|  | F |
SECTION F — MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING

|  | F01 - F42 |
Note(s) Guide to the use of this subsection (classes Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F01-F04) The following notes are meant to assist in the use of this part of the classification scheme. In this subsection, subclasses or groups designating "engines" or "pumps" cover methods of operating the same, unless otherwise specifically provided for. In this subsection, the following terms or expressions are used with the meanings indicated: "engine" means a device for continuously converting fluid energy into mechanical power. Thus, this term includes, for example, steam piston engines or steam turbines, per se, or internal-combustion piston engines, but it excludes single-stroke devices. "Engine" also includes the fluid-motive portion of a meter unless such portion is particularly adapted for use in a meter; "pump" means a device for continuously raising, forcing, compressing, or exhausting fluid by mechanical or other means. Thus, this term includes fans or blowers; "machine" means a device which could equally be an engine and a pump, and not a device which is restricted to an engine or one which is restricted to a pump; "positive displacement" means the way the energy of a working fluid is transformed into mechanical energy, in which variations of volume created by the working fluid in a working chamber produce equivalent displacements of the mechanical member transmitting the energy, the dynamic effect of the fluid being of minor importance, and vice versa; "non-positive displacement" means the way the energy of a working fluid is transformed into mechanical energy, by transformation of the energy of the working fluid into kinetic energy, and vice versa; "oscillating-piston machine" means a positive-displacement machine in which a fluid-engaging work-transmitting member oscillates. This definition applies also to engines and pumps; "rotary-piston machine" means a positive-displacement machine in which a fluid-engaging work-transmitting member rotates about a fixed axis or about an axis moving along a circular or similar orbit. This definition applies also to engines and pumps; "rotary piston" means the work-transmitting member of a rotary-piston machine and may be of any suitable form, e.g., like a toothed gear; "cooperating members" means the "oscillating piston" or "rotary piston" and another member, e.g., the working-chamber wall, which assists in the driving or pumping action; "movement of the co-operating members" is to be interpreted as relative, so that one of the "co-operating members" may be stationary, even though reference may be made to its rotational axis, or both may move; "teeth or tooth equivalents" include lobes, projections or abutments; "internal-axis type" means that the rotational axes of the inner and outer co-operating members remain at all times within the outer member, e.g., in a similar manner to that of a pinion meshing with the internal teeth of a ring gear; "free piston" means a piston of which the length of stroke is not defined by any member driven thereby; "cylinders" means positive-displacement working chambers in general. Thus, this term is not restricted to cylinders of circular cross-section; "main shaft" means the shaft which converts reciprocating piston motion into rotary motion or vice versa; "plant" means an engine together with such additional apparatus as is necessary to run the engine. For example, a steam engine plant includes a steam engine and means for generating the steam; "working fluid" means the driven fluid in a pump and the driving fluid in an engine. The working fluid may be in a gaseous state, i.e., compressible, or liquid. In the former case coexistence of two states is possible; "steam" includes condensable vapours in general, and "special vapour" is used when steam is excluded; "reaction type" as applied to non-positive-displacement machines or engines means machines or engines in which pressure/velocity transformation takes place wholly or partly in the rotor. Mmachines or engines with no, or only slight, pressure/velocity transformation in the rotor are called "impulse type". In this subsection: cyclically operating valves, lubricating, gas-flow silencers or exhaust apparatus, or cooling are classified in subclasses Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F01L, Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F01M, Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F01N, Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F01P irrespective of their stated application, unless their classifying features are peculiar to their application, in which case they are classified only in the relevant subclass of classes Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F01-F04; lubricating, gas-flow silencers or exhaust apparatus, or cooling of machines or engines are classified in subclasses Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F01M, Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F01N, Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F01P except for those peculiar to steam engines which are classified in subclass Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F01B. For use of this subsection with a good understanding, it is essential to remember, so far as subclasses Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F01B, Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F01C, Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F01D, Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F03B, and Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F04B, Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F04C, Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F04D, which form its skeleton, are concerned: the principle which resides in their elaboration, the classifying characteristics which they call for, and their complementarity. Principle This concerns essentially the subclasses listed above. Other subclasses, notably those of class Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F02, which cover better-defined matter, are not considered here. Each subclass covers fundamentally a genus of apparatus (engine or pump) and by extension covers equally "machines" of the same kind. Two different subjects, one having a more general character than the other, are thus covered by the same subclass. Subclasses Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F01B, Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F03B, Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F04B, beyond the two subjects which they cover, have further a character of generality in relation to other subclasses concerning the different species of apparatus in the genus concerned. This generality applies as well for the two subjects dealt with, without these always being in relation to the same subclasses. Thus, subclass Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F03B, in its part dealing with "machines", should be considered as being the general class relating to subclasses Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F04B, Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F04C, and in its part dealing with "engines" as being general in relation to subclass Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F03C. Characteristics The principal classifying characteristic of the subclass is that of genera of apparatus, of which there are three possible: Machines; engines; pumps. As stated above, "machines" are always associated with one of the other two genera. These main genera are subdivided according to the general principles of operation of the apparatus: Positive displacement; non-positive displacement. The positive displacement apparatus are further subdivided according to the ways of putting into effect the principle of operation, that is, to the kind of apparatus: Simple reciprocating piston; rotary or oscillating piston; other kind. Another classifying characteristic is that of the working fluid, in respect of which three kinds of apparatus are possible, namely: Liquid and elastic fluid; elastic fluid; liquid. Complementarity This resides in association of pairs of the subclasses listed above, according to the characteristics under consideration in respect of kind of apparatus or working fluid. The subclasses concerned with the various principles, characteristics and complementarity are shown in the following table: It is seen from this table that: For the same kind of apparatus in a given genus, the characteristic of "working fluid" associates: Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F01B and Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F04B Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F01C and Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F04C Machines Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F01D and Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F03B Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F01B and Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F03C Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F01C and Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F03C Engines Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F01D and Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F03B For the same kind of working fluid, the "apparatus" characteristic relates subclasses in the same way as considerations of relative generality.

