|  | C |
SECTION C — CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY

|  | C |
Note(s) In section C, the definitions of groups of chemical elements are as follows: Alkali metals: Li, Na, K, Rb, Cs, Fr Alkaline earth metals: Ca, Sr, Ba, Ra Lanthanides: elements with atomic numbers 57 to 71 inclusive Rare earths: Sc, Y, Lanthanides Actinides: elements with atomic numbers 89 to 103 inclusive Refractory metals: Ti, V, Cr, Zr, Nb, Mo, Hf, Ta, W Halogens: F, Cl, Br, I, At Noble gases: He, Ne, Ar, Kr, Xe, Rn Platinum group: Os, Ir, Pt, Ru, Rh, Pd Noble metals: Ag, Au, Platinum group Light metals: alkali metals, alkaline earth metals, Be, Al, Mg Heavy metals: metals other than light metals Iron group: Fe, Co, Ni Non-metals: H, B, C, Si, N, P, O, S, Se, Te, noble gases, halogens Metals: elements other than non-metals Transition elements: elements with atomic numbers 21 to 30 inclusive, 39 to 48 inclusive, 57 to 80 inclusive, 89 upwards The following notes are meant to assist in the use of this part of the classification scheme. They must not be read as modifying in any way the elaborations. Section C covers: pure chemistry, which covers inorganic compounds, organic compounds, macromolecular compounds, and their methods of preparation; applied chemistry, which covers compositions containing the above compounds, such as: glass, ceramics, fertilisers, plastics compositions, paints, products of the petroleum industry. It also covers certain compositions on account of their having particular properties rendering them suitable for certain purposes, as in the case of explosives, dyestuffs, adhesives, lubricants, and detergents; certain marginal industries, such as the manufacture of coke and of solid or gaseous fuels, the production and refining of oils, fats and waxes, the fermentation industry (e.g., brewing and wine-making), the sugar industry; certain operations or treatments, which are either purely mechanical, e.g., the mechanical treatment of leather and skins, or partly mechanical, e.g., the treatment of water or the prevention of corrosion in general; metallurgy, ferrous or non-ferrous alloys. In the case of operations, treatments, products or articles having both a chemical and a non-chemical part or aspect, the general rule is that the chemical part or aspect is covered by section C. In some of these cases, the chemical part or aspect brings with it a non-chemical one, even though purely mechanical, because this latter aspect either is essential to the operation or treatment or constitutes an important element thereof. It has seemed, in fact, more logical not to dissociate the different parts or aspects of a coherent whole. This is the case for applied chemistry and for the industries, operations and treatments mentioned in Notes (1)(c), (d) and (e). For example, furnaces peculiar to the manufacture of glass are covered by class Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...C03 and not by class Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F27. There are, however, some exceptions in which the mechanical (or non-chemical) aspect carries with it the chemical aspect, for example: Certain extractive processes, in subclass Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...A61K; The chemical purification of air, in subclass Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...A61L; Chemical methods of fire-fighting, in subclass Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...A62D; Chemical processes and apparatus, in class Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...B01; Impregnation of wood, in subclass Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...B27K; Chemical methods of analysis or testing, in subclass Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...G01N; Photographic materials and processes, in class Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...G03, and, generally, the chemical treatment of textiles and the production of cellulose or paper, in section D. In still other cases, the pure chemical aspect is covered by section C and the applied chemical aspect by another section, such as A, B or F, e.g., the use of a substance or composition for: treatment of plants or animals, covered by subclass Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...A01N; foodstuffs, covered by class Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...A23; ammunition or explosives, covered by class Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F42. When the chemical and mechanical aspects are so closely interlocked that a neat and simple division is not possible, or when certain mechanical processes follow as a natural or logical continuation of a chemical treatment, section C may cover, in addition to the chemical aspect, a part only of the mechanical aspect, e.g., after-treatment of artificial stone, covered by class Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...C04. In this latter case, a note or a reference is usually given to make the position clear, even if sometimes the division is rather arbitrary.

METALLURGY

|  | C23 |
COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL (by metallising textiles Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...D06M 11/83; decorating textiles by locally metallising Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...D06Q 1/04); CHEMICAL SURFACE TREATMENT; DIFFUSION TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL (for specific applications, see the relevant places, e.g. for manufacturing resistors Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...H01C 17/06); INHIBITING CORROSION OF METALLIC MATERIAL OR INCRUSTATION IN GENERAL (treating metal surfaces or coating of metals by electrolysis or electrophoresis Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...C25D, Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...C25F) [2]

|  | C23 |
Note(s) In this class, the following expression is used with the meaning incicated: "metallic material" covers: metals; [4] alloys (attention is drawn to the Note following the title of subclass Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...C22C).

