|  | F |
SECTION F — MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING

|  | F01 - F42 |
Note(s) Guide to the use of this subsection (classes Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F01-F04) The following notes are meant to assist in the use of this part of the classification scheme. In this subsection, subclasses or groups designating "engines" or "pumps" cover methods of operating the same, unless otherwise specifically provided for. In this subsection, the following terms or expressions are used with the meanings indicated: "engine" means a device for continuously converting fluid energy into mechanical power. Thus, this term includes, for example, steam piston engines or steam turbines, per se, or internal-combustion piston engines, but it excludes single-stroke devices. "Engine" also includes the fluid-motive portion of a meter unless such portion is particularly adapted for use in a meter; "pump" means a device for continuously raising, forcing, compressing, or exhausting fluid by mechanical or other means. Thus, this term includes fans or blowers; "machine" means a device which could equally be an engine and a pump, and not a device which is restricted to an engine or one which is restricted to a pump; "positive displacement" means the way the energy of a working fluid is transformed into mechanical energy, in which variations of volume created by the working fluid in a working chamber produce equivalent displacements of the mechanical member transmitting the energy, the dynamic effect of the fluid being of minor importance, and vice versa; "non-positive displacement" means the way the energy of a working fluid is transformed into mechanical energy, by transformation of the energy of the working fluid into kinetic energy, and vice versa; "oscillating-piston machine" means a positive-displacement machine in which a fluid-engaging work-transmitting member oscillates. This definition applies also to engines and pumps; "rotary-piston machine" means a positive-displacement machine in which a fluid-engaging work-transmitting member rotates about a fixed axis or about an axis moving along a circular or similar orbit. This definition applies also to engines and pumps; "rotary piston" means the work-transmitting member of a rotary-piston machine and may be of any suitable form, e.g., like a toothed gear; "cooperating members" means the "oscillating piston" or "rotary piston" and another member, e.g., the working-chamber wall, which assists in the driving or pumping action; "movement of the co-operating members" is to be interpreted as relative, so that one of the "co-operating members" may be stationary, even though reference may be made to its rotational axis, or both may move; "teeth or tooth equivalents" include lobes, projections or abutments; "internal-axis type" means that the rotational axes of the inner and outer co-operating members remain at all times within the outer member, e.g., in a similar manner to that of a pinion meshing with the internal teeth of a ring gear; "free piston" means a piston of which the length of stroke is not defined by any member driven thereby; "cylinders" means positive-displacement working chambers in general. Thus, this term is not restricted to cylinders of circular cross-section; "main shaft" means the shaft which converts reciprocating piston motion into rotary motion or vice versa; "plant" means an engine together with such additional apparatus as is necessary to run the engine. For example, a steam engine plant includes a steam engine and means for generating the steam; "working fluid" means the driven fluid in a pump and the driving fluid in an engine. The working fluid may be in a gaseous state, i.e., compressible, or liquid. In the former case coexistence of two states is possible; "steam" includes condensable vapours in general, and "special vapour" is used when steam is excluded; "reaction type" as applied to non-positive-displacement machines or engines means machines or engines in which pressure/velocity transformation takes place wholly or partly in the rotor. Mmachines or engines with no, or only slight, pressure/velocity transformation in the rotor are called "impulse type". In this subsection: cyclically operating valves, lubricating, gas-flow silencers or exhaust apparatus, or cooling are classified in subclasses Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F01L, Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F01M, Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F01N, Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F01P irrespective of their stated application, unless their classifying features are peculiar to their application, in which case they are classified only in the relevant subclass of classes Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F01-F04; lubricating, gas-flow silencers or exhaust apparatus, or cooling of machines or engines are classified in subclasses Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F01M, Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F01N, Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F01P except for those peculiar to steam engines which are classified in subclass Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F01B. For use of this subsection with a good understanding, it is essential to remember, so far as subclasses Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F01B, Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F01C, Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F01D, Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F03B, and Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F04B, Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F04C, Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F04D, which form its skeleton, are concerned: the principle which resides in their elaboration, the classifying characteristics which they call for, and their complementarity. Principle This concerns essentially the subclasses listed above. Other subclasses, notably those of class Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F02, which cover better-defined matter, are not considered here. Each subclass covers fundamentally a genus of apparatus (engine or pump) and by extension covers equally "machines" of the same kind. Two different subjects, one having a more general character than the other, are thus covered by the same subclass. Subclasses Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F01B, Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F03B, Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F04B, beyond the two subjects which they cover, have further a character of generality in relation to other subclasses concerning the different species of apparatus in the genus concerned. This generality applies as well for the two subjects dealt with, without these always being in relation to the same subclasses. Thus, subclass Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F03B, in its part dealing with "machines", should be considered as being the general class relating to subclasses Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F04B, Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F04C, and in its part dealing with "engines" as being general in relation to subclass Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F03C. Characteristics The principal classifying characteristic of the subclass is that of genera of apparatus, of which there are three possible: Machines; engines; pumps. As stated above, "machines" are always associated with one of the other two genera. These main genera are subdivided according to the general principles of operation of the apparatus: Positive displacement; non-positive displacement. The positive displacement apparatus are further subdivided according to the ways of putting into effect the principle of operation, that is, to the kind of apparatus: Simple reciprocating piston; rotary or oscillating piston; other kind. Another classifying characteristic is that of the working fluid, in respect of which three kinds of apparatus are possible, namely: Liquid and elastic fluid; elastic fluid; liquid. Complementarity This resides in association of pairs of the subclasses listed above, according to the characteristics under consideration in respect of kind of apparatus or working fluid. The subclasses concerned with the various principles, characteristics and complementarity are shown in the following table: It is seen from this table that: For the same kind of apparatus in a given genus, the characteristic of "working fluid" associates: Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F01B and Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F04B Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F01C and Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F04C Machines Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F01D and Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F03B Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F01B and Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F03C Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F01C and Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F03C Engines Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F01D and Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F03B For the same kind of working fluid, the "apparatus" characteristic relates subclasses in the same way as considerations of relative generality.

