|  | F |
SECTION F — MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING

|  | F01 - F42 |
Note(s) Guide to the use of this subsection (classes Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F01-F04) The following notes are meant to assist in the use of this part of the classification scheme. In this subsection, subclasses or groups designating "engines" or "pumps" cover methods of operating the same, unless otherwise specifically provided for. In this subsection, the following terms or expressions are used with the meanings indicated: "engine" means a device for continuously converting fluid energy into mechanical power. Thus, this term includes, for example, steam piston engines or steam turbines, per se, or internal-combustion piston engines, but it excludes single-stroke devices. "Engine" also includes the fluid-motive portion of a meter unless such portion is particularly adapted for use in a meter; "pump" means a device for continuously raising, forcing, compressing, or exhausting fluid by mechanical or other means. Thus, this term includes fans or blowers; "machine" means a device which could equally be an engine and a pump, and not a device which is restricted to an engine or one which is restricted to a pump; "positive displacement" means the way the energy of a working fluid is transformed into mechanical energy, in which variations of volume created by the working fluid in a working chamber produce equivalent displacements of the mechanical member transmitting the energy, the dynamic effect of the fluid being of minor importance, and vice versa; "non-positive displacement" means the way the energy of a working fluid is transformed into mechanical energy, by transformation of the energy of the working fluid into kinetic energy, and vice versa; "oscillating-piston machine" means a positive-displacement machine in which a fluid-engaging work-transmitting member oscillates. This definition applies also to engines and pumps; "rotary-piston machine" means a positive-displacement machine in which a fluid-engaging work-transmitting member rotates about a fixed axis or about an axis moving along a circular or similar orbit. This definition applies also to engines and pumps; "rotary piston" means the work-transmitting member of a rotary-piston machine and may be of any suitable form, e.g., like a toothed gear; "cooperating members" means the "oscillating piston" or "rotary piston" and another member, e.g., the working-chamber wall, which assists in the driving or pumping action; "movement of the co-operating members" is to be interpreted as relative, so that one of the "co-operating members" may be stationary, even though reference may be made to its rotational axis, or both may move; "teeth or tooth equivalents" include lobes, projections or abutments; "internal-axis type" means that the rotational axes of the inner and outer co-operating members remain at all times within the outer member, e.g., in a similar manner to that of a pinion meshing with the internal teeth of a ring gear; "free piston" means a piston of which the length of stroke is not defined by any member driven thereby; "cylinders" means positive-displacement working chambers in general. Thus, this term is not restricted to cylinders of circular cross-section; "main shaft" means the shaft which converts reciprocating piston motion into rotary motion or vice versa; "plant" means an engine together with such additional apparatus as is necessary to run the engine. For example, a steam engine plant includes a steam engine and means for generating the steam; "working fluid" means the driven fluid in a pump and the driving fluid in an engine. The working fluid may be in a gaseous state, i.e., compressible, or liquid. In the former case coexistence of two states is possible; "steam" includes condensable vapours in general, and "special vapour" is used when steam is excluded; "reaction type" as applied to non-positive-displacement machines or engines means machines or engines in which pressure/velocity transformation takes place wholly or partly in the rotor. Mmachines or engines with no, or only slight, pressure/velocity transformation in the rotor are called "impulse type". In this subsection: cyclically operating valves, lubricating, gas-flow silencers or exhaust apparatus, or cooling are classified in subclasses Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F01L, Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F01M, Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F01N, Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F01P irrespective of their stated application, unless their classifying features are peculiar to their application, in which case they are classified only in the relevant subclass of classes Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F01-F04; lubricating, gas-flow silencers or exhaust apparatus, or cooling of machines or engines are classified in subclasses Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F01M, Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F01N, Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F01P except for those peculiar to steam engines which are classified in subclass Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F01B. For use of this subsection with a good understanding, it is essential to remember, so far as subclasses Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F01B, Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F01C, Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F01D, Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F03B, and Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F04B, Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F04C, Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F04D, which form its skeleton, are concerned: the principle which resides in their elaboration, the classifying characteristics which they call for, and their complementarity. Principle This concerns essentially the subclasses listed above. Other subclasses, notably those of class Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F02, which cover better-defined matter, are not considered here. Each subclass covers fundamentally a genus of apparatus (engine or pump) and by extension covers equally "machines" of the same kind. Two different subjects, one having a more general character than the other, are thus covered by the same subclass. Subclasses Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F01B, Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F03B, Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F04B, beyond the two subjects which they cover, have further a character of generality in relation to other subclasses concerning the different species of apparatus in the genus concerned. This generality applies as well for the two subjects dealt with, without these always being in relation to the same subclasses. Thus, subclass Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F03B, in its part dealing with "machines", should be considered as being the general class relating to subclasses Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F04B, Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F04C, and in its part dealing with "engines" as being general in relation to subclass Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F03C. Characteristics The principal classifying characteristic of the subclass is that of genera of apparatus, of which there are three possible: Machines; engines; pumps. As stated above, "machines" are always associated with one of the other two genera. These main genera are subdivided according to the general principles of operation of the apparatus: Positive displacement; non-positive displacement. The positive displacement apparatus are further subdivided according to the ways of putting into effect the principle of operation, that is, to the kind of apparatus: Simple reciprocating piston; rotary or oscillating piston; other kind. Another classifying characteristic is that of the working fluid, in respect of which three kinds of apparatus are possible, namely: Liquid and elastic fluid; elastic fluid; liquid. Complementarity This resides in association of pairs of the subclasses listed above, according to the characteristics under consideration in respect of kind of apparatus or working fluid. The subclasses concerned with the various principles, characteristics and complementarity are shown in the following table: It is seen from this table that: For the same kind of apparatus in a given genus, the characteristic of "working fluid" associates: Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F01B and Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F04B Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F01C and Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F04C Machines Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F01D and Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F03B Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F01B and Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F03C Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F01C and Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F03C Engines Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F01D and Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F03B For the same kind of working fluid, the "apparatus" characteristic relates subclasses in the same way as considerations of relative generality.

