|  | G |
SECTION G — PHYSICS

|  | G |
Note(s) In this section, the following term is used with the meaning indicated: "variable" (as a noun) means a feature or property (e.g., a dimension, a physical condition such as temperature, a quality such as density or colour) which, in respect of a particular entity (e.g., an object, a quantity of a substance, a beam of light) and at a particular instant, is capable of being measured; the variable may change, so that its numerical expression may assume different values at different times, in different conditions or in individual cases, but may be constant in respect of a particular entity in certain conditions or for practical purposes (e.g., the length of a bar may be regarded as constant for many purposes). Attention is drawn to the definitions of terms or expressions used, appearing in the notes of several of the classes in this section, in particular those of "measuring" in class Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...G01 and "control" and "regulation" in class Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...G05. Classification in this section may present more difficulty than in other sections, because the distinction between different fields of use rests to a considerable extent on differences in the intention of the user rather than on any constructional differences or differences in the manner of use, and because the subjects dealt with are often in effect systems or combinations, which have features or parts in common, rather than "things", which are readily distinguishable as a whole. For example, information (e.g., a set of figures) may be displayed for the purpose of education or advertising (Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...G09), for enabling the result of a measurement to be known (Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...G01), for signalling the information to a distant point or for giving information which has been signalled from a distant point (Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...G08). The words used to describe the purpose depend on features that may be irrelevant to the form of the apparatus concerned, for example, such features as the desired effect on the person who sees the display, or whether the display is controlled from a remote point. Again, a device which responds to some change in a condition, e.g., in the pressure of a fluid, may be used, without modification of the device itself, to give information about the pressure (Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...G01L) or about some other condition linked to the pressure (another subclass of class Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...G01, e.g., Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...G01K for temperature), to make a record of the pressure or of its occurrence (Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...G07C), to give an alarm (Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...G08B), or to control another apparatus (Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...G05). The classification scheme is intended to enable things of a similar nature (as indicated above) to be classified together. It is therefore particularly necessary for the real nature of any technical subject to be decided before it can be properly classified.

INSTRUMENTS

|  | G10 |
MUSICAL INSTRUMENTS; ACOUSTICS

|  | G10 |
Note(s) This class covers all sound-emitting devices, in general, whether or not they may be considered as being musical. In this class, the following expression is used with the meaning indicated: "musical instrument" does not exclude devices emitting a single sound signal. The following Class Index is given in place of subclass indexes, to show the grouping of the elaborations belonging to different subclasses, under the following three fundamental types: wind instruments; string instruments; percussion instruments, which relate clearly to the majority of instruments. There are of course some instruments of which the principle of operation belongs less clearly to one of the three types mentioned in Note (3). They correspond to groups Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...G10D 17/00 or Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...G10K 7/00, Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...G10K 9/00 or Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...G10K 15/04, all the other groups normally finding a definite place.

|  | G10 |
Class index
ACOUSTICS; OPERATIONS ON SOUND WAVES |
Speech analysis or synthesis; speech recognition | G10L
Methods or devices for transmission of sound or protection against sound, not otherwise provided for | G10K 11/00, G10K 13/00
Acoustics not otherwise provided for | G10K 15/00
WIND INSTRUMENTS |
General features; details, accessories | G10D 7/00; G10D 9/00
Organs, harmoniums, or similar instruments | G10B 1/00, G10B 3/00
Accordions, concertinas, or similar instruments; other types of instruments | G10D 11/00; G10D 7/00
Whistles; sirens; horns | G10K 5/00; G10K 7/00; G10K 9/00
STRING INSTRUMENTS |
General features; details, accessories | G10D 1/00; G10D 3/00
Pianos, similar instruments; tools and methods for making or maintenance | G10C 1/00, G10C 3/00; G10C 9/00
Other types of instruments | G10D 1/00
PERCUSSION INSTRUMENTS |
Bells, rattles, or similar instruments | G10K 1/00, G10K 3/00
Other instruments | G10D 13/00
OTHER PARTICULAR DEVICES: DEVICES USING UNDEFINED PRINCIPLES; COMBINATIONS OF INSTRUMENTS; MUSIC ACCESSORIES |
Electrophonic musical instruments | G10H
Automatic musical instruments | G10F
Sirens; devices with vibrators | G10K 7/00; G10K 9/00
Combinations: of pianos with other instruments; of other instruments | G10C 5/00; G10D 15/00
Music accessories | G10G
INSTRUMENTS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR | G10D 17/00

