|  | F |
SECTION F — MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING

|  | F01 - F42 |
Note(s) Guide to the use of this subsection (classes Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F01-F04) The following notes are meant to assist in the use of this part of the classification scheme. In this subsection, subclasses or groups designating "engines" or "pumps" cover methods of operating the same, unless otherwise specifically provided for. In this subsection, the following terms or expressions are used with the meanings indicated: "engine" means a device for continuously converting fluid energy into mechanical power. Thus, this term includes, for example, steam piston engines or steam turbines, per se, or internal-combustion piston engines, but it excludes single-stroke devices. "Engine" also includes the fluid-motive portion of a meter unless such portion is particularly adapted for use in a meter; "pump" means a device for continuously raising, forcing, compressing, or exhausting fluid by mechanical or other means. Thus, this term includes fans or blowers; "machine" means a device which could equally be an engine and a pump, and not a device which is restricted to an engine or one which is restricted to a pump; "positive displacement" means the way the energy of a working fluid is transformed into mechanical energy, in which variations of volume created by the working fluid in a working chamber produce equivalent displacements of the mechanical member transmitting the energy, the dynamic effect of the fluid being of minor importance, and vice versa; "non-positive displacement" means the way the energy of a working fluid is transformed into mechanical energy, by transformation of the energy of the working fluid into kinetic energy, and vice versa; "oscillating-piston machine" means a positive-displacement machine in which a fluid-engaging work-transmitting member oscillates. This definition applies also to engines and pumps; "rotary-piston machine" means a positive-displacement machine in which a fluid-engaging work-transmitting member rotates about a fixed axis or about an axis moving along a circular or similar orbit. This definition applies also to engines and pumps; "rotary piston" means the work-transmitting member of a rotary-piston machine and may be of any suitable form, e.g., like a toothed gear; "cooperating members" means the "oscillating piston" or "rotary piston" and another member, e.g., the working-chamber wall, which assists in the driving or pumping action; "movement of the co-operating members" is to be interpreted as relative, so that one of the "co-operating members" may be stationary, even though reference may be made to its rotational axis, or both may move; "teeth or tooth equivalents" include lobes, projections or abutments; "internal-axis type" means that the rotational axes of the inner and outer co-operating members remain at all times within the outer member, e.g., in a similar manner to that of a pinion meshing with the internal teeth of a ring gear; "free piston" means a piston of which the length of stroke is not defined by any member driven thereby; "cylinders" means positive-displacement working chambers in general. Thus, this term is not restricted to cylinders of circular cross-section; "main shaft" means the shaft which converts reciprocating piston motion into rotary motion or vice versa; "plant" means an engine together with such additional apparatus as is necessary to run the engine. For example, a steam engine plant includes a steam engine and means for generating the steam; "working fluid" means the driven fluid in a pump and the driving fluid in an engine. The working fluid may be in a gaseous state, i.e., compressible, or liquid. In the former case coexistence of two states is possible; "steam" includes condensable vapours in general, and "special vapour" is used when steam is excluded; "reaction type" as applied to non-positive-displacement machines or engines means machines or engines in which pressure/velocity transformation takes place wholly or partly in the rotor. Mmachines or engines with no, or only slight, pressure/velocity transformation in the rotor are called "impulse type". In this subsection: cyclically operating valves, lubricating, gas-flow silencers or exhaust apparatus, or cooling are classified in subclasses Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F01L, Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F01M, Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F01N, Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F01P irrespective of their stated application, unless their classifying features are peculiar to their application, in which case they are classified only in the relevant subclass of classes Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F01-F04; lubricating, gas-flow silencers or exhaust apparatus, or cooling of machines or engines are classified in subclasses Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F01M, Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F01N, Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F01P except for those peculiar to steam engines which are classified in subclass Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F01B. For use of this subsection with a good understanding, it is essential to remember, so far as subclasses Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F01B, Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F01C, Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F01D, Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F03B, and Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F04B, Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F04C, Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F04D, which form its skeleton, are concerned: the principle which resides in their elaboration, the classifying characteristics which they call for, and their complementarity. Principle This concerns essentially the subclasses listed above. Other subclasses, notably those of class Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F02, which cover better-defined matter, are not considered here. Each subclass covers fundamentally a genus of apparatus (engine or pump) and by extension covers equally "machines" of the same kind. Two different subjects, one having a more general character than the other, are thus covered by the same subclass. Subclasses Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F01B, Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F03B, Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F04B, beyond the two subjects which they cover, have further a character of generality in relation to other subclasses concerning the different species of apparatus in the genus concerned. This generality applies as well for the two subjects dealt with, without these always being in relation to the same subclasses. Thus, subclass Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F03B, in its part dealing with "machines", should be considered as being the general class relating to subclasses Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F04B, Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F04C, and in its part dealing with "engines" as being general in relation to subclass Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F03C. Characteristics The principal classifying characteristic of the subclass is that of genera of apparatus, of which there are three possible: Machines; engines; pumps. As stated above, "machines" are always associated with one of the other two genera. These main genera are subdivided according to the general principles of operation of the apparatus: Positive displacement; non-positive displacement. The positive displacement apparatus are further subdivided according to the ways of putting into effect the principle of operation, that is, to the kind of apparatus: Simple reciprocating piston; rotary or oscillating piston; other kind. Another classifying characteristic is that of the working fluid, in respect of which three kinds of apparatus are possible, namely: Liquid and elastic fluid; elastic fluid; liquid. Complementarity This resides in association of pairs of the subclasses listed above, according to the characteristics under consideration in respect of kind of apparatus or working fluid. The subclasses concerned with the various principles, characteristics and complementarity are shown in the following table: It is seen from this table that: For the same kind of apparatus in a given genus, the characteristic of "working fluid" associates: Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F01B and Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F04B Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F01C and Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F04C Machines Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F01D and Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F03B Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F01B and Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F03C Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F01C and Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F03C Engines Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F01D and Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F03B For the same kind of working fluid, the "apparatus" characteristic relates subclasses in the same way as considerations of relative generality.