ENGINEERING IN GENERAL

|  | F16 |
ENGINEERING ELEMENTS OR UNITS; GENERAL MEASURES FOR PRODUCING AND MAINTAINING EFFECTIVE FUNCTIONING OF MACHINES OR INSTALLATIONS; THERMAL INSULATION IN GENERAL

|  | F16J |
PISTONS; CYLINDERS; PRESSURE VESSELS IN GENERAL; SEALINGS

|  | F16J |
Note(s) Attention is drawn to the following places:
Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...A47J 27/08 | Pressure cookers |
Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...E04B 1/68 | Sealing building joints |
Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...E05C 9/00 | Multi-point fastening of wings in general |
Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F01B | Machines or engines in general or of reciprocating type, e.g. cylinders peculiar to steam engines Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F01B 31/28 |
Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F02F 1/00 | Cylinders for combustion engines |
Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F02F 3/00 | Pistons for combustion engines |
Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F04D 29/08 | Sealings of non-positive displacement pumps |
Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F17B 1/04 | Sealing devices for sliding parts of gas holders of variable capacity |
Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F28F 9/04 | Arrangements for sealing elements into header boxes or end plates of heat-exchangers. |

|  | F16J |
Subclass index
PISTONS, TRUNK PISTONS, OR PLUNGERS; PISTON-RODS | 1/00; 7/00
DIAPHRAGMS, BELLOWS, BELLOWS PISTONS; PISTON-RINGS | 3/00; 9/00
CYLINDERS, HOLLOW BODIES | 10/00
PRESSURE VESSELS; COVERS | 12/00; 13/00
SEALINGS | 15/00

|  | F16J 1/00 |
Pistons; Trunk pistons; Plungers (bellows pistons Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F16J 3/06; piston-rings or seats therefor Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F16J 9/00; rotary pistons, e.g. for "Wankel" type engines, Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F01C; specific for combustion engines, i.e. constructed to withstand high temperature or modified for guiding, igniting, vaporising, or otherwise treating the charge, Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F02F; pistons specially adapted for reciprocating-piston liquid engines Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F03C 1/28; for pumps Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F04B; floats Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F16K 33/00)

|  | F16J 1/01 |
· | characterised by the use of particular materials (Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F16J 1/02 takes precedence) [3]

|  | F16J 1/02 |
· | Bearing surfaces

|  | F16J 1/04 |
· | Resilient guiding parts, e.g. skirts, particularly for trunk pistons

|  | F16J 1/06 |
· · | with separate expansion members; Espansion members

|  | F16J 1/08 |
· | Constructional features providing for lubrication

|  | F16J 1/09 |
· | with means for guiding fluids (Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F16J 1/08 takes precedence) [3]

