|  | F |
SECTION F — MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING

ENGINES OR PUMPS

|  | F01 - F42 |
Note(s) Guide to the use of this subsection (classes Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F01-F04) The following notes are meant to assist in the use of this part of the classification scheme. In this subsection, subclasses or groups designating "engines" or "pumps" cover methods of operating the same, unless otherwise specifically provided for. In this subsection, the following terms or expressions are used with the meanings indicated: "engine" means a device for continuously converting fluid energy into mechanical power. Thus, this term includes, for example, steam piston engines or steam turbines, per se, or internal-combustion piston engines, but it excludes single-stroke devices. "Engine" also includes the fluid-motive portion of a meter unless such portion is particularly adapted for use in a meter; "pump" means a device for continuously raising, forcing, compressing, or exhausting fluid by mechanical or other means. Thus, this term includes fans or blowers; "machine" means a device which could equally be an engine and a pump, and not a device which is restricted to an engine or one which is restricted to a pump; "positive displacement" means the way the energy of a working fluid is transformed into mechanical energy, in which variations of volume created by the working fluid in a working chamber produce equivalent displacements of the mechanical member transmitting the energy, the dynamic effect of the fluid being of minor importance, and vice versa; "non-positive displacement" means the way the energy of a working fluid is transformed into mechanical energy, by transformation of the energy of the working fluid into kinetic energy, and vice versa; "oscillating-piston machine" means a positive-displacement machine in which a fluid-engaging work-transmitting member oscillates. This definition applies also to engines and pumps; "rotary-piston machine" means a positive-displacement machine in which a fluid-engaging work-transmitting member rotates about a fixed axis or about an axis moving along a circular or similar orbit. This definition applies also to engines and pumps; "rotary piston" means the work-transmitting member of a rotary-piston machine and may be of any suitable form, e.g., like a toothed gear; "cooperating members" means the "oscillating piston" or "rotary piston" and another member, e.g., the working-chamber wall, which assists in the driving or pumping action; "movement of the co-operating members" is to be interpreted as relative, so that one of the "co-operating members" may be stationary, even though reference may be made to its rotational axis, or both may move; "teeth or tooth equivalents" include lobes, projections or abutments; "internal-axis type" means that the rotational axes of the inner and outer co-operating members remain at all times within the outer member, e.g., in a similar manner to that of a pinion meshing with the internal teeth of a ring gear; "free piston" means a piston of which the length of stroke is not defined by any member driven thereby; "cylinders" means positive-displacement working chambers in general. Thus, this term is not restricted to cylinders of circular cross-section; "main shaft" means the shaft which converts reciprocating piston motion into rotary motion or vice versa; "plant" means an engine together with such additional apparatus as is necessary to run the engine. For example, a steam engine plant includes a steam engine and means for generating the steam; "working fluid" means the driven fluid in a pump and the driving fluid in an engine. The working fluid may be in a gaseous state, i.e., compressible, or liquid. In the former case coexistence of two states is possible; "steam" includes condensable vapours in general, and "special vapour" is used when steam is excluded; "reaction type" as applied to non-positive-displacement machines or engines means machines or engines in which pressure/velocity transformation takes place wholly or partly in the rotor. Mmachines or engines with no, or only slight, pressure/velocity transformation in the rotor are called "impulse type". In this subsection: cyclically operating valves, lubricating, gas-flow silencers or exhaust apparatus, or cooling are classified in subclasses Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F01L, Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F01M, Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F01N, Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F01P irrespective of their stated application, unless their classifying features are peculiar to their application, in which case they are classified only in the relevant subclass of classes Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F01-F04; lubricating, gas-flow silencers or exhaust apparatus, or cooling of machines or engines are classified in subclasses Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F01M, Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F01N, Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F01P except for those peculiar to steam engines which are classified in subclass Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F01B. For use of this subsection with a good understanding, it is essential to remember, so far as subclasses Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F01B, Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F01C, Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F01D, Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F03B, and Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F04B, Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F04C, Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F04D, which form its skeleton, are concerned: the principle which resides in their elaboration, the classifying characteristics which they call for, and their complementarity. Principle This concerns essentially the subclasses listed above. Other subclasses, notably those of class Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F02, which cover better-defined matter, are not considered here. Each subclass covers fundamentally a genus of apparatus (engine or pump) and by extension covers equally "machines" of the same kind. Two different subjects, one having a more general character than the other, are thus covered by the same subclass. Subclasses Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F01B, Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F03B, Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F04B, beyond the two subjects which they cover, have further a character of generality in relation to other subclasses concerning the different species of apparatus in the genus concerned. This generality applies as well for the two subjects dealt with, without these always being in relation to the same subclasses. Thus, subclass Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F03B, in its part dealing with "machines", should be considered as being the general class relating to subclasses Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F04B, Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F04C, and in its part dealing with "engines" as being general in relation to subclass Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F03C. Characteristics The principal classifying characteristic of the subclass is that of genera of apparatus, of which there are three possible: Machines; engines; pumps. As stated above, "machines" are always associated with one of the other two genera. These main genera are subdivided according to the general principles of operation of the apparatus: Positive displacement; non-positive displacement. The positive displacement apparatus are further subdivided according to the ways of putting into effect the principle of operation, that is, to the kind of apparatus: Simple reciprocating piston; rotary or oscillating piston; other kind. Another classifying characteristic is that of the working fluid, in respect of which three kinds of apparatus are possible, namely: Liquid and elastic fluid; elastic fluid; liquid. Complementarity This resides in association of pairs of the subclasses listed above, according to the characteristics under consideration in respect of kind of apparatus or working fluid. The subclasses concerned with the various principles, characteristics and complementarity are shown in the following table: It is seen from this table that: For the same kind of apparatus in a given genus, the characteristic of "working fluid" associates: Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F01B and Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F04B Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F01C and Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F04C Machines Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F01D and Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F03B Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F01B and Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F03C Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F01C and Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F03C Engines Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F01D and Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F03B For the same kind of working fluid, the "apparatus" characteristic relates subclasses in the same way as considerations of relative generality.

