|  | C |
SECTION C — CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY

|  | C |
Note(s) In section C, the definitions of groups of chemical elements are as follows: Alkali metals: Li, Na, K, Rb, Cs, Fr Alkaline earth metals: Ca, Sr, Ba, Ra Lanthanides: elements with atomic numbers 57 to 71 inclusive Rare earths: Sc, Y, Lanthanides Actinides: elements with atomic numbers 89 to 103 inclusive Refractory metals: Ti, V, Cr, Zr, Nb, Mo, Hf, Ta, W Halogens: F, Cl, Br, I, At Noble gases: He, Ne, Ar, Kr, Xe, Rn Platinum group: Os, Ir, Pt, Ru, Rh, Pd Noble metals: Ag, Au, Platinum group Light metals: alkali metals, alkaline earth metals, Be, Al, Mg Heavy metals: metals other than light metals Iron group: Fe, Co, Ni Non-metals: H, B, C, Si, N, P, O, S, Se, Te, noble gases, halogens Metals: elements other than non-metals Transition elements: elements with atomic numbers 21 to 30 inclusive, 39 to 48 inclusive, 57 to 80 inclusive, 89 upwards The following notes are meant to assist in the use of this part of the classification scheme. They must not be read as modifying in any way the elaborations. Section C covers: pure chemistry, which covers inorganic compounds, organic compounds, macromolecular compounds, and their methods of preparation; applied chemistry, which covers compositions containing the above compounds, such as: glass, ceramics, fertilisers, plastics compositions, paints, products of the petroleum industry. It also covers certain compositions on account of their having particular properties rendering them suitable for certain purposes, as in the case of explosives, dyestuffs, adhesives, lubricants, and detergents; certain marginal industries, such as the manufacture of coke and of solid or gaseous fuels, the production and refining of oils, fats and waxes, the fermentation industry (e.g., brewing and wine-making), the sugar industry; certain operations or treatments, which are either purely mechanical, e.g., the mechanical treatment of leather and skins, or partly mechanical, e.g., the treatment of water or the prevention of corrosion in general; metallurgy, ferrous or non-ferrous alloys. In the case of operations, treatments, products or articles having both a chemical and a non-chemical part or aspect, the general rule is that the chemical part or aspect is covered by section C. In some of these cases, the chemical part or aspect brings with it a non-chemical one, even though purely mechanical, because this latter aspect either is essential to the operation or treatment or constitutes an important element thereof. It has seemed, in fact, more logical not to dissociate the different parts or aspects of a coherent whole. This is the case for applied chemistry and for the industries, operations and treatments mentioned in Notes (1)(c), (d) and (e). For example, furnaces peculiar to the manufacture of glass are covered by class Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...C03 and not by class Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F27. There are, however, some exceptions in which the mechanical (or non-chemical) aspect carries with it the chemical aspect, for example: Certain extractive processes, in subclass Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...A61K; The chemical purification of air, in subclass Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...A61L; Chemical methods of fire-fighting, in subclass Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...A62D; Chemical processes and apparatus, in class Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...B01; Impregnation of wood, in subclass Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...B27K; Chemical methods of analysis or testing, in subclass Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...G01N; Photographic materials and processes, in class Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...G03, and, generally, the chemical treatment of textiles and the production of cellulose or paper, in section D. In still other cases, the pure chemical aspect is covered by section C and the applied chemical aspect by another section, such as A, B or F, e.g., the use of a substance or composition for: treatment of plants or animals, covered by subclass Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...A01N; foodstuffs, covered by class Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...A23; ammunition or explosives, covered by class Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F42. When the chemical and mechanical aspects are so closely interlocked that a neat and simple division is not possible, or when certain mechanical processes follow as a natural or logical continuation of a chemical treatment, section C may cover, in addition to the chemical aspect, a part only of the mechanical aspect, e.g., after-treatment of artificial stone, covered by class Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...C04. In this latter case, a note or a reference is usually given to make the position clear, even if sometimes the division is rather arbitrary.

CHEMISTRY

|  | C10 |
PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT

|  | C10G |
CRACKING HYDROCARBON OILS; PRODUCTION OF LIQUID HYDROCARBON MIXTURES, e.g. BY DESTRUCTIVE HYDROGENATION, OLIGOMERISATION, POLYMERISATION (cracking to hydrogen or synthesis gas Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...C01B; cracking or pyrolysis of hydrocarbon gases to individual hydrocarbons or mixtures thereof of definite or specified constitution Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...C07C; cracking to cokes Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...C10B); RECOVERY OF HYDROCARBON OILS FROM OIL-SHALE, OIL-SAND, OR GASES; REFINING MIXTURES MAINLY CONSISTING OF HYDROCARBONS; REFORMING OF NAPHTHA; MINERAL WAXES (inhibiting corrosion or incrustation in general Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...C23F) [6]

