|  | C |
SECTION C — CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY

|  | C |
Note(s) In section C, the definitions of groups of chemical elements are as follows: Alkali metals: Li, Na, K, Rb, Cs, Fr Alkaline earth metals: Ca, Sr, Ba, Ra Lanthanides: elements with atomic numbers 57 to 71 inclusive Rare earths: Sc, Y, Lanthanides Actinides: elements with atomic numbers 89 to 103 inclusive Refractory metals: Ti, V, Cr, Zr, Nb, Mo, Hf, Ta, W Halogens: F, Cl, Br, I, At Noble gases: He, Ne, Ar, Kr, Xe, Rn Platinum group: Os, Ir, Pt, Ru, Rh, Pd Noble metals: Ag, Au, Platinum group Light metals: alkali metals, alkaline earth metals, Be, Al, Mg Heavy metals: metals other than light metals Iron group: Fe, Co, Ni Non-metals: H, B, C, Si, N, P, O, S, Se, Te, noble gases, halogens Metals: elements other than non-metals Transition elements: elements with atomic numbers 21 to 30 inclusive, 39 to 48 inclusive, 57 to 80 inclusive, 89 upwards The following notes are meant to assist in the use of this part of the classification scheme. They must not be read as modifying in any way the elaborations. Section C covers: pure chemistry, which covers inorganic compounds, organic compounds, macromolecular compounds, and their methods of preparation; applied chemistry, which covers compositions containing the above compounds, such as: glass, ceramics, fertilisers, plastics compositions, paints, products of the petroleum industry. It also covers certain compositions on account of their having particular properties rendering them suitable for certain purposes, as in the case of explosives, dyestuffs, adhesives, lubricants, and detergents; certain marginal industries, such as the manufacture of coke and of solid or gaseous fuels, the production and refining of oils, fats and waxes, the fermentation industry (e.g., brewing and wine-making), the sugar industry; certain operations or treatments, which are either purely mechanical, e.g., the mechanical treatment of leather and skins, or partly mechanical, e.g., the treatment of water or the prevention of corrosion in general; metallurgy, ferrous or non-ferrous alloys. In the case of operations, treatments, products or articles having both a chemical and a non-chemical part or aspect, the general rule is that the chemical part or aspect is covered by section C. In some of these cases, the chemical part or aspect brings with it a non-chemical one, even though purely mechanical, because this latter aspect either is essential to the operation or treatment or constitutes an important element thereof. It has seemed, in fact, more logical not to dissociate the different parts or aspects of a coherent whole. This is the case for applied chemistry and for the industries, operations and treatments mentioned in Notes (1)(c), (d) and (e). For example, furnaces peculiar to the manufacture of glass are covered by class Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...C03 and not by class Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F27. There are, however, some exceptions in which the mechanical (or non-chemical) aspect carries with it the chemical aspect, for example: Certain extractive processes, in subclass Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...A61K; The chemical purification of air, in subclass Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...A61L; Chemical methods of fire-fighting, in subclass Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...A62D; Chemical processes and apparatus, in class Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...B01; Impregnation of wood, in subclass Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...B27K; Chemical methods of analysis or testing, in subclass Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...G01N; Photographic materials and processes, in class Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...G03, and, generally, the chemical treatment of textiles and the production of cellulose or paper, in section D. In still other cases, the pure chemical aspect is covered by section C and the applied chemical aspect by another section, such as A, B or F, e.g., the use of a substance or composition for: treatment of plants or animals, covered by subclass Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...A01N; foodstuffs, covered by class Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...A23; ammunition or explosives, covered by class Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F42. When the chemical and mechanical aspects are so closely interlocked that a neat and simple division is not possible, or when certain mechanical processes follow as a natural or logical continuation of a chemical treatment, section C may cover, in addition to the chemical aspect, a part only of the mechanical aspect, e.g., after-treatment of artificial stone, covered by class Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...C04. In this latter case, a note or a reference is usually given to make the position clear, even if sometimes the division is rather arbitrary.

