|  | C |
SECTION C — CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY

|  | C |
Note(s) In section C, the definitions of groups of chemical elements are as follows: Alkali metals: Li, Na, K, Rb, Cs, Fr Alkaline earth metals: Ca, Sr, Ba, Ra Lanthanides: elements with atomic numbers 57 to 71 inclusive Rare earths: Sc, Y, Lanthanides Actinides: elements with atomic numbers 89 to 103 inclusive Refractory metals: Ti, V, Cr, Zr, Nb, Mo, Hf, Ta, W Halogens: F, Cl, Br, I, At Noble gases: He, Ne, Ar, Kr, Xe, Rn Platinum group: Os, Ir, Pt, Ru, Rh, Pd Noble metals: Ag, Au, Platinum group Light metals: alkali metals, alkaline earth metals, Be, Al, Mg Heavy metals: metals other than light metals Iron group: Fe, Co, Ni Non-metals: H, B, C, Si, N, P, O, S, Se, Te, noble gases, halogens Metals: elements other than non-metals Transition elements: elements with atomic numbers 21 to 30 inclusive, 39 to 48 inclusive, 57 to 80 inclusive, 89 upwards The following notes are meant to assist in the use of this part of the classification scheme. They must not be read as modifying in any way the elaborations. Section C covers: pure chemistry, which covers inorganic compounds, organic compounds, macromolecular compounds, and their methods of preparation; applied chemistry, which covers compositions containing the above compounds, such as: glass, ceramics, fertilisers, plastics compositions, paints, products of the petroleum industry. It also covers certain compositions on account of their having particular properties rendering them suitable for certain purposes, as in the case of explosives, dyestuffs, adhesives, lubricants, and detergents; certain marginal industries, such as the manufacture of coke and of solid or gaseous fuels, the production and refining of oils, fats and waxes, the fermentation industry (e.g., brewing and wine-making), the sugar industry; certain operations or treatments, which are either purely mechanical, e.g., the mechanical treatment of leather and skins, or partly mechanical, e.g., the treatment of water or the prevention of corrosion in general; metallurgy, ferrous or non-ferrous alloys. In the case of operations, treatments, products or articles having both a chemical and a non-chemical part or aspect, the general rule is that the chemical part or aspect is covered by section C. In some of these cases, the chemical part or aspect brings with it a non-chemical one, even though purely mechanical, because this latter aspect either is essential to the operation or treatment or constitutes an important element thereof. It has seemed, in fact, more logical not to dissociate the different parts or aspects of a coherent whole. This is the case for applied chemistry and for the industries, operations and treatments mentioned in Notes (1)(c), (d) and (e). For example, furnaces peculiar to the manufacture of glass are covered by class Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...C03 and not by class Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F27. There are, however, some exceptions in which the mechanical (or non-chemical) aspect carries with it the chemical aspect, for example: Certain extractive processes, in subclass Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...A61K; The chemical purification of air, in subclass Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...A61L; Chemical methods of fire-fighting, in subclass Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...A62D; Chemical processes and apparatus, in class Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...B01; Impregnation of wood, in subclass Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...B27K; Chemical methods of analysis or testing, in subclass Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...G01N; Photographic materials and processes, in class Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...G03, and, generally, the chemical treatment of textiles and the production of cellulose or paper, in section D. In still other cases, the pure chemical aspect is covered by section C and the applied chemical aspect by another section, such as A, B or F, e.g., the use of a substance or composition for: treatment of plants or animals, covered by subclass Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...A01N; foodstuffs, covered by class Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...A23; ammunition or explosives, covered by class Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F42. When the chemical and mechanical aspects are so closely interlocked that a neat and simple division is not possible, or when certain mechanical processes follow as a natural or logical continuation of a chemical treatment, section C may cover, in addition to the chemical aspect, a part only of the mechanical aspect, e.g., after-treatment of artificial stone, covered by class Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...C04. In this latter case, a note or a reference is usually given to make the position clear, even if sometimes the division is rather arbitrary.

