|  | F |
SECTION F — MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING

ENGINES OR PUMPS

|  | F01 - F42 |
Note(s) Guide to the use of this subsection (classes Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F01-F04) The following notes are meant to assist in the use of this part of the classification scheme. In this subsection, subclasses or groups designating "engines" or "pumps" cover methods of operating the same, unless otherwise specifically provided for. In this subsection, the following terms or expressions are used with the meanings indicated: "engine" means a device for continuously converting fluid energy into mechanical power. Thus, this term includes, for example, steam piston engines or steam turbines, per se, or internal-combustion piston engines, but it excludes single-stroke devices. "Engine" also includes the fluid-motive portion of a meter unless such portion is particularly adapted for use in a meter; "pump" means a device for continuously raising, forcing, compressing, or exhausting fluid by mechanical or other means. Thus, this term includes fans or blowers; "machine" means a device which could equally be an engine and a pump, and not a device which is restricted to an engine or one which is restricted to a pump; "positive displacement" means the way the energy of a working fluid is transformed into mechanical energy, in which variations of volume created by the working fluid in a working chamber produce equivalent displacements of the mechanical member transmitting the energy, the dynamic effect of the fluid being of minor importance, and vice versa; "non-positive displacement" means the way the energy of a working fluid is transformed into mechanical energy, by transformation of the energy of the working fluid into kinetic energy, and vice versa; "oscillating-piston machine" means a positive-displacement machine in which a fluid-engaging work-transmitting member oscillates. This definition applies also to engines and pumps; "rotary-piston machine" means a positive-displacement machine in which a fluid-engaging work-transmitting member rotates about a fixed axis or about an axis moving along a circular or similar orbit. This definition applies also to engines and pumps; "rotary piston" means the work-transmitting member of a rotary-piston machine and may be of any suitable form, e.g., like a toothed gear; "cooperating members" means the "oscillating piston" or "rotary piston" and another member, e.g., the working-chamber wall, which assists in the driving or pumping action; "movement of the co-operating members" is to be interpreted as relative, so that one of the "co-operating members" may be stationary, even though reference may be made to its rotational axis, or both may move; "teeth or tooth equivalents" include lobes, projections or abutments; "internal-axis type" means that the rotational axes of the inner and outer co-operating members remain at all times within the outer member, e.g., in a similar manner to that of a pinion meshing with the internal teeth of a ring gear; "free piston" means a piston of which the length of stroke is not defined by any member driven thereby; "cylinders" means positive-displacement working chambers in general. Thus, this term is not restricted to cylinders of circular cross-section; "main shaft" means the shaft which converts reciprocating piston motion into rotary motion or vice versa; "plant" means an engine together with such additional apparatus as is necessary to run the engine. For example, a steam engine plant includes a steam engine and means for generating the steam; "working fluid" means the driven fluid in a pump and the driving fluid in an engine. The working fluid may be in a gaseous state, i.e., compressible, or liquid. In the former case coexistence of two states is possible; "steam" includes condensable vapours in general, and "special vapour" is used when steam is excluded; "reaction type" as applied to non-positive-displacement machines or engines means machines or engines in which pressure/velocity transformation takes place wholly or partly in the rotor. Mmachines or engines with no, or only slight, pressure/velocity transformation in the rotor are called "impulse type". In this subsection: cyclically operating valves, lubricating, gas-flow silencers or exhaust apparatus, or cooling are classified in subclasses Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F01L, Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F01M, Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F01N, Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F01P irrespective of their stated application, unless their classifying features are peculiar to their application, in which case they are classified only in the relevant subclass of classes Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F01-F04; lubricating, gas-flow silencers or exhaust apparatus, or cooling of machines or engines are classified in subclasses Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F01M, Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F01N, Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F01P except for those peculiar to steam engines which are classified in subclass Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F01B. For use of this subsection with a good understanding, it is essential to remember, so far as subclasses Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F01B, Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F01C, Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F01D, Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F03B, and Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F04B, Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F04C, Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F04D, which form its skeleton, are concerned: the principle which resides in their elaboration, the classifying characteristics which they call for, and their complementarity. Principle This concerns essentially the subclasses listed above. Other subclasses, notably those of class Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F02, which cover better-defined matter, are not considered here. Each subclass covers fundamentally a genus of apparatus (engine or pump) and by extension covers equally "machines" of the same kind. Two different subjects, one having a more general character than the other, are thus covered by the same subclass. Subclasses Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F01B, Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F03B, Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F04B, beyond the two subjects which they cover, have further a character of generality in relation to other subclasses concerning the different species of apparatus in the genus concerned. This generality applies as well for the two subjects dealt with, without these always being in relation to the same subclasses. Thus, subclass Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F03B, in its part dealing with "machines", should be considered as being the general class relating to subclasses Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F04B, Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F04C, and in its part dealing with "engines" as being general in relation to subclass Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F03C. Characteristics The principal classifying characteristic of the subclass is that of genera of apparatus, of which there are three possible: Machines; engines; pumps. As stated above, "machines" are always associated with one of the other two genera. These main genera are subdivided according to the general principles of operation of the apparatus: Positive displacement; non-positive displacement. The positive displacement apparatus are further subdivided according to the ways of putting into effect the principle of operation, that is, to the kind of apparatus: Simple reciprocating piston; rotary or oscillating piston; other kind. Another classifying characteristic is that of the working fluid, in respect of which three kinds of apparatus are possible, namely: Liquid and elastic fluid; elastic fluid; liquid. Complementarity This resides in association of pairs of the subclasses listed above, according to the characteristics under consideration in respect of kind of apparatus or working fluid. The subclasses concerned with the various principles, characteristics and complementarity are shown in the following table: It is seen from this table that: For the same kind of apparatus in a given genus, the characteristic of "working fluid" associates: Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F01B and Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F04B Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F01C and Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F04C Machines Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F01D and Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F03B Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F01B and Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F03C Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F01C and Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F03C Engines Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F01D and Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F03B For the same kind of working fluid, the "apparatus" characteristic relates subclasses in the same way as considerations of relative generality.