CHEMISTRY

|  | C07 |
ORGANIC CHEMISTRY (such compounds as the oxides, sulfides, or oxysulfides of carbon, cyanogen, phosgene, hydrocyanic acid or salts thereof Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...C01; products obtained from layered base-exchange silicates by ion-exchange with organic compounds such as ammonium, phosphonium or sulfonium compounds or by intercalation of organic compounds Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...C01B 33/44; macromolecular compounds Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...C08; dyes Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...C09; fermentation products Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...C12; fermentation or enzyme-using processes to synthesise a desired chemical compound or composition or to separate optical isomers from a racemic mixture Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...C12P; production of organic compounds by electrolysis or electrophoresis Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...C25B 3/00, Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...C25B 7/00) [2]

|  | C07 |
Note(s) In this class, the following term is used with the meaning indicated: "preparation" covers purification, separation, stabilisation or use of additives, unless a separate place is provided therefor. [4] In this class, in the absence of an indication to the contrary, and with the exception referred to below, a compound is classified in the last appropriate place, e.g. a compound containing an acyclic chain and a heterocyclic ring is classified only as a heterocyclic compound, and a steroid is classified only as a cyclopentanophenanthrene compound. In general, and in the absence of an indication to the contrary (such as groups Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...C07C 59/58, Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...C07C 59/70), the terms "acyclic" and "aliphatic" are used to describe compounds in which there is no ring; and, if a ring were present, the compound would be taken by the "last place" rule to a later group for cycloaliphatic or aromatic compounds, if such a group exists. Where a compound or an entire group of compounds exists in tautomeric forms, it is classified as though existing in the form which is classified last in the system, unless the other form is specifically mentioned earlier in the system. Chemical compounds and their preparation are classified in the groups for the type of compound prepared. The processes of preparation are also classified in the groups for the types of reaction employed, if of interest. General processes for the preparation of a class of compounds falling into more than one main group are classified in the groups for the processes employed, when such groups exist. The compounds prepared are also classified in the groups for the types of compound prepared, if of interest. In this class, in the absence of an indication to the contrary, the compounds containing carboxyl or thiocarboxyl groups are classified as the relevant carboxylic or thiocarboxylic acids, unless the "last place rule" (see Note (2), above) dictates otherwise; a carboxyl group being a carbon atom having three bonds, and no more than three, to hetero atoms, other than nitrogen atoms of nitro or nitroso groups, with at least one multiple bond to the same hetero atom and a thiocarboxyl group being a carboxyl group having at least one bond to a sulfur atom, e.g. amides or nitriles of carboxylic acids, are classified with the corresponding acids. [5] Salts of a compound, unless specifically provided for, are classified as that compound, e.g. aniline hydrochloride is classified as containing carbon, hydrogen and nitrogen only (in group Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...C07C 211/46), sodium malonate is classified as malonic acid (in Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...C07C 55/08), and a mercaptide is classified as the mercaptan. Metal chelates are dealt with in the same way. Similarly, metal alcoholates and metal phenates are classified in subclass Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...C07C and not in subclass Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...C07F, the alcoholates in groups Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...C07C 31/28-C07C 31/32 and the phenates as the corresponding phenols in group Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...C07C 39/235 or Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...C07C 39/44. Salts, adducts or complexes formed between two or more organic compounds are classified according to all compounds forming the salts, adducts or complexes [2] The codes of subclass Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...C07M are only for use as indexing codes associated with subclasses Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...C07B-C07K, so as to provide information concerning specific properties of organic compounds. [6]

|  | C07H |
SUGARS; DERIVATIVES THEREOF; NUCLEOSIDES; NUCLEOTIDES; NUCLEIC ACIDS (derivatives of aldonic or saccharic acids Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...C07C, Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...C07D; aldonic acids, saccharic acids Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...C07C 59/105, Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...C07C 59/285; cyanohydrins Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...C07C 255/16; glycals Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...C07D; compounds of unknown constitution Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...C07G; polysaccharides, derivatives thereof Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...C08B; DNA or RNA concerning genetic engineering, vectors, e.g. plasmids, or their isolation, preparation or purification Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...C12N 15/00; sugar industry Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...C13) [2]

|  | C07H |
Note(s) This subclass covers compounds containing saccharide radicals (see the definitions in Note (3) below). This subclass does not cover polysaccharides which for the purpose of this subclass are defined as having more than five saccharide radicals attached to each other by glycosidic linkages. In this subclass, the following expressions are used with the meanings indicated: "saccharide radical" which is derived from acyclic polyhydroxy-aldehydes or acyclic polyhydroxy-ketones, or from their cyclic tautomers, by removing hydrogen atoms or by replacing hetero bonds to oxygen by the same number of hetero bonds to halogen, nitrogen, sulfur, selenium, or tellurium, in accordance with either of the following definitions: It consists of an uninterrupted carbon skeleton and oxygen atoms directly attached thereto, and is considered to be terminated by every bond to a carbon atom of a cyclic structure and by every bond to a carbon atom having three bonds to hetero atoms, e.g. ester or nitrile radicals, and contains within the carbon skeleton an unbranched sequence of at the most six carbon atoms in which at least three carbon atoms—at least two in the case of a skeleton having only four carbon atoms—have one single bond to an oxygen atom as the only hetero bond, and in a cyclic or acyclic sequence, at least one other carbon atom has two single bonds to oxygen atoms as the only hetero bonds, or in an acyclic sequence, at least one other carbon atom has one double bond to an oxygen atom as the only hetero bond, the said sequence containing at the most one double bond, i.e. C=C or possibly ketalised C=O, in addition to the hetero bonds mentioned above under (A) or (B), e.g. the compounds an unbranched sequence of at the most six carbon atoms, having bonds to oxygen as defined in this Note n being an integer, are classified in group Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...C07H 3/02; [4] It is also a radical derived from a radical as defined in (a) above by replacing at the most four of the specified hetero bonds to oxygen by the same number of hetero bonds to halogen, nitrogen, sulfur, selenium, or tellurium; [2] "heterocyclic radical" or "hetero ring" is considered to exclude saccharide radicals as defined above. [2] In this subclass, it is desirable to add the indexing codes of subclass Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...C07M. The indexing codes should be unlinked. [6]