LIGHTING; HEATING

|  | F27 |
FURNACES; KILNS; OVENS; RETORTS (specially adapted for a purpose covered by a single other class and specifically mentioned in that class, see the class in question, e.g. bakery ovens Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...A21B, glass melting furnaces Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...C03B, coke or gas-making apparatus Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...C10B, Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...C10J, apparatus for cracking hydrocarbons Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...C10G, blast furnaces Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...C21B, converters for making steel Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...C21C, furnaces for heat treatment of metal Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...C21D; furnaces for electroslag or arc remelting of metals Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...C22B 9/00; enamelling ovens Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...C23D; combustion apparatus Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F23; electric heating Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...H05B) [4]

|  | F27 |
Note(s) This class covers: furnaces, kilns, ovens, retorts, open sintering apparatus, and details or accessories therefor, in general; the arrangement of electrical heating elements in or on furnaces. This class does not cover: electrical heating elements per se; processes carried on within the furnaces. In this class, the following term is used with the meaning indicated: "furnaces" covers kilns, ovens, or retorts.

|  | F27B |
FURNACES, KILNS, OVENS, OR RETORTS IN GENERAL; OPEN SINTERING OR LIKE APPARATUS

|  | F27B |
Note(s) Attention is drawn to the references and Notes following the title of class Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F27 and the Note III following the Contents of Section of section H.