|  | F16J 1/10 |
· | Connection to driving members

|  | F16J 1/12 |
· · | with piston-rods, i.e. rigid connections

|  | F16J 1/14 |
· · | with connecting-rods, i.e. pivotal connections

|  | F16J 1/16 |
· · · | with gudgeon-pin; Gudgeon-pins

|  | F16J 1/18 |
· · · · | Securing of gudgeon-pins

|  | F16J 1/20 |
· · · | with rolling contact, other than in ball or roller bearings

|  | F16J 1/22 |
· · · | with universal joint, e.g. ball-joint

|  | F16J 1/24 |
· · | designed to give the piston some rotary movement about its axis

|  | F16J 3/00 |
Diaphragms; Bellows; Bellows pistons (connection of valves to inflatable elastic bodies Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...B60C 29/00; bellows or the like used in instruments Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...G12B 1/04; diaphragms for electromechanical transducers Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...H04R 7/00)

|  | F16J 3/02 |
· | Diaphragms [2]

|  | F16J 3/04 |
· | Bellows [2]

|  | F16J 3/06 |
· | Bellows pistons [2]

|  | F16J 7/00 |
Piston-rods, i.e. rods rigidly connected to the piston (connecting-rods or like links pivoted at both ends Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F16C 7/00)

|  | F16J 9/00 |
Piston-rings, seats therefor; Ring sealings of similar construction in general (other sealings between pistons and cylinders Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F16J 3/06, Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F16J 15/16; tools for mounting or removing piston-rings or the like Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...B25B; piston sealing arrangements on brake master cylinders Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...B60T 11/236) [2,5]

|  | F16J 9/02 |
· | L-section rings

|  | F16J 9/04 |
· | Helical rings

|  | F16J 9/06 |
· | using separate springs expanding the rings; Springs therefor

|  | F16J 9/08 |
· | with expansion obtained by pressure of the medium

|  | F16J 9/10 |
· | Special members for adjusting the rings

|  | F16J 9/12 |
· | Details

|  | F16J 9/14 |
· · | Joint-closures

|  | F16J 9/16 |
· · · | obtained by stacking of rings

|  | F16J 9/18 |
· · · | with separate bridge-elements

|  | F16J 9/20 |
· · | Rings with special cross-section (L-section rings Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F16J 9/02); Oil-scraping rings

|  | F16J 9/22 |
· · | Rings for preventing wear of grooves or like seatings

|  | F16J 9/24 |
· · | Members preventing rotation of rings in grooves

|  | F16J 9/26 |
· | characterised by the use of particular materials [3]

|  | F16J 9/28 |
· · | of non-metals [3]

|  | F16J 10/00 |
Engine or like cylinders (pressure vessels in general Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F16J 12/00; cylinders for engines or other apparatus of particular kinds, see the appropriate subclasses, e.g. for combustion engines Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F02F); Features of hollow, e.g. cylindrical, bodies in general [3]

|  | F16J 10/02 |
· | Cylinders designed to receive moving pistons or plungers [3]

|  | F16J 10/04 |
· · | Running faces; Liners [3]

|  | F16J 12/00 |
Pressure vessels in general (covers therefor Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F16J 13/00; for particular applications, see the relevant subclasses, e.g. Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...B01J, Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F17C, Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...G21C) [3]

|  | F16J 13/00 |
Covers or similar closure members for pressure vessels in general (for engine or like cylinders Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F16J 10/00; sealings Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F16J 15/02; covers for box-like containers Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...B65D 43/00; devices for securing or retaining closure members Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...B65D 45/00; closures for containers not otherwise provided for Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...B65D 51/00; manholes, covers for large containers Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...B65D 90/10; gates or closures for large containers Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...B65D 90/54; for vessels for containing or storing compressed, liquefied or solidified gases Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F17C 13/06; steam boilers Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F22B)

|  | F16J 13/02 |
· | Detachable closure members; Means for tightening closures (Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F16J 13/16, Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F16J 13/22 take precedence) [3]

|  | F16J 13/04 |
· · | attached with a bridge member

|  | F16J 13/06 |
· · | attached only by clamps along the circumference

|  | F16J 13/08 |
· · | attached by one or more members actuated to project behind a part or parts of the frame (similar constructions for doors or windows Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...E05C 9/00)