|  | C23C |
COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; SURFACE TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL BY DIFFUSION INTO THE SURFACE, BY CHEMICAL CONVERSION OR SUBSTITUTION; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL (applying liquids or other fluent materials to surfaces in general Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...B05; making metal-coated products by extrusion Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...B21C 23/22; covering with metal by connecting pre-existing layers to articles, see the relevant places, e.g. Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...B21D 39/00, Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...B23K; working of metal by the action of a high concentration of electric current on a workpiece using an electrode Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...B23H; metallising of glass Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...C03C; metallising mortars, concrete, artificial stone, ceramics or natural stone Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...C04B 41/00; paints, varnishes, laquers Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...C09D; enamelling of, or applying a vitreous layer to, metals Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...C23D; inhibiting corrosion of metallic material or incrustation in general Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...C23F; single-crystal film growth Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...C30B; manufacture of semiconductor devices Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...H01L; manufacture of printed circuits Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...H05K) [4]

|  | C23C |
Note(s) In this subclass, an operation is considered as pretreatment or after-treatment when it is specially adapted for, but quite distinct from, the coating process concerned and constitutes an independent operation. If an operation results in the formation of a permanent sub- or upper layer, it is not considered as pretreatment or after-treatment and is classified as a multi-coating process. [4]

|  | C23C |
Subclass index
COATING USING MOLTEN COATING MATERIAL | 2/00 - 6/00
SOLID STATE DIFFUSION COATING | 8/00 - 12/00
COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, SPUTTERING OR ION-IMPLANTATION | 14/00
CHEMICAL COATING | 16/00 - 20/00
CONTACT PLATING | 18/00
CHEMICAL SURFACE TREATMENT | 22/00
COATING USING INORGANIC POWDER | 24/00
OTHER COATING, MULTI-LAYER COATING | 26/00, 28/00
COMPOSITION OF METALLIC COATING MATERIAL | 30/00

|  | C23C 2/00 - C23C 6/00 |
Coating by applying the coating material in the molten state (casting Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...B22D, e.g. Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...B22D 19/08, Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...B22D 23/04, Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...B29; built-up welding Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...B23K, e.g. Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...B23K 5/18, Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...B23K 9/04) [4]

|  | C23C 2/00 |
Hot-dipping or immersion processes for applying the coating material in the molten state without affecting the shape; Apparatus therfor [4]

|  | C23C 2/02 |
· | Pretreatment of the material to be coated, e.g. for coating on selected surface areas (Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...C23C 2/30 takes precedence) [4]

|  | C23C 2/04 |
· | characterised by the coating material [4]

|  | C23C 2/06 |
· · | Zinc or cadmium or alloys based thereon [4]

|  | C23C 2/08 |
· · | Tin or alloys based thereon [4]

|  | C23C 2/10 |
· · | Lead or alloys based thereon [4]

|  | C23C 2/12 |
· · | Aluminium or alloys based thereon [4]

|  | C23C 2/14 |
· | Removing excess of molten coatings; Controlling or regulating the coating thickness (controlling or regulating thickness in general Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...G05D 5/02) [4]

|  | C23C 2/16 |
· · | using fluids under pressure, e.g. air knives [4]

|  | C23C 2/18 |
· · · | Removing excess of molten coatings from elongated material [4]

|  | C23C 2/20 |
· · · · | Strips; Plates [4]

|  | C23C 2/22 |
· · | by rubbing, e.g. using knives [4]

|  | C23C 2/24 |
· · | using magnetic or electric fields [4]

|  | C23C 2/26 |
· | After-treatment (Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...C23C 2/14 takes precedence) [4]

|  | C23C 2/28 |
· · | Thermal after-treatment, e.g. treatment in oil bath [4]

|  | C23C 2/30 |
· | Fluxes or coverings on molten baths (Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...C23C 2/22 takes precedence) [4]

|  | C23C 2/32 |
· | using vibratory energy applied to the bath or substrate (Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...C23C 2/14 takes precedence) [4]

|  | C23C 2/34 |
· | characterised by the shape of the material to be treated (Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...C23C 2/14 takes precedence) [4]

|  | C23C 2/36 |
· · | Elongated material [4]

|  | C23C 2/38 |
· · · | Wires; Tubes [4]

|  | C23C 2/40 |
· · · | Plates; Strips [4]

|  | C23C 4/00 |
Coating by spraying the coating material in the molten state, e.g. by flame, plasma or electric discharge (spraying guns Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...B05B; plasma guns Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...H05H) [4]

|  | C23C 4/02 |
· | Pretreatment of the material to be coated, e.g. for coating on selected surface areas [4]

|  | C23C 4/04 |
· | characterised by the coating material [4]

|  | C23C 4/06 |
· · | Metallic material [4]

|  | C23C 4/08 |
· · · | containing only metal elements [4]

|  | C23C 4/10 |
· · | Oxides, borides, carbides, nitrides, silicides or mixtures thereof [4]

|  | C23C 4/12 |
· | characterised by the method of spraying [4]