LIGHTING; HEATING

|  | F28 |
HEAT EXCHANGE IN GENERAL (arrangement or mounting of heat-exchangers in air-conditioning, air-humidification or ventilation Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F24F 13/30)

|  | F28 |
Note(s) In this class, the following expressions are used with the meanings indicated: "heat exchange" means the heating or cooling of a fluid or fluent solid by direct or indirect contact with a heated or cooled fluid or fluent solid; "heat transfer" means the heating or cooling of a fluid or fluent solid by direct contact with a heated or cooled surface or body. Apparatus using heat exchange or heat transfer (as defined in Note (1) above) for specific purposes is classified either in subclass Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F28B or in the appropriate subclasses of, for example, classes Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F22, Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F24, Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F25, Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F26, or Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F27; if no such other subclass is appropriate, such apparatus is classified in subclass Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F28C or Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F28D.

|  | F28F |
DETAILS OF HEAT-EXCHANGE OR HEAT-TRANSFER APPARATUS, OF GENERAL APPLICATION (water or air traps, air venting Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F16)

|  | F28F |
Subclass index
DETAILS AND THEIR ARRANGEMENTS |
Elements for heat exchange or transfer and assemblies thereof |
tubular; plate-like; for movement; others | 1/00; 3/00; 5/00; 7/00
auxiliary supports for elements; sealing | 9/00; 11/00
Casings and header boxes | 9/00
Preventing deposits or corrosion | 17/00, 19/00
Special features of heat-exchange apparatus |
characterised by the selection of: constructional material; intermediate heat-exchange material | 21/00; 23/00
component parts of trickle coolers | 25/00
MODIFYING HEAT-TRANSFER; CONTROL OF APPARATUS | 13/00; 27/00

|  | F28F 1/00 |
Tubular elements; Assemblies of tubular elements (specially adapted for movement Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F28F 5/00)

|  | F28F 1/02 |
· | Tubular elements of cross-section which is non-circular (Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F28F 1/08, Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F28F 1/10 take precedence)

|  | F28F 1/04 |
· · | polygonal, e.g. rectangular

|  | F28F 1/06 |
· · | crimped or corrugated in cross-section

|  | F28F 1/08 |
· | Tubular elements crimped or corrugated in longitudinal section

|  | F28F 1/10 |
· | Tubular elements or assemblies thereof with means for increasing heat-transfer area, e.g. with fins, with projections, with recesses (crimped or corrugated elements Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F28F 1/06, Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F28F 1/08)

|  | F28F 1/12 |
· · | the means being only outside the tubular element

|  | F28F 1/14 |
· · · | and extending longitudinally (Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F28F 1/38 takes precedence)

