|  | G |
SECTION G — PHYSICS

|  | G |
Note(s) In this section, the following term is used with the meaning indicated: "variable" (as a noun) means a feature or property (e.g., a dimension, a physical condition such as temperature, a quality such as density or colour) which, in respect of a particular entity (e.g., an object, a quantity of a substance, a beam of light) and at a particular instant, is capable of being measured; the variable may change, so that its numerical expression may assume different values at different times, in different conditions or in individual cases, but may be constant in respect of a particular entity in certain conditions or for practical purposes (e.g., the length of a bar may be regarded as constant for many purposes). Attention is drawn to the definitions of terms or expressions used, appearing in the notes of several of the classes in this section, in particular those of "measuring" in class Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...G01 and "control" and "regulation" in class Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...G05. Classification in this section may present more difficulty than in other sections, because the distinction between different fields of use rests to a considerable extent on differences in the intention of the user rather than on any constructional differences or differences in the manner of use, and because the subjects dealt with are often in effect systems or combinations, which have features or parts in common, rather than "things", which are readily distinguishable as a whole. For example, information (e.g., a set of figures) may be displayed for the purpose of education or advertising (Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...G09), for enabling the result of a measurement to be known (Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...G01), for signalling the information to a distant point or for giving information which has been signalled from a distant point (Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...G08). The words used to describe the purpose depend on features that may be irrelevant to the form of the apparatus concerned, for example, such features as the desired effect on the person who sees the display, or whether the display is controlled from a remote point. Again, a device which responds to some change in a condition, e.g., in the pressure of a fluid, may be used, without modification of the device itself, to give information about the pressure (Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...G01L) or about some other condition linked to the pressure (another subclass of class Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...G01, e.g., Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...G01K for temperature), to make a record of the pressure or of its occurrence (Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...G07C), to give an alarm (Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...G08B), or to control another apparatus (Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...G05). The classification scheme is intended to enable things of a similar nature (as indicated above) to be classified together. It is therefore particularly necessary for the real nature of any technical subject to be decided before it can be properly classified.

INSTRUMENTS

|  | G03 |
PHOTOGRAPHY; CINEMATOGRAPHY; ANALOGOUS TECHNIQUES USING WAVES OTHER THAN OPTICAL WAVES; ELECTROGRAPHY; HOLOGRAPHY (reproduction of pictures or patterns by scanning and converting into electrical signals Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...H04N) [4]

|  | G03 |
Note(s) In this class, the following terms are used with the meaning indicated: "records" means photographs or any other kind of latent, directly-visible or permanent storage of pictorial information, which consist of an imagewise distribution of a quantity, e.g. an electric charge pattern, recorded on a carrier member; "optical" applies not only to visible light but also to ultra-violet or infra-red radiations. [4]

|  | G03B |
APPARATUS OR ARRANGEMENTS FOR TAKING PHOTOGRAPHS OR FOR PROJECTING OR VIEWING THEM; APPARATUS OR ARRANGEMENTS EMPLOYING ANALOGOUS TECHNIQUES USING WAVES OTHER THAN OPTICAL WAVES; ACCESSORIES THEREFOR (optical parts of such apparatus Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...G02B; photosensitive materials or processes for photographic purposes Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...G03C; apparatus for processing exposed photographic materials Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...G03D) [4]

|  | G03B |
Note(s) This subclass covers, as far as processes are concerned, only processes characterised by the use or manipulation of apparatus classifiable per se in this subclass.

|  | G03B |
Subclass index
DETAILS |
Common to at least two of cameras, projectors and printers | 1/00 - 5/00
Common to cameras only |
exposure, control thereof | 7/00, 9/00
viewfinders, focusing aids | 13/00
filters; constructional details, accessories | 11/00; 17/00
special procedures for taking photographs | 15/00
Common to projectors only | 21/00, 23/00
Common to printers only | 27/00
APPARATUS |
Cameras | 19/00
Projectors, viewers; devices for changing pictures | 21/00, 25/00; 23/00
Printing apparatus | 27/00
Combinations with other apparatus | 29/00
SPECIAL TECHNIQUES |
Associated working with sound apparatus | 31/00
Colour photography; stereoscopic photography; panoramic photography; high-speed photography | 33/00; 35/00; 37/00; 39/00
Other techniques | 41/00
Using waves other than optical waves, visualisation | 42/00
TESTING | 43/00

|  | G03B 1/00 - G03B 5/00 |
Details common to at least two of the following types of apparatus: cameras, projectors, printers (details common to cameras only Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...G03B 7/00-G03B 17/00, to projectors only Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...G03B 21/00, Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...G03B 23/00, to printers only Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...G03B 27/00)

