|  | F |
SECTION F — MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING

|  | F01 - F42 |
Note(s) Guide to the use of this subsection (classes Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F01-F04) The following notes are meant to assist in the use of this part of the classification scheme. In this subsection, subclasses or groups designating "engines" or "pumps" cover methods of operating the same, unless otherwise specifically provided for. In this subsection, the following terms or expressions are used with the meanings indicated: "engine" means a device for continuously converting fluid energy into mechanical power. Thus, this term includes, for example, steam piston engines or steam turbines, per se, or internal-combustion piston engines, but it excludes single-stroke devices. "Engine" also includes the fluid-motive portion of a meter unless such portion is particularly adapted for use in a meter; "pump" means a device for continuously raising, forcing, compressing, or exhausting fluid by mechanical or other means. Thus, this term includes fans or blowers; "machine" means a device which could equally be an engine and a pump, and not a device which is restricted to an engine or one which is restricted to a pump; "positive displacement" means the way the energy of a working fluid is transformed into mechanical energy, in which variations of volume created by the working fluid in a working chamber produce equivalent displacements of the mechanical member transmitting the energy, the dynamic effect of the fluid being of minor importance, and vice versa; "non-positive displacement" means the way the energy of a working fluid is transformed into mechanical energy, by transformation of the energy of the working fluid into kinetic energy, and vice versa; "oscillating-piston machine" means a positive-displacement machine in which a fluid-engaging work-transmitting member oscillates. This definition applies also to engines and pumps; "rotary-piston machine" means a positive-displacement machine in which a fluid-engaging work-transmitting member rotates about a fixed axis or about an axis moving along a circular or similar orbit. This definition applies also to engines and pumps; "rotary piston" means the work-transmitting member of a rotary-piston machine and may be of any suitable form, e.g., like a toothed gear; "cooperating members" means the "oscillating piston" or "rotary piston" and another member, e.g., the working-chamber wall, which assists in the driving or pumping action; "movement of the co-operating members" is to be interpreted as relative, so that one of the "co-operating members" may be stationary, even though reference may be made to its rotational axis, or both may move; "teeth or tooth equivalents" include lobes, projections or abutments; "internal-axis type" means that the rotational axes of the inner and outer co-operating members remain at all times within the outer member, e.g., in a similar manner to that of a pinion meshing with the internal teeth of a ring gear; "free piston" means a piston of which the length of stroke is not defined by any member driven thereby; "cylinders" means positive-displacement working chambers in general. Thus, this term is not restricted to cylinders of circular cross-section; "main shaft" means the shaft which converts reciprocating piston motion into rotary motion or vice versa; "plant" means an engine together with such additional apparatus as is necessary to run the engine. For example, a steam engine plant includes a steam engine and means for generating the steam; "working fluid" means the driven fluid in a pump and the driving fluid in an engine. The working fluid may be in a gaseous state, i.e., compressible, or liquid. In the former case coexistence of two states is possible; "steam" includes condensable vapours in general, and "special vapour" is used when steam is excluded; "reaction type" as applied to non-positive-displacement machines or engines means machines or engines in which pressure/velocity transformation takes place wholly or partly in the rotor. Mmachines or engines with no, or only slight, pressure/velocity transformation in the rotor are called "impulse type". In this subsection: cyclically operating valves, lubricating, gas-flow silencers or exhaust apparatus, or cooling are classified in subclasses Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F01L, Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F01M, Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F01N, Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F01P irrespective of their stated application, unless their classifying features are peculiar to their application, in which case they are classified only in the relevant subclass of classes Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F01-F04; lubricating, gas-flow silencers or exhaust apparatus, or cooling of machines or engines are classified in subclasses Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F01M, Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F01N, Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F01P except for those peculiar to steam engines which are classified in subclass Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F01B. For use of this subsection with a good understanding, it is essential to remember, so far as subclasses Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F01B, Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F01C, Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F01D, Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F03B, and Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F04B, Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F04C, Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F04D, which form its skeleton, are concerned: the principle which resides in their elaboration, the classifying characteristics which they call for, and their complementarity. Principle This concerns essentially the subclasses listed above. Other subclasses, notably those of class Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F02, which cover better-defined matter, are not considered here. Each subclass covers fundamentally a genus of apparatus (engine or pump) and by extension covers equally "machines" of the same kind. Two different subjects, one having a more general character than the other, are thus covered by the same subclass. Subclasses Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F01B, Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F03B, Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F04B, beyond the two subjects which they cover, have further a character of generality in relation to other subclasses concerning the different species of apparatus in the genus concerned. This generality applies as well for the two subjects dealt with, without these always being in relation to the same subclasses. Thus, subclass Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F03B, in its part dealing with "machines", should be considered as being the general class relating to subclasses Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F04B, Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F04C, and in its part dealing with "engines" as being general in relation to subclass Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F03C. Characteristics The principal classifying characteristic of the subclass is that of genera of apparatus, of which there are three possible: Machines; engines; pumps. As stated above, "machines" are always associated with one of the other two genera. These main genera are subdivided according to the general principles of operation of the apparatus: Positive displacement; non-positive displacement. The positive displacement apparatus are further subdivided according to the ways of putting into effect the principle of operation, that is, to the kind of apparatus: Simple reciprocating piston; rotary or oscillating piston; other kind. Another classifying characteristic is that of the working fluid, in respect of which three kinds of apparatus are possible, namely: Liquid and elastic fluid; elastic fluid; liquid. Complementarity This resides in association of pairs of the subclasses listed above, according to the characteristics under consideration in respect of kind of apparatus or working fluid. The subclasses concerned with the various principles, characteristics and complementarity are shown in the following table: It is seen from this table that: For the same kind of apparatus in a given genus, the characteristic of "working fluid" associates: Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F01B and Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F04B Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F01C and Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F04C Machines Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F01D and Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F03B Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F01B and Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F03C Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F01C and Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F03C Engines Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F01D and Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F03B For the same kind of working fluid, the "apparatus" characteristic relates subclasses in the same way as considerations of relative generality.