|  | F28F 1/16 |
· · · · | the means being integral with the element, e.g. formed by extrusion (Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F28F 1/22 takes precedence)

|  | F28F 1/18 |
· · · · · | the element being built-up from finned sections

|  | F28F 1/20 |
· · · · | the means being attachable to the element (Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F28F 1/22 takes precedence)

|  | F28F 1/22 |
· · · · | the means having portions engaging further tubular elements

|  | F28F 1/24 |
· · · | and extending transversely (Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F28F 1/38 takes precedence)

|  | F28F 1/26 |
· · · · | the means being integral with the element (Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F28F 1/32 takes precedence)

|  | F28F 1/28 |
· · · · · | the element being built-up from finned sections

|  | F28F 1/30 |
· · · · | the means being attachable to the element (Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F28F 1/32 takes precedence)

|  | F28F 1/32 |
· · · · | the means having portions engaging further tubular elements

|  | F28F 1/34 |
· · · | and extending obliquely (Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F28F 1/38 takes precedence)

|  | F28F 1/36 |
· · · · | the means being helically-wound fins or wire spirals

|  | F28F 1/38 |
· · · | and being staggered to form tortuous fluid passages

|  | F28F 1/40 |
· · | the means being only inside the tubular element

|  | F28F 1/42 |
· · | the means being both outside and inside the tubular element

|  | F28F 1/44 |
· · · | and being formed of wire mesh

|  | F28F 3/00 |
Plate-like or laminated elements; Assemblies of plate-like or laminated elements (specially adapted for movement Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F28F 5/00)

|  | F28F 3/02 |
· | Elements or assemblies thereof with means for increasing heat-transfer area, e.g. with fins, with recesses, with corrugations (Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F28F 3/08 takes precedence)

|  | F28F 3/04 |
· · | the means being integral with the element

|  | F28F 3/06 |
· · | the means being attachable to the element

|  | F28F 3/08 |
· | Elements constructed for building-up into stacks, e.g. capable of being taken apart for cleaning

|  | F28F 3/10 |
· · | Arrangement for sealing the margins

|  | F28F 3/12 |
· | Elements constructed in the shape of a hollow panel, e.g. with channels

|  | F28F 3/14 |
· · | by separating portions of a pair of joined sheets to form channels, e.g. by inflation (manufacture thereof Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...B23P)

|  | F28F 5/00 |
Elements specially adapted for movement (arrangements for moving the elements, see the appropriate subclass for the apparatus concerned)

|  | F28F 5/02 |
· | Rotary drums or rollers

|  | F28F 5/04 |
· | Hollow impellers, e.g. stirring vane

|  | F28F 5/06 |
· | Hollow screw conveyers

|  | F28F 7/00 |
Elements not covered by group Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F28F 1/00, Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F28F 3/00, or Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F28F 5/00

|  | F28F 7/02 |
· | Blocks traversed by passages for heat-exchange media

|  | F28F 9/00 |
Casings; Header boxes; Auxiliary supports for elements; Auxiliary members within casings

|  | F28F 9/007 |
· | Auxiliary supports for elements [6]

|  | F28F 9/013 |
· · | for tubes or tube-assemblies [6]

|  | F28F 9/02 |
· | Header boxes; End plates

|  | F28F 9/04 |
· · | Arrangements for sealing elements into header boxes or end plates (joining pipes to walls in general Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F16L 41/00)

|  | F28F 9/06 |
· · · | by dismountable joints

|  | F28F 9/08 |
· · · · | by wedge-type connections, e.g. taper ferrule

|  | F28F 9/10 |
· · · · | by screw-type connections, e.g. gland

|  | F28F 9/12 |
· · · · | by flange-type connections

|  | F28F 9/14 |
· · · · | by force-joining

|  | F28F 9/16 |
· · · | by permanent joints, e.g. by rolling (metal-working procedures in general Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...B21, Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...B23, particularly Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...B21D 39/06, Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...B23K)

|  | F28F 9/18 |
· · · · | by welding

|  | F28F 9/20 |
· | Arrangements of heat reflectors, e.g. separately-insertible reflecting walls

|  | F28F 9/22 |
· | Arrangements for directing heat-exchange media into successive compartments, e.g. arrangements of guide plates