|  | C07H |
Subclass index
GENERAL PROCESSES | 1/00
COMPOUNDS |
saccharides, deoxysugars, anhydrosugars, osones | 3/00
aminosugars, aza-, thio-, seleno-, telluro-analogues | 5/00
sugar esters | 11/00, 13/00
sugar ethers, glycosides | 15/00, 17/00
cyclic acetals | 9/00
nucleosides | 19/00
nucleotides | 19/00, 21/00
nucleic acids | 21/00
derivatives containing acyclic radicals | 7/00, 13/00, 15/00
derivatives containing carbocyclic radicals | 7/00, 13/00, 15/00
derivatives containing heterocyclic radicals | 9/00, 13/10, 15/26, 17/00, 19/00, 21/00
derivatives containing boron, silicon or a metal | 23/00

|  | C07H 1/00 |
Processes for the preparation of sugar derivatives [2]

|  | C07H 1/02 |
· | Phosphorylation [2]

|  | C07H 1/04 |
· · | Introducing polyphosphoric acid radicals [2]

|  | C07H 1/06 |
· | Separation; Purification [2]

|  | C07H 1/08 |
· · | from natural products [2]

|  | C07H 3/00 |
Compounds containing only hydrogen atoms and saccharide radicals having only carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen atoms (preparation by hydrolysis of di-or polysaccharides Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...C13; separation or purification of sucrose, glucose, fructose, lactose or maltose Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...C13) [2]

|  | C07H 3/02 |
· | Monosaccharides [2]

|  | C07H 3/04 |
· | Disaccharides [2]

|  | C07H 3/06 |
· | Oligosaccharides, i.e. having three to five saccharide radicals attached to each other by glycosidic linkages [2]

|  | C07H 3/08 |
· | Deoxysugars; Unsaturated sugars (1,2-dideoxy-1-enoses Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...C07D); Osones [2]

|  | C07H 3/10 |
· | Anhydrosugars, e.g. epoxides [2]

|  | C07H 5/00 |
Compounds containing saccharide radicals in which the hetero bonds to oxygen have been replaced by the same number of hetero bonds to halogen, nitrogen, sulfur, selenium, or tellurium [2]

|  | C07H 5/02 |
· | to halogen [2]

|  | C07H 5/04 |
· | to nitrogen [2]

|  | C07H 5/06 |
· · | Aminosugars [2]

|  | C07H 5/08 |
· | to sulfur, selenium, or tellurium [2]

|  | C07H 5/10 |
· · | to sulfur [2]

|  | C07H 7/00 |
Compounds containing non-saccharide radicals linked to saccharide radicals by a carbon-to-carbon bond [2]

|  | C07H 7/02 |
· | Acyclic radicals [2]

|  | C07H 7/027 |
· · | Keto-aldonic acids [4]

|  | C07H 7/033 |
· · | Uronic acids [4]

|  | C07H 7/04 |
· | Carbocyclic radicals [2]

|  | C07H 7/06 |
· | Heterocyclic radicals [2]

|  | C07H 9/00 |
Compounds containing a hetero ring sharing at least two hetero atoms with a saccharide radical [2]

|  | C07H 9/02 |
· | the hetero ring containing only oxygen as ring hetero atoms [2]

|  | C07H 9/04 |
· · | Cyclic acetals [2]

|  | C07H 9/06 |
· | the hetero ring containing nitrogen as ring hetero atoms [2]

|  | C07H 11/00 |
Compounds containing saccharide radicals esterified by inorganic acids; Metal salts thereof (halo-sugars Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...C07H 5/02; thio-, seleno-, or telluro-sugars Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...C07H 5/08; esterified by carbonic acid or derivatives thereof Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...C07H 13/12) [2]