ENGINEERING IN GENERAL

|  | F15 |
FLUID-PRESSURE ACTUATORS; HYDRAULICS OR PNEUMATICS IN GENERAL

|  | F15B |
SYSTEMS ACTING BY MEANS OF FLUIDS IN GENERAL; FLUID-PRESSURE ACTUATORS, e.g. SERVOMOTORS; DETAILS OF FLUID-PRESSURE SYSTEMS, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR (motors, turbines, compressors, blowers, pumps Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F01-F04; fluid dynamics Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F15D; fluid clutches or brakes Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F16D; fluid springs Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F16F; fluid gearing Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F16H; pistons, cylinders, packing Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F16J; valves, taps, cocks, actuating-floats Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F16K; safety valves with auxiliary fluid operation of the main valve Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F16K 17/10; fluid-operating means for valves Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F16K 31/12; pipes, pipe joints Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F16L; lubricating Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F16N)

|  | F15B |
Note(s) In this subclass, the following terms are used with the meanings indicated: "telemotor" means a system or device in which a substantially constant amount of fluid is trapped between an input member and an output member to act as a fluid link; "servomotor" means a fluid-pressure actuator, e.g. a piston and cylinder, directly controlled by a valve or other device which is responsive to operation of an initial controlling member; "Servomotor" does not cover a telemotor. The initial controlling member may be adjacent to the servomotor or at a distance, and may be, for example, a hand lever.