|  | G03B 1/00 |
Film-strip handling

|  | G03B 1/02 |
· | Moving film strip by pull on end thereof

|  | G03B 1/04 |
· · | Pull exerted by take-up spool

|  | G03B 1/06 |
· · · | rotated by lever-operated ratchet and pawl

|  | G03B 1/08 |
· · · | rotated by band, chain, rack, or other linear reciprocating operation

|  | G03B 1/10 |
· · · | rotated by knob through gearing

|  | G03B 1/12 |
· · · | rotated by motor, e.g. spring

|  | G03B 1/14 |
· · | Special arrangements to ensure constant length of movement of film

|  | G03B 1/16 |
· · · | by film-arresting pins

|  | G03B 1/18 |
· | Moving film strip by means which act on the film between the ends thereof

|  | G03B 1/20 |
· · | Acting means

|  | G03B 1/22 |
· · · | Claws or pins engaging holes in the film

|  | G03B 1/24 |
· · · | Sprockets engaging holes in the film

|  | G03B 1/26 |
· · · | Spiked wheels or pins not penetrating the film

|  | G03B 1/28 |
· · · | Shuttle feed

|  | G03B 1/30 |
· · · | Belt feed

|  | G03B 1/32 |
· · · | Friction grippers or rollers

|  | G03B 1/34 |
· · · | Beaters

|  | G03B 1/36 |
· · · | Pneumatic acting means

|  | G03B 1/38 |
· · | embodying Geneva motion, e.g. Maltese-cross gearing

|  | G03B 1/40 |
· | embodying frictional coupling or clutches

|  | G03B 1/42 |
· | Guiding, framing, or constraining film in desired position relative to lens system

|  | G03B 1/44 |
· · | Guides engaging edge of film (gates Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...G03B 1/48)

|  | G03B 1/46 |
· · | Rollers engaging face of film, e.g. barrel, waisted, conical (gates Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...G03B 1/48)

|  | G03B 1/48 |
· · | Gates or pressure devices, e.g. plate

|  | G03B 1/50 |
· · · | adjustable or interchangeable, e.g. for different film widths

|  | G03B 1/52 |
· · · | Pneumatic pressure devices

|  | G03B 1/54 |
· · | Tensioning or loop-maintaining devices

|  | G03B 1/56 |
· | Threading; Loop forming

|  | G03B 1/58 |
· · | automatic

|  | G03B 1/60 |
· | Measuring or indicating length of the used or unused film; Counting number of exposures (measuring length in general Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...G01B)

|  | G03B 1/62 |
· · | involving locking or stop-motion devices

|  | G03B 1/64 |
· · | by means which ascertain the radius of the film coiled on a spool

|  | G03B 1/66 |
· · | Counting number of exposures (counting mechanisms per se Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...G06M)

|  | G03B 3/00 |
Focusing arrangements (focusing means, autofocus systems for cameras Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...G03B 13/00; means for automatic focusing of projectors Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...G03B 21/53; means for automatic focusing of projection-printing apparatus or copying cameras Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...G03B 27/34, Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...G03F)

|  | G03B 3/02 |
· | moving lens along baseboard

|  | G03B 3/04 |
· | adjusting position of image plane without moving lens

|  | G03B 3/06 |
· · | using movable reflectors to alter length of light-path

|  | G03B 3/10 |
· | Power-operated focusing

|  | G03B 3/12 |
· · | adapted for remote control (control systems in general Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...G05)

|  | G03B 5/00 |
Adjustment of optical system relative to image or object surface other than for focusing

|  | G03B 5/02 |
· | Lateral adjustment of lens

|  | G03B 5/04 |
· | Vertical adjustment of lens; Rising fronts

|  | G03B 5/06 |
· | Swinging lens about normal to the optical axis

|  | G03B 5/08 |
· | Swing backs

|  | G03B 7/00 - G03B 17/00 |
Details common to cameras

|  | G03B 7/00 |
Control of exposure by setting shutters, diaphragms, or filters separately or conjointly (measuring intensity of light Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...G01J; control systems in general Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...G05)

|  | G03B 7/02 |
· | Control effected by setting a graduated member on the camera in accordance with indication or reading afforded by a light meter, which may be either separate from, or built into, camera body

|  | G03B 7/04 |
· | Control effected by hand adjustment of a member that senses indication of a pointer of a built-in light-sensitive device, e.g. by restoring pointer to a fixed associated reference mark

|  | G03B 7/06 |
· · | by a follow-up movement of an associated reference mark to the pointer

|  | G03B 7/08 |
· | Control effected solely by response to built-in light-sensitive device to the intensity of light received by the camera

|  | G03B 7/081 |
· · | Analogue circuits [3]

|  | G03B 7/083 |
· · · | for control of exposure time [3]

|  | G03B 7/085 |
· · · | for control of aperture [3]

|  | G03B 7/087 |
· · · | for control of both exposure time and aperture [3]

|  | G03B 7/089 |
· · · | for storage of exposure value in mirror reflex cameras [3]