|  | F16J 13/10 |
· · | attached by means of a divided ring

|  | F16J 13/12 |
· · | attached by wedging action by means of screw-thread, interrupted screw-thread, bayonet closure, or the like

|  | F16J 13/14 |
· · | attached exclusively by spring action or elastic action

|  | F16J 13/16 |
· | Pivoted closures (Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F16J 13/22 takes precedence) [3]

|  | F16J 13/18 |
· · | pivoted directly on the frame

|  | F16J 13/20 |
· · | mounted by mobile fastening on swinging arms

|  | F16J 13/22 |
· | with movement parallel to the plane of the opening [3]

|  | F16J 13/24 |
· | with safety devices, e.g. to prevent opening prior to pressure release [3]

|  | F16J 15/00 |
Sealings (sealing arrangements for vehicle windows, windscreens, non-fixed roofs, doors, or similar devices Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...B60J 10/00; sealing or packing elements for container closures Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...B65D 53/00; sealing arrangements in rotary-piston machines or engines Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F01C 19/00; sealings in non-positive-displacement machines or engines Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F01D 11/00; arrangements of sealings in combustion engines Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F02F 11/00; sealing arrangements in rotary-piston pumps Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F04C 27/00; sealing lead-in or lead-through insulators Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...H01B 17/30) [5]

|  | F16J 15/02 |
· | between relatively-stationary surfaces (Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F16J 15/46, Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F16J 15/48 take precedence)

|  | F16J 15/04 |
· · | without packing between the surfaces, e.g. with ground surfaces, with cutting edge

|  | F16J 15/06 |
· · | with solid packing compressed between sealing surfaces

|  | F16J 15/08 |
· · · | with exclusively metal packing

|  | F16J 15/10 |
· · · | with non-metallic packing

|  | F16J 15/12 |
· · · · | with metal reinforcement or covering

|  | F16J 15/14 |
· · | by means of granular or plastic material, or fluid

|  | F16J 15/16 |
· | between relatively-moving surfaces (Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F16J 15/50, Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F16J 15/52 take precedence; bellows pistons Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F16J 3/06; piston-rings or ring sealings of similar construction in general Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F16J 9/00; spindle sealings for valves Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F16K 41/00) [2]

|  | F16J 15/18 |
· · | with stuffing-boxes for elastic or plastic packings

|  | F16J 15/20 |
· · · | Packing materials therefor

|  | F16J 15/22 |
· · · · | shaped as strands, ropes, threads, ribbons, or the like

|  | F16J 15/24 |
· · · | with radially or tangentially compressed packing

|  | F16J 15/26 |
· · | with stuffing-boxes for rigid sealing rings

|  | F16J 15/28 |
· · · | with sealing rings made of metal

|  | F16J 15/30 |
· · · | with sealing rings made of carbon

|  | F16J 15/32 |
· · | with elastic sealing lip

|  | F16J 15/34 |
· · | with slip-ring pressed against a more or less radial face on one member

|  | F16J 15/36 |
· · · | connected by a diaphragm to the other member

|  | F16J 15/38 |
· · · | sealed by a packing [2]

|  | F16J 15/40 |
· · | by means of fluid

|  | F16J 15/42 |
· · · | kept in sealing position by centrifugal force

|  | F16J 15/43 |
· · · | kept in sealing position by magnetic force [6]

|  | F16J 15/44 |
· | Free-space packings

|  | F16J 15/447 |
· · | Labyrinth packings [3]

|  | F16J 15/453 |
· · · | characterised by the use of particular materials [3]

|  | F16J 15/46 |
· | with packing ring expanded or pressed into place by fluid pressure, e.g. inflatable packings (connection of valves to inflatable elastic bodies Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...B60C 29/00; specially adapted for tube connections Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F16L)

|  | F16J 15/48 |
· · | influenced by the pressure within the member to be sealed

|  | F16J 15/50 |
· | between relatively-movable members, by means of a sealing without relatively-moving surfaces, e.g. fluid-tight sealings for transmitting motion through a wall

|  | F16J 15/52 |
· · | by means of sealing bellows or diaphragms (connection of valves to inflatable elastic bodies Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...B60C 29/00)

|  | F16J 15/53 |
· | using magnetic means [6]

|  | F16J 15/54 |
· | Other sealings for rotating shafts

|  | F16J 15/56 |
· | Other sealings for reciprocating rods