ENGINEERING IN GENERAL

|  | F16 |
ENGINEERING ELEMENTS OR UNITS; GENERAL MEASURES FOR PRODUCING AND MAINTAINING EFFECTIVE FUNCTIONING OF MACHINES OR INSTALLATIONS; THERMAL INSULATION IN GENERAL

|  | F16M |
FRAMES, CASINGS, OR BEDS, OF ENGINES OR OTHER MACHINES OR APPARATUS, NOT SPECIFIC TO AN ENGINE, MACHINE, OR APPARATUS PROVIDED FOR ELSEWHERE; STANDS OR SUPPORTS

|  | F16M |
Note(s) Attention is drawn to the following places:
Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...B21B 31/02 | Metal-rolling stand frames |
Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...G01D 11/30 | Supports specially adapted for indicating or recording instruments. |

|  | F16M |
Subclass index
FRAMES, CASINGS, OR BEDS |
Displaceable | 3/00
For engines, machines, or apparatus | 1/00, 5/00
Foundations; details | 9/00; 7/00
STANDS OR SUPPORTS | 11/00, 13/00

|  | F16M 1/00 |
Frames or casings of engines, machines, or apparatus; Frames serving as machinery beds [2]

|  | F16M 1/02 |
· | for reciprocating engines or similar machines

|  | F16M 1/021 |
· · | for housing crankshafts

|  | F16M 1/022 |
· · · | of tunnel type, i.e. wherein the crankshaft can only be introduced axially (for engines or machines with star-shaped cylinder arrangement Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F16M 1/023)

|  | F16M 1/023 |
· · · | specially adapted for engines or machines with star-shaped cylinder arrangement

|  | F16M 1/024 |
· · · | facilitating assembly of power-transmitting parts of engines or machines, e.g. of connecting-rods