|  | F02 |
COMBUSTION ENGINES (cyclically operating valves therefor, lubricating, exhausting, or silencing engines Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F01); HOT-GAS OR COMBUSTION-PRODUCT ENGINE PLANTS

|  | F02C |
GAS-TURBINE PLANTS; AIR INTAKES FOR JET-PROPULSION PLANTS; CONTROLLING FUEL SUPPLY IN AIR-BREATHING JET-PROPULSION PLANTS (construction of turbines Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F01D; jet-propulsion plants Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F02K; construction of compressors or fans Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F04; gas-turbine combustion chambers Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F23R; using gas turbines in compression refrigeration plants Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F25B 11/00; using gas-turbine plants in vehicles, see the relevant vehicle classes)

|  | F02C |
Note(s) This subclass covers: combustion product or hot gas turbine plants; internal combustion turbines or turbine plants; turbine plants in which the working fluid is an unheated, pressurised gas. This subclass does not cover: steam turbine plants, which are covered by subclass Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F01K; special vapour plants, which are covered by subclass Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F01K. In this subclass, the following expression is used with the meaning indicated: "gas-turbine plants" covers all the subject matter of Note (1) above and covers also features of jet-propulsion plants common to gas-turbine plants. Attention is drawn to the Notes preceding class Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F01.

|  | F02C 1/00 |
Gas-turbine plants characterised by the use of hot gases or unheated pressurised gases, as the working fluid (by the use of combustion products Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F02C 3/00, Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F02C 5/00) [3]

|  | F02C 1/02 |
· | the working fluid being an unheated pressurised gas [3]

|  | F02C 1/04 |
· | the working fluid being heated indirectly [3]

|  | F02C 1/05 |
· · | characterised by the type or source of heat, e.g. using nuclear or solar energy [3]

|  | F02C 1/06 |
· · · | using reheated exhaust gas (Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F02C 1/08 takes precedence) [3]

|  | F02C 1/08 |
· · | Semi-closed cycles [3]

|  | F02C 1/10 |
· · | Closed cycles [3]

|  | F02C 3/00 |
Gas-turbine plants characterised by the use of combustion products as the working fluid (generated by intermittent combustion Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F02C 5/00)