|  | G10K |
SOUND-PRODUCING DEVICES (sound-producing toys Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...A63H 5/00; musical instruments or parts thereof, see the relevant subclass, e.g. Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...G10D); ACOUSTICS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR (systems using the reflection or reradiation of acoustic waves Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...G01S 15/00; generating seismic energy Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...G01V 1/02; signalling or calling arrangements, alarm arrangements Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...G08B; piezo-electric, electrostrictive or magnetostrictive elements in general Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...H01L 41/00; transmission systems using infrasonic, sonic, or ultrasonic waves Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...H04B 11/00; loudspeakers, microphones, gramophone pick-ups or like acoustic electromechanical transducers Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...H04R) [6]

|  | G10K |
Note(s) This subclass covers arrangements for generating mechanical vibrations in fluids. [6] This subclass covers also the production of sounds which may not be audible to human beings but which are audible to animals. In this subclass, the following terms are used with the meanings indicated: [6] "acoustics" and "sound" cover the technical field dealing with mechanical vibrations at all infrasonic-, sonic- and ultrasonic frequencies. However, generation or transmission of mechanical waves, in general, is covered by subclass Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...B06B, subject to the exception specified in Note (1) above. [6]

|  | G10K 1/00 |
Devices in which sound is produced by striking a resonating body, e.g. bell, chimes, gong (combinations with clocks or watches Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...G04B, Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...G04C; carillons Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...G10F 1/10)

|  | G10K 1/06 |
· | the resonating device having the shape of a bell, plate, rod, or tube (bells for towers Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...G10K 1/28)

|  | G10K 1/062 |
· · | electrically operated

|  | G10K 1/063 |
· · · | the sounding member being a bell

|  | G10K 1/064 |
· · · · | Operating or striking mechanisms therefor

|  | G10K 1/065 |
· · · · · | for timed or repeated operation

|  | G10K 1/066 |
· · · | the sounding member being a tube, plate, or rod

|  | G10K 1/067 |
· · · · | Operating or striking mechanisms therefor

|  | G10K 1/068 |
· · | hydraulically operated; pneumatically operated

|  | G10K 1/07 |
· · | mechanically operated; Hand bells; Bells for animals

|  | G10K 1/071 |
· · · | Hand bells; Bells for animals

|  | G10K 1/072 |
· · · | Operating or striking mechanisms therefor

|  | G10K 1/074 |
· · · · | with rotary clappers or shells

|  | G10K 1/076 |
· · · · | for timed or repeated operation

|  | G10K 1/08 |
· · | Details or accessories of general applicability

|  | G10K 1/10 |
· · · | Sounding members; Mounting thereof; Clappers or other strikers

|  | G10K 1/26 |
· · · | Mountings; Casings

|  | G10K 1/28 |
· | Bells for towers or the like

|  | G10K 1/30 |
· · | Details or accessories

|  | G10K 1/32 |
· · · | Sounding members; Clappers or other strikers

|  | G10K 1/34 |
· · · | Operating mechanisms

|  | G10K 1/36 |
· · · | Means for silencing or damping (means or arrangements for avoiding or reducing out-of-balance forces due to motion Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F16F 15/00)

|  | G10K 1/38 |
· · · | Supports; Mountings

|  | G10K 3/00 |
Rattles or like noise-producing devices

|  | G10K 5/00 |
Whistles

|  | G10K 5/02 |
· | Ultrasonic whistles [3]

|  | G10K 7/00 |
Sirens

|  | G10K 7/02 |
· | in which the sound-producing member is rotated manually or by a motor (Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...G10K 7/06 takes precedence)

|  | G10K 7/04 |
· · | by an electric motor

|  | G10K 7/06 |
· | in which the sound-producing member is driven by a fluid, e.g. by a compressed gas

|  | G10K 9/00 |
Devices in which sound is produced by vibrating a diaphragm or analogous element, e.g. fog horn, vehicle hooter, buzzer (loudspeakers or like acoustic electromechanical transducers Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...H04R)

|  | G10K 9/02 |
· | driven by gas, e.g. suction operated

|  | G10K 9/04 |
· · | by compressed gases, e.g. compressed air

|  | G10K 9/06 |
· · | produced by detonation

|  | G10K 9/08 |
· | driven by water or other liquids

|  | G10K 9/10 |
· | driven by mechanical means only

|  | G10K 9/12 |
· | electrically operated

|  | G10K 9/12 |
Note(s) This group does not cover the construction of, or circuits for, broadband-transducers such as loudspeakers or microphones, which are covered by subclass Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...H04R. [6]

|  | G10K 9/122 |
· · | using piezo-electric driving means [6]

|  | G10K 9/125 |
· · · | with a plurality of active elements [6]

|  | G10K 9/128 |
· · | using magnetostrictive driving means [6]

|  | G10K 9/13 |
· · | using electromagnetic driving means [3]

|  | G10K 9/15 |
· · · | Self-interrupting arrangements [3]