|  | F15B |
Subclass index
SUPPLYING FLUID UNDER PRESSURE | 1/00
INTENSIFIERS OR FLUID-PRESSURE CONVERTERS; TRANSDUCERS | 3/00; 5/00
FLUID-PRESSURE ACTUATOR SYSTEMS |
Telemotors or systems related to the output of a pump | 7/00
Servomotors | 9/00, 11/00, 13/00
Devices for displacing a member | 15/00
Combinations of telemotors and servomotors; other systems; details | 17/00; 18/00; 21/00
TESTING; SAFETY | 19/00; 20/00

|  | F15B 1/00 |
Installations or systems with accumulators; Supply reservoir or sump assemblies

|  | F15B 1/02 |
· | Installations or systems with accumulators (devices damping pulsations or vibrations in fluids for use in, or in connection with, pipes or pipe systems Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F16L 55/04)

|  | F15B 1/027 |
· · | having accumulator charging devices (control of fluid pressure in general Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...G05D 16/00) [6]

|  | F15B 1/033 |
· · · | with electrical control means [6]

|  | F15B 1/04 |
· · | Accumulators (connection of valves to inflatable elastic bodies Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...B60C 29/00)

|  | F15B 1/047 |
( transferred to Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F15B 1/08 )

|  | F15B 1/053 |
( transferred to Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F15B 1/24 )

|  | F15B 1/06 |
( transferred to Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F15B 1/26 )

|  | F15B 1/08 |
· · · | using a gas cushion; Gas charging devices; Indicators or floats therefor [6]

|  | F15B 1/10 |
· · · · | with flexible separating means [6]

|  | F15B 1/12 |
· · · · · | attached at their periphery (Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F15B 1/16 takes precedence) [6]

|  | F15B 1/14 |
· · · · · · | by means of a rigid annular supporting member [6]

|  | F15B 1/16 |
· · · · · | in the form of a tube [6]

|  | F15B 1/18 |
· · · · · | Anti-extrusion means [6]

|  | F15B 1/20 |
· · · · · · | fixed to the separating means [6]

|  | F15B 1/22 |
· · · · | Liquid port constructions [6]

|  | F15B 1/24 |
· · · · | with rigid separating means, e.g. pistons [6]

|  | F15B 1/26 |
· | Supply reservoir or sump assemblies [6]

|  | F15B 3/00 |
Intensifiers or fluid-pressure converters, e.g. pressure exchangers; Conveying pressure from one fluid system to another, without contact between the fluids

|  | F15B 5/00 |
Transducers converting variations of physical quantities, e.g. expressed by variations in positions of members, into fluid-pressure variations or vice versa; Varying fluid pressure as a function of variations of a plurality of fluid pressures or variations of other quantities (Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F15B 9/00 takes precedence; for measuring or controlling Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...G01, Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...G05)

|  | F15B 7/00 - F15B 21/00 |
Fluid-pressure actuator systems (systems peculiar to the control of a particular machine or apparatus covered in a single other class, see the class for such machine or apparatus)

|  | F15B 7/00 - F15B 21/00 |
Note(s) This guide heading relates to the moving of members into one or more definite positions by means of fluid pressure. Pump, motor, and control features so far as not peculiar to this purpose are classified in the relevant classes.

|  | F15B 7/00 |
Systems in which the movement produced is definitely related to the output of a volumetric pump; Telemotors

|  | F15B 7/02 |
· | Systems with continuously-operating input and output apparatus

|  | F15B 7/04 |
· | in which the ratio between pump stroke and motor stroke varies with the resistance against the motor (in brake-actuating systems for motor vehicles Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...B60T)

|  | F15B 7/06 |
· | Details (Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F15B 15/00 takes precedence)

|  | F15B 7/08 |
· · | Input units; Master units

|  | F15B 7/10 |
· · | Compensation of the liquid content in a system (Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F15B 7/08 takes precedence; pressure-maintaining arrangements for brake master cylinders Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...B60T 11/228) [5]

|  | F15B 9/00 |
Servomotors with follow-up action, i.e. in which the position of the actuated member conforms with that of the controlling member

|  | F15B 9/02 |
· | with servomotors of the reciprocatable or oscillatable type

|  | F15B 9/03 |
· · | with electrical control means

|  | F15B 9/04 |
· · | controlled by varying the output of a pump with variable capacity

|  | F15B 9/06 |
· · | controlled by means using a fluid jet

|  | F15B 9/07 |
· · · | with electrical control means

|  | F15B 9/08 |
· · | controlled by valves affecting the fluid feed or the fluid outlet of the servomotor (Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F15B 9/06 takes precedence)