|  | G03B 7/091 |
· · | Digital circuits [3]

|  | G03B 7/093 |
· · · | for control of exposure time [3]

|  | G03B 7/095 |
· · · | for control of aperture [3]

|  | G03B 7/097 |
· · · | for control of both exposure time and aperture [3]

|  | G03B 7/099 |
· · | Arrangement of photoelectric elements in or on the camera [3]

|  | G03B 7/10 |
· · | a servo-motor providing energy to move the setting member

|  | G03B 7/12 |
· · | a hand-actuated member moved from one position to another providing the energy to move the setting member, e.g. depression of shutter release button causes a stepped feeler to co-operate with the pointer of the light-sensitive device to set the diaphragm and thereafter release the shutter

|  | G03B 7/14 |
· · · | setting of both shutter and diaphragm aperture being effected so as to give the optimum compromise between depth of field and shortness of exposure

|  | G03B 7/16 |
· | in accordance with both the intensity of the flash source and the distance of the flash source from object, e.g. in accordance with "guide number" of flash bulb and the focusing of the camera

|  | G03B 7/18 |
· | in accordance with light-reducing "factor" of filter or other obturator used with or on the lens of the camera

|  | G03B 7/20 |
· | in accordance with change of lens

|  | G03B 7/22 |
· | in accordance with temperature or height, e.g. in aircraft

|  | G03B 7/24 |
· | automatically in accordance with markings or other means indicating film speed or kind of film on the magazine to be inserted in the camera [3]

|  | G03B 7/26 |
· | Power supplies; Circuitry or arrangement to switch on the power source; Circuitry to check the power source voltage [3]

|  | G03B 7/28 |
· | Circuitry to measure or to take account of the object contrast [3]

|  | G03B 9/00 |
Exposure-making shutters; Diaphragms

|  | G03B 9/02 |
· | Diaphragms [2]

|  | G03B 9/04 |
· · | Single movable plate with two or more apertures of graded size, e.g. sliding plate, pivoting plate

|  | G03B 9/06 |
· · | Two or more co-operating pivoted blades e.g. iris type (shutters functioning as diaphragms by limiting extent of opening movement Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...G03B 9/08)

|  | G03B 9/07 |
· · | with means for presetting the diaphragm

|  | G03B 9/08 |
· | Shutters (electro-, magneto-, or acousto-optical shutters Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...G02F 1/00) [2]

|  | G03B 9/10 |
· · | Blade or disc rotating or pivoting about axis normal to its plane

|  | G03B 9/12 |
· · · | Two relatively-adjustable aperture-defining members moving as a unit

|  | G03B 9/14 |
· · · | Two separate members moving in opposite directions

|  | G03B 9/16 |
· · · | Two separate members moving in the same direction

|  | G03B 9/18 |
· · · | More than two members

|  | G03B 9/20 |
· · · · | each moving in a single direction first to open and then to reclose

|  | G03B 9/22 |
· · · · | each moving in one direction to open and then in opposite direction to close, e.g. iris type

|  | G03B 9/24 |
· · · | Adjusting size of aperture formed by members when fully open so as to constitute a virtual diaphragm that is adjustable

|  | G03B 9/26 |
· · · | incorporating cover blade or blades

|  | G03B 9/28 |
· · | Roller blind or flexible plate

|  | G03B 9/30 |
· · · | Single blind with multiple slots or other aperture

|  | G03B 9/32 |
· · · | Double blind

|  | G03B 9/34 |
· · · · | with adjustable slot; with mechanism controlling relative movement of blinds to form slot

|  | G03B 9/36 |
· · | Sliding rigid plate

|  | G03B 9/38 |
· · · | Single rigid plate with multiple slots or other apertures

|  | G03B 9/40 |
· · · | Double plate

|  | G03B 9/42 |
· · · · | with adjustable slot; with mechanism controlling relative movement of plates to form slot

|  | G03B 9/44 |
· · · | Curved track and plate

|  | G03B 9/46 |
· · | Flap shutters pivoting about axis in plane of flap

|  | G03B 9/48 |
· · · | Double flap

|  | G03B 9/50 |
· · · | Louvre type

|  | G03B 9/52 |
· · | Barrel shutters

|  | G03B 9/54 |
· · | Conical shutters; Rotating plate with axis of rotation inclined to optical axis of shutter

|  | G03B 9/58 |
· | Means for varying duration of "open" period of shutter

|  | G03B 9/60 |
· · | by varying speed of movement of obturating members

|  | G03B 9/62 |
· · | by varying interval of time between end of opening movement and beginning of closing movement

|  | G03B 9/64 |
· | Mechanism for delaying opening of shutter (separate from shutter Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...G03B 17/38)

|  | G03B 9/66 |
· | Means for cocking shutter separate from means for releasing shutter