|  | G10K 9/16 |
· · | with means for generating the current by muscle power

|  | G10K 9/18 |
· | Details, e.g. bulb, pump, piston, switch, casing

|  | G10K 9/20 |
· · | Sounding members

|  | G10K 9/22 |
· · | Mountings; Casings

|  | G10K 11/00 |
Methods or devices for transmitting, conducting or directing sound in general; Methods or devices for protecting against, or for damping, noise or other acoustic waves in general (sound insulation for vehicles Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...B60R 13/08; sound insulation for aircraft Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...B64C 1/40; sound insulating materials, see the relevant places, e.g. Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...C04B 26/00-C04B 38/00; reduction of noise on permanent way Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...E01B 19/00; absorption of air-transmitted noise from road or railway traffic Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...E01F 8/00; noise insulation, absorption or reflection in buildings Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...E04B 1/74; room acoustics Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...E04B 1/99; sound insulation in floors Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...E04F 15/20; gas-flow silencers or exhaust apparatus for machines or engines in general, for internal-combustion engines Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F01N; intake silencers for internal-combustion engines Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F02M 35/00; suppression of undesired vibrations Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F16F 7/00-F16F 15/00; preventing noise in valves Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F16K 47/02; noise absorbers in pipes Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F16L 55/02; arrangements for suppressing noise in direct-contact trickle coolers Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F28C 1/10; silencers for weapons Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F41)

|  | G10K 11/02 |
· | Mechanical acoustic impedances; Impedance matching, e.g. by horns; Acoustic resonators [3]

|  | G10K 11/04 |
· · | Acoustic filters [3]

|  | G10K 11/08 |
· | Non-electric sound-amplifying devices, e.g. non-electric megaphones (amplifying by horns Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...G10K 11/02; amplifying by focusing Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...G10K 11/26)

|  | G10K 11/16 |
· | Methods or devices for protecting against, or damping of, acoustic waves, e.g. sound (Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...G10K 11/36 takes precedence) [3]

|  | G10K 11/16 |
Note(s) This group does not cover protecting against, or damping of, acoustic waves adapted for particular applications, which are covered by the subclasses for these applications, provided that there is a specific provision for this aspect. [6]

|  | G10K 11/162 |
· · | Selection of materials [6]

|  | G10K 11/165 |
· · · | Particles in a matrix [6]

|  | G10K 11/168 |
· · · | Plural layers of different materials, e.g. sandwiches [6]

|  | G10K 11/168 |
Note(s) When classifying in this group, classification is also made in subclass Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...B32B, in so far as any layered product is concerned. [6]

|  | G10K 11/172 |
· · | using resonance effects [6]

|  | G10K 11/175 |
· · | using interference effects; Masking sound [6]

|  | G10K 11/178 |
· · · | by electro-acoustically regenerating the original acoustic waves in anti-phase [6]

|  | G10K 11/18 |
· | Methods or devices for transmitting, conducting or directing sound (Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...G10K 11/02, Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...G10K 11/36 take precedence; medical stethoscopes Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...A61B 7/02) [3]

|  | G10K 11/20 |
· · | Reflecting arrangements (Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...G10K 11/28 takes precedence) [3]

|  | G10K 11/22 |
· · | for conducting sound through hollow pipes, e.g. speaking tubes [3]

|  | G10K 11/24 |
· · | for conducting sound through solid bodies, e.g. wire [3]

|  | G10K 11/26 |
· · | Sound-focusing or directing, e.g. scanning [3]

|  | G10K 11/28 |
· · · | using reflection, e.g. parabolic reflector [3]

|  | G10K 11/30 |
· · · | using refraction, e.g. acoustic lenses [3]

|  | G10K 11/32 |
· · · | characterised by shape of the source [3]

|  | G10K 11/34 |
· · · | using electrical steering of transducer arrays, e.g. beam steering [3]

|  | G10K 11/35 |
· · · | using mechanical steering of transducers [6]

|  | G10K 11/36 |
· | Devices for manipulating acoustic surface waves (electro-acoustic amplifiers Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...H03F 13/00; networks comprising electro-acoustic elements Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...H03H 9/00) [3]

|  | G10K 13/00 |
Cones, diaphragms, or the like, for emitting or receiving sound in general (for electromechanical transducers Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...H04R 7/00)

|  | G10K 15/00 |
Acoustics not otherwise provided for [4]

|  | G10K 15/02 |
· | Synthesis of acoustic waves (synthesis of speech Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...G10L) [4]

|  | G10K 15/04 |
· | Sound-producing devices (Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...G10K 15/02 takes precedence) [4]

|  | G10K 15/06 |
· · | using electric discharge [4]

|  | G10K 15/08 |
· | Arrangements for producing a reverberation or echo sound [5]

|  | G10K 15/10 |
· · | using time-delay networks comprising electromechanical or electro-acoustic devices [5]

|  | G10K 15/12 |
· · | using electronic time-delay networks [5]