|  | F03 |
MACHINES OR ENGINES FOR LIQUIDS (for liquids and elastic fluids Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F01; positive-displacement machines for liquids Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F04); WIND, SPRING, WEIGHT, OR MISCELLANEOUS MOTORS; PRODUCING MECHANICAL POWER OR A REACTIVE PROPULSIVE THRUST, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR

|  | F03C |
POSITIVE-DISPLACEMENT ENGINES DRIVEN BY LIQUIDS (positive-displacement engines for liquids and elastic fluids Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F01; positive-displacement machines for liquids Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F04; fluid-pressure actuators Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F15B; fluid gearing Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F16H)

|  | F03C |
Note(s) Attention is drawn to the Notes preceding class Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F01, especially as regards the definitions of "positive displacement", "rotary-piston machines", "oscillating-piston machines", "rotary-piston", "co-operating members", "movement of co-operating members", "teeth or tooth-equivalents", and "internal axis".

|  | F03C 1/00 |
Reciprocating-piston liquid engines

|  | F03C 1/007 |
· | with single cylinder, double-acting piston [5]

|  | F03C 1/013 |
· | with single cylinder, single-acting piston [5]

|  | F03C 1/02 |
· | with multiple cylinders, characterised by the number or arrangement of cylinders (with movable cylinders Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F03C 1/22; of flexible-wall type Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F03C 5/02)

|  | F03C 1/03 |
· · | with movement in two directions being obtained by two single-acting piston liquid engines, each acting in one direction [5]

|  | F03C 1/04 |
· · | with cylinders in star- or fan-arrangement

|  | F03C 1/047 |
· · · | the pistons co-operating with an actuated element at the outer ends of the cylinders [5]

|  | F03C 1/053 |
· · · | the pistons co-operating with an actuated element at the inner ends of the cylinders [5]

|  | F03C 1/06 |
· · | with cylinder axes generally coaxial with, or parallel or inclined to, main shaft axis

|  | F03C 1/08 |
· | Distributing valve-gear peculiar thereto (for multiple-cylinder engines Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F03C 1/34; for engines with positive displacement in general Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F01L)

|  | F03C 1/10 |
· · | actuated by piston or piston-rod

|  | F03C 1/12 |
· · · | mechanically [5]

|  | F03C 1/14 |
· · | actuated by the driving liquid of the engine [5]

|  | F03C 1/16 |
· · | Speed controlling, equalising, or cushioning [5]

|  | F03C 1/20 |
· · | specially adapted for engines generating vibration only

|  | F03C 1/22 |
· | with movable cylinders

|  | F03C 1/24 |
· · | in which the liquid exclusively displaces one or more pistons reciprocating in rotary cylinders

|  | F03C 1/247 |
· · · | with cylinders in star- or fan-arrangement [5]

|  | F03C 1/253 |
· · · | with cylinder axes generally coaxial with, or parallel to, main shaft axis [5]

|  | F03C 1/26 |
· | adapted for special use or combined with apparatus driven thereby (aspects predominantly concerning the driven apparatus, see the relevant classes for such apparatus)

|  | F03C 1/28 |
· | Pistons specially adapted therefor [5]

|  | F03C 1/30 |
· | Cams specially adapted therefor [5]

|  | F03C 1/32 |
· | Cylinders specially adapted therefor [5]

|  | F03C 1/34 |
· | Distribution members specially adapted for multiple-cylinder engines [5]

|  | F03C 1/36 |
· · | Cylindrical distribution members [5]

|  | F03C 1/38 |
· · | Plate-like distribution members [5]

|  | F03C 1/40 |
· | Control specially adapted therefor [5]

|  | F03C 2/00 |
Rotary-piston engines (in which the liquid exclusively displaces one or more piston reciprocating in rotary cylinders Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F03C 1/24) [3]

|  | F03C 2/02 - F03C 2/24 |
Note(s) Group Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F03C 2/30 takes precedence over groups Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F03C 2/02-F03C 2/24. [3]

|  | F03C 2/02 |
· | of arcuate-engagement type, i.e. with circular translatory movement of co-operating members, each member having the same number of teeth or tooth-equivalents [3]

|  | F03C 2/08 |
· | of intermeshing-engagement type, i.e. with engagement of co-operating members similar to that of toothed gearing [3]

|  | F03C 2/22 |
· | of internal-axis type with equidirectional movement of co-operating members at the points of engagement, or with one of the co-operating members being stationary, the inner member having more teeth or tooth-equivalents than the outer member [3]

|  | F03C 2/24 |
· | of counter-engagement type, i.e. the movement of co-operating members at the points of engagement being in opposite directions [3]

|  | F03C 2/30 |
· | having the characteristics covered by two or more of groups Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F03C 2/02, Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F03C 2/08, Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F03C 2/22, Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F03C 2/24 or having the characteristics covered by one of these groups together with some other type of movement between co-operating members [3]

|  | F03C 4/00 |
Oscillating-piston engines [3]

|  | F03C 5/00 |
Other engines

|  | F03C 5/02 |
· | of flexible-wall type