|  | C10G |
Note(s) In this subclass: groups Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...C10G 9/00-C10G 49/00 are limited to one-step processes; [3] combined or multi-step processes are covered by groups Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...C10G 51/00-C10G 69/00; [3] refining or recovery of mineral waxes is covered by group Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...C10G 73/00. [3] In this subclass, the following terms or expressions are used with the meanings indicated: "in the presence of hydrogen" or "in the absence of hydrogen" mean treatments in which hydrogen, in free form or as hydrogen generating compounds, is added, or not added, respectively; [3] "hydrotreatment" is used for conversion processes as defined in group Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...C10G 45/00 or group Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...C10G 47/00; [3] "hydrocarbon oils" covers mixtures of hydrocarbons such as tar oils or mineral oils. [3] In this subclass, in the absence of an indication to the contrary, classification is made in the last appropriate place. [3] Processes using enzymes or micro-organisms in order to: liberate, separate or purify a pre-existing compound or composition, or to treat textiles or clean solid surfaces of materials are further classified in subclass Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...C12S. [5]

|  | C10G |
Subclass index
PRODUCTION OF LIQUID HYDROCARBON MIXTURES | 1/00 - 5/00, 50/00
DISTILLATION OF HYDROCARBON OILS | 7/00
CRACKING | 9/00 - 15/00, 47/00
REFINING HYDROCARBON OILS |
by treatment with acids, with alkalis | 17/00, 19/00
by extraction with solvents or adsorptive solids | 21/00, 25/00
by reaction with hydrogen, by oxidation or by other chemical reaction | 27/00, 29/00, 45/00, 49/00
Other processes | 31/00, 32/00, 33/00
REFORMING | 35/00, 59/00 - 63/00
MULTI-STEP PROCESSES | 51/00 - 69/00
OTHER PROCESSES | 70/00, 71/00
TREATING MINERAL WAXES | 73/00
INHIBITING CORROSION | 75/00

|  | C10G 1/00 |
Production of liquid hydrocarbon mixtures from oil shale, oil-sand, or non-melting solid carbonaceous or similar materials, e.g. wood, coal (mechanical winning of oil from oil-shales, oil-sand, or the like Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...B03B)

|  | C10G 1/02 |
· | by distillation (destructive distillation of oil-shale Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...C10B 53/06)

|  | C10G 1/04 |
· | by extraction

|  | C10G 1/06 |
· | by destructive hydrogenation

|  | C10G 1/08 |
· · | with moving catalysts

|  | C10G 1/10 |
· | from rubber or rubber waste

|  | C10G 2/00 |
Production of liquid hydrocarbon mixtures of undefined composition from oxides of carbon [5]

|  | C10G 3/00 |
Production of liquid hydrocarbon mixtures from oxygen-containing organic materials, e.g. fatty oils, fatty acids (production from non-melting solid oxygen-containing carbonaceous materials Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...C10G 1/00; preparation of individual hydrocarbons or mixtures thereof of definite or specified constitution Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...C07C)

|  | C10G 5/00 |
Recovery of liquid hydrocarbon mixtures from gases, e.g. natural gas

|  | C10G 5/02 |
· | with solid adsorbents

|  | C10G 5/04 |
· | with liquid absorbents

|  | C10G 5/06 |
· | by cooling or compressing

|  | C10G 7/00 |
Distillation of hydrocarbon oils (distillation in general Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...B01D)

|  | C10G 7/02 |
· | Stabilising gasoline by removing gases by fractioning

|  | C10G 7/04 |
· | De-watering

|  | C10G 7/06 |
· | Vacuum distillation [3]

|  | C10G 7/08 |
· | Azeotropic or extractive distillation (refining of hydrocarbon oils, in the absence of hydrogen, by extraction with selective solvents Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...C10G 21/00) [3]

|  | C10G 7/10 |
· | Inhibiting corrosion during distillation [3]

|  | C10G 7/12 |
· | Controlling or regulating (controlling or regulating in general Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...G05) [3]

|  | C10G 9/00 - C10G 11/00 |
Cracking in the absence of hydrogen

|  | C10G 9/00 |
Thermal non-catalytic cracking, in the absence of hydrogen, of hydrocarbon oils

|  | C10G 9/02 |
· | in retorts

|  | C10G 9/04 |
· · | Retorts

|  | C10G 9/06 |
· | by pressure distillation

|  | C10G 9/08 |
· · | Apparatus therefor

|  | C10G 9/12 |
· · · | Removing incrustation

|  | C10G 9/14 |
· | in pipes or coils with or without auxiliary means, e.g. digesters, soaking drums, expansion means