CHEMISTRY

|  | C12 |
BIOCHEMISTRY; BEER; SPIRITS; WINE; VINEGAR; MICROBIOLOGY; ENZYMOLOGY; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING

|  | C12 |
Note(s) In subclasses Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...C12M-C12Q or Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...C12S, and within each of these subclasses, in the absence of an indication to the contrary, classification is made in the last appropriate place. [3] In this class, viruses, undifferentiated human, animal or plant cells, protozoa, tissues and unicellular algae are considered as micro-organisms. [3,5] In this subclass, unless specifically provided for, undifferentiated human, animal or plant cells, protozoa, tissues and unicellular algae are classified together with micro-organisms. Sub-cellular parts, unless specifically provided for, are classified with the whole cell. [5] The codes of subclass Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...C12R are only for use as indexing codes associated with subclasses Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...C12C-C12Q or Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...C12S, so as to provide information concerning the micro-organisms used in the processes classified in these subclasses. [3]

|  | C12N |
MICRO-ORGANISMS OR ENZYMES; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF (biocides, pest repellants or attractants, or plant growth regulators containing micro-organisms, viruses, microbial fungi, enzymes, fermentates, or substances produced by, or extracted from, micro-organisms or animal material Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...A01N 63/00; food compositions Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...A21, Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...A23; medicinal preparations Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...A61K; chemical aspects of, or use of materials for, bandages, dressings, absorbent pads or surgical articles Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...A61L; fertilisers Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...C05); PROPAGATING, PRESERVING, OR MAINTAINING MICRO-ORGANISMS (preservation of living parts of humans or animals Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...A01N 1/02); MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING; CULTURE MEDIA (microbiological testing media Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...C12Q) [3]

|  | C12N |
Note(s) Attention is drawn to Notes (1) to (3) following the title of class Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...C12. [3,4] In this subclass, it is desirable to add the indexing codes of subclass Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...C12R. The indexing codes should be linked. [6]

|  | C12N |
Subclass index
MICRO-ORGANISMS; SPORES; UNDIFFERENTIATED CELLS; VIRUSES | 1/00; 3/00; 5/00; 7/00; 11/00
ENZYMES | 9/00, 11/00
TREATMENT WITH ELECTRICAL OR WAVE ENERGY | 13/00
MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING | 15/00

|  | C12N 1/00 |
Micro-organisms, e.g. protozoa; Compositions thereof (medicinal preparations containing material from micro-organisms Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...A61K 35/66; preparing medicinal bacterial antigen or antibody compositions, e.g. bacterial vaccines, Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...A61K 39/00); Processes of propagating, maintaining or preserving micro-organisms or compositions thereof; Processes of preparing or isolating a composition containing a micro-organism; Culture media therefor [3]

|  | C12N 1/02 |
· | Separating micro-organisms from their culture media [3]

|  | C12N 1/04 |
· | Preserving or maintaining viable micro-organisms (immobilised micro-organisms Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...C12N 11/00) [3]

|  | C12N 1/06 |
· | Lysis of micro-organisms [3]

|  | C12N 1/08 |
· | Reducing the nucleic acid content [3]

|  | C12N 1/10 |
· | Protozoa; Culture media therefor [3]

|  | C12N 1/11 |
· · | modified by introduction of foreign genetic material [5]

|  | C12N 1/12 |
· | Unicellular algae; Culture media therefor (culture of multi-cellular plants Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...A01G; as new plants Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...A01H 13/00) [3]

|  | C12N 1/13 |
· · | modified by introduction of foreign genetic material [5]

|  | C12N 1/14 |
· | Fungi (culture of mushrooms Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...A01G 1/04; as new plants Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...A01H 15/00); Culture media therefor [3]

|  | C12N 1/15 |
· · | modified by introduction of foreign genetic material [5]

|  | C12N 1/16 |
· · | Yeasts; Culture media therefor [3]

|  | C12N 1/18 |
· · · | Baker's yeast; Brewer's yeast [3]

|  | C12N 1/19 |
· · · | modified by introduction of foreign genetic material [5]

|  | C12N 1/20 |
· | Bacteria; Culture media therefor [3]

|  | C12N 1/21 |
· · | modified by introduction of foreign genetic material [5]

|  | C12N 1/22 |
· | Processes using, or culture media containing, cellulose or hydrolysates thereof [3]

|  | C12N 1/24 |
· | Processes using, or culture media containing, waste sulfite liquor [3]