|  | G03B 9/68 |
· · | Cocking effected by movement of film

|  | G03B 9/70 |
· | with flash-synchronising contacts

|  | G03B 11/00 |
Filters or other obturators specially adapted for photographic purposes (filters per se Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...G02B)

|  | G03B 11/02 |
· | Sky masks

|  | G03B 11/04 |
· | Hoods or caps for eliminating unwanted light from lenses, viewfinders, or focusing aids

|  | G03B 11/06 |
· · | Lens caps for exposure making

|  | G03B 13/00 |
Viewfinders; Focusing aids for cameras; Means for focusing for cameras; Autofocus systems for cameras (hoods, caps Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...G03B 11/04; reflex camera arrangements Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...G03B 19/12, Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...G03B 19/14; rangefinders per se Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...G01C 3/00; automatic focusing in general Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...G02B 7/09; systems for automatic generation of focusing signals Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...G02B 7/28) [5]

|  | G03B 13/02 |
· | Viewfinders

|  | G03B 13/04 |
· · | of direct-vision type, e.g. frame, sighting mark

|  | G03B 13/06 |
· · | with lenses with or without reflectors

|  | G03B 13/08 |
· · · | with reflected image of frame

|  | G03B 13/10 |
· · | adjusting viewfinder field

|  | G03B 13/12 |
· · · | to compensate for change of camera lens or size of picture

|  | G03B 13/14 |
· · · | to compensate for parallax due to short range

|  | G03B 13/16 |
· · | combined with focusing aids

|  | G03B 13/18 |
· | Focusing aids

|  | G03B 13/20 |
· · | Rangefinders coupled with focusing arrangements, e.g. adjustment of rangefinder automatically focusing camera

|  | G03B 13/22 |
· · · | coupling providing for compensation upon change of camera lens

|  | G03B 13/24 |
· · | Focusing screens

|  | G03B 13/26 |
· · · | with magnifiers for inspecting image formed on screen

|  | G03B 13/28 |
· · · | Image-splitting devices

|  | G03B 13/30 |
· · | indicating depth of field [5]

|  | G03B 13/32 |
· | Means for focusing [5]

|  | G03B 13/34 |
· · | Power focusing [5]

|  | G03B 13/36 |
· · · | Autofocus systems [5]

|  | G03B 15/00 |
Special procedures for taking photographs; Apparatus therefor

|  | G03B 15/02 |
· | Illuminating scene

|  | G03B 15/03 |
· · | Combinations of cameras with lighting apparatus; Flash units

|  | G03B 15/035 |
· · · | Combinations of cameras with incandescent lamps

|  | G03B 15/04 |
· · · | Combinations of cameras with non-electronic flash apparatus; Non-electronic flash units (light sources using a charge of combustible material Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F21K 5/00; ignition circuits Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...H05B 43/02)

|  | G03B 15/05 |
· · · | Combinations of cameras with electronic flash apparatus; Electronic flash units (discharge lamps per se Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...H01J; circuit arrangements Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...H05B 41/00)

|  | G03B 15/06 |
· · | Special arrangements of screening, diffusing, or reflecting devices, e.g. in studio

|  | G03B 15/07 |
· · · | Arrangements of lamps in studios

|  | G03B 15/08 |
· | Trick photography

|  | G03B 15/10 |
· · | using back-projection, i.e. blending artificial background with real foreground

|  | G03B 15/12 |
· · | using mirrors

|  | G03B 15/14 |
· | for taking photographs during medical operations

|  | G03B 15/16 |
· | for photographing the track of moving objects (high-speed photography Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...G03B 39/00; recording tracks of nuclear particles Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...G01T 5/00)

|  | G03B 17/00 |
Details of cameras or camera bodies; Accessories therefor (lens hoods or caps Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...G03B 11/04)

|  | G03B 17/02 |
· | Bodies

|  | G03B 17/04 |
· · | collapsible, foldable, or extensible, e.g. book type (bellows for instruments in general Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...G12B)

|  | G03B 17/06 |
· · | with exposure meters or other indicators built into body but not connected to other camera members

|  | G03B 17/08 |
· · | Waterproof bodies or housings

|  | G03B 17/10 |
· · | Soundproof bodies

|  | G03B 17/12 |
· · | with means for supporting objectives, supplementary lenses, filters, masks, or turrets

|  | G03B 17/14 |
· · · | interchangeably

|  | G03B 17/16 |
· · | for containing both motion-picture camera and still-picture camera

|  | G03B 17/17 |
· · | with reflectors arranged in beam forming the photographic image, e.g. for reducing dimensions of camera

|  | G03B 17/18 |
· | Signals indicating condition of a camera member or suitability of light (indicating depth of field Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...G03B 13/30)