|  | C10G 9/16 |
· · | Preventing or removing incrustation

|  | C10G 9/18 |
· · | Apparatus

|  | C10G 9/20 |
· · · | Tube furnaces

|  | C10G 9/24 |
· | by heating with electrical means

|  | C10G 9/26 |
· | with discontinuously preheated non-moving solid material, e.g. blast and run

|  | C10G 9/28 |
· | with preheated moving solid material

|  | C10G 9/30 |
· · | according to the "moving bed" technique

|  | C10G 9/32 |
· · | according to the "fluidised bed" technique

|  | C10G 9/34 |
· | by direct contact with inert preheated fluids, e.g. with molten metals or salts

|  | C10G 9/36 |
· · | with heated gases or vapours

|  | C10G 9/38 |
· · · | produced by partial combustion of the material to be cracked or by combustion of another hydrocarbon [2]

|  | C10G 9/40 |
· | by indirect contact with preheated fluid other than hot combustion gases

|  | C10G 9/42 |
· | by passing the material to be cracked in thin streams or as spray on or near continuously heated surfaces

|  | C10G 11/00 |
Catalytic cracking, in the absence of hydrogen, of hydrocarbon oils (cracking in direct contact with molten metals or salts Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...C10G 9/34)

|  | C10G 11/02 |
· | characterised by the catalyst used

|  | C10G 11/04 |
· · | Oxides

|  | C10G 11/05 |
· · · | Crystalline alumino-silicates, e.g. molecular sieves [3]

|  | C10G 11/06 |
· · | Sulfides

|  | C10G 11/08 |
· · | Halides

|  | C10G 11/10 |
· | with stationary catalyst bed

|  | C10G 11/12 |
· | with discontinuously preheated non-moving solid catalysts, e.g. blast and run

|  | C10G 11/14 |
· | with preheated moving solid catalysts

|  | C10G 11/16 |
· · | according to the "moving bed" technique

|  | C10G 11/18 |
· · | according to the "fluidised bed" technique

|  | C10G 11/20 |
· | by direct contact with inert heated gases or vapours

|  | C10G 11/22 |
· · | produced by partial combustion of the material to be cracked

|  | C10G 15/00 |
Cracking of hydrocarbon oils by electric means, electromagnetic or mechanical vibrations, by particle radiation or with gases superheated in electric arcs

|  | C10G 15/08 |
· | by electric means or by electromagnetic or mechanical vibrations [3]

|  | C10G 15/10 |
· | by particle radiation [3]

|  | C10G 15/12 |
· | with gases superheated in an electric arc, e.g. plasma [3]

|  | C10G 17/00 - C10G 31/00 |
Refining in the absence of hydrogen

|  | C10G 17/00 |
Refining of hydrocarbon oils, in the absence of hydrogen, with acids, acid-forming compounds, or acid-containing liquids, e.g. acid sludge

|  | C10G 17/02 |
· | with acids or acid-containing liquids, e.g. acid sludge

|  | C10G 17/04 |
· · | Liquid-liquid treatment forming two immiscible phases

|  | C10G 17/06 |
· · · | using acids derived from sulfur or acid sludge thereof

|  | C10G 17/07 |
· · · | using halogen acids or oxyacids of halogen (acids generating halogen Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...C10G 27/02) [3]

|  | C10G 17/08 |
· | with acid-forming oxides (refining with CO2 or SO2 as a selective solvent Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...C10G 21/06)

|  | C10G 17/085 |
· · | with oleum [3]

|  | C10G 17/09 |
· | with acid salts [3]

|  | C10G 17/095 |
· | with "solid acids", e.g. phosphoric acid deposited on a carrier [3]

|  | C10G 17/10 |
· | Recovery of used refining agent

|  | C10G 19/00 |
Refining hydrocarbon oils, in the absence of hydrogen, by alkaline treatment

|  | C10G 19/02 |
· | with aqueous alkaline solutions

|  | C10G 19/04 |
· · | containing solubilisers, e.g. solutisers

|  | C10G 19/06 |
· · | with plumbites or plumbates

|  | C10G 19/067 |
· | with molten alkaline material [3]

|  | C10G 19/073 |
· | with solid alkaline material [3]

|  | C10G 19/08 |
· | Recovery of used refining agent

|  | C10G 21/00 |
Refining of hydrocarbon oils, in the absence of hydrogen, by extraction with selective solvents (Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...C10G 17/00, Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...C10G 19/00 take precedence; de-waxing oils Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...C10G 73/02)

|  | C10G 21/02 |
· | with two or more solvents, which are introduced or withdrawn separately

|  | C10G 21/04 |
· · | by introducing simultaneously at least two immiscible solvents counter-current to each other

