|  | G |
SECTION G — PHYSICS

|  | G |
Note(s) In this section, the following term is used with the meaning indicated: "variable" (as a noun) means a feature or property (e.g., a dimension, a physical condition such as temperature, a quality such as density or colour) which, in respect of a particular entity (e.g., an object, a quantity of a substance, a beam of light) and at a particular instant, is capable of being measured; the variable may change, so that its numerical expression may assume different values at different times, in different conditions or in individual cases, but may be constant in respect of a particular entity in certain conditions or for practical purposes (e.g., the length of a bar may be regarded as constant for many purposes). Attention is drawn to the definitions of terms or expressions used, appearing in the notes of several of the classes in this section, in particular those of "measuring" in class Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...G01 and "control" and "regulation" in class Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...G05. Classification in this section may present more difficulty than in other sections, because the distinction between different fields of use rests to a considerable extent on differences in the intention of the user rather than on any constructional differences or differences in the manner of use, and because the subjects dealt with are often in effect systems or combinations, which have features or parts in common, rather than "things", which are readily distinguishable as a whole. For example, information (e.g., a set of figures) may be displayed for the purpose of education or advertising (Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...G09), for enabling the result of a measurement to be known (Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...G01), for signalling the information to a distant point or for giving information which has been signalled from a distant point (Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...G08). The words used to describe the purpose depend on features that may be irrelevant to the form of the apparatus concerned, for example, such features as the desired effect on the person who sees the display, or whether the display is controlled from a remote point. Again, a device which responds to some change in a condition, e.g., in the pressure of a fluid, may be used, without modification of the device itself, to give information about the pressure (Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...G01L) or about some other condition linked to the pressure (another subclass of class Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...G01, e.g., Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...G01K for temperature), to make a record of the pressure or of its occurrence (Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...G07C), to give an alarm (Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...G08B), or to control another apparatus (Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...G05). The classification scheme is intended to enable things of a similar nature (as indicated above) to be classified together. It is therefore particularly necessary for the real nature of any technical subject to be decided before it can be properly classified.

INSTRUMENTS

|  | G05 |
CONTROLLING; REGULATING (specially adapted to a particular field of use, see the relevant place for that field, e.g. Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...A62C 37/00, Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...B03B 13/00, Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...B23Q)

|  | G05 |
Note(s) This class covers methods, systems, and apparatus for controlling, in general. In this class, the following terms or expressions are used with the meanings indicated: "controlling" means influencing a variable in any way, e.g. changing its direction or its value (including changing it to or from zero), maintaining it constant, limiting its range of variation; "regulation" means maintaining a variable automatically at a desired value or within a desired range of values. The desired value or range may be fixed, or manually varied, or may vary with time according to a predetermined "programme" or according to variation of another variable. Regulation is a form of control; "automatic control" is often used in the art as a synonym for "regulation". Attention is drawn to the Notes following the title of section G, especially as regards the definition of the term "variable".

|  | G05B |
CONTROL OR REGULATING SYSTEMS IN GENERAL; FUNCTIONAL ELEMENTS OF SUCH SYSTEMS; MONITORING OR TESTING ARRANGEMENTS FOR SUCH SYSTEMS OR ELEMENTS (fluid-pressure actuators or systems acting by means of fluids in general Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F15B; valves per se Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F16K; characterised by mechanical features only Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...G05G; sensitive elements, see the appropriate subclasses, e.g. Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...G12B, subclasses of Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...G01, Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...H01; correcting units, see the appropriate subclasses, e.g. Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...H02K)

|  | G05B |
Note(s) This subclass covers features of control systems or elements for regulating specific variables, which are clearly more generally applicable. This subclass does not cover applications of such systems or elements, which are covered by subclass Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...G05D or Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...G05F. In this subclass, the following terms or expressions are used with the meanings indicated: "automatic controller" means a system, circuit, or device in which a signal from the detecting element is compared with a signal representing the desired value and which operates in such a way as to reduce the deviation. The automatic controller generally does not include the sensitive element, i.e. that element which measures the value of the condition to be corrected, or the correcting element, i.e. that element which adjusts the condition to be corrected; "electric" includes "electromechanical", "electrohydraulic" or "electropneumatic". In this subclass, details of specific control systems are classified in the group relevant to the system, if not otherwise provided for.