|  | F27B |
Subclass index
FURNACES WITH STATIONARY CHARGE |
Shaft furnaces | 1/00
Horizontal furnaces | 3/00, 5/00
Bell-type furnaces | 11/00
With progression of heating | 13/00
Crucible furnaces, tank furnaces | 14/00
STATIONARY FURNACES WITH MECHANICALLY-MOVED CHARGE | 9/00
ROTARY FURNACES | 7/00, 13/00
OTHER FURNACES; COMBINATIONS | 15/00, 17/00; 19/00
OPEN SINTERING OR LIKE APPARATUS | 21/00

|  | F27B 1/00 |
Shaft or like vertical or substantially vertical furnaces (for preheating, burning, calcining or cooling lime, magnesia or dolomite Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...C04B 2/12)

|  | F27B 1/02 |
· | with two or more shafts or chambers, e.g. multi-storey

|  | F27B 1/04 |
· · | Combinations or arrangements of shafts

|  | F27B 1/06 |
· | of other than up-draught type

|  | F27B 1/08 |
· | heated otherwise than by solid fuel mixed with charge

|  | F27B 1/09 |
· · | heated electrically [4]

|  | F27B 1/10 |
· | Details, accessories, or equipment peculiar to furnaces of these types

|  | F27B 1/12 |
· · | Shells or casings; Supports therefor

|  | F27B 1/14 |
· · · | Arrangements of linings (linings in general Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F27D 1/00)

|  | F27B 1/16 |
· · | Arrangements of tuyeres

|  | F27B 1/18 |
· · | Arrangements of dust collectors

|  | F27B 1/20 |
· · | Arrangement of devices for charging [4]

|  | F27B 1/21 |
· · | Arrangement of devices for discharging [4]

|  | F27B 1/22 |
· · | Arrangements of heat-exchange apparatus (heat-exchangers in general Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F28C, Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F28D)

|  | F27B 1/24 |
· · | Cooling arrangements

|  | F27B 1/26 |
· · | Arrangements of controlling devices

|  | F27B 1/28 |
· · | Arrangements of monitoring devices, of indicators, of alarm devices

|  | F27B 3/00 |
Hearth-type furnaces, e.g. of reverberatory type (Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F27B 9/00-F27B 15/00, Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F27B 21/00 take precedence); Electric arc furnaces [4]

|  | F27B 3/02 |
· | of single-chamber fixed-hearth type

|  | F27B 3/04 |
· | of multiple-hearth type; of multiple-chamber type; Combinations of hearth-type furnaces

|  | F27B 3/06 |
· | with movable working chambers or hearths, e.g. tiltable

|  | F27B 3/08 |
· | heated electrically, e.g. electric arc furnaces, with or without any other source of heat

|  | F27B 3/10 |
· | Details, accessories, or equipment, e.g. dust-collectors, peculiar to hearth-type furnaces

|  | F27B 3/12 |
· · | Working chambers or casings; Supports therefor

|  | F27B 3/14 |
· · · | Arrangements of linings

|  | F27B 3/16 |
· · · | Walls; Roofs

|  | F27B 3/18 |
· · | Arrangement of devices for charging [4]

|  | F27B 3/19 |
· · | Arrangement of devices for discharging [4]

|  | F27B 3/20 |
· · | Arrangements of heating devices

|  | F27B 3/22 |
· · | Arrangements of air or gas supply devices

|  | F27B 3/24 |
· · | Cooling arrangements

|  | F27B 3/26 |
· · | Arrangements of heat-exchange apparatus

|  | F27B 3/28 |
· · | Arrangement of controlling, monitoring, alarm or like devices [4]

|  | F27B 5/00 |
Muffle furnaces; Retort furnaces; Other furnaces in which the charge is held completely isolated (Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F27B 9/00 takes precedence)

|  | F27B 5/02 |
· | of multiple-chamber type

|  | F27B 5/04 |
· | adapted for treating the charge in vacuum or special atmosphere

|  | F27B 5/05 |
· · | in vacuum [5]

|  | F27B 5/06 |
· | Details, accessories, or equipment peculiar to furnaces of these types

|  | F27B 5/08 |
· · | Arrangements of linings

|  | F27B 5/10 |
· · | Muffles

|  | F27B 5/12 |
· · | Arrangement of devices for charging [4]

|  | F27B 5/13 |
· · | Arrangement of devices for discharging [4]