|  | C12N 1/26 |
· | Processes using, or culture media containing, hydrocarbons (refining of hydrocarbon oils by using micro-organisms Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...C10G 32/00) [3]

|  | C12N 1/28 |
· · | aliphatic [3]

|  | C12N 1/30 |
· · · | having five or less carbon atoms [3]

|  | C12N 1/32 |
· | Processes using, or culture media containing, lower alkanols, i.e. C1 to C6 [3]

|  | C12N 1/34 |
· | Processes using foam culture [3]

|  | C12N 1/36 |
· | Adaptation or attenuation of cells [3]

|  | C12N 1/38 |
· | Chemical stimulation of growth or activity by addition of chemical compounds which are not essential growth factors; Stimulation of growth by removal of a chemical compound (Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...C12N 1/34 takes precedence) [3]

|  | C12N 3/00 |
Spore-forming or isolating processes [3]

|  | C12N 5/00 |
Undifferentiated human, animal or plant cells, e.g. cell lines; Tissues; Cultivation or maintenance thereof; Culture media therefor (plant reproduction by tissue culture techniques Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...A01H 4/00) [3,5]

|  | C12N 5/02 |
· | Propagation of single cells or cells in suspension; Maintenance thereof; Culture media therefor [3]

|  | C12N 5/04 |
· | Plant cells or tissues [5]

|  | C12N 5/06 |
· | Animal cells or tissues [5]

|  | C12N 5/08 |
· | Human cells or tissues [5]

|  | C12N 5/10 |
· | Cells modified by introduction of foreign genetic material, e.g. virus-transformed cells [5]

|  | C12N 5/12 |
· · | Fused cells, e.g. hybridomas [5]

|  | C12N 5/14 |
· · · | Plant cells [5]

|  | C12N 5/16 |
· · · | Animal cells [5]

|  | C12N 5/18 |
· · · · | Murine cells, e.g. mouse cells [5]

|  | C12N 5/20 |
· · · · · | one of the fusion partners being a B lymphocyte [5]

|  | C12N 5/22 |
· · · | Human cells [5]

|  | C12N 5/24 |
· · · · | one of the fusion partners being a B lymphocyte [5]

|  | C12N 5/26 |
· · · | Cells resulting from interspecies fusion [5]

|  | C12N 5/28 |
· · · · | one of the fusion partners being a human cell [5]

|  | C12N 7/00 |
Viruses, e.g. bacteriophages; Compositions thereof; Preparation or purification thereof (medicinal preparations containing viruses Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...A61K 35/76; preparing medicinal viral antigen or antibody compositions, e.g. virus vaccines, Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...A61K 39/00) [3]

|  | C12N 7/01 |
· | Viruses, e.g. bacteriophages, modified by introduction of foreign genetic material (vectors Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...C12N 15/00) [5]

|  | C12N 7/02 |
· | Recovery or purification [3]

|  | C12N 7/04 |
· | Inactivation or attenuation; Producing viral sub-units [3]

|  | C12N 7/06 |
· · | by chemical treatment [3]

|  | C12N 7/08 |
· · | by serial passage of virus [3]

|  | C12N 9/00 |
Enzymes, e.g. ligases (6.); Proenzymes; Compositions thereof (preparations containing enzymes for cleaning teeth Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...A61K 7/28; medicinal preparations containing enzymes or proenzymes Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...A61K 38/43; enzyme containing detergent compositions Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...C11D); Processes for preparing, activating, inhibiting, separating, or purifying enzymes (preparation of malt Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...C12C 1/00) [3]

|  | C12N 9/00 |
Note(s) In this group: proenzymes are classified with the corresponding enzymes; [5] enzymes are generally categorised according to the "Nomenclature and Classification of Enzymes" of the International Commission on Enzymes. Where appropriate, this designation appears in the subgroups below in parenthesis. [3]

|  | C12N 9/02 |
· | Oxidoreductases (1.), e.g. luciferase [3]

|  | C12N 9/04 |
· · | acting on CHOH groups as donors, e.g. glucose oxidase, lactate dehydrogenase (1.1) [3]

|  | C12N 9/06 |
· · | acting on nitrogen containing compounds as donors (1.4, 1.5, 1.7) [3]