|  | G05B |
Subclass index
CONTROL SYSTEMS |
Adaptive | 13/00
Controlled by computer | 15/00
Involving the use of models or simulators | 17/00
Controlled by programme | 19/00
Involving sampling | 21/00
Open-loop automatic control systems not otherwise provided for | 24/00
SYSTEM DETAILS |
Comparing elements | 1/00
Anti-hunting arrangements | 5/00
Internal feedback arrangements | 6/00
Obtaining smooth engagement or disengagement of automatic control | 7/00
Safety arrangements | 9/00
Automatic controllers | 11/00
TESTING, MONITORING | 23/00

|  | G05B 1/00 |
Comparing elements, i.e. elements for effecting comparison directly or indirectly between a desired value and existing or anticipated values (comparing phase or frequency of two electric signals Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...H03D 13/00)

|  | G05B 1/01 |
· | electric [2]

|  | G05B 1/02 |
· · | for comparing analogue signals [2]

|  | G05B 1/03 |
· · | for comparing digital signals [2]

|  | G05B 1/04 |
· · | with sensing of the position of the pointer of a measuring instrument

|  | G05B 1/06 |
· · · | continuous sensing

|  | G05B 1/08 |
· · · | stepwise sensing

|  | G05B 1/11 |
· | fluidic [2]

|  | G05B 5/00 |
Anti-hunting arrangements

|  | G05B 5/01 |
· | electric

|  | G05B 5/04 |
· | fluidic [2]

|  | G05B 6/00 |
Internal feedback arrangements for obtaining particular characteristics, e.g. proportional, integral, differential (in automatic controllers Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...G05B 11/00)

|  | G05B 6/02 |
· | electric

|  | G05B 6/05 |
· | fluidic [2]

|  | G05B 7/00 |
Arrangements for obtaining smooth engagement or disengagement of automatic control

|  | G05B 7/02 |
· | electric [2]

|  | G05B 7/04 |
· | fluidic [2]

|  | G05B 9/00 |
Safety arrangements (Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...G05B 7/00 takes precedence; safety arrangements in programme-control systems Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...G05B 19/048, Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...G05B 19/406; safety valves Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F16K 17/00; emergency protective circuit arrangements in general Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...H02H)

|  | G05B 9/02 |
· | electric

|  | G05B 9/03 |
· · | with multiple-channel loop, i.e. redundant control systems [2]

|  | G05B 9/05 |
· | fluidic [2]

|  | G05B 11/00 |
Automatic controllers (Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...G05B 13/00 takes precedence)

|  | G05B 11/01 |
· | electric

|  | G05B 11/06 |
· · | in which the output signal represents a continuous function of the deviation from the desired value, i.e. continuous controllers (Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...G05B 11/26 takes precedence)

|  | G05B 11/10 |
· · · | the signal transmitted being dc

|  | G05B 11/12 |
· · · | the signal transmitted being modulated on an ac carrier

|  | G05B 11/14 |
· · | in which the output signal represents a discontinuous function of the deviation from the desired value, i.e. discontinuous controllers (Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...G05B 11/26 takes precedence)

|  | G05B 11/16 |
· · · | Two-step controllers, e.g. with on/off action

|  | G05B 11/18 |
· · · | Multi-step controllers

|  | G05B 11/26 |
· · | in which the output signal is a pulse-train

|  | G05B 11/28 |
· · · | using pulse-height modulation; using pulse-width modulation

|  | G05B 11/30 |
· · · | using pulse-frequency modulation

|  | G05B 11/32 |
· · | with inputs from more than one sensing element; with outputs to more than one correcting element

|  | G05B 11/36 |
· · | with provision for obtaining particular characteristics, e.g. proportional, integral, differential

|  | G05B 11/38 |
· · · | for obtaining a proportional characteristic

|  | G05B 11/40 |
· · · | for obtaining an integral characteristic

|  | G05B 11/42 |
· · · | for obtaining a characteristic which is both proportional and time-dependent, e.g. P. I., P. I. D.