|  | F16M 1/025 |
· · · | Assembling bearings in casings, e.g. having anchor bolts

|  | F16M 1/026 |
· · | for housing movable engine or machine parts other than crankshafts, e.g. valve-gear housings

|  | F16M 1/04 |
· | for rotary engines or similar machines

|  | F16M 1/08 |
· | characterised by being built-up of sheet material or welded parts

|  | F16M 3/00 |
Portable or wheeled frames or beds, e.g. for emergency power-supply aggregates, compressor sets (construction of vehicles in general Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...B60-B62)

|  | F16M 5/00 |
Engine beds, i.e. means for supporting engines or machines on foundations

|  | F16M 7/00 |
Details of attaching or adjusting engine beds, frames, or supporting-legs on foundation or base; Attaching non-moving engine parts, e.g. cylinder blocks (elastic or equivalent mounting for absorbing vibrations Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F16F, especially Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F16F 15/04)

|  | F16M 9/00 |
Special layout of foundations with respect to machinery to be supported (foundations for machinery Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...E02D 27/44)

|  | F16M 11/00 |
Stands or trestles as supports for apparatus or articles placed thereon (without heads Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F16M 13/00; easels or stands for blackboards or the like Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...A47B 97/04; show-stands Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...A47F 7/00; for workmen Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...E04G 1/32; supporting, suspending for lighting devices Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F21V 21/00; special modifications for particular apparatus or articles, see the appropriate subclasses)

|  | F16M 11/02 |
· | Heads

|  | F16M 11/04 |
· · | Means for attachment of apparatus; Means allowing adjustment of the apparatus relatively to the stand

|  | F16M 11/06 |
· · · | allowing pivoting

|  | F16M 11/08 |
· · · · | around a vertical axis

|  | F16M 11/10 |
· · · · | around a horizontal axis

|  | F16M 11/12 |
· · · · | in more than one direction

|  | F16M 11/14 |
· · · · · | with ball-joint (ball-jointed hinges Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F16C 11/06)

|  | F16M 11/16 |
· · | Details concerning attachment of head-supporting legs, with or without actuation of locking members therefor

|  | F16M 11/18 |
· · | with mechanism for moving the apparatus relatively to the stand

|  | F16M 11/20 |
· | Undercarriages with or without wheels

|  | F16M 11/22 |
· · | with approximately constant height, e.g. with constant length of column or of legs (Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F16M 11/42 takes precedence)

|  | F16M 11/24 |
· · | changeable in height or length of legs, also for transport only (Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F16M 11/42 takes precedence)

|  | F16M 11/26 |
· · · | by telescoping, with or without folding (details concerning the constructional features of telescoping parts only Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F16B 7/10)

|  | F16M 11/28 |
· · · · | Undercarriages for supports with one single telescoping pillar

|  | F16M 11/30 |
· · · · · | with co-moving side-struts

|  | F16M 11/32 |
· · · · | Undercarriages for supports with three or more telescoping legs

|  | F16M 11/34 |
· · · · · | Members limiting spreading of legs

|  | F16M 11/36 |
· · · · · | Members preventing slipping of the feet

|  | F16M 11/38 |
· · · | by folding

|  | F16M 11/40 |
· · · | by means of coilable or bendable legs

|  | F16M 11/42 |
· | with arrangement for propelling the support

|  | F16M 13/00 |
Other supports for positioning apparatus or articles (heads thereof Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F16M 11/02; adapted to be stuck in the ground Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...A45F 3/44); Means for steadying hand-held apparatus or articles

|  | F16M 13/02 |
· | for supporting on, or attaching to, an object, e.g. tree, gate, window-frame, cycle

|  | F16M 13/04 |
· | for supporting on, or holding steady relative to, a person, e.g. by chains

|  | F16M 13/06 |
· | also serviceable for other purposes, e.g. to be used as spade, chair, ski-stick

|  | F16M 13/08 |
· · | for use as a walking-cane