|  | C12N 9/08 |
· · | acting on hydrogen peroxide as acceptor (1.11) [3]

|  | C12N 9/10 |
· | Transferases (2.) (ribonucleases Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...C12N 9/22) [3]

|  | C12N 9/12 |
· · | transferring phosphorus containing groups, e.g. kinases (2.7) [3]

|  | C12N 9/14 |
· | Hydrolases (3.) [3]

|  | C12N 9/16 |
· · | acting on ester bonds (3.1) [3]

|  | C12N 9/18 |
· · · | Carboxylic ester hydrolases [3]

|  | C12N 9/20 |
· · · · | Triglyceride splitting, e.g. by means of lipase [3]

|  | C12N 9/22 |
· · · | Ribonucleases [3]

|  | C12N 9/24 |
· · | acting on glycosyl compounds (3.2) [3]

|  | C12N 9/26 |
· · · | acting on alpha-1, 4-glucosidic bonds, e.g. hyaluronidase, invertase, amylase [3]

|  | C12N 9/28 |
· · · · | Alpha-amylase from microbial source, e.g. bacterial amylase [3]

|  | C12N 9/30 |
· · · · · | Fungal source [3]

|  | C12N 9/32 |
· · · · | Alpha-amylase from plant source [3]

|  | C12N 9/34 |
· · · · | Glucoamylase [3]

|  | C12N 9/36 |
· · · | acting on beta-1, 4 bonds between N-acetylmuramic acid and 2-acetylamino 2-deoxy-D-glucose, e.g. lysozyme [3]

|  | C12N 9/38 |
· · · | acting on beta-galactose-glycoside bonds, e.g. beta-galactosidase [3]

|  | C12N 9/40 |
· · · | acting on alpha-galactose-glycoside bonds, e.g. alpha-galactosidase [3]

|  | C12N 9/42 |
· · · | acting on beta-1, 4-glucosidic bonds, e.g. cellulase [3]

|  | C12N 9/44 |
· · · | acting on alpha-1, 6-glucosidic bonds, e.g. isoamylase, pullulanase [3]

|  | C12N 9/46 |
· · · · | Dextranase [3]

|  | C12N 9/48 |
· · | acting on peptide bonds, e.g. thromboplastin, leucine aminopeptidase (3.4) [3]

|  | C12N 9/50 |
· · · | Proteinases [3]

|  | C12N 9/52 |
· · · · | derived from bacteria [3]

|  | C12N 9/54 |
· · · · · | bacteria being Bacillus [3]

|  | C12N 9/56 |
· · · · · · | Bacillus subtilis or Bacillus licheniformis [3]

|  | C12N 9/58 |
· · · · | derived from fungi [3]

|  | C12N 9/60 |
· · · · · | from yeast [3]

|  | C12N 9/62 |
· · · · · | from Aspergillus [3]

|  | C12N 9/64 |
· · · · | derived from animal tissue, e.g. rennin [3]

|  | C12N 9/66 |
· · · | Elastase [3]

|  | C12N 9/68 |
· · · | Plasmin, i.e. fibrinolysin [3]

|  | C12N 9/70 |
· · · | Streptokinase [3]

|  | C12N 9/72 |
· · · | Urokinase [3]

|  | C12N 9/74 |
· · · | Thrombin [3]

|  | C12N 9/76 |
· · · | Trypsin; Chymotrypsin [3]

|  | C12N 9/78 |
· · | acting on carbon to nitrogen bonds other than peptide bonds (3.5) [3]

|  | C12N 9/80 |
· · · | acting on amide bonds in linear amides [3]

|  | C12N 9/82 |
· · · · | Asparaginase [3]

|  | C12N 9/84 |
· · · · | Penicillin amidase [3]

|  | C12N 9/86 |
· · · | acting on amide bonds in cyclic amides, e.g. penicillinase [3]

|  | C12N 9/88 |
· | Lyases (4.) [3]

|  | C12N 9/90 |
· | Isomerases (5.) [3]

|  | C12N 9/92 |
· · | Glucose isomerase [3]

|  | C12N 9/94 |
· | Pancreatin [3]

|  | C12N 9/96 |
· | Stabilising an enzyme by forming an adduct or a composition; Forming enzyme conjugates [3]