|  | G05B 11/44 |
· | pneumatic only

|  | G05B 11/46 |
· · | without auxiliary power

|  | G05B 11/48 |
· · | with auxiliary power

|  | G05B 11/50 |
· · · | in which the output signal represents a continuous function of the deviation from the desired value, i.e. continuous controllers

|  | G05B 11/52 |
· · · | in which the output signal represents a discontinuous function of the deviation from the desired value, i.e. discontinuous controllers

|  | G05B 11/54 |
· · · · | Two-step controllers, e.g. with on/off action

|  | G05B 11/56 |
· · · · | Multi-step controllers

|  | G05B 11/58 |
· · | with inputs from more than one sensing element; with outputs to more than one correcting element

|  | G05B 11/60 |
· | hydraulic only

|  | G05B 13/00 |
Adaptive control systems, i.e. systems automatically adjusting themselves to have a performance which is optimum according to some preassigned criterion (Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...G05B 19/00 takes precedence; details of the computer Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...G06F 15/18) [3]

|  | G05B 13/02 |
· | electric

|  | G05B 13/04 |
· · | involving the use of models or simulators [3]

|  | G05B 15/00 |
Systems controlled by a computer (Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...G05B 13/00, Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...G05B 19/00 take precedence; automatic controllers with particular characteristics Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...G05B 11/00; computers per se Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...G06) [3]

|  | G05B 15/02 |
· | electric

|  | G05B 17/00 |
Systems involving the use of models or simulators of said systems (Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...G05B 13/00, Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...G05B 15/00, Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...G05B 19/00 take precedence; analogue computers for specific processes, systems or devices, e.g. simulators, Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...G06G 7/48) [3]

|  | G05B 17/02 |
· | electric

|  | G05B 19/00 |
Programme-control systems (specific applications, see the relevant places, e.g. Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...A47L 15/46; clocks with attached or built-in means operating any device at a preselected time interval Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...G04C 23/00; marking or sensing record carriers with digital information Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...G06K; information storage Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...G11; time or time-programme switches which automatically terminate their operation after the programme is completed Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...H01H 43/00)

|  | G05B 19/02 |
· | electric

|  | G05B 19/04 |
· · | Programme control other than numerical control, i.e. in sequence controllers or logic controllers (Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...G05B 19/418 takes precedence; numerical control Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...G05B 19/18)

|  | G05B 19/042 |
· · · | using digital processors (Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...G05B 19/05 takes precedence) [6]

|  | G05B 19/045 |
· · · | using logic state machines, consisting only of a memory or a programmable logic device containing the logic for the controlled machine and in which the state of its outputs is dependent on the state of its inputs or part of its own output states, e.g. binary decision controllers, finite state controllers [6]

|  | G05B 19/048 |
· · · | Monitoring; Safety [6]

|  | G05B 19/05 |
· · · | Programmable logic controllers, e.g. simulating logic interconnections of signals according to ladder diagrams or function charts [5]

|  | G05B 19/06 |
· · · | using cams, discs, rods, drums, or the like (mechanical programme-control apparatus Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...G05G 21/00)

|  | G05B 19/07 |
· · · | where the programme is defined in the fixed connection of electrical elements, e.g. potentiometers, counters, transistors [6]

|  | G05B 19/08 |
· · · | using plugboards, cross-bar distributors, matrix switches, or the like

