|  | C |
SECTION C — CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY

|  | C |
Note(s) In section C, the definitions of groups of chemical elements are as follows: Alkali metals: Li, Na, K, Rb, Cs, Fr Alkaline earth metals: Ca, Sr, Ba, Ra Lanthanides: elements with atomic numbers 57 to 71 inclusive Rare earths: Sc, Y, Lanthanides Actinides: elements with atomic numbers 89 to 103 inclusive Refractory metals: Ti, V, Cr, Zr, Nb, Mo, Hf, Ta, W Halogens: F, Cl, Br, I, At Noble gases: He, Ne, Ar, Kr, Xe, Rn Platinum group: Os, Ir, Pt, Ru, Rh, Pd Noble metals: Ag, Au, Platinum group Light metals: alkali metals, alkaline earth metals, Be, Al, Mg Heavy metals: metals other than light metals Iron group: Fe, Co, Ni Non-metals: H, B, C, Si, N, P, O, S, Se, Te, noble gases, halogens Metals: elements other than non-metals Transition elements: elements with atomic numbers 21 to 30 inclusive, 39 to 48 inclusive, 57 to 80 inclusive, 89 upwards The following notes are meant to assist in the use of this part of the classification scheme. They must not be read as modifying in any way the elaborations. Section C covers: pure chemistry, which covers inorganic compounds, organic compounds, macromolecular compounds, and their methods of preparation; applied chemistry, which covers compositions containing the above compounds, such as: glass, ceramics, fertilisers, plastics compositions, paints, products of the petroleum industry. It also covers certain compositions on account of their having particular properties rendering them suitable for certain purposes, as in the case of explosives, dyestuffs, adhesives, lubricants, and detergents; certain marginal industries, such as the manufacture of coke and of solid or gaseous fuels, the production and refining of oils, fats and waxes, the fermentation industry (e.g., brewing and wine-making), the sugar industry; certain operations or treatments, which are either purely mechanical, e.g., the mechanical treatment of leather and skins, or partly mechanical, e.g., the treatment of water or the prevention of corrosion in general; metallurgy, ferrous or non-ferrous alloys. In the case of operations, treatments, products or articles having both a chemical and a non-chemical part or aspect, the general rule is that the chemical part or aspect is covered by section C. In some of these cases, the chemical part or aspect brings with it a non-chemical one, even though purely mechanical, because this latter aspect either is essential to the operation or treatment or constitutes an important element thereof. It has seemed, in fact, more logical not to dissociate the different parts or aspects of a coherent whole. This is the case for applied chemistry and for the industries, operations and treatments mentioned in Notes (1)(c), (d) and (e). For example, furnaces peculiar to the manufacture of glass are covered by class Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...C03 and not by class Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F27. There are, however, some exceptions in which the mechanical (or non-chemical) aspect carries with it the chemical aspect, for example: Certain extractive processes, in subclass Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...A61K; The chemical purification of air, in subclass Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...A61L; Chemical methods of fire-fighting, in subclass Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...A62D; Chemical processes and apparatus, in class Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...B01; Impregnation of wood, in subclass Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...B27K; Chemical methods of analysis or testing, in subclass Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...G01N; Photographic materials and processes, in class Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...G03, and, generally, the chemical treatment of textiles and the production of cellulose or paper, in section D. In still other cases, the pure chemical aspect is covered by section C and the applied chemical aspect by another section, such as A, B or F, e.g., the use of a substance or composition for: treatment of plants or animals, covered by subclass Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...A01N; foodstuffs, covered by class Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...A23; ammunition or explosives, covered by class Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F42. When the chemical and mechanical aspects are so closely interlocked that a neat and simple division is not possible, or when certain mechanical processes follow as a natural or logical continuation of a chemical treatment, section C may cover, in addition to the chemical aspect, a part only of the mechanical aspect, e.g., after-treatment of artificial stone, covered by class Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...C04. In this latter case, a note or a reference is usually given to make the position clear, even if sometimes the division is rather arbitrary.

CHEMISTRY

|  | C08 |
ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON (manufacture or treatment of artificial threads, fibres, bristles or ribbons Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...D01)

|  | C08 |
Note(s) Processes using enzymes or micro-organisms in order to: liberate, separate or purify a pre-existing compound or composition, or to treat textiles or clean solid surfaces of materials are further classified in subclass Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...C12S. [5]

|  | C08J |
WORKING-UP; GENERAL PROCESSES OF COMPOUNDING; AFTER-TREATMENT NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...C08B, Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...C08C, Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...C08F, Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...C08G (mechanical aspects Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...B29; layered products, manufacture thereof Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...B32B; treatment of macromolecular material specially adapted to enhance its filling properties in mortars, concrete or artificial stone Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...C04B 16/04, Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...C04B 18/20, Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...C04B 20/00; treatment of textiles Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...D06) [2]