|  | F15B 9/09 |
· · · | with electrical control means

|  | F15B 9/10 |
· · · | in which the controlling element and the servomotor each controls a separate member, these members influencing different fluid passages or the same passage

|  | F15B 9/12 |
· · · | in which both the controlling element and the servomotor control the same member influencing a fluid passage and are connected to that member by means of a differential gearing

|  | F15B 9/14 |
· | with rotary servomotors

|  | F15B 9/16 |
· | Systems essentially having two or more interacting servomotors

|  | F15B 9/17 |
· · | with electrical control means

|  | F15B 11/00 |
Servomotor systems without provision for follow-up action (Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F15B 3/00 takes precedence)

|  | F15B 11/02 |
· | Systems essentially incorporating special features for controlling the speed or the actuating force or speed of an output member

|  | F15B 11/024 |
· · | by means of differential connection of the servomotor lines, e.g. regenerative circuits [6]

|  | F15B 11/028 |
· · | for controlling the actuating force (Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F15B 11/024 takes precedence) [6]

|  | F15B 11/032 |
· · · | by means of fluid-pressure converters (fluid-pressure converters per se Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F15B 3/00) [6]

|  | F15B 11/036 |
· · · | by means of servomotors having a plurality of working chambers (servomotors per se Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F15B 15/00) [6]

|  | F15B 11/04 |
· · | for controlling the speed (Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F15B 11/024 takes precedence) [6]

|  | F15B 11/042 |
· · · | by regulating means in feed line (Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F15B 11/046, Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F15B 11/05 take precedence) [6]

|  | F15B 11/044 |
· · · | by regulating means in return line (Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F15B 11/046, Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F15B 11/05 take precedence) [6]

|  | F15B 11/046 |
· · · | depending on the position of the working member [6]

|  | F15B 11/048 |
· · · · | with deceleration control [6]

|  | F15B 11/05 |
· · · | specially adapted to maintain constant speed, e.g. pressure-compensated, load-responsive

|  | F15B 11/06 |
· | involving features specific to the use of a compressible medium, e.g. air, steam

|  | F15B 11/064 |
· · | with devices for saving the compressible medium [6]

|  | F15B 11/068 |
· · | with valves for gradually putting pneumatic systems under pressure [6]

|  | F15B 11/072 |
· · | Combined pneumatic-hydraulic systems [6]

|  | F15B 11/076 |
· · · | with pneumatic drive or displacement and speed control or stopping by hydraulic braking [6]

|  | F15B 11/08 |
· | with only one servomotor

|  | F15B 11/10 |
· · | in which the servomotor position is a function of the pressure

|  | F15B 11/12 |
· · | providing distinct intermediate positions; with step-by-step action

|  | F15B 11/13 |
· · · | using chambers of predetermined volume [6]

|  | F15B 11/14 |
( covered by Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F15B 11/08 )

|  | F15B 11/15 |
· · | with special provision for automatic return

|  | F15B 11/16 |
· | with two or more servomotors

|  | F15B 11/17 |
· · | using two or more pumps [6]

|  | F15B 11/18 |
· · | used in combination for obtaining stepwise operation of a single controlled member

|  | F15B 11/20 |
· · | controlling several interacting or sequentially-operating members (fluid distribution or supply devices for the control of two or more servomotors Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F15B 13/06)

|  | F15B 11/22 |
· · | Synchronisation of the movement of two or more servomotors

|  | F15B 13/00 |
Details of servomotor systems (Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F15B 15/00 takes precedence)

|  | F15B 13/01 |
· | Locking-valves or other detent devices (associated with the actuator Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F15B 15/26)

|  | F15B 13/02 |
· | Fluid distribution or supply devices characterised by their adaptation to the control of servomotors (multiple-way valves Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F16K 11/00)

|  | F15B 13/04 |
· · | for use with a single servomotor

|  | F15B 13/042 |
· · · | operated by fluid pressure

|  | F15B 13/043 |
· · · · | with electrically-controlled pilot valves

|  | F15B 13/044 |
· · · | operated by eletrically-controlled means, e.g. solenoids, torque-motors