|  | F02C 3/02 |
· | using exhaust-gas pressure in a pressure exchanger to compress combustion-air (pressure exchangers per se Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F04F 11/02)

|  | F02C 3/04 |
· | having a turbine driving a compressor (power transmission arrangements Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F02C 7/36; control of working fluid flow Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F02C 9/16) [5]

|  | F02C 3/045 |
· · | having compressor and turbine passages in a single rotor (Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F02C 3/073 takes precedence) [3]

|  | F02C 3/05 |
· · · | the compressor and the turbine being of the radial flow type [3]

|  | F02C 3/055 |
· · | the compressor being of the positive-displacement type [3]

|  | F02C 3/06 |
· · | the compressor comprising only axial stages (Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F02C 3/10 takes precedence) [3]

|  | F02C 3/067 |
· · · | having counter-rotating rotors (Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F02C 3/073 takes precedence) [3]

|  | F02C 3/073 |
· · · | the compressor and turbine stages being concentric [3]

|  | F02C 3/08 |
· · | the compressor comprising at least one radial stage (Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F02C 3/10 takes precedence) [3]

|  | F02C 3/09 |
· · · | of the centripetal type [3]

|  | F02C 3/10 |
· · | with another turbine driving an output shaft but not driving the compressor

|  | F02C 3/107 |
· · | with two or more rotors connected by power transmission [5]

|  | F02C 3/113 |
· · · | with variable power transmission between rotors [5]

|  | F02C 3/13 |
· · | having variable working fluid interconnections between turbines or compressors or stages of different rotors [5]

|  | F02C 3/14 |
· | characterised by the arrangement of the combustion chamber in the plant (combustion chambers per se Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F23R) [3]

|  | F02C 3/16 |
· · | the combustion chambers being formed at least partly in the turbine rotor

|  | F02C 3/20 |
· | using a special fuel, oxidant, or dilution fluid to generate the combustion products [3]

|  | F02C 3/22 |
· · | the fuel or oxidant being gaseous at standard temperature and pressure (Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F02C 3/28 takes precedence) [3]

|  | F02C 3/24 |
· · | the fuel or oxidant being liquid at standard temperature and pressure [3]

|  | F02C 3/26 |
· · | the fuel or oxidant being solid or pulverulent, e.g. in slurry or suspension

|  | F02C 3/28 |
· · · | using a separate gas producer for gasifying the fuel before combustion [3]

|  | F02C 3/30 |
· · | Adding water, steam or other fluids to the combustible ingredients or to the working fluid before discharge from the turbine (heating of air intakes to prevent icing Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F02C 7/047) [3]

|  | F02C 3/32 |
· | Inducing air flow by fluid jet, e.g. ejector action [3]

|  | F02C 3/34 |
· | with recycling of part of the working fluid, i.e. semi-closed cycles with combustion products in the closed part of the cycle [3]

|  | F02C 3/36 |
· | Open cycles [3]

|  | F02C 5/00 |
Gas-turbine plants characterised by the working fluid being generated by intermittent combustion

|  | F02C 5/02 |
· | characterised by the arrangement of the combustion chamber in the plant (combustion chambers per se Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F23R) [3]

|  | F02C 5/04 |
· · | the combustion chambers being formed at least partly in the turbine rotor

|  | F02C 5/06 |
· | the working fluid being generated in an internal-combustion gas generator of the positive-displacement type having essentially no mechanical power output (internal-combustion engines with prolonged expansion using exhaust gas turbines Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F02B)

|  | F02C 5/08 |
· · | the gas generator being of the free-piston type

|  | F02C 5/10 |
· | the working fluid forming a resonating or oscillating gas column, i.e. the combustion chambers having no positively actuated valves, e.g. using Helmholtz effect [3]

|  | F02C 5/11 |
· · | using valveless combustion chambers [3]

|  | F02C 5/12 |
· | the combustion chambers having inlet or outlet valves, e.g. Holzwarth gas-turbine plants