|  | G03B 17/20 |
· · | visible in viewfinder

|  | G03B 17/22 |
· | with means for cutting-off film

|  | G03B 17/24 |
· | with means for separately producing marks on the film, e.g. title, time of exposure

|  | G03B 17/26 |
· | Holders for containing light-sensitive material and adapted to be inserted within the camera (holders for X-ray films Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...G03B 42/04) [2]

|  | G03B 17/28 |
· | Locating light-sensitive material within camera

|  | G03B 17/30 |
· · | Locating spools or other rotatable holders of coiled film

|  | G03B 17/32 |
· · | Locating plates or cut films

|  | G03B 17/34 |
· · · | Changing plates or cut films

|  | G03B 17/36 |
· | Counting number of exposures (of film strips Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...G03B 1/66; counting mechanisms in general Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...G06M)

|  | G03B 17/38 |
· | Releasing-devices separate from shutter (integral with shutter Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...G03B 9/08)

|  | G03B 17/40 |
· · | with delayed or timed action

|  | G03B 17/42 |
· | Interlocking between shutter operation and advance of film or change of plate or cut-film

|  | G03B 17/44 |
· | Means for exchanging focusing screen and light-sensitive material

|  | G03B 17/46 |
· | Means for exposing single frames in motion-picture camera

|  | G03B 17/48 |
· | adapted for combination with other photographic or optical apparatus (with microscopes, with telescopes Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...G02B)

|  | G03B 17/50 |
· · | with both developing and finishing apparatus (processing apparatus Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...G03D)

|  | G03B 17/52 |
· · · | of the Land type

|  | G03B 17/53 |
· · · | for automatically delivering a finished picture after a signal causing exposure has been given, e.g. by pushing a button, by inserting a coin

|  | G03B 17/54 |
· · | with projector

|  | G03B 17/55 |
· | with provision for heating or cooling, e.g. in aircraft

|  | G03B 17/56 |
· | Accessories (carrying-cases Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...A45C)

|  | G03B 17/58 |
· · | Attachments for converting cameras into reflex cameras

|  | G03B 19/00 |
Cameras (details Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...G03B 17/00)

|  | G03B 19/02 |
· | Still-picture cameras

|  | G03B 19/04 |
· · | Roll-film cameras

|  | G03B 19/06 |
· · · | adapted to be loaded with more than one film, e.g. with exposure of one or the other at will (Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...G03B 19/07 takes precedence)

|  | G03B 19/07 |
· · · | having more than one objective

|  | G03B 19/08 |
· · · | with provision for alternative use with plates or cut-films

|  | G03B 19/10 |
· · | Plate or cut-film cameras (with provision for alternative use with roll film Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...G03B 19/08)

|  | G03B 19/12 |
· · | Reflex cameras with single objective and a movable reflector or a partly-transmitting mirror

|  | G03B 19/14 |
· · | with paired lenses, one of which forms image on photographic material and the other forms a corresponding image on a focusing screen

|  | G03B 19/16 |
· · | Pin-hole cameras

|  | G03B 19/18 |
· | Motion-picture cameras (with non-intermittently running film Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...G03B 41/02)

|  | G03B 19/20 |
· · | Reflex cameras

|  | G03B 19/22 |
· · | Double cameras

|  | G03B 19/24 |
· · | adapted to be loaded with more than one film, e.g. with exposure of one or the other at will

|  | G03B 19/26 |
· · | with fade-in and fade-out effects [4]

|  | G03B 21/00 |
Projectors or projection-type viewers; Accessories therefor (devices for changing pictures Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...G03B 23/00; zoetropes Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...G03B 25/00; photographic printing apparatus Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...G03B 27/00; arrangements for obtaining special effects on stages or in circuses or in arenas Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F21P 5/02; optical projection comparators Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...G01B 9/08; projection microscopes Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...G02B 21/36)

|  | G03B 21/02 |
· | Multiple-film apparatus

|  | G03B 21/04 |
· · | Picture "juke-boxes"

|  | G03B 21/06 |
· | affording only episcopic projection

|  | G03B 21/08 |
· | affording epidiascopic projection

|  | G03B 21/10 |
· | Projectors with built-in or built-on screen (projection screens in general Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...G03B 21/56)

|  | G03B 21/11 |
· · | for microfilm reading

|  | G03B 21/12 |
· | adapted for projection of either still pictures or motion pictures (prolonged exhibition of single frame Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...G03B 21/38)

|  | G03B 21/13 |
· | Projectors for producing special effects at the edges of picture, e.g. blurring

|  | G03B 21/132 |
· | Overhead projectors, i.e. capable of projecting hand-writing or drawing during action (epidiascopic projectors Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...G03B 21/08)

|  | G03B 21/134 |
· | Projectors combined with typing apparatus or with printing apparatus

|  | G03B 21/14 |
· | Details

|  | G03B 21/16 |
· · | Cooling; Preventing overheating

|  | G03B 21/18 |
· · | Fire preventing or extinguishing

|  | G03B 21/20 |
· · | Lamp housings (condensers per se Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...G02B)