|  | C12N 9/98 |
· | Preparation of granular or free-flowing enzyme compositions (Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...C12N 9/96 takes precedence) [3]

|  | C12N 9/99 |
· | Enzyme inactivation by chemical treatment [3]

|  | C12N 11/00 |
Carrier-bound or immobilised enzymes; Carrier-bound or immobilised microbial cells; Preparation thereof [3]

|  | C12N 11/02 |
· | Enzymes or microbial cells being immobilised on or in an organic carrier [3]

|  | C12N 11/04 |
· · | entrapped within the carrier, e.g. gel, hollow fibre [3]

|  | C12N 11/06 |
· · | attached to the carrier via a bridging agent [3]

|  | C12N 11/08 |
· · | the carrier being a synthetic polymer [3]

|  | C12N 11/10 |
· · | the carrier being a carbohydrate [3]

|  | C12N 11/12 |
· · · | Cellulose or derivatives thereof [3]

|  | C12N 11/14 |
· | Enzymes or microbial cells being immobilised on or in an inorganic carrier [3]

|  | C12N 11/16 |
· | Enzymes or microbial cells being immobilised on or in a biological cell [3]

|  | C12N 11/18 |
· | Multi-enzyme systems [3]

|  | C12N 13/00 |
Treatment of micro-organisms or enzymes with electrical or wave energy, e.g. magnetism, sonic waves [3]

|  | C12N 15/00 |
Mutation or genetic engineering; DNA or RNA concerning genetic engineering, vectors, e.g. plasmids, or their isolation, preparation or purification; Use of hosts therefor (mutants or genetically engineered micro-organisms Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...C12N 1/00, Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...C12N 5/00, Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...C12N 7/00; new plants Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...A01H; plant reproduction by tissue culture techniques Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...A01H 4/00; new animals Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...A01K 67/00; use of medicinal preparations containing genetic material which is inserted into cells of the living body to treat genetic diseases, gene therapy Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...A61K 48/00; peptides in general Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...C07K) [3,5,6]

|  | C12N 15/00 |
Note(s) This group covers processes wherein there is a modification of the genetic material which would not normally occur in nature without intervention of man which produce a change in the gene structure which is passed on to succeeding generations. [3]

|  | C12N 15/01 |
· | Preparation of mutants without inserting foreign genetic material therein; Screening processes therefor [5]

|  | C12N 15/02 |
· | Preparation of hybrid cells by fusion of two or more cells, e.g. protoplast fusion [5]

|  | C12N 15/03 |
· · | Bacteria [5]

|  | C12N 15/04 |
· · | Fungi [5]

|  | C12N 15/05 |
· · | Plant cells [5]

|  | C12N 15/06 |
· · | Animal cells [5]

|  | C12N 15/07 |
· · | Human cells [5]

|  | C12N 15/08 |
· · | Cells resulting from interspecies fusion [5]

|  | C12N 15/09 |
· | Recombinant DNA-technology [5]

|  | C12N 15/10 |
· · | Processes for the isolation, preparation or purification of DNA or RNA (chemical preparation of DNA or RNA Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...C07H 21/00; preparation of non-structural polynucleotides from micro-organisms or with enzymes Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...C12P 19/34) [5]

|  | C12N 15/11 |
· · | DNA or RNA fragments; Modified forms thereof (DNA or RNA not used in recombinant technology Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...C07H 21/00) [5]

|  | C12N 15/12 |
· · · | Genes encoding animal proteins [5]

|  | C12N 15/13 |
· · · · | Immunoglobulins [5]

|  | C12N 15/14 |
· · · · | Human serum albumins [5]

|  | C12N 15/15 |
· · · · | Protease inhibitors, e.g. antithrombin, antitrypsin, hirudin [5]

|  | C12N 15/16 |
· · · · | Hormones [5]

|  | C12N 15/17 |
· · · · · | Insulins [5]

|  | C12N 15/18 |
· · · · · | Growth hormones [5]

|  | C12N 15/19 |
· · · · | Interferons; Lymphokines; Cytokines [5]

|  | C12N 15/20 |
· · · · · | Interferons [5]

|  | C12N 15/21 |
· · · · · · | Alpha-interferons [5]