|  | C07H 11/02 |
· | Nitrates; Nitrites [2]

|  | C07H 11/04 |
· | Phosphates; Phosphites; Polyphosphates (phosphonates Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...C07H 13/00) [2]

|  | C07H 13/00 |
Compounds containing saccharide radicals esterified by carbonic acid or derivatives thereof, or by organic acids, e.g. phosphonic acids [2]

|  | C07H 13/02 |
· | by carboxylic acids [2]

|  | C07H 13/04 |
· · | having the esterifying carboxyl radicals attached to acyclic carbon atoms [2]

|  | C07H 13/06 |
· · · | Fatty acids [2]

|  | C07H 13/08 |
· · | having the esterifying carboxyl radicals directly attached to carbocyclic rings [2]

|  | C07H 13/10 |
· · | having the esterifying carboxyl radicals directly attached to heterocyclic rings [2]

|  | C07H 13/12 |
· | by acids having the group —X—C (=X)—X—, or halides thereof, in which X means nitrogen, oxygen, sulfur, selenium, or tellurium, e.g. carbonic acid, carbamic acid [2]

|  | C07H 15/00 |
Compounds containing hydrocarbon or substituted hydrocarbon radicals directly attached to hetero atoms of saccharide radicals [2]

|  | C07H 15/00 |
Note(s) In this group, acyl radicals directly attached to hetero atoms of the saccharide radicals are not considered as substituted hydrocarbon radicals. [4]

|  | C07H 15/02 |
· | Acyclic radicals, not substituted by cyclic structures [2]

|  | C07H 15/04 |
· · | attached to an oxygen atom of a saccharide radical [2]

|  | C07H 15/06 |
· · · | being a hydroxyalkyl group esterified by a fatty acid [4]

|  | C07H 15/08 |
· · · | Polyoxyalkylene derivatives (polyoxyalkylene derivatives of polyols in general Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...C07C 41/00, Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...C07C 43/00) [2]

|  | C07H 15/10 |
· · · | containing unsaturated carbon-to-carbon bonds [2]

|  | C07H 15/12 |
· · | attached to a nitrogen atom of a saccharide radical [2]

|  | C07H 15/14 |
· · | attached to a sulfur, selenium or tellurium atom of a saccharide radical [2]

|  | C07H 15/16 |
· · · | Lincomycin; Derivatives thereof [2]

|  | C07H 15/18 |
· | Acyclic radicals, substituted by carbocyclic rings [2]

|  | C07H 15/20 |
· | Carbocyclic rings [2]

|  | C07H 15/203 |
· · | Monocyclic carbocyclic rings other than cyclohexane rings; Bicyclic carbocyclic ring systems [4]

|  | C07H 15/207 |
· · | Cyclohexane rings not substituted by nitrogen atoms, e.g. kasugamycins [4]

|  | C07H 15/22 |
· · | Cyclohexane rings, substituted by nitrogen atoms [4]

|  | C07H 15/222 |
· · · | Cyclohexane rings, substituted by at least two nitrogen atoms [4]

|  | C07H 15/224 |
· · · · | with only one saccharide radical directly attached to the cyclohexane rings, e.g. destomycin, fortimicin, neamine [4]

|  | C07H 15/226 |
· · · · | with at least two saccharide radicals directly attached to the cyclohexane rings [4]

|  | C07H 15/228 |
· · · · · | attached to adjacent ring-carbon atoms of the cyclohexane rings [4]

|  | C07H 15/23 |
· · · · · · | with only two saccharide radicals in the molecule, e.g. ambutyrosin, butyrosin, xylostatin, ribostamycin [4]

|  | C07H 15/232 |
· · · · · · | with at least three saccharide radicals in the molecule, e.g. lividomycin, neomycin, paromomycin [4]

|  | C07H 15/234 |
· · · · · | attached to non-adjacent ring carbon atoms of the cyclohexane rings, e.g. kanamycins, tobramycin, nebramycin, gentamicin A2 [4]

|  | C07H 15/236 |
· · · · · · | a saccharide radical being substituted by an alkylamino radical in position 3 and by two substituents different from hydrogen in position 4, e.g. gentamicin complex, sisomicin, verdamicin [4]

|  | C07H 15/238 |
· · · | Cyclohexane rings substituted by two guanidine radicals, e.g. streptomycins [4]

|  | C07H 15/24 |
· · | Condensed ring systems having three or more rings (steroid glycosides Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...C07J) [2]

|  | C07H 15/244 |
· · · | Anthraquinone radicals, e.g. sennosides [4]

