|  | H |
SECTION H — ELECTRICITY

|  | H |
Note(s) These Notes cover the basic principles and general instructions for use of section H. Section H covers: basic electric elements, which cover all electric units and the general mechanical structure of apparatus and circuits, including the assembly of various basic elements into what are called printed circuits and also cover to a certain extent the manufacture of these elements (when not covered elsewhere); generation of electricity, which covers the generation, conversion and distribution of electricity together with the controlling of the corresponding gear; applied electricity, which covers: general utilisation techniques, viz. those of electric heating and electric lighting circuits; some special utilisation techniques, either electric or electronic in the strict sense, which are not covered by other sections of the Classification, including: electric light sources, including lasers; electric X-ray technique; electric plasma technique and the generation and acceleration of electrically charged particles or neutrons; basic electronic circuits and their control; radio or electric communication technique; the use of a specified material for the manufacture of the article or element described. In this connection, paragraphs 57 to 59 of the Guide should be referred to. In this section, the following general rules apply: Subject to the exceptions stated in I(c), above, any electric aspect or part peculiar to a particular operation, process, apparatus, object or article, classified in one of the sections of the Classification other than section H, is always classified in the subclass for that operation, process, apparatus, object or article. Where common characteristics concerning technical subjects of similar nature have been brought out at class level, the electric aspect or part is classified, in conjunction with the operation, process, apparatus, object or article, in a subclass which covers entirely the general electrical applications for the technical subject in question; The electrical applications referred to under (a), above, either general or particular, include: the therapeutic processes and apparatus, in class Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...A61; the electric processes and apparatus used in various laboratory or industrial operations, in classes Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...B01 and Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...B03 and in subclass Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...B23K; the electricity supply, electric propulsion and electric lighting of vehicles in general and of particular vehicles, in the subsection "Transporting" of section B; the electric ignition systems of internal-combustion engines, in subclass Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F02P, and of combustion apparatus in general, in subclass Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F23Q; the whole electrical part of section G, i.e. measuring devices including apparatus for measuring electric variables, checking, signalling and calculating. Electricity in that section is generally dealt with as a means and not as an end in itself; All electrical applications, both general and particular, presuppose that the "basic electricity" aspect appears in section H (see I(a), above) as regards the electric "basic elements" which they comprise. This rule is also valid for applied electricity, referred to in I(c), above, which appears in section H itself. In this section, the following special cases occur: Among the general applications covered by sections other than section H, it is worth noting that electric heating in general is covered by subclasses Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F24D or Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F24H or class Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F27, and that electric lighting in general is partly covered by class Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F21, since in section H (see I(c), above) there are places in Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...H05B which cover the same technical subjects; In the two cases referred to under (a), above, the subclasses of section F, which deal with the respective subjects, essentially cover in the first place the whole mechanical aspect of the apparatus or devices, whereas the electrical aspect, as such, is covered by subclass Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...H05B; In the case of lighting, this mechanical aspect should be taken to cover the material arrangement of the various electric elements, i.e., their geometrical or physical position in relation to one another; this aspect is covered by subclass Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F21V, the elements themselves and the primary circuits remaining in section H. The same applies to electric light sources, when combined with light sources of a different kind. These are covered by subclass Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...H05B, whereas the physical arrangement which their combination constitutes is covered by the various subclasses of class Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F21; As regards heating, not only the electric elements and circuitry designs, as such, are covered by subclass Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...H05B, but also the electric aspects of their arrangement, where these concern cases of general application; electric furnaces being considered as such. The physical disposition of the electric elements in furnaces is covered by section F. If a comparison is made with electric welding circuits, which are covered by subclass Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...B23K in connection with welding, it can be seen that electric heating is not covered by the general rule stated in II, above.

|  | H03 |
BASIC ELECTRONIC CIRCUITRY

|  | H03B |
GENERATION OF OSCILLATIONS, DIRECTLY OR BY FREQUENCY-CHANGING, BY CIRCUITS EMPLOYING ACTIVE ELEMENTS WHICH OPERATE IN A NON-SWITCHING MANNER; GENERATION OF NOISE BY SUCH CIRCUITS (measuring, testing Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...G01R; generators adapted for electrophonic musical instruments Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...G10H; speech synthesis Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...G10L; masers, lasers Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...H01S; dynamo-electric machines Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...H02K; power inverter circuits Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...H02M; by using pulse techniques Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...H03K; automatic control of generators Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...H03L; starting, synchronisation or stabilisation of generators where the type of generator is irrelevant or unspecified Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...H03L; generation of oscillations in plasma Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...H05H)

|  | H03B |
Subclass index
GENERATION WITHOUT FREQUENCY-CHANGING |
By means of amplification and feedback; negative resistance | 5/00; 7/00
By means of transit-time tubes; electron-beam tubes | 9/00; 13/00
By shock-exciting; Hall effect; radiation source and detectors | 11/00; 15/00; 17/00
GENERATION WITH FREQUENCY- CHANGING |
By multiplication or division of a signal | 19/00
By combining unmodulated signals | 21/00
PARTICULARITIES OF GENERATED OSCILLATIONS |
Swept-over frequency range; multi-frequency; multiphase; noise | 23/00; 25/00; 27/00; 29/00
OTHER METHODS OF GENERATION | 28/00
DETAILS | 1/00