|  | F15B 13/06 |
· · | for use with two or more servomotors

|  | F15B 13/07 |
· · · | in distinct sequence

|  | F15B 13/08 |
· · · | Assemblies of units, each for the control of a single servomotor only

|  | F15B 13/09 |
( transferred to Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F15B 11/17 )

|  | F15B 13/10 |
· | Special arrangements for operating the actuated device without using fluid pressure, e.g. for emergency use

|  | F15B 13/12 |
· | Special measures for increasing the sensitivity of the system

|  | F15B 13/14 |
· | Special measures for giving the operator by sense of touch the immediate response of the actuated device

|  | F15B 13/16 |
· | Special measures for feedback

|  | F15B 15/00 |
Fluid-actuated devices for displacing a member from one position to another (motors for continuous movement Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F01-F03); Gearing associated therewith

|  | F15B 15/02 |
· | Mechanical layout characterised by the means for converting the movement of the fluid-actuated element into movement of the finally-operated member

|  | F15B 15/04 |
· · | with oscillating cylinder

|  | F15B 15/06 |
· · | for mechanically converting rectilinear movement into non-rectilinear movement

|  | F15B 15/08 |
· | characterised by the construction of the motor unit (pistons, cylinders, packing Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F16J)

|  | F15B 15/10 |
· · | the motor being of diaphragm type (connection of valves to inflatable elastic bodies Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...B60C 29/00; diaphragms, bellows Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F16J 3/00)

|  | F15B 15/12 |
· · | of the oscillating-vane or curved-cylinder type

|  | F15B 15/14 |
· · | of the straight-cylinder type

|  | F15B 15/16 |
· · · | of the telescopic type

|  | F15B 15/17 |
· · · | of differential-piston type

|  | F15B 15/18 |
· | Combined units comprising both motor and pump

|  | F15B 15/19 |
· | Pyrotechnical actuators [3]

|  | F15B 15/20 |
· | Other details

|  | F15B 15/22 |
· · | for accelerating or decelerating the stroke

|  | F15B 15/24 |
· · | for restricting the stroke

|  | F15B 15/26 |
· · | Locking mechanisms

|  | F15B 15/28 |
· · | Means for indicating the position, e.g. end of stroke [4]

|  | F15B 17/00 |
Combinations of telemotor and servomotor systems

|  | F15B 17/02 |
· | in which a telemotor operates the control member of a servomotor

|  | F15B 18/00 |
Parallel arrangements of independent servomotor systems

|  | F15B 19/00 |
Testing fluid-pressure systems or apparatus, so far as not provided for elsewhere

|  | F15B 20/00 |
Safety arrangements; Applications of safety devices (safety devices in general Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F16P); Emergency measures

|  | F15B 21/00 |
Common features; Fluid-pressure systems, or details thereof, not covered by any preceding group

|  | F15B 21/02 |
· | Servomotor systems with programme control derived from a store or timing device; Control devices therefor (programme control in general Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...G05B 19/00)

|  | F15B 21/04 |
· | Special measures taken in connection with the properties of the fluid, e.g. for venting, compensating for changes of viscosity, cooling, filtering, preventing churning

|  | F15B 21/06 |
· | Use of special fluids, e.g. liquid metal; Special adaptations of fluid-pressure systems, or control of elements therefor, to the use of such fluids

|  | F15B 21/08 |
· | Servomotor systems incorporating electrically- operated control means (Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F15B 21/02 takes precedence)

|  | F15B 21/10 |
· | Delay devices or arrangements (associated with fluid motors or actuators Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F15B 15/22)

|  | F15B 21/12 |
· | Fluid oscillators or pulse generators (fluid oscillators predominantly used for computing or control purposes Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F15C 1/22, Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F15C 3/16)

|  | F15B 21/14 |
· | Energy-recuperation means (for vehicles Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...B60T 1/10) [6]