|  | C10G 21/06 |
· | characterised by the solvent used

|  | C10G 21/08 |
· · | Inorganic compounds only

|  | C10G 21/10 |
· · · | Sulfur dioxide

|  | C10G 21/12 |
· · | Organic compounds only

|  | C10G 21/14 |
· · · | Hydrocarbons

|  | C10G 21/16 |
· · · | Oxygen-containing compounds

|  | C10G 21/18 |
· · · | Halogen-containing compounds

|  | C10G 21/20 |
· · · | Nitrogen-containing compounds

|  | C10G 21/22 |
· · · | Compounds containing sulfur, selenium, or tellurium

|  | C10G 21/24 |
· · · | Phosphorus-containing compounds

|  | C10G 21/26 |
· · · | Silicon-containing compounds

|  | C10G 21/27 |
· · · | Organic compounds not provided for in a single one of groups Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...C10G 21/14-C10G 21/26 [3]

|  | C10G 21/28 |
· | Recovery of used solvent

|  | C10G 21/30 |
· | Controlling or regulating (controlling or regulating in general Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...G05) [3]

|  | C10G 25/00 |
Refining of hydrocarbon oils, in the absence of hydrogen, with solid sorbents

|  | C10G 25/02 |
· | with ion-exchange material

|  | C10G 25/03 |
· · | with crystalline alumino-silicates, e.g. molecular sieves [3]

|  | C10G 25/05 |
· · · | Removal of non-hydrocarbon compounds, e.g. sulfur compounds [3]

|  | C10G 25/06 |
· | with moving sorbents or sorbents dispersed in the oil

|  | C10G 25/08 |
· · | according to the "moving bed" technique

|  | C10G 25/09 |
· · | according to the "fluidised bed" technique [3]

|  | C10G 25/11 |
· · | Distillation in the presence of moving sorbents [3]

|  | C10G 25/12 |
· | Recovery of used adsorbent

|  | C10G 27/00 |
Refining of hydrocarbon oils, in the absence of hydrogen, by oxidation

|  | C10G 27/02 |
· | with halogen or compounds generating halogen; Hypochlorous acid or salts thereof

|  | C10G 27/04 |
· | with oxygen or compounds generating oxygen

|  | C10G 27/06 |
· · | in the presence of alkaline solutions

|  | C10G 27/08 |
· · | in the presence of copper chloride

|  | C10G 27/10 |
· · | in the presence of metal-containing organic complexes, e.g. chelates, or cationic ion-exchange resins [3]

|  | C10G 27/12 |
· · | with oxygen-generating compounds, e.g. per-compounds, chromic acid, chromates (plumbites or plumbates Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...C10G 19/06) [3]

|  | C10G 27/14 |
· · | with ozone-containing gases [3]

|  | C10G 29/00 |
Refining of hydrocarbon oils, in the absence of hydrogen, with other chemicals

|  | C10G 29/02 |
· | Non-metals

|  | C10G 29/04 |
· | Metals, or metals deposited on a carrier

|  | C10G 29/06 |
· | Metal salts, or metal salts deposited on a carrier

|  | C10G 29/08 |
· · | containing the metal in the lower valency

|  | C10G 29/10 |
· · | Sulfides

|  | C10G 29/12 |
· · | Halides [3]

|  | C10G 29/16 |
· | Metal oxides

|  | C10G 29/20 |
· | Organic compounds not containing metal atoms

|  | C10G 29/22 |
· · | containing oxygen as the only hetero atom

|  | C10G 29/24 |
· · · | Aldehydes or ketones

|  | C10G 29/26 |
· · | Halogenated hydrocarbons

|  | C10G 29/28 |
· · | containing sulfur as the only hetero atom, e.g. mercaptans, or sulfur and oxygen as the only hetero atoms

|  | C10G 31/00 |
Refining of hydrocarbon oils, in the absence of hydrogen, by methods not otherwise provided for (by distillation Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...C10G 7/00) [2]

|  | C10G 31/06 |
· | by heating, cooling, or pressure treatment

|  | C10G 31/08 |
· | by treating with water

|  | C10G 31/09 |
· | by filtration [3]

|  | C10G 31/10 |
· | with the aid of centrifugal force

|  | C10G 31/11 |
· | by dialysis [3]

|  | C10G 32/00 |
Refining of hydrocarbon oils by electric or magnetic means, by irradiation, or by using microorganisms [3]

|  | C10G 32/02 |
· | by electric or magnetic means [3]

|  | C10G 32/04 |
· | by particle radiation [3]

|  | C10G 33/00 |
De-watering or demulsification of hydrocarbon oils (by distillation Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...C10G 7/04)

|  | C10G 33/02 |
· | with electrical or magnetic means

|  | C10G 33/04 |
· | with chemical means

|  | C10G 33/06 |
· | with mechanical means, e.g. by filtration

|  | C10G 33/08 |
· | Controlling or regulating (controlling or regulating in general Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...G05) [3]