|  | F27B 5/14 |
· · | Arrangements of heating devices

|  | F27B 5/16 |
· · | Arrangements of air or gas supply devices

|  | F27B 5/18 |
· · | Arrangement of controlling, monitoring, alarm or like devices [4]

|  | F27B 7/00 |
Rotary-drum furnaces, i.e. horizontal or slightly inclined

|  | F27B 7/02 |
· | of multiple-chamber or multiple-drum type

|  | F27B 7/04 |
· · | with longitudinal divisions

|  | F27B 7/06 |
· | adapted for treating the charge in vacuum or special atmosphere

|  | F27B 7/08 |
· | externally heated

|  | F27B 7/10 |
· | internally heated, e.g. by means of passages in the wall

|  | F27B 7/12 |
· | tiltable

|  | F27B 7/14 |
· | with means for agitating or moving the charge

|  | F27B 7/16 |
· · | the means being fixed relatively to the drum (Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F27B 7/04 takes precedence)

|  | F27B 7/18 |
· · | the means being movable within the drum

|  | F27B 7/20 |
· | Details, accessories, or equipment peculiar to rotary-drum furnaces

|  | F27B 7/22 |
· · | Rotary drums; Supports therefor

|  | F27B 7/24 |
· · · | Seals between rotary and stationary parts

|  | F27B 7/26 |
· · | Drives

|  | F27B 7/28 |
· · | Arrangements of linings

|  | F27B 7/30 |
· · | Arrangements of partitions

|  | F27B 7/32 |
· · | Arrangement of devices for charging [4]

|  | F27B 7/33 |
· · | Arrangement of devices for discharging [4]

|  | F27B 7/34 |
· · | Arrangements of heating devices

|  | F27B 7/36 |
· · | Arrangements of air or gas supply devices

|  | F27B 7/38 |
· · | Arrangements of cooling devices

|  | F27B 7/40 |
· · · | Planetary coolers [4]

|  | F27B 7/42 |
· · | Arrangement of controlling, monitoring, alarm or like devices [4]

|  | F27B 9/00 |
Furnaces through which the charge is moved mechanically, e.g. of tunnel type (Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F27B 7/14 takes precedence); Similar furnaces in which the charge moves by gravity

|  | F27B 9/02 |
· | of multiple-track type; of multiple-chamber type; Combinations of furnaces

|  | F27B 9/04 |
· | adapted for treating the charge in vacuum or special atmosphere

|  | F27B 9/06 |
· | heated without contact between combustion gases and charge; electrically heated

|  | F27B 9/08 |
· · | heated through chamber walls

|  | F27B 9/10 |
· · | heated by hot air or gas

|  | F27B 9/12 |
· | with special arrangements for preheating or cooling the charge

|  | F27B 9/14 |
· | characterised by the path of the charge during treatment; characterised by the means by which the charge is moved during treatment (Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F27B 9/28 takes precedence; travelling or movable supports or containers for the charge Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F27D 3/12)

|  | F27B 9/16 |
· · | the charge moving in a circular or arcuate path

|  | F27B 9/18 |
· · · | under the action of scrapers or pushers

|  | F27B 9/20 |
· · | the charge moving in a substantially straight path

|  | F27B 9/22 |
· · · | under the action of scrapers or pushers (Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F27B 9/26 takes precedence)

|  | F27B 9/24 |
· · · | being carried by a conveyer

|  | F27B 9/26 |
· · · | on or in trucks, sleds, or containers

|  | F27B 9/28 |
· | for treating continuous lengths of work

|  | F27B 9/30 |
· | Details, accessories, or equipment peculiar to furnaces of these types

|  | F27B 9/32 |
· · | Casings

|  | F27B 9/34 |
· · · | Arrangements of linings

|  | F27B 9/36 |
· · | Arrangements of heating devices

|  | F27B 9/38 |
· · | Arrangement of devices for charging [4]

|  | F27B 9/39 |
· · | Arrangement of devices for discharging [4]