|  | G05B 19/10 |
· · · | using selector switches

|  | G05B 19/12 |
· · · | using record carriers

|  | G05B 19/14 |
· · · · | using punched cards or tapes

|  | G05B 19/16 |
· · · · | using magnetic record carriers

|  | G05B 19/18 |
· · | Numerical control (NC), i.e. automatically operating machines, in particular machine tools, e.g. in a manufacturing environment, so as to execute positioning, movement or co-ordinated operations by means of programme data in numerical form (Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...G05B 19/418 takes precedence) [6]

|  | G05B 19/19 |
· · · | characterised by positioning or contouring control systems, e.g. to control position from one programmed point to another or to control movement along a programmed continuous path [3,6]

|  | G05B 19/19 |
Note(s) In this group, the measuring system for an axis is used to measure the displacement along that axis. This measurement is used as position-feedback in the servo-control system. [6]

|  | G05B 19/21 |
· · · · | using an incremental digital measuring device [3]

|  | G05B 19/23 |
· · · · · | for point-to-point control [3]

|  | G05B 19/25 |
· · · · · | for continuous-path control [3]

|  | G05B 19/27 |
· · · · | using an absolute digital measuring device [3]

|  | G05B 19/29 |
· · · · · | for point-to-point control [3]

|  | G05B 19/31 |
· · · · · | for continuous-path control [3]

|  | G05B 19/33 |
· · · · | using an analogue measuring device [3]

|  | G05B 19/35 |
· · · · · | for point-to-point control [3]

|  | G05B 19/37 |
· · · · · | for continuous-path control [3]

|  | G05B 19/39 |
· · · · | using a combination of the means covered by at least two of the preceding groups Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...G05B 19/21, Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...G05B 19/27 and Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...G05B 19/33 [3]

|  | G05B 19/40 |
· · · · | Open loop systems, e.g. using stepping motor [3]

|  | G05B 19/401 |
· · · | characterised by control arrangements for measuring, e.g. calibration and initialisation, measuring workpiece for machining purposes (Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...G05B 19/19 takes precedence) [6]

|  | G05B 19/402 |
· · · | characterised by control arrangements for positioning, e.g. centring a tool relative to a hole in the workpiece, additional detection means to correct position (Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...G05B 19/19 takes precedence) [6]

|  | G05B 19/403 |
( transferred to Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...G05B 19/402, Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...G05B 19/414, Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...G05B 19/4155, covered by Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...G05B 19/41 )

|  | G05B 19/404 |
· · · | characterised by control arrangements for compensation, e.g. for backlash, overshoot, tool offset, tool wear, temperature, machine construction errors, load, inertia (Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...G05B 19/19, Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...G05B 19/41 take precedence) [6]

|  | G05B 19/405 |
( transferred to Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...G05B 19/406, Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...G05B 19/408, Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...G05B 19/409 )

|  | G05B 19/406 |
· · · | characterised by monitoring or safety (Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...G05B 19/19 takes precedence) [6]

|  | G05B 19/4061 |
· · · · | Avoiding collision or forbidden zones [6]

|  | G05B 19/4062 |
· · · · | Monitoring servoloop, e.g. overload of servomotor, loss of feedback or reference [6]

|  | G05B 19/4063 |
· · · · | Monitoring general control system (Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...G05B 19/4062 takes precedence) [6]

|  | G05B 19/4065 |
· · · · | Monitoring tool breakage, life or condition [6]

|  | G05B 19/4067 |
· · · · | Restoring data or position after power failure or other interruption [6]

|  | G05B 19/4068 |
· · · · | Verifying part programme on screen, by drawing or other means [6]

|  | G05B 19/4069 |
· · · · | Simulating machining process on screen (Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...G05B 19/4068 takes precedence) [6]

|  | G05B 19/407 |
( transferred to Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...G05B 19/416 )

|  | G05B 19/408 |
· · · | characterised by data handling or data format, e.g. reading, buffering or conversion of data [6]