|  | C10G 35/00 |
Reforming naphtha

|  | C10G 35/00 |
Note(s) In this group, the following term is used with the meaning indicated: "reforming" means the treatment of naphtha in order to improve the octane number or its aromatic content. [3]

|  | C10G 35/02 |
· | Thermal reforming

|  | C10G 35/04 |
· | Catalytic reforming

|  | C10G 35/06 |
· · | characterised by the catalyst used

|  | C10G 35/085 |
· · · | containing platinum group metals or compounds thereof [3]

|  | C10G 35/09 |
· · · · | Bimetallic catalysts in which at least one of the metals is a platinum-group metal [3]

|  | C10G 35/095 |
· · · | containing crystalline alumino-silicates, e.g. molecular sieves [3]

|  | C10G 35/10 |
· · | with moving catalysts

|  | C10G 35/12 |
· · · | according to the "moving bed" technique

|  | C10G 35/14 |
· · · | according to the "fluidised bed" technique

|  | C10G 35/16 |
· | with electric, electromagnetic, or mechanical vibrations; by particle radiation

|  | C10G 35/22 |
· | Starting-up reforming operations [3]

|  | C10G 35/24 |
· | Controlling or regulating of reforming operations (controlling or regulating in general Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...G05) [3]

|  | C10G 45/00 - C10G 49/00 |
Hydrotreatment processes (reforming of naphtha Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...C10G 35/00)

|  | C10G 45/00 |
Refining of hydrocarbon oils using hydrogen or hydrogen-generating compounds [3]

|  | C10G 45/02 - C10G 45/58 |
Note(s) Treatment of hydrocarbon oils in the presence of hydrogen-generating compounds not provided for in a single one of groups Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...C10G 45/02, Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...C10G 45/32, Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...C10G 45/44, or Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...C10G 45/58 is covered by group Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...C10G 49/00. [3]

|  | C10G 45/02 |
· | to eliminate hetero atoms without changing the skeleton of the hydrocarbon involved and without cracking into lower boiling hydrocarbons; Hydrofinishing [3]

|  | C10G 45/04 |
· · | characterised by the catalyst used [3]

|  | C10G 45/06 |
· · · | containing nickel or cobalt metal, or compounds thereof [3]

|  | C10G 45/08 |
· · · · | in combination with chromium, molybdenum, or tungsten metals, or compounds thereof [3]

|  | C10G 45/10 |
· · · | containing platinum group metals or compounds thereof [3]

|  | C10G 45/12 |
· · · | containing crystalline alumino-silicates, e.g. molecular sieves [3]

|  | C10G 45/14 |
· · | with moving solid particles [3]

|  | C10G 45/16 |
· · · | suspended in the oil, e.g. slurries [3]

|  | C10G 45/18 |
· · · | according to the "moving bed" technique [3]

|  | C10G 45/20 |
· · · | according to the "fluidised bed" technique [3]

|  | C10G 45/22 |
· · | with hydrogen dissolved or suspended in the oil [3]

|  | C10G 45/24 |
· · | with hydrogen-generating compounds [3]

|  | C10G 45/26 |
· · · | Steam or water [3]

|  | C10G 45/28 |
· · · | Organic compounds; Autofining [3]

|  | C10G 45/30 |
· · · · | characterised by the catalyst used [3]

|  | C10G 45/32 |
· | Selective hydrogenation of the diolefin or acetylene compounds [3]

|  | C10G 45/34 |
· · | characterised by the catalyst used [3]

|  | C10G 45/36 |
· · · | containing nickel or cobalt metal, or compounds thereof [3]

|  | C10G 45/38 |
· · · · | in combination with chromium, molybdenum or tungsten metals, or compounds thereof [3]

|  | C10G 45/40 |
· · · | containing platinum group metals or compounds thereof [3]

|  | C10G 45/42 |
· · | with moving solid particles [3]

|  | C10G 45/44 |
· | Hydrogenation of the aromatic hydrocarbons [3]

|  | C10G 45/46 |
· · | characterised by the catalyst used [3]

|  | C10G 45/48 |
· · · | containing nickel or cobalt metal, or compounds thereof [3]

|  | C10G 45/50 |
· · · · | in combination with chromium, molybdenum or tungsten metal, or compounds thereof [3]

|  | C10G 45/52 |
· · · | containing platinum group metals or compounds thereof [3]

|  | C10G 45/54 |
· · · | containing crystalline alumino-silicates, e.g. molecular sieves [3]

|  | C10G 45/56 |
· · | with moving solid particles [3]