|  | F27B 9/40 |
· · | Arrangements of controlling or monitoring devices

|  | F27B 11/00 |
Bell-type furnaces (for treating metal strips or wire Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...C21D 9/663)

|  | F27B 13/00 |
Furnaces with both stationary charge and progression of heating, e.g. of ring type, of type in which segmental kiln moves over stationary charge

|  | F27B 13/02 |
· | of multiple-chamber type with permanent partitions; Combinations of furnaces

|  | F27B 13/04 |
· | of single-chamber type with temporary partitions

|  | F27B 13/06 |
· | Details, accessories, or equipment peculiar to furnaces of this type

|  | F27B 13/08 |
· · | Casings

|  | F27B 13/10 |
· · · | Arrangements of linings

|  | F27B 13/12 |
· · | Arrangements of heating devices

|  | F27B 13/14 |
· · | Arrangement of controlling, monitoring, alarm or like devices [4]

|  | F27B 14/00 |
Crucible or pot furnaces; Tank furnaces [4]

|  | F27B 14/02 |
· | with tilting or rocking arrangements (Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F27B 14/04 takes precedence)

|  | F27B 14/04 |
· | adapted for treating the charge in vacuum or special atmosphere

|  | F27B 14/06 |
· | heated electrically, e.g. induction crucible furnaces, with or without any other source of heat (Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F27B 14/04 takes precedence)

|  | F27B 14/08 |
· | Details peculiar to crucible, pot or tank furnaces [4]

|  | F27B 14/10 |
· · | Crucibles

|  | F27B 14/12 |
· · · | Covers therefor

|  | F27B 14/14 |
· · | Arrangements of heating devices

|  | F27B 14/16 |
· · | Arrangement of devices for charging [4]

|  | F27B 14/18 |
· · | Arrangement of devices for discharging [4]

|  | F27B 14/20 |
· · | Arrangement of controlling, monitoring, alarm or like devices [4]

|  | F27B 15/00 |
Fluidised-bed furnaces; Other furnaces using or treating finely-divided materials in dispersion

|  | F27B 15/02 |
· | Details, accessories, or equipment peculiar to furnaces of these types

|  | F27B 15/04 |
· · | Casings; Supports therefor

|  | F27B 15/06 |
· · · | Arrangements of linings

|  | F27B 15/08 |
· · | Arrangement of devices for charging [4]

|  | F27B 15/09 |
· · | Arrangement of devices for discharging [4]

|  | F27B 15/10 |
· · | Arrangements of air or gas supply devices

|  | F27B 15/12 |
· · | Arrangements of dust collectors

|  | F27B 15/14 |
· · | Arrangements of heating devices

|  | F27B 15/16 |
· · | Arrangements of cooling devices

|  | F27B 15/18 |
· · | Arrangements of controlling devices

|  | F27B 15/20 |
· · | Arrangements of monitoring devices, of indicators, of alarm devices

|  | F27B 17/00 |
Furnaces of a kind not covered by any preceding group (structural combinations of furnaces Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F27B 19/02)

|  | F27B 17/02 |
· | specially designed for laboratory use

|  | F27B 19/00 |
Combinations of furnaces of kinds not covered by a single preceding main group

|  | F27B 19/02 |
· | combined in one structure

|  | F27B 19/04 |
· | arranged for associated working

|  | F27B 21/00 |
Open or uncovered sintering apparatus; Other heat-treatment apparatus of like construction

|  | F27B 21/02 |
· | Sintering grates or tables

|  | F27B 21/04 |
· | Sintering pots or sintering pans

|  | F27B 21/06 |
· | Endless-strand sintering machines

|  | F27B 21/08 |
· | Details, accessories, or equipment peculiar to sintering or like apparatus [4]

|  | F27B 21/10 |
· · | Arrangement of devices for charging [4]

|  | F27B 21/12 |
· · | Arrangement of devices for discharging [4]

|  | F27B 21/14 |
· · | Arrangement of controlling, monitoring, alarm or like devices [4]