|  | F02C 6/00 |
Plural gas-turbine plants; Combinations of gas-turbine plants with other apparatus (aspects predominantly concerning such apparatus, see the relevant classes for the apparatus); Adaptations of gas-turbine plants for special use [3]

|  | F02C 6/02 |
· | Plural gas-turbine plants having a common power output [3]

|  | F02C 6/04 |
· | Gas-turbine plants providing heated or pressurised working fluid for other apparatus, e.g. without mechanical power output (Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F02C 6/18 takes precedence) [3]

|  | F02C 6/06 |
· · | providing compressed gas (Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F02C 6/10 takes precedence) [3]

|  | F02C 6/08 |
· · · | the gas being bled from the gas-turbine compressor [3]

|  | F02C 6/10 |
· · | supplying working fluid to a user, e.g. a chemical process, which returns working fluid to a turbine of the plant [3]

|  | F02C 6/12 |
· · · | Turbochargers, i.e. plants for augmenting mechanical power output of internal-combustion piston engines by increase of charge pressure [3]

|  | F02C 6/14 |
· | Gas-turbine plants having means for storing energy, e.g. for meeting peak loads [3]

|  | F02C 6/16 |
· · | for storing compressed air [3]

|  | F02C 6/18 |
· | using the waste heat of gas-turbine plants outside the plants themselves, e.g. gas-turbine power heat plants (using waste heat as source of energy for refrigeration plants Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F25B 27/02) [3]

|  | F02C 6/20 |
· | Adaptations of gas-turbine plants for driving vehicles [3]

|  | F02C 7/00 |
Features, component parts, details or accessories, not provided for in, or of interest apart from, groups Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F02C 1/00-F02C 6/00; Air intakes for jet-propulsion plants (controlling Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F02C 9/00) [3]

|  | F02C 7/04 |
· | Air intakes for gas-turbine plants or jet-propulsion plants [3]

|  | F02C 7/042 |
· · | having variable geometry [3]

|  | F02C 7/045 |
· · | having provisions for noise suppression [3]

|  | F02C 7/047 |
· · | Heating to prevent icing [3]

|  | F02C 7/05 |
· · | having provisions for obviating the penetration of damaging objects or particles [3]

|  | F02C 7/052 |
· · · | with dust-separation devices [3]

|  | F02C 7/055 |
· · · | with intake grids, screens or guards [3]

|  | F02C 7/057 |
· · | Control or regulation (conjointly with fuel supply control Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F02C 9/50, with nozzle area control Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F02K 1/16) [3]

|  | F02C 7/06 |
· | Arrangement of bearings (bearings Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F16C); Lubricating (of engines in general Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F01M) [3]

|  | F02C 7/08 |
· | Heating air supply before combustion, e.g. by exhaust gases

|  | F02C 7/10 |
· · | by means of regenerative heat-exchangers

|  | F02C 7/105 |
· · · | of the rotary type (rotary heat exchangers per se Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F28D) [3]

|  | F02C 7/12 |
· | Cooling of plants (of component parts, see the relevant subclasses, e.g. Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F01D; cooling of engines in general Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F01P)

|  | F02C 7/14 |
· · | of fluids in the plant

|  | F02C 7/141 |
· · · | of working fluid (Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F02C 3/30 takes precedence) [3]

|  | F02C 7/143 |
· · · · | before or between the compressor stages [3]

|  | F02C 7/16 |
· · | characterised by cooling medium

|  | F02C 7/18 |
· · · | the medium being gaseous, e.g. air

|  | F02C 7/20 |
· | Mounting or supporting of plant; Accommodating heat expansion or creep

|  | F02C 7/22 |
· | Fuel supply systems

|  | F02C 7/224 |
· · | Heating fuel before feeding to the burner [3]

|  | F02C 7/228 |
· · | Dividing fuel between various burners [3]

|  | F02C 7/232 |
· · | Fuel valves; Draining valves or systems (valves in general Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F16K) [3]

|  | F02C 7/236 |
· · | Fuel delivery systems comprising two or more pumps [3]

|  | F02C 7/24 |
· | Heat or noise insulation (air intakes having provisions for noise suppression Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F02C 7/045; turbine exhaust heads, chambers, or the like Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F01D 25/30; silencing nozzles of jet-propulsion plants Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F02K 1/00) [3]