|  | C10G 45/58 |
· | to change the structural skeleton of some of the hydrocarbon content without cracking the other hydrocarbons present, e.g. lowering pour point; Selective hydrocracking of normal paraffins (Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...C10G 32/00 takes precedence; improving or increasing the octane number or aromatic content of naphtha Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...C10G 35/00) [3]

|  | C10G 45/60 |
· · | characterised by the catalyst used [3]

|  | C10G 45/62 |
· · · | containing platinum group metals or compounds thereof [3]

|  | C10G 45/64 |
· · · | containing crystalline alumino-silicates, e.g. molecular sieves [3]

|  | C10G 45/66 |
· · | with moving solid particles [3]

|  | C10G 45/68 |
· · | Aromatisation of hydrocarbon oil fractions (of naphtha Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...C10G 35/00) [3]

|  | C10G 45/70 |
· · · | with catalysts containing platinum group metals or compounds thereof [3]

|  | C10G 45/72 |
· | Controlling or regulating (controlling or regulating in general Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...G05) [3]

|  | C10G 47/00 |
Cracking of hydrocarbon oils, in the presence of hydrogen or hydrogen-generating compounds, to obtain lower boiling fractions (Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...C10G 15/00 takes precedence; destructive hydrogenation of non-melting solid carbonaceous or similar materials Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...C10G 1/06) [3]

|  | C10G 47/02 |
· | characterised by the catalyst used [3]

|  | C10G 47/04 |
· · | Oxides [3]

|  | C10G 47/06 |
· · | Sulfides [3]

|  | C10G 47/08 |
· · | Halides [3]

|  | C10G 47/10 |
· · | with catalysts deposited on a carrier [3]

|  | C10G 47/12 |
· · · | Inorganic carriers [3]

|  | C10G 47/14 |
· · · · | the catalyst containing platinum group metals or compounds thereof [3]

|  | C10G 47/16 |
· · · · | Crystalline alumino-silicate carriers [3]

|  | C10G 47/18 |
· · · · · | the catalyst containing platinum group metals or compounds thereof [3]

|  | C10G 47/20 |
· · · · · | the catalyst containing other metals or compounds thereof [3]

|  | C10G 47/22 |
· | Non-catalytic cracking in the presence of hydrogen [3]

|  | C10G 47/24 |
· | with moving solid particles [3]

|  | C10G 47/26 |
· · | suspended in the oil, e.g. slurries [3]

|  | C10G 47/28 |
· · | according to the "moving bed" technique [3]

|  | C10G 47/30 |
· · | according to the "fluidised bed" technique [3]

|  | C10G 47/32 |
· | in the presence of hydrogen-generating compounds [3]

|  | C10G 47/34 |
· · | Organic compounds, e.g. hydrogenated hydrocarbons [3]

|  | C10G 47/36 |
· | Controlling or regulating (controlling or regulating in general Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...G05) [3]

|  | C10G 49/00 |
Treatment of hydrocarbon oils, in the presence of hydrogen or hydrogen-generating compounds, not provided for in a single one of groups Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...C10G 45/02, Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...C10G 45/32, Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...C10G 45/44, Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...C10G 45/58, or Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...C10G 47/00 [3]

|  | C10G 49/02 |
· | characterised by the catalyst used [3]

|  | C10G 49/04 |
· · | containing nickel, cobalt, chromium, molybdenum, or tungsten metals, or compounds thereof [3]

|  | C10G 49/06 |
· · | containing platinum group metals or compounds thereof [3]

|  | C10G 49/08 |
· · | containing crystalline alumino-silicates, e.g. molecular sieves [3]

|  | C10G 49/10 |
· | with moving solid particles [3]

|  | C10G 49/12 |
· · | suspended in the oil, e.g. slurries [3]

|  | C10G 49/14 |
· · | according to the "moving bed" technique [3]

|  | C10G 49/16 |
· · | according to the "fluidised bed" technique [3]

|  | C10G 49/18 |
· | in the presence of hydrogen-generating compounds, e.g. ammonia, water, hydrogen sulfide [3]

|  | C10G 49/20 |
· · | Organic compounds [3]

|  | C10G 49/22 |
· | Separation of effluents [3]

|  | C10G 49/24 |
· | Starting-up hydrotreatment operations [3]

|  | C10G 49/26 |
· | Controlling or regulating (controlling or regulating in general Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...G05) [3]

|  | C10G 50/00 |
Production of liquid hydrocarbon mixtures from lower carbon number hydrocarbons, e.g. by oligomerisation (preparation of individual hydrocarbons or mixtures thereof of definite or specified constitution Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...C07C) [6]

|  | C10G 50/02 |
· | of hydrocarbon oils for lubricating purposes [6]