|  | C08J |
Note(s) This subclass covers processes, not covered by subclasses Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...C08B-C08H, for treating polymers. [4] In this subclass, in the absence of an indication to the contrary, classification is made in the last appropriate place. [2] In this subclass, it is desirable to add the indexing codes of subclass Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...C08L. The indexing codes should be unlinked. [5]

|  | C08J 3/00 |
Processes of treating or compounding macromolecular substances [2]

|  | C08J 3/02 |
· | Making solutions, dispersions, latices or gels by other methods than by solution, emulsion or suspension polymerisation techniques [2]

|  | C08J 3/03 |
· · | in aqueous media [5]

|  | C08J 3/05 |
· · · | from solid polymers [5]

|  | C08J 3/07 |
· · · | from polymer solutions [5]

|  | C08J 3/075 |
· · · | Macromolecular gels [6]

|  | C08J 3/09 |
· · | in organic liquids [5]

|  | C08J 3/11 |
· · · | from solid polymers [5]

|  | C08J 3/12 |
· | Powdering or granulating [2]

|  | C08J 3/14 |
· · | by precipitation from solutions [2]

|  | C08J 3/16 |
· · | by coagulating dispersions [2]

|  | C08J 3/18 |
· | Plasticising macromolecular compounds (plasticisers Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...C08K) [2]

|  | C08J 3/20 |
· | Compounding polymers with additives, e.g. colouring [2]

|  | C08J 3/205 |
· · | in the presence of a liquid phase [5]

|  | C08J 3/21 |
· · · | the polymer being premixed with a liquid phase [5]

|  | C08J 3/215 |
· · · · | at least one additive being also premixed with a liquid phase [5]

|  | C08J 3/22 |
· · | using masterbatch techniques [2]

|  | C08J 3/24 |
· | Crosslinking, e.g. vulcanising, of macromolecules (mechanical aspects Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...B29C 35/00; crosslinking agents Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...C08K) [2]

|  | C08J 3/26 |
· · | of latex [2]

|  | C08J 3/28 |
· | Treatment by wave energy or particle radiation [2]

|  | C08J 5/00 |
Manufacture of articles or shaped materials containing macromolecular substances (shaping of foodstuffs Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...A23P; manufacture of semi-permeable membranes Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...B01D 67/00-B01D 71/00; mechanical features, see the relevant classes, e.g. Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...B29) [2]

|  | C08J 5/02 |
· | Direct processing of dispersions, e.g. latex, to articles [2]

|  | C08J 5/04 |
· | Reinforcing macromolecular compounds with loose or coherent fibrous material (after-treatment of threads during manufacture Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...D01F) [2]

|  | C08J 5/06 |
· · | using pretreated fibrous materials [2]

|  | C08J 5/08 |
· · · | glass fibres [2]

|  | C08J 5/10 |
· · | characterised by the additives used in the polymer mixture [2]

|  | C08J 5/12 |
· | Bonding of a preformed macromolecular material to the same or other solid material such as metal, glass, leather, e.g. using adhesives [2]

|  | C08J 5/14 |
· | Manufacture of abrasive or friction articles or materials [2]

|  | C08J 5/16 |
· | Manufacture of articles or materials having reduced friction [2]

|  | C08J 5/18 |
· | Manufacture of films or sheets [2]

|  | C08J 5/20 |
· | Manufacture of shaped structures of ion-exchange resins [2]

|  | C08J 5/22 |
· · | Films, membranes or diaphragms [2]

|  | C08J 5/24 |
· | Impregnating materials with prepolymers which can be polymerised in situ, e.g. manufacture of prepregs [2]

|  | C08J 7/00 |
Chemical treatment or coating of shaped articles made of macromolecular substances (coating with metallic material Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...C23C; electrolytic deposition of metals Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...C25) [2]

|  | C08J 7/02 |
· | with solvents, e.g. swelling agents [2]

|  | C08J 7/04 |
· | Coating [2]

|  | C08J 7/06 |
· · | with compositions not containing macromolecular substances [2]

|  | C08J 7/12 |
· | Chemical modification [2]

|  | C08J 7/14 |
· · | with acids, their salts or anhydrides [2]

|  | C08J 7/16 |
· · | with polymerisable compounds [2]

|  | C08J 7/18 |
· · · | using wave energy or particle radiation [2]

|  | C08J 9/00 |
Working-up of macromolecular substances to porous or cellular articles or materials; After-treatment thereof (mechanical aspects of shaping of plastics or substances in a plastic state for the production of porous or cellular articles Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...B29C; foamed polymeric products of isocyanates or isothiocyanates characterised by the monomers or catalysts used Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...C08G 18/00) [2]

