|  | F |
SECTION F — MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING

|  | F01 - F42 |
Note(s) Guide to the use of this subsection (classes Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F01-F04) The following notes are meant to assist in the use of this part of the classification scheme. In this subsection, subclasses or groups designating "engines" or "pumps" cover methods of operating the same, unless otherwise specifically provided for. In this subsection, the following terms or expressions are used with the meanings indicated: "engine" means a device for continuously converting fluid energy into mechanical power. Thus, this term includes, for example, steam piston engines or steam turbines, per se, or internal-combustion piston engines, but it excludes single-stroke devices. "Engine" also includes the fluid-motive portion of a meter unless such portion is particularly adapted for use in a meter; "pump" means a device for continuously raising, forcing, compressing, or exhausting fluid by mechanical or other means. Thus, this term includes fans or blowers; "machine" means a device which could equally be an engine and a pump, and not a device which is restricted to an engine or one which is restricted to a pump; "positive displacement" means the way the energy of a working fluid is transformed into mechanical energy, in which variations of volume created by the working fluid in a working chamber produce equivalent displacements of the mechanical member transmitting the energy, the dynamic effect of the fluid being of minor importance, and vice versa; "non-positive displacement" means the way the energy of a working fluid is transformed into mechanical energy, by transformation of the energy of the working fluid into kinetic energy, and vice versa; "oscillating-piston machine" means a positive-displacement machine in which a fluid-engaging work-transmitting member oscillates. This definition applies also to engines and pumps; "rotary-piston machine" means a positive-displacement machine in which a fluid-engaging work-transmitting member rotates about a fixed axis or about an axis moving along a circular or similar orbit. This definition applies also to engines and pumps; "rotary piston" means the work-transmitting member of a rotary-piston machine and may be of any suitable form, e.g., like a toothed gear; "cooperating members" means the "oscillating piston" or "rotary piston" and another member, e.g., the working-chamber wall, which assists in the driving or pumping action; "movement of the co-operating members" is to be interpreted as relative, so that one of the "co-operating members" may be stationary, even though reference may be made to its rotational axis, or both may move; "teeth or tooth equivalents" include lobes, projections or abutments; "internal-axis type" means that the rotational axes of the inner and outer co-operating members remain at all times within the outer member, e.g., in a similar manner to that of a pinion meshing with the internal teeth of a ring gear; "free piston" means a piston of which the length of stroke is not defined by any member driven thereby; "cylinders" means positive-displacement working chambers in general. Thus, this term is not restricted to cylinders of circular cross-section; "main shaft" means the shaft which converts reciprocating piston motion into rotary motion or vice versa; "plant" means an engine together with such additional apparatus as is necessary to run the engine. For example, a steam engine plant includes a steam engine and means for generating the steam; "working fluid" means the driven fluid in a pump and the driving fluid in an engine. The working fluid may be in a gaseous state, i.e., compressible, or liquid. In the former case coexistence of two states is possible; "steam" includes condensable vapours in general, and "special vapour" is used when steam is excluded; "reaction type" as applied to non-positive-displacement machines or engines means machines or engines in which pressure/velocity transformation takes place wholly or partly in the rotor. Mmachines or engines with no, or only slight, pressure/velocity transformation in the rotor are called "impulse type". In this subsection: cyclically operating valves, lubricating, gas-flow silencers or exhaust apparatus, or cooling are classified in subclasses Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F01L, Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F01M, Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F01N, Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F01P irrespective of their stated application, unless their classifying features are peculiar to their application, in which case they are classified only in the relevant subclass of classes Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F01-F04; lubricating, gas-flow silencers or exhaust apparatus, or cooling of machines or engines are classified in subclasses Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F01M, Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F01N, Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F01P except for those peculiar to steam engines which are classified in subclass Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F01B. For use of this subsection with a good understanding, it is essential to remember, so far as subclasses Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F01B, Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F01C, Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F01D, Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F03B, and Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F04B, Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F04C, Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F04D, which form its skeleton, are concerned: the principle which resides in their elaboration, the classifying characteristics which they call for, and their complementarity. Principle This concerns essentially the subclasses listed above. Other subclasses, notably those of class Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F02, which cover better-defined matter, are not considered here. Each subclass covers fundamentally a genus of apparatus (engine or pump) and by extension covers equally "machines" of the same kind. Two different subjects, one having a more general character than the other, are thus covered by the same subclass. Subclasses Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F01B, Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F03B, Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F04B, beyond the two subjects which they cover, have further a character of generality in relation to other subclasses concerning the different species of apparatus in the genus concerned. This generality applies as well for the two subjects dealt with, without these always being in relation to the same subclasses. Thus, subclass Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F03B, in its part dealing with "machines", should be considered as being the general class relating to subclasses Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F04B, Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F04C, and in its part dealing with "engines" as being general in relation to subclass Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F03C. Characteristics The principal classifying characteristic of the subclass is that of genera of apparatus, of which there are three possible: Machines; engines; pumps. As stated above, "machines" are always associated with one of the other two genera. These main genera are subdivided according to the general principles of operation of the apparatus: Positive displacement; non-positive displacement. The positive displacement apparatus are further subdivided according to the ways of putting into effect the principle of operation, that is, to the kind of apparatus: Simple reciprocating piston; rotary or oscillating piston; other kind. Another classifying characteristic is that of the working fluid, in respect of which three kinds of apparatus are possible, namely: Liquid and elastic fluid; elastic fluid; liquid. Complementarity This resides in association of pairs of the subclasses listed above, according to the characteristics under consideration in respect of kind of apparatus or working fluid. The subclasses concerned with the various principles, characteristics and complementarity are shown in the following table: It is seen from this table that: For the same kind of apparatus in a given genus, the characteristic of "working fluid" associates: Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F01B and Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F04B Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F01C and Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F04C Machines Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F01D and Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F03B Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F01B and Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F03C Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F01C and Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F03C Engines Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F01D and Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F03B For the same kind of working fluid, the "apparatus" characteristic relates subclasses in the same way as considerations of relative generality.