|  | F28F 9/24 |
· | Arrangements for promoting turbulent flow of heat-exchange media, e.g. by plates (Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F28F 1/38 takes precedence; in general Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F15D)

|  | F28F 9/26 |
· | Arrangements for connecting different sections of heat-exchange elements, e.g. of radiators (connecting different sections in water heaters Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F24H 9/14)

|  | F28F 11/00 |
Arrangements for sealing leaky tubes or conduits (stopping flow from or in pipes in general Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F16L 55/10)

|  | F28F 11/02 |
· | using obturating elements, e.g. washers, inserted and operated independently of each other (Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F28F 11/06 takes precedence)

|  | F28F 11/04 |
· | using pairs of obturating elements, e.g. washers, mounted upon central operating rods (Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F28F 11/06 takes precedence)

|  | F28F 11/06 |
· | using automatic tube-obturating appliances

|  | F28F 13/00 |
Arrangements for modifying heat transfer, e.g. increasing, decreasing (Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F28F 1/00-F28F 11/00 take precedence)

|  | F28F 13/02 |
· | by influencing fluid boundary (boundary-layer control in general Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F15D)

|  | F28F 13/04 |
· | by preventing the formation of continuous films of condensate on heat-exchange surfaces, e.g. by promoting droplet formation

|  | F28F 13/06 |
· | by affecting the pattern of flow of the heat-exchange media

|  | F28F 13/08 |
· · | by varying the cross-section of the flow channels

|  | F28F 13/10 |
· · | by imparting a pulsating motion to the flow, e.g. by sonic vibration

|  | F28F 13/12 |
· · | by creating turbulence, e.g. by stirring, by increasing the force of circulation (Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F28F 13/08 takes precedence)

|  | F28F 13/14 |
· | by endowing the walls of conduits with zones of different degrees of conduction of heat

|  | F28F 13/16 |
· | by applying an electrostatic field to the body of the heat-exchange medium

|  | F28F 13/18 |
· | by applying coatings, e.g. radiation-absorbing, radiation-reflecting; by surface treatment, e.g. polishing

|  | F28F 17/00 |
Removing ice or water from heat-exchange apparatus

|  | F28F 19/00 |
Preventing the formation of deposits or corrosion, e.g. by using filters

|  | F28F 19/01 |
· | by using means for separating solid materials from heat-exchange fluids, e.g. filters [6]

|  | F28F 19/02 |
· | by using coatings, e.g. vitreous or enamel coatings

|  | F28F 19/04 |
· · | of rubber; of plastics material; of varnish

|  | F28F 19/06 |
· · | of metal

|  | F28F 21/00 |
Constructions of heat-exchange apparatus characterised by the selection of particular materials

|  | F28F 21/02 |
· | of carbon, e.g. graphite

|  | F28F 21/04 |
· | of ceramic; of concrete; of natural stone

|  | F28F 21/06 |
· | of plastics material

|  | F28F 21/08 |
· | of metal

|  | F28F 23/00 |
Features relating to the use of intermediate heat-exchange materials, e.g. selection of compositions

|  | F28F 23/02 |
· | Arrangements for obtaining or maintaining same in a liquid state

|  | F28F 25/00 |
Component parts of trickle coolers (arrangements for increasing heat transfer Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F28F 13/00; controlling arrangements Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F28F 27/00)

|  | F28F 25/02 |
· | for distributing, circulating, or accumulating liquid (spraying or atomising in general Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...B05B, Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...B05D)

|  | F28F 25/04 |
· · | Distributing or accumulator troughs

|  | F28F 25/06 |
· · | Spray nozzles or spray pipes

|  | F28F 25/08 |
· · | Splashing boards or grids, e.g. for converting liquid sprays into liquid films; Elements or beds for increasing the area of the contact surface (packing elements in general Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...B01J 19/30, Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...B01J 19/32)

|  | F28F 25/10 |
· | for feeding gas or vapour

|  | F28F 25/12 |
· · | Ducts; Guide vanes, e.g. for carrying currents to distinct zones

|  | F28F 27/00 |
Control arrangements specially adapted for heat-exchange or heat-transfer apparatus (control arrangements in general Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...G05)

|  | F28F 27/02 |
· | for controlling the distribution of heat-exchange media between different channels (arrangements of guide plates or guide vanes Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F28F 9/22, Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F28F 25/12)