|  | G03B 21/22 |
· · | Soundproof bodies

|  | G03B 21/26 |
· · | Projecting separately subsidiary matter simultaneously with main image (light pointers Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...G02B 27/20)

|  | G03B 21/28 |
· · | Reflectors in projection beam

|  | G03B 21/30 |
· · | adapted to collapse or fold, e.g. for portability

|  | G03B 21/32 |
· · | Details specially adapted for motion-picture projection (with film moving continuously through the gate Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...G03B 41/02)

|  | G03B 21/34 |
· · · | Change-over arrangements

|  | G03B 21/36 |
· · · · | Fades, dissolves, or wipes

|  | G03B 21/38 |
· · · | Prolonged exhibition of single frame

|  | G03B 21/40 |
· · · | Eliminating or reducing effect of flicker

|  | G03B 21/42 |
· · · | Preventing damage to film due to abnormal operation of projector

|  | G03B 21/43 |
· · · | Driving mechanisms

|  | G03B 21/44 |
· · · · | Mechanisms transmitting motion to film-strip feed; Mechanical linking of shutter and intermittent feed (film-strip feed per se Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...G03B 1/00)

|  | G03B 21/46 |
· · · · · | affording adjustment for framing

|  | G03B 21/48 |
· · · · · | for altering frame speed; for regulating constancy of film speed

|  | G03B 21/50 |
· · · | Control devices operated by the film strip during the run (controlling or regulating speed Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...G03B 21/48)

|  | G03B 21/52 |
· · · · | by prepared film

|  | G03B 21/53 |
· · | Means for automatic focusing, e.g. to compensate thermal effects (automatic focusing in general Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...G02B 7/09; systems for automatic generation of focusing signals Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...G02B 7/28) [5]

|  | G03B 21/54 |
· | Accessories

|  | G03B 21/56 |
· · | Projection screens

|  | G03B 21/58 |
· · · | collapsible, e.g. foldable; of variable area

|  | G03B 21/60 |
· · · | characterised by the nature of the surface, e.g. lenticular, fluid

|  | G03B 21/62 |
· · · · | translucent

|  | G03B 21/64 |
· · | Means for mounting individual pictures to be projected, e.g. frame for transparency

|  | G03B 23/00 |
Devices for changing pictures in viewing apparatus or projectors (film-strip handling Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...G03B 1/00; direct viewers Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...G02B)

|  | G03B 23/00 |
Note(s) In this group, the following term is used with the meaning indicated: "picture" means any flat representation, whether transparent or not, e.g. produced by photography, writing, or printing.

|  | G03B 23/02 |
· | in which a picture is removed from a stock and returned to the same stock or another one; Magazines therefor

|  | G03B 23/04 |
· · | with linear movement

|  | G03B 23/06 |
· · | with rotary movement

|  | G03B 23/08 |
· | in which pictures are attached to a movable carrier

|  | G03B 23/10 |
· · | drum or disc carrier

|  | G03B 23/12 |
· · | linear strip carrier

|  | G03B 23/14 |
· | Carriers operable to move pictures into, and out of, the projection or viewing position and carrying one or two pictures only in a removable manner (Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...G03B 23/18 takes precedence) [4]

|  | G03B 23/18 |
· | with fade-in and fade-out effects [4]

|  | G03B 25/00 |
Viewers, other than projection viewers, giving motion-picture effects by persistence of vision, e.g. zoetrope (high-speed photography Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...G03B 39/00)

|  | G03B 25/02 |
· | with interposed lenticular or line screen

|  | G03B 27/00 |
Photographic printing apparatus (film-strip handling Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...G03B 1/00)

|  | G03B 27/02 |
· | Exposure apparatus for contact printing

|  | G03B 27/04 |
· · | Copying apparatus without a relative movement between the original and the light source during exposure, e.g. printing frame, printing box

|  | G03B 27/06 |
· · · | for automatic repeated copying of the same original

|  | G03B 27/08 |
· · · | for automatic copying of several originals one after the other, e.g. for copying cinematograph film

|  | G03B 27/10 |
· · | Copying apparatus with a relative movement between the original and the light source during exposure

|  | G03B 27/12 |
· · · | for automatic repeated copying of the same original

|  | G03B 27/14 |
· · | Details

|  | G03B 27/16 |
· · · | Illumination arrangements, e.g. positioning of lamps, positioning of reflectors (controlling the exposure Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...G03B 27/72)

|  | G03B 27/18 |
· · · | Maintaining or producing contact pressure between original and light-sensitive material