|  | C08J 9/02 |
· | using blowing gases generated by the reacting monomers or modifying agents during the preparation or modification of macromolecules [2]

|  | C08J 9/04 |
· | using blowing gases generated by a previously added blowing agent [2]

|  | C08J 9/06 |
· · | by a chemical blowing agent [2]

|  | C08J 9/08 |
· · · | developing carbon dioxide [2]

|  | C08J 9/10 |
· · · | developing nitrogen [2]

|  | C08J 9/12 |
· · | by a physical blowing agent [2]

|  | C08J 9/14 |
· · · | organic [2]

|  | C08J 9/16 - C08J 9/232 |
Note(s) In groups Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...C08J 9/16-C08J 9/232, the following term is used with the meaning indicated: "expandable" includes also expanding, pre-expanded or expanded. [5]

|  | C08J 9/16 |
· | Making expandable particles [2,5]

|  | C08J 9/18 |
· · | by impregnating polymer particles with the blowing agent [2]

|  | C08J 9/20 |
· · | by suspension polymerisation in the presence of the blowing agent [2]

|  | C08J 9/22 |
· | After-treatment of expandable particles; Forming foamed products [2,5]

|  | C08J 9/224 |
· · | Surface treatment [5]

|  | C08J 9/228 |
· · | Forming foamed products [5]

|  | C08J 9/232 |
· · · | by sintering expandable particles [5]

|  | C08J 9/236 |
· · · | using binding agents [5]

|  | C08J 9/24 |
· | by surface fusion and bonding of particles to form voids, e.g. sintering (of expandable particles Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...C08J 9/232) [2,5]

|  | C08J 9/26 |
· | by elimination of a solid phase from a macromolecular composition or article, e.g. leaching out [2]

|  | C08J 9/28 |
· | by elimination of a liquid phase from a macromolecular composition or article, e.g. drying of coagulum [2]

|  | C08J 9/30 |
· | by mixing gases into liquid compositions or plastisols, e.g. frothing with air [2]

|  | C08J 9/32 |
· | from compositions containing micro-balloons, e.g. syntactic foams (making micro-balloons Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...B01J 13/02) [2]

|  | C08J 9/33 |
· | Agglomerating foam fragments, e.g. waste foam [5]

|  | C08J 9/34 |
· | Chemical features in the manufacture of articles consisting of a foamed macromolecular core and a macromolecular surface layer having a higher density than the core [2]

|  | C08J 9/35 |
· | Composite foams, i.e. continuous macromolecular foams containing discontinuous cellular particles or fragments [5]

|  | C08J 9/36 |
· | After-treatment (Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...C08J 9/22 takes precedence) [2,5]

|  | C08J 9/38 |
· · | Destruction of cell membranes [2]

|  | C08J 9/40 |
· · | Impregnation [2]

|  | C08J 9/42 |
· · · | with macromolecular compounds [2]

|  | C08J 11/00 |
Recovery or working-up of waste materials (mechanical treatments Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...B29; polymerisation processes involving purification or recycling of waste polymers or their depolymerisation products Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...C08B, Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...C08C, Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...C08F, Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...C08G, Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...C08H) [4]

|  | C08J 11/02 |
· | of solvents, plasticisers or unreacted monomers [4]

|  | C08J 11/04 |
· | of polymers [2]

|  | C08J 11/06 |
· · | without chemical reactions [4]

|  | C08J 11/08 |
· · · | using selective solvents for polymer components (working-up tar by extraction with selective solvents Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...C10C 1/18; working-up pitch, asphalt, bitumen by selective extraction Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...C10C 3/08) [4]

|  | C08J 11/10 |
· · | by chemically breaking down the molecular chains of polymers or breaking of crosslinks, e.g. devulcanisation (depolymerisation to the original monomer Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...C07) [4]

|  | C08J 11/12 |
· · · | by dry-heat treatment only (destructive distillation of carbonaceous materials for production of gas, coke, tar or similar matters Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...C10B) [4]

|  | C08J 11/14 |
· · · | by treatment with steam or water [4]

|  | C08J 11/16 |
· · · | by treatment with inorganic material (Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...C08J 11/14 takes precedence) [4]

|  | C08J 11/18 |
· · · | by treatment with organic material [4]

|  | C08J 11/20 |
· · · · | by treatment with hydrocarbons or halogenated hydrocarbons [4]

|  | C08J 11/22 |
· · · · | by treatment with organic oxygen-containing compounds [4]

|  | C08J 11/24 |
· · · · · | containing hydroxyl groups [4]

|  | C08J 11/26 |
· · · · · | containing carboxylic acid groups, their anhydrides or esters [4]

|  | C08J 11/28 |
· · · · | by treatment with organic compounds containing nitrogen, sulfur or phosphorus [4]