|  | C07H 15/248 |
· · · | Colchicine radicals, e.g. colchicosides [4]

|  | C07H 15/252 |
· · · | Naphthacene radicals, e.g. daunomycins, adriamycins [4]

|  | C07H 15/256 |
· · · | Polyterpene radicals [4]

|  | C07H 15/26 |
· | Acyclic or carbocyclic radicals, substituted by hetero rings [2]

|  | C07H 17/00 |
Compounds containing heterocyclic radicals directly attached to hetero atoms of saccharide radicals [2]

|  | C07H 17/02 |
· | Heterocyclic radicals containing only nitrogen as ring hetero atoms [2]

|  | C07H 17/04 |
· | Heterocyclic radicals containing only oxygen as ring hetero atoms [2]

|  | C07H 17/06 |
· · | Benzopyran radicals [4]

|  | C07H 17/065 |
· · · | Benzo[b]pyrans [4]

|  | C07H 17/07 |
· · · · | Benzo[b]pyran-4-ones [4]

|  | C07H 17/075 |
· · · · | Benzo[b]pyran-2-ones [4]

|  | C07H 17/08 |
· · | Hetero rings containing eight or more ring members, e.g. erythromycins [2]

|  | C07H 19/00 |
Compounds containing a hetero ring sharing one ring hetero atom with a saccharide radical; Nucleosides; Mononucleotides; Anhydro derivatives thereof [2,4]

|  | C07H 19/01 |
· | sharing oxygen [4]

|  | C07H 19/02 |
· | sharing nitrogen [2]

|  | C07H 19/04 |
· · | Heterocyclic radicals containing only nitrogen as ring hetero atom [2]

|  | C07H 19/044 |
· · · | Pyrrole radicals [4]

|  | C07H 19/048 |
· · · | Pyridine radicals [4]

|  | C07H 19/052 |
· · · | Imidazole radicals [4]

|  | C07H 19/056 |
· · · | Triazole or tetrazole radicals [4]

|  | C07H 19/06 |
· · · | Pyrimidine radicals [2]

|  | C07H 19/067 |
· · · · | with ribosyl as the saccharide radical [4]

|  | C07H 19/073 |
· · · · | with 2-deoxyribosyl as the saccharide radical [4]

|  | C07H 19/09 |
· · · · | with arabinosyl as the saccharide radical [4]

|  | C07H 19/10 |
· · · · | with the saccharide radical being esterified by phosphoric or polyphosphoric acids [2]

|  | C07H 19/11 |
· · · · · | containing cyclic phosphate [4]

|  | C07H 19/12 |
· · · | Triazine radicals [2]

|  | C07H 19/14 |
· · · | Pyrrolo-pyrimidine radicals [2]

|  | C07H 19/16 |
· · · | Purine radicals [2]

|  | C07H 19/167 |
· · · · | with ribosyl as the saccharide radical [4]

|  | C07H 19/173 |
· · · · | with 2-deoxyribosyl as the saccharide radical [4]

|  | C07H 19/19 |
· · · · | with arabinosyl as the saccharide radical [4]

|  | C07H 19/20 |
· · · · | with the saccharide radical being esterified by phosphoric or polyphosphoric acids [2]

|  | C07H 19/207 |
· · · · · | the phosphoric or polyphosphoric acids being esterified by a further hydroxylic compound, e.g. flavine-adenine dinucleotide or nicotinamide-adenine dinucleotide (nicotinamide-adenine dinucleotide phosphate Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...C07H 21/02) [4]

|  | C07H 19/213 |
· · · · · | containing cyclic phosphate [4]

|  | C07H 19/22 |
· · · | Pteridine radicals [2]

|  | C07H 19/23 |
· · · | Heterocyclic radicals containing two or more heterocyclic rings condensed among themselves or condensed with a common carbocyclic ring system, not provided for in groups Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...C07H 19/14-C07H 19/22 [4]

|  | C07H 19/24 |
· · | Heterocyclic radicals containing oxygen or sulfur as ring hetero atom [2]

|  | C07H 21/00 |
Compounds containing two or more mononucleotide units having separate phosphate or polyphosphate groups linked by saccharide radicals of nucleoside groups, e.g. nucleic acids [2]

|  | C07H 21/02 |
· | with ribosyl as saccharide radical [2]

|  | C07H 21/04 |
· | with deoxyribosyl as saccharide radical [2]

|  | C07H 23/00 |
Compounds containing boron, silicon, or a metal, e.g. chelates, vitamin B12 (esters with inorganic acids Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...C07H 11/00; metal salts, see parent compounds) [2]