|  | G03B 27/20 |
· · · · | by using a vacuum or fluid pressure

|  | G03B 27/22 |
· · · · | by stretching over a curved surface

|  | G03B 27/24 |
· · · | Separating the original from the print

|  | G03B 27/26 |
· · · | Cooling

|  | G03B 27/28 |
· · · | Edge-masking devices

|  | G03B 27/30 |
· · · | adapted to be combined with processing apparatus (processing apparatus per se Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...G03D)

|  | G03B 27/32 |
· | Projection printing apparatus, e.g. enlarger, copying camera

|  | G03B 27/34 |
· · | Means for automatic focusing therefor (systems for automatic generation of focusing signals Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...G02B 7/28; means for automatic focusing for photomechanical production Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...G03F 7/207) [4]

|  | G03B 27/36 |
· · · | by mechanical connections, e.g. by cam, by linkage

|  | G03B 27/38 |
· · · · | embodying screws with non-uniform pitch

|  | G03B 27/40 |
· · · · | adapted for use with lenses of different focal length

|  | G03B 27/42 |
· · | for automatic sequential copying of the same original (Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...G03B 27/34, Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...G03B 27/53 take precedence) [4]

|  | G03B 27/44 |
· · | for multiple copying of the same original at the same time (Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...G03B 27/34, Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...G03B 27/53 take precedence) [4]

|  | G03B 27/46 |
· · | for automatic sequential copying of different originals, e.g. enlargers, roll film printers (Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...G03B 27/34, Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...G03B 27/50, Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...G03B 27/53 take precedence) [4]

|  | G03B 27/465 |
· · · | at different positions of the same strip, e.g. microfilm [4]

|  | G03B 27/47 |
· · · | at different positions of the same sheet, e.g. microfiche [4]

|  | G03B 27/475 |
· · · | copying cinematographic film (Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...G03B 27/48 takes precedence) [4]

|  | G03B 27/48 |
· · · | with original in the form of a film strip moving continuously and compensation for consequent image movement

|  | G03B 27/50 |
· · | with slit or like diaphragm moving over original for progressive exposure (Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...G03B 27/34 takes precedence) [4]

|  | G03B 27/52 |
· · | Details

|  | G03B 27/53 |
· · · | Automatic registration or positioning of originals with respect to each other or the photosensitive layer (within photo-mechanical production of textured or patterned surfaces, e.g. of integrated circuits, Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...G03F 9/00) [4]

|  | G03B 27/54 |
· · · | Lamp housings; Illuminating means (controlling the exposure Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...G03B 27/72)

|  | G03B 27/56 |
· · · | Mounting enlarger head on column

|  | G03B 27/58 |
· · · | Baseboards, masking frames, or other holders for the sensitive material (Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...G03B 27/53 takes precedence) [4]

|  | G03B 27/60 |
· · · · | using a vacuum or fluid pressure

|  | G03B 27/62 |
· · · | Holders for the original (Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...G03B 27/53 takes precedence) [4]

|  | G03B 27/64 |
· · · · | using a vacuum or fluid pressure

|  | G03B 27/66 |
· · · | specially adapted for holding half-tone screens

|  | G03B 27/68 |
· · · | Introducing or correcting distortion, e.g. in connection with oblique projection

|  | G03B 27/70 |
· · · | Reflectors in printing beam

|  | G03B 27/72 |
· | Controlling or varying light intensity, spectral composition, or exposure time in photographic printing apparatus (exposure meters per se Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...G01J; control of light intensity in general Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...G05D 25/00)

|  | G03B 27/73 |
· · | Controlling exposure by variation of spectral composition, e.g. multicolor printers [3]

|  | G03B 27/74 |
· · | Positioning exposure meters in the apparatus

|  | G03B 27/80 |
· · | in dependence upon automatic analysis of the original (Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...G03B 27/73 takes precedence) [3]

|  | G03B 29/00 |
Combinations of cameras, projectors, or photographic printing apparatus with non-photographic non-optical apparatus, e.g. clocks, weapons; Cameras having the shape of other objects (combinations with flash apparatus Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...G03B 15/03; combinations with instruments for medical examination of cavities or tubes of the body Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...A61B 1/04; arrangements specially adapted for eye photography Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...A61B 3/14; combinations with surveying instruments Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...G01C; combinations with core or moderator structure of nuclear reactors Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...G21C 17/08; structural combinations with electric discharge tubes Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...H01J 5/16, Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...H01J 29/89, Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...H01J 37/22)

|  | G03B 31/00 - G03B 42/00 |
Special techniques

|  | G03B 31/00 |
Associated working of cameras or projectors with sound-recording or -reproducing means (record carriers characterised by the selection of the material and comprising cinematographic film and magnetic track Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...G11B 5/633)

|  | G03B 31/02 |
· | in which sound track is on a moving-picture film

|  | G03B 31/04 |
· | in which sound track is not on, but is synchronised with, a moving-picture film

|  | G03B 31/06 |
· | in which sound track is associated with successively-shown still pictures