|  | G05B 19/409 |
· · · | characterised by using manual data input (MDI) or by using control panel, e.g. controlling functions with the panel; characterised by control panel details, by setting parameters (Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...G05B 19/408, Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...G05B 19/4093 take precedence) [6]

|  | G05B 19/4093 |
· · · | characterised by part programming, e.g. entry of geometrical information as taken from a technical drawing, combining this with machining and material information to obtain control information, named part programme, for the NC machine [6]

|  | G05B 19/4097 |
· · · | characterised by using design data to control NC machines, e.g. CAD/CAM (Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...G05B 19/4093 takes precedence; CAD in general Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...G06F 17/50) [6]

|  | G05B 19/4099 |
· · · · | Surface or curve machining, making 3D objects, e.g. desktop manufacturing [6]

|  | G05B 19/41 |
· · · | characterised by interpolation, e.g. the computation of intermediate points between programmed end points to define the path to be followed and the rate of travel along that path (Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...G05B 19/25, Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...G05B 19/31, Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...G05B 19/37, Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...G05B 19/39, Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...G05B 19/40 take precedence) [3,6]

|  | G05B 19/4103 |
· · · · | Digital interpolation [6]

|  | G05B 19/4105 |
· · · · | Analog interpolation [6]

|  | G05B 19/413 |
( transferred to Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...G05B 19/4105 )

|  | G05B 19/414 |
· · · | Structure of the control system, e.g. common controller or multiprocessor systems, interface to servo, programmable interface controller [6]

|  | G05B 19/415 |
( transferred to Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...G05B 19/4103 )

|  | G05B 19/4155 |
· · · | characterised by programme execution, i.e. part programme or machine function execution, e.g. selection of a programme [6]

|  | G05B 19/416 |
· · · | characterised by control of velocity, acceleration or deceleration (Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...G05B 19/19 takes precedence) [6]

|  | G05B 19/417 |
( transferred to Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...G05B 19/418 )

|  | G05B 19/418 |
· · | Total factory control, i.e. centrally controlling a plurality of machines, e.g. direct or distributed numerical control (DNC), flexible manufacturing systems (FMS), integrated manufacturing systems (IMS), computer integrated manufacturing (CIM) [6]

|  | G05B 19/42 |
· · | Recording and playback systems, i.e. in which the programme is recorded from a cycle of operations, e.g. the cycle of operations being manually controlled, after which this record is played back on the same machine

|  | G05B 19/421 |
· · · | Teaching successive positions by mechanical means, e.g. by mechanically-coupled handwheels to position tool head or end effector (Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...G05B 19/423 takes precedence) [6]

|  | G05B 19/423 |
· · · | Teaching successive positions by walk-through, i.e. the tool head or end effector being grasped and guided directly, with or without servo-assistance, to follow a path [6]

|  | G05B 19/425 |
· · · | Teaching successive positions by numerical control, i.e. commands being entered to control the positioning servo of the tool head or end effector [6]

|  | G05B 19/427 |
· · · | Teaching successive positions by tracking the position of a joystick or handle to control the positioning servo of the tool head, master-slave control (Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...G05B 19/423 takes precedence) [6]

|  | G05B 19/43 |
· | fluidic [3]

|  | G05B 19/44 |
· · | pneumatic [3]

|  | G05B 19/46 |
· · | hydraulic [3]

|  | G05B 21/00 |
Systems involving sampling of the variable controlled (Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...G05B 13/00-G05B 19/00 take precedence; transmission systems for measured values Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...G08C; electronic switching or gating Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...H03K 17/00)

|  | G05B 21/02 |
· | electric

|  | G05B 23/00 |
Testing or monitoring of control systems or parts thereof (monitoring of programme-control systems Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...G05B 19/048, Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...G05B 19/406)

|  | G05B 23/02 |
· | Electric testing or monitoring

|  | G05B 24/00 |
Open-loop automatic control systems not otherwise provided for [2]

|  | G05B 24/02 |
· | electric [2]

|  | G05B 24/04 |
· | fluidic [2]