|  | C12N 15/22 |
· · · · · · | Beta-interferons [5]

|  | C12N 15/23 |
· · · · · · | Gamma-interferons [5]

|  | C12N 15/24 |
· · · · · | Interleukins [5]

|  | C12N 15/25 |
· · · · · · | Interleukin-1 [5]

|  | C12N 15/26 |
· · · · · · | Interleukin-2 [5]

|  | C12N 15/27 |
· · · · · | Colony stimulating factors [5]

|  | C12N 15/28 |
· · · · · | Tumor necrosis factors [5]

|  | C12N 15/29 |
· · · | Genes encoding plant proteins, e.g. thaumatin [5]

|  | C12N 15/30 |
· · · | Genes encoding protozoal proteins, e.g. from Plasmodium, Trypanosoma, Eimeria [5]

|  | C12N 15/31 |
· · · | Genes encoding microbial proteins, e.g. enterotoxins [5]

|  | C12N 15/32 |
· · · · | Bacillus crystal proteins [5]

|  | C12N 15/33 |
· · · · | Genes encoding viral proteins [5]

|  | C12N 15/34 |
· · · · · | Proteins from DNA viruses [5]

|  | C12N 15/35 |
· · · · · · | Parvoviridae, e.g. feline panleukopenia virus, human parvovirus [5]

|  | C12N 15/36 |
· · · · · · | Hepadnaviridae [5]

|  | C12N 15/37 |
· · · · · · | Papovaviridae, e.g. papillomaviruses, polyomavirus, SV40 [5]

|  | C12N 15/38 |
· · · · · · | Herpetoviridae, e.g. herpes simplex virus, varicella-zoster virus, Epstein-Barr virus, cytomegalovirus, pseudorabies virus [5]

|  | C12N 15/39 |
· · · · · · | Poxviridae, e.g. vaccinia virus, variola virus [5]

|  | C12N 15/40 |
· · · · · | Proteins from RNA viruses, e.g. flaviviruses [5]

|  | C12N 15/41 |
· · · · · · | Picornaviridae, e.g. rhinovirus, coxsackie viruses, echoviruses, enteroviruses [5]

|  | C12N 15/42 |
· · · · · · · | Foot-and-mouth disease virus [5]

|  | C12N 15/43 |
· · · · · · · | Poliovirus [5]

|  | C12N 15/44 |
· · · · · · | Orthomyxoviridae, e.g. influenza virus [5]

|  | C12N 15/45 |
· · · · · · | Paramyxoviridae, e.g. measles virus, mumps virus, Newcastle disease virus, canine distemper virus, rinderpest virus, respiratory syncytial viruses [5]

|  | C12N 15/46 |
· · · · · · | Reoviridae, e.g. rotavirus, bluetongue virus, Colorado tick fever virus [5]

|  | C12N 15/47 |
· · · · · · | Rhabdoviridae, e.g. rabies viruses, vesicular stomatitis virus [5]

|  | C12N 15/48 |
· · · · · · | Retroviridae, e.g. bovine leukaemia virus, feline leukaemia virus, HIV [5]

|  | C12N 15/49 |
· · · · · · · | Lentiviridae, e.g. immunodeficiency viruses, visna-maedi virus, equine infectious anaemia virus [5]

|  | C12N 15/50 |
· · · · · · | Coronaviridae, e.g. infectious bronchitis virus, transmissible gastroenteritis virus [5]

|  | C12N 15/51 |
· · · · · | Hepatitis viruses [5]

|  | C12N 15/52 |
· · · | Genes encoding for enzymes or proenzymes [5]

|  | C12N 15/52 |
Note(s) In this group: genes encoding for proenzymes are classified with the corresponding genes encoding enzymes; enzymes are generally categorised according to the "Nomenclature and Classification of Enzymes" of the International Commission on Enzymes. Where appropriate, this designation appears in the groups below in parenthesis. [5]

|  | C12N 15/53 |
· · · · | Oxidoreductases (1) [5]

|  | C12N 15/54 |
· · · · | Transferases (2) [5]

|  | C12N 15/55 |
· · · · | Hydrolases (3) [5]

|  | C12N 15/56 |
· · · · · | acting on glycosyl compounds (3.2), e.g. amylase, galactosidase, lysozyme [5]