|  | F02C 7/25 |
· · | Fire protection or prevention (in general Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...A62) [3]

|  | F02C 7/26 |
· | Starting; Ignition

|  | F02C 7/262 |
· · | Restarting after flame-out [3]

|  | F02C 7/264 |
· · | Ignition [3]

|  | F02C 7/266 |
· · · | Electric (sparking plugs Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...H01T) [3]

|  | F02C 7/268 |
· · | Starting drives for the rotor [3]

|  | F02C 7/27 |
· · · | Fluid drives (turbine starters Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F02C 7/277) [3]

|  | F02C 7/272 |
· · · · | generated by cartridges [3]

|  | F02C 7/275 |
· · · | Mechanical drives [3]

|  | F02C 7/277 |
· · · · | the starter being a turbine [3]

|  | F02C 7/28 |
· | Arrangement of seals

|  | F02C 7/30 |
· | Preventing corrosion in gas-swept spaces

|  | F02C 7/32 |
· | Arrangement, mounting, or driving, of auxiliaries

|  | F02C 7/36 |
· | Power transmission between the different shafts of the gas-turbine plant, or between the gas-turbine plant and the power user (Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F02C 7/32 takes precedence; couplings for transmitting rotation Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F16D; gearing in general Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F16H) [3]

|  | F02C 9/00 |
Controlling gas-turbine plants; Controlling fuel supply in air-breathing jet-propulsion plants (controlling air intakes Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F02C 7/057; controlling turbines Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F01D; controlling compressors Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F04D 27/00; controlling in general Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...G05) [3]

|  | F02C 9/16 |
· | Control of working fluid flow (Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F02C 9/48 takes precedence; control of air-intake flow Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F02C 7/057) [3]

|  | F02C 9/18 |
· · | by bleeding, by-passing or acting on variable working fluid interconnections between turbines or compressors or their stages [3,5]

|  | F02C 9/20 |
· · | by throttling; by adjusting vanes [3]

|  | F02C 9/22 |
· · · | by adjusting turbine vanes [3]

|  | F02C 9/24 |
· · | Control of the pressure level in closed cycles [3]

|  | F02C 9/26 |
· | Control of fuel supply (Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F02C 9/48 takes precedence; fuel valves Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F02C 7/232) [3]

|  | F02C 9/28 |
· · | Regulating systems responsive to plant or ambient parameters, e.g. temperature, pressure, rotor speed (Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F02C 9/30-F02C 9/38, Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F02C 9/44 take precedence) [3]

|  | F02C 9/30 |
· · | characterised by variable fuel pump output [3]

|  | F02C 9/32 |
· · | characterised by throttling of fuel (Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F02C 9/38 takes precedence) [3]

|  | F02C 9/34 |
· · · | Joint control of separate flows to main and auxiliary burners [3]

|  | F02C 9/36 |
· · | characterised by returning of fuel to sump (Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F02C 9/38 takes precedence) [3]

|  | F02C 9/38 |
· · | characterised by throttling and returning of fuel to sump [3]

|  | F02C 9/40 |
· · | specially adapted to the use of a special fuel or a plurality of fuels [3]

|  | F02C 9/42 |
· · | specially adapted for the control of two or more plants simultaneously [3]

|  | F02C 9/44 |
· · | responsive to the speed of aircraft, e.g. Mach number control, optimisation of fuel consumption [3]

|  | F02C 9/46 |
· · | Emergency fuel control [3]

|  | F02C 9/48 |
· | Control of fuel supply conjointly with another control of the plant (with nozzle section control Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F02K 1/17) [3]

|  | F02C 9/50 |
· · | with control of working fluid flow [3]

|  | F02C 9/52 |
· · · | by bleeding or by-passing the working fluid [3]

|  | F02C 9/54 |
· · · | by throttling the working fluid, by adjusting vanes [3]

|  | F02C 9/56 |
· · | with power transmission control [3]

|  | F02C 9/58 |
· · · | with control of a variable-pitch propeller [3]