|  | G03B 31/08 |
· | with fade-in and fade-out effects [4]

|  | G03B 33/00 |
Colour photography, other than mere exposure or projection of a colour film (printing apparatus Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...G03B 27/00; stereoscopic colour photography Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...G03B 35/00)

|  | G03B 33/02 |
· | by two-colour separation records, e.g. red-aspect and white complete records; using Land effect

|  | G03B 33/04 |
· | by four or more separation records

|  | G03B 33/06 |
· | by additive-colour projection apparatus

|  | G03B 33/08 |
· | Sequential recording or projection (Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...G03B 33/02, Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...G03B 33/04, Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...G03B 33/06 take precedence)

|  | G03B 33/10 |
· | Simultaneous recording or projection (Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...G03B 33/02, Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...G03B 33/04, Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...G03B 33/06 take precedence)

|  | G03B 33/12 |
· · | using beam-splitting or beam-combining systems, e.g. dichroic mirrors

|  | G03B 33/14 |
· · | using lenticular screens (integral with film Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...G03C)

|  | G03B 33/16 |
· · | using colour-pattern screens (integral with film Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...G03C)

|  | G03B 35/00 |
Stereoscopic photography (panoramic or wide-screen systems Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...G03B 37/00; photogrammetry Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...G01C)

|  | G03B 35/02 |
· | by sequential recording

|  | G03B 35/04 |
· · | with movement of beam-selecting members in a system defining two or more viewpoints

|  | G03B 35/06 |
· · | with axial movement of lens or gate between exposures

|  | G03B 35/08 |
· | by simultaneous recording

|  | G03B 35/10 |
· · | having single camera with stereoscopic-base-defining system

|  | G03B 35/12 |
· · | involving recording of different viewpoint images in different colours on a colour film

|  | G03B 35/14 |
· | Printing apparatus specially adapted for conversion between different types of record (Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...G03B 42/08 takes precedence) [4]

|  | G03B 35/16 |
· | by sequential viewing

|  | G03B 35/18 |
· | by simultaneous viewing

|  | G03B 35/20 |
· · | using two or more projectors

|  | G03B 35/22 |
· · | using single projector with stereoscopic-base-defining system

|  | G03B 35/24 |
· · | using apertured or refractive resolving means on screen or between screen and eye

|  | G03B 35/26 |
· · | using polarised or coloured light for separating different viewpoint images

|  | G03B 37/00 |
Panoramic or wide-screen photography; Photographing extended surfaces, e.g. for surveying; Photographing internal surfaces, e.g. of pipe

|  | G03B 37/02 |
· | with scanning movement of lens or camera

|  | G03B 37/04 |
· | with cameras or projectors providing touching or overlapping fields of view

|  | G03B 37/06 |
· | involving anamorphosis (Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...G03B 37/02, Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...G03B 37/04 take precedence)

|  | G03B 39/00 |
High-speed photography

|  | G03B 39/02 |
· | using stationary plate or film (Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...G03B 39/06 takes precedence)

|  | G03B 39/04 |
· | using moving plate or film (Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...G03B 39/06 takes precedence)

|  | G03B 39/06 |
· | using light-guides for transferring image frame or elements thereof into different array, e.g. into a line

|  | G03B 41/00 |
Special photographic techniques not covered by groups Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...G03B 31/00-G03B 39/00; Apparatus therefor [2]

|  | G03B 41/02 |
· | using non-intermittently-running film

|  | G03B 41/04 |
· · | with optical compensator

|  | G03B 41/06 |
· · · | with rotating reflecting member

|  | G03B 41/08 |
· · · | with rotating transmitting member

|  | G03B 41/10 |
· · · | with oscillating reflecting member

|  | G03B 41/12 |
· · · | with oscillating transmitting member

|  | G03B 41/14 |
· · | Overcoming image movement by brief flashes of light

|  | G03B 42/00 |
Obtaining records using waves other than optical waves; Visualisation of such records by using optical means (investigating or analysing materials using electromagnetic or sonic waves Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...G01N; using radar, sonar or analogous techniques Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...G01S) [4]

|  | G03B 42/02 |
· | using X-rays (measurement of X-radiation Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...G01T; X-ray apparatus, circuits therefor Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...H05G 1/00) [4]

|  | G03B 42/04 |
· · | Holders for X-ray films [4]

|  | G03B 42/06 |
· | using ultrasonic, sonic or infrasonic waves (measurement of ultrasonic, sonic or infrasonic waves Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...G01H) [4]

|  | G03B 42/08 |
· | Visualisation of records by optical means (optical systems using spatial filters Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...G02B 27/46; optics for phase object visualisation Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...G02B 27/50) [4]

|  | G03B 43/00 |
Testing correct operation of photographic apparatus or parts thereof (measuring specific variables Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...G01)

|  | G03B 43/02 |
· | Testing shutters (measuring time intervals Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...G04F)