|  | C10G 51/00 - C10G 69/00 |
Multi-step processes

|  | C10G 51/00 - C10G 69/00 |
Note(s) Groups Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...C10G 51/00-C10G 69/00 cover only those combined treating operations where the interest is directed to the relationship between the steps. [3]

|  | C10G 51/00 |
Treatment of hydrocarbon oils, in the absence of hydrogen, by two or more cracking processes only [3]

|  | C10G 51/02 |
· | plural serial stages only [3]

|  | C10G 51/04 |
· · | including only thermal and catalytic cracking steps [3]

|  | C10G 51/06 |
· | plural parallel stages only [3]

|  | C10G 53/00 |
Treatment of hydrocarbon oils, in the absence of hydrogen, by two or more refining processes [3]

|  | C10G 53/02 |
· | plural serial stages only [3]

|  | C10G 53/04 |
· · | including at least one extraction step [3]

|  | C10G 53/06 |
· · · | including only extraction steps, e.g. deasphalting by solvent treatment followed by extraction of aromatics (refining in one step with two or more solvents which are introduced or withdrawn separately Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...C10G 21/02) [3]

|  | C10G 53/08 |
· · | including at least one sorption step [3]

|  | C10G 53/10 |
· · | including at least one acid-treatment step [3]

|  | C10G 53/12 |
· · | including at least one alkaline-treatment step [3]

|  | C10G 53/14 |
· · | including at least one oxidation step [3]

|  | C10G 53/16 |
· | plural parallel stages only [3]

|  | C10G 55/00 |
Treatment of hydrocarbon oils, in the absence of hydrogen, by at least one refining process and at least one cracking process [3]

|  | C10G 55/02 |
· | plural serial stages only [3]

|  | C10G 55/04 |
· · | including at least one thermal cracking step [3]

|  | C10G 55/06 |
· · | including at least one catalytic cracking step [3]

|  | C10G 55/08 |
· | plural parallel stages only [3]

|  | C10G 57/00 |
Treatment of hydrocarbon oils, in the absence of hydrogen, by at least one cracking process or refining process and at least one other conversion process [3]

|  | C10G 57/02 |
· | with polymerisation [3]

|  | C10G 59/00 |
Treatment of naphtha by two or more reforming processes only or by at least one reforming process and at least one process which does not substantially change the boiling range of the naphtha [3]

|  | C10G 59/02 |
· | plural serial stages only [3]

|  | C10G 59/04 |
· · | including at least one catalytic and at least one non-catalytic reforming step [3]

|  | C10G 59/06 |
· | plural parallel stages only [3]

|  | C10G 61/00 |
Treatment of naphtha by at least one reforming process and at least one process of refining in the absence of hydrogen [3]

|  | C10G 61/02 |
· | plural serial stages only [3]

|  | C10G 61/04 |
· · | the refining step being an extraction [3]

|  | C10G 61/06 |
· · | the refining step being a sorption process [3]

|  | C10G 61/08 |
· | plural parallel stages only [3]

|  | C10G 61/10 |
· | processes also including other conversion steps [3]

|  | C10G 63/00 |
Treatment of naphtha by at least one reforming process and at least one other conversion process (Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...C10G 59/00, Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...C10G 61/00 take precedence) [3]

|  | C10G 63/02 |
· | plural serial stages only [3]

|  | C10G 63/04 |
· · | including at least one cracking step [3]

|  | C10G 63/06 |
· | plural parallel stages only [3]

|  | C10G 63/08 |
· · | including at least one cracking step [3]

|  | C10G 65/00 |
Treatment of hydrocarbon oils by two or more hydrotreatment processes only [3]

|  | C10G 65/02 |
· | plural serial stages only [3]

|  | C10G 65/04 |
· · | including only refining steps [3]

|  | C10G 65/06 |
· · · | at least one step being a selective hydrogenation of the diolefins [3]

|  | C10G 65/08 |
· · · | at least one step being a hydrogenation of the aromatic hydrocarbons [3]

|  | C10G 65/10 |
· · | including only cracking steps [3]

|  | C10G 65/12 |
· · | including cracking steps and other hydrotreatment steps [3]

|  | C10G 65/14 |
· | plural parallel stages only [3]

|  | C10G 65/16 |
· · | including only refining steps [3]

|  | C10G 65/18 |
· · | including only cracking steps [3]

|  | C10G 67/00 |
Treatment of hydrocarbon oils by at least one hydrotreatment process and at least one process for refining in the absence of hydrogen only [3]

|  | C10G 67/02 |
· | plural serial stages only [3]

|  | C10G 67/04 |
· · | including solvent extraction as the refining step in the absence of hydrogen [3]

|  | C10G 67/06 |
· · | including a sorption process as the refining step in the absence of hydrogen [3]

|  | C10G 67/08 |
· · | including acid treatment as the refining step in the absence of hydrogen [3]