|  | H03C |
MODULATION (measuring, testing Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...G01R; masers, lasers Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...H01S; modulators specially adapted for use in dc amplifiers Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...H03F 3/38; modulating pulses Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...H03K 7/00; so-called modulators capable only of switching between predetermined states of amplitude, frequency or phase Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...H03K 17/00, Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...H04L; coding, decoding or code conversion, in general Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...H03M; synchronous modulators specially adapted for colour television Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...H04N 9/65)

|  | H03C |
Note(s) This subclass covers only modulation, keying, or interruption of sinusoidal oscillations or electromagnetic waves, the modulating signal having any desired waveform. In this subclass, circuits usable both as modulator and demodulator are classified in the group dealing with the type of modulator involved.

|  | H03D |
DEMODULATION OR TRANSFERENCE OF MODULATION FROM ONE CARRIER TO ANOTHER (masers, lasers Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...H01S; circuits capable of acting both as modulator and demodulator Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...H03C; details applicable to both modulators and frequency-changers Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...H03C; demodulating pulses Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...H03K 9/00; transforming types of pulse modulation Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...H03K 11/00; coding, decoding or code conversion, in general Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...H03M; repeater stations Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...H04B 7/14; demodulators adapted for ac systems of digital-information transmission Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...H04L 27/00; synchronous demodulators adapted for colour television Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...H04N 9/66)

|  | H03D |
Note(s) This subclass covers only: demodulation or transference of signals modulated on a sinusoidal carrier or on electromagnetic waves; comparing phase or frequency of two mutually-independent oscillations.

|  | H03D |
Subclass index
DEMODULATION |
Amplitude; angle; combined; super-regenerative | 1/00; 3/00; 5/00, 9/00; 11/00
TRANSFERENCE | 7/00, 9/00
COMPARING PHASE OR FREQUENCY | 13/00

|  | H03F |
AMPLIFIERS (measuring, testing Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...G01R; optical parametric amplifiers Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...G02F; circuit arrangements with secondary emission tubes Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...H01J 43/30; masers, lasers Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...H01S; control of amplification Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...H03G; coupling arrangements independent of the nature of the amplifier, voltage dividers Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...H03H; amplifiers capable only of dealing with pulses Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...H03K; repeater circuits in transmission lines Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...H04B 3/36, Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...H04B 3/58; application of speech amplifiers in telephonic communication Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...H04M 1/60, Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...H04M 3/40)

|  | H03F |
Note(s) This subclass covers: linear amplification, there being linear relationship between the amplitudes of input and output, and the output having substantially the same waveform as the input; dielectric amplifiers, magnetic amplifiers, and parametric amplifiers when used as oscillators or frequency-changers; constructions of active elements of dielectric amplifiers and parametric amplifiers if no provision exists elsewhere.

|  | H03F |
Subclass index
AMPLIFIERS USING TUBES OR SEMICONDUCTORS; DETAILS | 3/00, 5/00; 1/00
PARAMETRIC AMPLIFIERS | 7/00
MAGNETIC; DIELECTRIC AMPLIFIERS | 9/00; 11/00
AMPLIFIERS USING SPECIAL ELEMENTS |
Mechanical or acoustic; using Hall effect; electroluminescent; superconductive | 13/00; 15/00; 17/00; 19/00
OTHER AMPLIFIERS | 21/00

|  | H03G |
CONTROL OF AMPLIFICATION (impedance networks, e.g. attenuators, Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...H03H; control of transmission in lines Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...H04B 3/04)

|  | H03G |
Note(s) This subclass covers: control of gain of amplifiers or frequency-changers; control of frequency range of amplifiers; limiting amplitude or rate of change of amplitude. Attention is drawn to the Note following the title of subclass Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...H03F. [3]

|  | H03G |
Subclass index
GAIN CONTROL | 3/00
TONE CONTROL | 5/00
COMPRESSORS OR EXPANDERS; LIMITERS | 7/00; 11/00
COMBINATION OF TWO OR MORE TYPES OF CONTROL | 9/00
DETAILS | 1/00

|  | H03H |
IMPEDANCE NETWORKS, e.g. RESONANT CIRCUITS; RESONATORS (measuring, testing Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...G01R; arrangements for producing a reverberation or echo sound Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...G10K 15/08; impedance networks or resonators consisting of distributed impedances, e.g. of the waveguide type, Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...H01P; control of amplification, e.g. bandwidth control of amplifiers, Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...H03G; tuning resonant circuits, e.g. tuning coupled resonant circuits, Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...H03J; networks for modifying the frequency characteristics of communication systems Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...H04B)

|  | H03H |
Note(s) This subclass covers: networks comprising lumped impedance elements; networks comprising distributed impedance elements together with lumped impedance elements; networks comprising electromechanical or electro-acoustic elements; networks simulating reactances and comprising discharge tubes or semiconductor devices; constructions of electromechanical resonators. In this subclass, the following expression is used with the meaning indicated: "passive elements" means resistors, capacitors, inductors, mutual inductors, or diodes. [3] In this subclass, main groups with a higher number take precedence. [3]