LIGHTING; HEATING

|  | F27 |
FURNACES; KILNS; OVENS; RETORTS (specially adapted for a purpose covered by a single other class and specifically mentioned in that class, see the class in question, e.g. bakery ovens Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...A21B, glass melting furnaces Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...C03B, coke or gas-making apparatus Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...C10B, Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...C10J, apparatus for cracking hydrocarbons Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...C10G, blast furnaces Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...C21B, converters for making steel Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...C21C, furnaces for heat treatment of metal Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...C21D; furnaces for electroslag or arc remelting of metals Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...C22B 9/00; enamelling ovens Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...C23D; combustion apparatus Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F23; electric heating Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...H05B) [4]

|  | F27 |
Note(s) This class covers: furnaces, kilns, ovens, retorts, open sintering apparatus, and details or accessories therefor, in general; the arrangement of electrical heating elements in or on furnaces. This class does not cover: electrical heating elements per se; processes carried on within the furnaces. In this class, the following term is used with the meaning indicated: "furnaces" covers kilns, ovens, or retorts.

|  | F27D |
DETAILS OR ACCESSORIES OF FURNACES, KILNS, OVENS, OR RETORTS, IN SO FAR AS THEY ARE OF KINDS OCCURRING IN MORE THAN ONE KIND OF FURNACE (combustion apparatus Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F23)

|  | F27D |
Note(s) Attention is drawn to the references and Notes following the title of class Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F27 and Note III following the Contents of Section of section H.

|  | F27D |
Subclass index
CONSTRUCTIONAL FEATURES | 1/00
HANDLING AND SUPPORTING CHARGE | 3/00, 5/00, 15/00
PREHEATING CHARGE; COOLING; USING WASTE HEAT OR GASES | 13/00; 9/00, 15/02; 17/00
ARRANGEMENTS OF ELECTRIC HEATING ELEMENTS | 11/00
ARRANGEMENTS OF CONTROL AND SAFETY DEVICES | 19/00, 21/00
OTHER FEATURES; OTHER DETAILS | 7/00; 23/00

|  | F27D 1/00 |
Casings; Linings; Walls; Roofs (refractory materials Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...C04B; firebridges for combustion chambers Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F23M 3/00)