|  | C12N 15/57 |
· · · · · | acting on peptide bonds (3.4) [5]

|  | C12N 15/58 |
· · · · · · | Plasminogen activators, e.g. urokinase, TPA [5]

|  | C12N 15/59 |
· · · · · · | Chymosin [5]

|  | C12N 15/60 |
· · · · | Lyases (4) [5]

|  | C12N 15/61 |
· · · · | Isomerases (5) [5]

|  | C12N 15/62 |
· · · | DNA sequences coding for fusion proteins [5]

|  | C12N 15/62 |
Note(s) In this group, the following term is used with the meaning indicated: "fusion" means the fusion of two different proteins. [5]

|  | C12N 15/63 |
· · | Introduction of foreign genetic material using vectors; Vectors; Use of hosts therefor; Regulation of expression [5]

|  | C12N 15/64 |
· · · | General methods for preparing the vector, for introducing it into the cell or for selecting the vector-containing host [5]

|  | C12N 15/65 |
· · · | using markers (enzymes used as markers Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...C12N 15/52) [5]

|  | C12N 15/66 |
· · · | General methods for inserting a gene into a vector to form a recombinant vector using cleavage and ligation; Use of non-functional linkers or adaptors, e.g. linkers containing the sequence for a restriction endonuclease [5]

|  | C12N 15/66 |
Note(s) In this group, the following expression is used with the meaning indicated: "non-functional linkers" means DNA sequences which are used to link DNA sequences and which have no known function of structural gene or regulating function. [5]

|  | C12N 15/67 |
· · · | General methods for enhancing the expression [5]

|  | C12N 15/68 |
· · · · | Stabilisation of the vector [5]

|  | C12N 15/69 |
· · · · | Increasing the copy number of the vector [5]

|  | C12N 15/70 |
· · · | Vectors or expression systems specially adapted for E. coli [5]

|  | C12N 15/70 |
Note(s) This group covers the use of E. coli as host. [5] Shuttle vectors also replicating in E. coli are classified according to the other host. [5]

|  | C12N 15/71 |
· · · · | Expression systems using regulatory sequences derived from the trp-operon [5]

|  | C12N 15/72 |
· · · · | Expression systems using regulatory sequences derived from the lac-operon [5]

|  | C12N 15/73 |
· · · · | Expression systems using phage lambda regulatory sequences [5]

|  | C12N 15/74 |
· · · | Vectors or expression systems specially adapted for prokaryotic hosts other than E. coli, e.g. Lactobacillus, Micromonospora [5]

|  | C12N 15/74 |
Note(s) This group covers the use of prokaryotes as hosts. [5]

|  | C12N 15/75 |
· · · · | for Bacillus [5]

|  | C12N 15/76 |
· · · · | for Actinomyces; for Streptomyces [5]

|  | C12N 15/77 |
· · · · | for Corynebacterium; for Brevibacterium [5]

|  | C12N 15/78 |
· · · · | for Pseudomonas [5]

|  | C12N 15/79 |
· · · | Vectors or expression systems specially adapted for eukaryotic hosts; [5]

|  | C12N 15/79 |
Note(s) This group covers the use of eukaryotes as hosts. [5]

|  | C12N 15/80 |
· · · · | for fungi [5]

|  | C12N 15/81 |
· · · · · | for yeasts [5]

|  | C12N 15/82 |
· · · · | for plant cells [5]

|  | C12N 15/83 |
· · · · · | Viral vectors, e.g. cauliflower mosaic virus [5]

|  | C12N 15/84 |
· · · · · | Ti-plasmids [5]

|  | C12N 15/85 |
· · · · | for animal cells [5]

|  | C12N 15/86 |
· · · · · | Viral vectors, e.g. vaccinia virus [5]

|  | C12N 15/87 |
· · | Introduction of foreign genetic material using processes not otherwise provided for, e.g. co-transformation [5]

|  | C12N 15/88 |
· · · | using micro-encapsulation, e.g. using liposome vesicle [5]

|  | C12N 15/89 |
· · · | using micro-injection [5]

|  | C12N 15/90 |
· · · | Stable introduction of foreign DNA into chromosome [5]