|  | H03H |
Subclass index
NETWORKS |
Adaptive | 21/00
Using digital techniques | 17/00
Transversal filters | 15/00
Using passive elements only: |
one port; multi-port | 5/00; 7/00
Using electromechanical or electro-acoustical elements | 9/00
Using active elements | 11/00
Using time varying elements | 19/00
Using other elements or techniques | 2/00
DETAILS | 1/00
MANUFACTURE | 3/00

|  | H03J |
TUNING RESONANT CIRCUITS; SELECTING RESONANT CIRCUITS (indicating arrangements for measuring Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...G01D; measuring, testing Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...G01R; remote-control in general Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...G05, Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...G08; automatic control or stabilisation of generators Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...H03L)

|  | H03J |
Note(s) This subclass covers also the control of tuning, including the combined control of tuning and other functions, e.g. combinations of tuning control and volume control, combinations of control of local oscillator and of supplementary resonant circuits. [3]

|  | H03J |
Subclass index
TUNING |
Continuous | 3/00
Discontinuous | 5/00
Automatic frequency control | 7/00
Remote control | 9/00
AUTOMATIC FREQUENCY SCANNING | 7/00
DETAILS | 1/00

|  | H03K |
PULSE TECHNIQUE (measuring pulse characteristics Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...G01R; mechanical counters having an electrical input Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...G06M; information storage devices in general Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...G11; sample-and-hold arrangements in electric analogue stores Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...G11C 27/02; construction of switches involving contact making and breaking for generation of pulses, e.g. by using a moving magnet, Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...H01H; static conversion of electric power Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...H02M; generation of oscillations by circuits employing active elements which operate in a non-switching manner Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...H03B; modulating sinusoidal oscillations with pulses Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...H03C, Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...H04L; discriminator circuits involving pulse counting Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...H03D; automatic control of generators Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...H03L; starting, synchronisation, or stabilisation of generators where the type of generator is irrelevant or unspecified Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...H03L; coding, decoding or code conversion, in general Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...H03M) [4]

|  | H03K |
Note(s) This subclass covers: methods, circuits, devices, or apparatus using active elements operating in a discontinuous or switching manner for generating, counting, amplifying, shaping, modulating, demodulating, or otherwise manipulating signals; electronic switching not involving contact-making and braking; logic circuits handling electric pulses. In this subclass, the following expression is used with the meaning indicated: "active element" exercises control over the conversion of input energy into an oscillation or a discontinuous flow of energy. In this subclass, where the claims of a patent document are not limited to a specific circuit element, the document is classified at least according to the elements used in the described embodiment. [6]

|  | H03K |
Subclass index
GENERATING PULSES |
Circuits; with finite slope or stepped portions | 3/00; 4/00
PRODUCING PULSES FROM SINEWAVES | 12/00
MANIPULATING PULSES OTHER THAN WHEN COUNTING |
Modulating; demodulating; transfer | 7/00; 9/00; 11/00
Other | 5/00, 6/00
PULSE COUNTERS, FREQUENCY DIVIDERS |
With counting chains; with integration; with a closed loop; with multistable elements | 23/00; 25/00; 27/00; 29/00
Details | 21/00
SPECIAL APPLICATIONS |
Electronic switching; logic circuits | 17/00; 19/00

|  | H03L |
AUTOMATIC CONTROL, STARTING, SYNCHRONISATION, OR STABILISATION OF GENERATORS OF ELECTRONIC OSCILLATIONS OR PULSES (of dynamo-electric generators Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...H02P) [3]

|  | H03L |
Note(s) This subclass covers: automatic control circuits for generators of electronic oscillations or pulses; [3] starting, synchronisation, or stabilisation circuits for generators where the type of generator is irrelevant or unspecified. [3] This subclass does not cover stabilisation or starting circuits specially adapted to only one specific type of generator, which are covered by subclasses Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...H03B, Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...H03K. [3] In this subclass, the following expression is used with the meaning indicated: "automatic control" covers only closed loop systems. [3]

|  | H03M |
CODING; DECODING OR CODE CONVERSION, IN GENERAL (using fluidic means Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F15C 4/00; optical analogue/digital converters Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...G02F 7/00; coding, decoding or code conversion, specially adapted for particular applications, see the relevant subclasses, e.g. Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...G01D, Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...G01R, Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...G06F, Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...G06T, Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...G09G, Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...G10L, Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...G11B, Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...G11C, Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...H04L, Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...H04M, Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...H04N; ciphering or deciphering for cryptography or other purposes involving the need for secrecy Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...G09C) [4]

|  | H03M |
Subclass index
CODING AND DECODING |
in general | 1/00
to or from differential modulation | 3/00
in connection with keyboards | 11/00
CONVERSION |
of the form of individual digits | 5/00
of the sequence of digits | 7/00
parallel/series or vice versa | 9/00
ERROR DETECTION OR ERROR CORRECTION | 13/00