|  | F27D 1/02 |
· | Crowns; Roofs

|  | F27D 1/04 |
· | characterised by the form of the bricks or blocks used

|  | F27D 1/06 |
· · | Composite bricks or blocks

|  | F27D 1/08 |
· · · | Bricks or blocks with internal reinforcement or metal backing

|  | F27D 1/10 |
· | Monolithic linings; Supports therefor

|  | F27D 1/12 |
· | incorporating cooling arrangements (constructions of tube assemblies in general Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F28)

|  | F27D 1/14 |
· | Supports for linings (Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F27D 1/10 takes precedence)

|  | F27D 1/16 |
· | Making or repairing linings

|  | F27D 1/18 |
· | Door frames; Doors, lids, removable covers

|  | F27D 3/00 |
Charging; Discharging; Manipulation of charge (conveying systems characterised by their application for specified purposes not otherwise provided for Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...B65G 49/00; moving charge through a furnace Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F27B 9/14)

|  | F27D 3/02 |
· | Skids or tracks for heavy objects

|  | F27D 3/04 |
· | Ram or pusher apparatus

|  | F27D 3/06 |
· | Charging or discharging machines on travelling carriages

|  | F27D 3/08 |
· | Screw feeders; Screw dischargers

|  | F27D 3/10 |
· | Charging directly from hoppers or shoots

|  | F27D 3/12 |
· | Travelling or movable supports or containers for the charge

|  | F27D 3/14 |
· | Charging or discharging liquid or molten material

|  | F27D 3/15 |
· | Tapping equipment; Equipment for removing slag

|  | F27D 3/16 |
· | Introducing a fluid jet or current into the charge (Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F27D 3/18 takes precedence) [3]

|  | F27D 3/18 |
· | Charging particulate material using a fluid carrier [3]

|  | F27D 5/00 |
Supports, screens, or the like for the charge within the furnace (travelling or movable supports Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F27D 3/12)

|  | F27D 7/00 |
Forming, maintaining, or circulating atmospheres in heating chambers

|  | F27D 7/02 |
· | Supplying steam, vapour, gases, or liquids

|  | F27D 7/04 |
· | Circulating atmospheres by mechanical means

|  | F27D 7/06 |
· | Forming or maintaining special atmospheres or vacuum within heating chambers (Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F27D 7/02 takes precedence)

|  | F27D 9/00 |
Cooling of furnaces or of charges therein (Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F27D 1/00, Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F27D 3/00 take precedence)

|  | F27D 11/00 |
Arrangement of elements for electric heating in or on furnaces (electric heating per se Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...H05B)

|  | F27D 11/02 |
· | Ohmic resistance heating

|  | F27D 11/04 |
· · | with direct passage of current through the material being heated

|  | F27D 11/06 |
· | Induction heating, i.e. in which the material being heated, or its container or elements embodied therein, form the secondary of a transformer

|  | F27D 11/08 |
· | Heating by electric discharge, e.g. arc discharge

|  | F27D 11/10 |
· · | Disposition of electrodes (automatic control of temperature Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...G05D 23/00; electric discharge apparatus Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...H01T; arrangements for feeding or guiding electrodes Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...H05B 7/10; automatic control of power by positioning of electrodes Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...H05B 7/144) [3]

|  | F27D 11/12 |
· | with electromagnetic fields acting directly on the material being heated

|  | F27D 13/00 |
Apparatus for preheating charges; Arrangements for preheating charges

|  | F27D 15/00 |
Handling or treating discharged material; Supports or receiving chambers therefor

|  | F27D 15/02 |
· | Cooling

|  | F27D 17/00 |
Arrangement for using waste heat (heat-exchangers per se Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F28); Arrangement for using, or disposing of, waste gases (removing fumes in general Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...B08B 15/00)

|  | F27D 19/00 |
Arrangement of controlling devices

|  | F27D 21/00 |
Arrangement of monitoring devices; Arrangements of safety devices

|  | F27D 21/02 |
· | Observation or illuminating devices

|  | F27D 21/04 |
· | Arrangements of indicators or alarms

|  | F27D 23/00 |
Details or accessories not covered by any preceding group

|  | F27D 23/02 |
· | Devices for removing incrustations

|  | F27D 23/04 |
· | Stirring devices for molten material (mixing in general Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...B01F) [3]