|  | H |
SECTION H — ELECTRICITY

|  | H |
Note(s) These Notes cover the basic principles and general instructions for use of section H. Section H covers: basic electric elements, which cover all electric units and the general mechanical structure of apparatus and circuits, including the assembly of various basic elements into what are called printed circuits and also cover to a certain extent the manufacture of these elements (when not covered elsewhere); generation of electricity, which covers the generation, conversion and distribution of electricity together with the controlling of the corresponding gear; applied electricity, which covers: general utilisation techniques, viz. those of electric heating and electric lighting circuits; some special utilisation techniques, either electric or electronic in the strict sense, which are not covered by other sections of the Classification, including: electric light sources, including lasers; electric X-ray technique; electric plasma technique and the generation and acceleration of electrically charged particles or neutrons; basic electronic circuits and their control; radio or electric communication technique; the use of a specified material for the manufacture of the article or element described. In this connection, paragraphs 57 to 59 of the Guide should be referred to. In this section, the following general rules apply: Subject to the exceptions stated in I(c), above, any electric aspect or part peculiar to a particular operation, process, apparatus, object or article, classified in one of the sections of the Classification other than section H, is always classified in the subclass for that operation, process, apparatus, object or article. Where common characteristics concerning technical subjects of similar nature have been brought out at class level, the electric aspect or part is classified, in conjunction with the operation, process, apparatus, object or article, in a subclass which covers entirely the general electrical applications for the technical subject in question; The electrical applications referred to under (a), above, either general or particular, include: the therapeutic processes and apparatus, in class Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...A61; the electric processes and apparatus used in various laboratory or industrial operations, in classes Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...B01 and Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...B03 and in subclass Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...B23K; the electricity supply, electric propulsion and electric lighting of vehicles in general and of particular vehicles, in the subsection "Transporting" of section B; the electric ignition systems of internal-combustion engines, in subclass Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F02P, and of combustion apparatus in general, in subclass Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F23Q; the whole electrical part of section G, i.e. measuring devices including apparatus for measuring electric variables, checking, signalling and calculating. Electricity in that section is generally dealt with as a means and not as an end in itself; All electrical applications, both general and particular, presuppose that the "basic electricity" aspect appears in section H (see I(a), above) as regards the electric "basic elements" which they comprise. This rule is also valid for applied electricity, referred to in I(c), above, which appears in section H itself. In this section, the following special cases occur: Among the general applications covered by sections other than section H, it is worth noting that electric heating in general is covered by subclasses Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F24D or Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F24H or class Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F27, and that electric lighting in general is partly covered by class Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F21, since in section H (see I(c), above) there are places in Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...H05B which cover the same technical subjects; In the two cases referred to under (a), above, the subclasses of section F, which deal with the respective subjects, essentially cover in the first place the whole mechanical aspect of the apparatus or devices, whereas the electrical aspect, as such, is covered by subclass Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...H05B; In the case of lighting, this mechanical aspect should be taken to cover the material arrangement of the various electric elements, i.e., their geometrical or physical position in relation to one another; this aspect is covered by subclass Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F21V, the elements themselves and the primary circuits remaining in section H. The same applies to electric light sources, when combined with light sources of a different kind. These are covered by subclass Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...H05B, whereas the physical arrangement which their combination constitutes is covered by the various subclasses of class Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F21; As regards heating, not only the electric elements and circuitry designs, as such, are covered by subclass Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...H05B, but also the electric aspects of their arrangement, where these concern cases of general application; electric furnaces being considered as such. The physical disposition of the electric elements in furnaces is covered by section F. If a comparison is made with electric welding circuits, which are covered by subclass Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...B23K in connection with welding, it can be seen that electric heating is not covered by the general rule stated in II, above.

|  | H03 |
BASIC ELECTRONIC CIRCUITRY

|  | H03L |
AUTOMATIC CONTROL, STARTING, SYNCHRONISATION, OR STABILISATION OF GENERATORS OF ELECTRONIC OSCILLATIONS OR PULSES (of dynamo-electric generators Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...H02P) [3]

|  | H03L |
Note(s) This subclass covers: automatic control circuits for generators of electronic oscillations or pulses; [3] starting, synchronisation, or stabilisation circuits for generators where the type of generator is irrelevant or unspecified. [3] This subclass does not cover stabilisation or starting circuits specially adapted to only one specific type of generator, which are covered by subclasses Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...H03B, Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...H03K. [3] In this subclass, the following expression is used with the meaning indicated: "automatic control" covers only closed loop systems. [3]

|  | H03L 1/00 |
Stabilisation of generator output against variations of physical values, e.g. power supply (automatic control Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...H03L 5/00, Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...H03L 7/00) [3]

|  | H03L 1/02 |
· | against variations of temperature only [3]

|  | H03L 1/04 |
· · | Constructional details for maintaining temperature constant [3]

|  | H03L 3/00 |
Starting of generators [3]

|  | H03L 5/00 |
Automatic control of voltage, current, or power [3]

|  | H03L 5/02 |
· | of power [3]

|  | H03L 7/00 |
Automatic control of frequency or phase; Synchronisation (tuning of resonant circuits in general Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...H03J; synchronising in digital communication systems, see the relevant groups in class Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...H04) [3]

