural combination with spectacle frames Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...G02C 11/06)

|  | H04R 25/02 |
· | adapted to be supported entirely by ear

|  | H04R 25/04 |
· | comprising pocket amplifiers

|  | H04R 27/00 |
Public address systems (circuits for preventing acoustic reaction Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...H04R 3/02; circuits for distributing signals to loud-speakers Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...H04R 3/12; amplifiers Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...H03F)

|  | H04R 27/02 |
· | Amplifying systems for the deaf

|  | H04R 27/04 |
· | Electric megaphones

|  | H04R 29/00 |
Monitoring arrangements; Testing arrangements

|  | H04R 31/00 |
Apparatus or processes specially adapted for the manufacture of transducers or diaphragms therefor