|  | C10G 67/10 |
· · | including alkaline treatment as the refining step in the absence of hydrogen [3]

|  | C10G 67/12 |
· · | including oxidation as the refining step in the absence of hydrogen [3]

|  | C10G 67/14 |
· · | including at least two different refining steps in the absence of hydrogen [3]

|  | C10G 67/16 |
· | plural parallel stages only [3]

|  | C10G 69/00 |
Treatment of hydrocarbon oils by at least one hydrotreatment process and at least one other conversion process (Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...C10G 67/00 takes precedence) [3]

|  | C10G 69/02 |
· | plural serial stages only [3]

|  | C10G 69/04 |
· · | including at least one step of catalytic cracking in the absence of hydrogen [3]

|  | C10G 69/06 |
· · | including at least one step of thermal cracking in the absence of hydrogen [3]

|  | C10G 69/08 |
· · | including at least one step of reforming naphtha [3]

|  | C10G 69/10 |
· · · | hydrocracking of higher boiling fractions into naphtha and reforming the naphtha obtained [3]

|  | C10G 69/12 |
· · | including at least one polymerisation or alkylation step [3]

|  | C10G 69/14 |
· | plural parallel stages only [3]

|  | C10G 70/00 |
Working-up undefined normally gaseous mixtures obtained by processes covered by groups Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...C10G 9/00, Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...C10G 11/00, Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...C10G 15/00, Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...C10G 47/00, Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...C10G 51/00 [5]

|  | C10G 70/02 |
· | by hydrogenation [5]

|  | C10G 70/04 |
· | by physical processes [5]

|  | C10G 70/06 |
· · | by gas-liquid contact [5]

|  | C10G 71/00 |
Treatment by methods not otherwise provided for of hydrocarbon oils or fatty oils for lubricating purposes (by Fischer-Tropsch Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...C07C 1/00; lubricating compositions Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...C10M) [3]

|  | C10G 71/02 |
· | Thickening by voltolising (chemical modification of drying-oils by voltolising Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...C09F 7/04) [3]

|  | C10G 71/04 |
( transferred to Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...C10G 50/02 )

|  | C10G 73/00 |
Recovery or refining of mineral waxes, e.g. montan wax (compositions essentially based on waxes Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...C08L 91/00) [3]

|  | C10G 73/02 |
· | Recovery of petroleum waxes from hydrocarbon oils; De-waxing of hydrocarbon oils [3]

|  | C10G 73/04 |
· · | with the use of filter aids [3]

|  | C10G 73/06 |
· · | with the use of solvents [3]

|  | C10G 73/08 |
· · · | Organic compounds [3]

|  | C10G 73/10 |
· · · · | Hydrocarbons [3]

|  | C10G 73/12 |
· · · · | Oxygen-containing compounds [3]

|  | C10G 73/14 |
· · · · | Halogen-containing compounds [3]

|  | C10G 73/16 |
· · · · | Nitrogen-containing compounds [3]

|  | C10G 73/18 |
· · · · | containing sulfur, selenium or tellurium [3]

|  | C10G 73/20 |
· · · · | containing phosphorus [3]

|  | C10G 73/22 |
· · · · | Mixtures of organic compounds [3]

|  | C10G 73/23 |
· · · | Recovery of used solvents [6]

|  | C10G 73/24 |
· · | by formation of adducts [3]

|  | C10G 73/26 |
· · | by flotation [3]

|  | C10G 73/28 |
· · | by centrifugal force [3]

|  | C10G 73/30 |
· · | with electric means [3]

|  | C10G 73/32 |
· · | Methods of cooling during de-waxing [3]

|  | C10G 73/34 |
· · | Controlling or regulating (controlling or regulating in general Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...G05) [3]

|  | C10G 73/36 |
· | Recovery of petroleum waxes from other compositions containing oil in minor proportions, from concentrates or from residues; De-oiling, sweating [3]

|  | C10G 73/38 |
· | Chemical modification of petroleum waxes [3]

|  | C10G 73/40 |
· | Physical treatment of waxes or modified waxes, e.g. granulation, dispersion, emulsion, irradiation [3]

|  | C10G 73/42 |
· | Refining of petroleum waxes [3]

|  | C10G 73/44 |
· · | in the presence of hydrogen or hydrogen-generating compounds [3]

|  | C10G 75/00 |
Inhibiting corrosion or fouling in apparatus for treatment or conversion of hydrocarbon oils, in general (Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...C10G 7/10, Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...C10G 9/16 take precedence; protection of pipes against corrosion or incrustation Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F16L 58/00) [6]

|  | C10G 75/02 |
· | by addition of corrosion inhibitors [6]

|  | C10G 75/04 |
· | by addition of antifouling agents [6]