|  | H03L 7/02 |
· | using a frequency discriminator comprising a passive frequency-determining element [3]

|  | H03L 7/04 |
· · | wherein the frequency-determining element comprises distributed inductance and capacitance [3]

|  | H03L 7/06 |
· | using a reference signal applied to a frequency- or phase-locked loop [3]

|  | H03L 7/07 |
· · | using several loops, e.g. for redundant clock signal generation (for indirect frequency synthesis Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...H03L 7/22) [5]

|  | H03L 7/08 |
· · | Details of the phase-locked loop [3]

|  | H03L 7/081 |
· · · | provided with an additional controlled phase shifter [5]

|  | H03L 7/083 |
· · · | the reference signal being additionally directly applied to the generator (direct frequency synchronisation without loop Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...H03L 7/24) [5]

|  | H03L 7/085 |
· · · | concerning mainly the frequency- or phase-detection arrangement including the filtering or amplification of its output signal (Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...H03L 7/10 takes precedence; frequency or phase detection comparison in general Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...H03D 3/00, Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...H03D 13/00) [5]

|  | H03L 7/087 |
· · · · | using at least two phase detectors or a frequency and phase detector in the loop [5]

|  | H03L 7/089 |
· · · · | the phase or frequency detector generating up-down pulses (Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...H03L 7/087 takes precedence) [5]

|  | H03L 7/091 |
· · · · | the phase or frequency detector using a sampling device (Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...H03L 7/087 takes precedence) [5]

|  | H03L 7/093 |
· · · · | using special filtering or amplification characteristics in the loop (Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...H03L 7/087-H03L 7/091 take precedence) [5]

|  | H03L 7/095 |
· · · · | using a lock detector (Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...H03L 7/087 takes precedence) [5]

|  | H03L 7/097 |
· · · · | using a comparator for comparing the voltages obtained from two frequency to voltage converters [5]

|  | H03L 7/099 |
· · · | concerning mainly the controlled oscillator of the loop [5]

|  | H03L 7/10 |
· · · | for assuring initial synchronisation or for broadening the capture range [3]

|  | H03L 7/107 |
· · · · | using a variable transfer function for the loop, e.g. low pass filter having a variable bandwidth [5]

|  | H03L 7/113 |
· · · · | using frequency discriminator [5]

|  | H03L 7/12 |
· · · · | using a scanning signal (tuning circuits with automatic scanning over a band of frequencies Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...H03J 7/18) [3]

|  | H03L 7/14 |
· · · | for assuring constant frequency when supply or correction voltages fail [3]

|  | H03L 7/16 |
· · | Indirect frequency synthesis, i.e. generating a desired one of a number of predetermined frequencies using a frequency- or phase-locked loop [3]

|  | H03L 7/18 |
· · · | using a frequency divider or counter in the loop (Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...H03L 7/20, Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...H03L 7/22 take precedence) [3]

|  | H03L 7/181 |
· · · · | a numerical count result being used for locking the loop, the counter counting during fixed time intervals [5]

|  | H03L 7/183 |
· · · · | a time difference being used for locking the loop, the counter counting between fixed numbers or the frequency divider dividing by a fixed number [5]

|  | H03L 7/185 |
· · · · · | using a mixer in the loop (Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...H03L 7/187-H03L 7/195 take precedence) [5]

|  | H03L 7/187 |
· · · · · | using means for coarse tuning the voltage controlled oscillator of the loop (Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...H03L 7/191-H03L 7/195 take precedence) [5]

|  | H03L 7/189 |
· · · · · · | comprising a D/A converter for generating a coarse tuning voltage [5]

|  | H03L 7/191 |
· · · · · | using at least two different signals from the frequency divider or the counter for determining the time difference (Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...H03L 7/193, Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...H03L 7/195 take precedence) [5]

|  | H03L 7/193 |
· · · · · | the frequency divider/counter comprising a commutable pre-divider, e.g. a two modulus divider (pulse counters/frequency dividers Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...H03K 21/00-H03K 29/00) [5]

|  | H03L 7/195 |
· · · · · | in which the counter of the loop counts between two different non zero numbers, e.g. for generating an offset frequency (Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...H03L 7/193 takes precedence; pulse counters for predetermined counting Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...H03K 21/00-H03K 29/00) [5]

|  | H03L 7/197 |
· · · · | a time difference being used for locking the loop, the counter counting between numbers which are variable in time or the frequency divider dividing by a factor variable in time, e.g. for obtaining fractional frequency division [5]

|  | H03L 7/199 |
· · · · · | with reset of the frequency divider or the counter, e.g. for assuring initial synchronisation [5]

|  | H03L 7/20 |
· · · | using a harmonic phase-locked loop, i.e. a loop which can be locked to one of a number of harmonically related frequencies applied to it (Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...H03L 7/22 takes precedence) [3]

|  | H03L 7/22 |
· · · | using more than one loop [3]

|  | H03L 7/23 |
· · · · | with pulse counters or frequency dividers [5]

|  | H03L 7/24 |
· | using a reference signal directly applied to the generator [3]

|  | H03L 7/26 |
· | using energy levels of molecules, atoms, or subatomic particles as a frequency reference [3]