|  | C23C 4/14 |
· · | for covering elongated material [4]

|  | C23C 4/16 |
· · · | Wires; Tubes [4]

|  | C23C 4/18 |
· | After-treatment [4]

|  | C23C 6/00 |
Coating by casting molten material on the substrate [4]

|  | C23C 8/00 - C23C 12/00 |
Solid state diffusion into metallic material surfaces [4]

|  | C23C 8/00 |
Solid state diffusion of only non-metal elements into metallic material surfaces (diffusion of silicon Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...C23C 10/00); Chemical surface treatment of metallic material by reaction of the surface with a reactive gas, leaving reaction products of surface material in the coating, e.g. conversion coatings, passivation of metals (Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...C23C 14/00 takes precedence) [4]

|  | C23C 8/02 |
· | Pretreatment of the material to be coated (Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...C23C 8/04 takes precedence) [4]

|  | C23C 8/04 |
· | Treatment of selected surface areas, e.g. using masks [4]

|  | C23C 8/06 |
· | using gases (Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...C23C 8/36 takes precedence) [4]

|  | C23C 8/08 |
· · | only one element being applied [4]

|  | C23C 8/10 |
· · · | Oxidising [4]

|  | C23C 8/12 |
· · · · | using elemental oxygen or ozone [4]

|  | C23C 8/14 |
· · · · · | Oxidising of ferrous surfaces [4]

|  | C23C 8/16 |
· · · · | using oxygen-containing compounds, e.g. H2O, CO2 [4]

|  | C23C 8/18 |
· · · · · | Oxidising of ferrous surfaces [4]

|  | C23C 8/20 |
· · · | Carburising [4]

|  | C23C 8/22 |
· · · · | of ferrous surfaces [4]

|  | C23C 8/24 |
· · · | Nitriding [4]

|  | C23C 8/26 |
· · · · | of ferrous surfaces [4]

|  | C23C 8/28 |
· · | more than one element being applied in one step [4]

|  | C23C 8/30 |
· · · | Carbo-nitriding [4]

|  | C23C 8/32 |
· · · · | of ferrous surfaces [4]

|  | C23C 8/34 |
· · | more than one element being applied in more than one step [4]

|  | C23C 8/36 |
· · | using ionised gases, e.g. ionitriding (discharge tubes with provision for introducing objects or material to be exposed to the discharge Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...H01J 37/00) [4]

|  | C23C 8/38 |
· · · | Treatment of ferrous surfaces [4]

|  | C23C 8/40 |
· | using liquids, e.g. salt baths, liquid suspensions [4]

|  | C23C 8/42 |
· · | only one element being applied [4]

|  | C23C 8/44 |
· · · | Carburising [4]

|  | C23C 8/46 |
· · · · | of ferrous surfaces [4]

|  | C23C 8/48 |
· · · | Nitriding [4]

|  | C23C 8/50 |
· · · · | of ferrous surfaces [4]

|  | C23C 8/52 |
· · | more than one element being applied in one step [4]

|  | C23C 8/54 |
· · · | Carbo-nitriding [4]

|  | C23C 8/56 |
· · · · | of ferrous surfaces [4]

|  | C23C 8/58 |
· · | more than one element being applied in more than one step [4]

|  | C23C 8/60 |
· | using solids, e.g. powders, pastes (using liquid suspensions of solids Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...C23C 8/40) [4]

|  | C23C 8/62 |
· · | only one element being applied [4]

|  | C23C 8/64 |
· · · | Carburising [4]

|  | C23C 8/66 |
· · · · | of ferrous surfaces [4]

|  | C23C 8/68 |
· · · | Boronising [4]

|  | C23C 8/70 |
· · · · | of ferrous surfaces [4]

|  | C23C 8/72 |
· · | more than one element being applied in one step [4]

|  | C23C 8/74 |
· · · | Carbo-nitriding [4]

|  | C23C 8/76 |
· · · · | of ferrous surfaces [4]

|  | C23C 8/78 |
· · | more than one element being applied in more than one step [4]

|  | C23C 8/80 |
· | After-treatment [4]

|  | C23C 10/00 |
Solid state diffusion of only metal elements or silicon into metallic material surfaces [4]

|  | C23C 10/02 |
· | Pretreatment of the material to be coated (Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...C23C 10/04 takes precedence) [4]

|  | C23C 10/04 |
· | Diffusion into selected surface areas, e.g. using masks [4]

|  | C23C 10/06 |
· | using gases [4]

|  | C23C 10/08 |
· · | only one element being diffused [4]

|  | C23C 10/10 |
· · · | Chromising [4]

|  | C23C 10/12 |
· · · · | of ferrous surfaces [4]

|  | C23C 10/14 |
· · | more than one element being diffused in one step [4]

|  | C23C 10/16 |
· · | more than one element being diffused in more than one step [4]

|  | C23C 10/18 |
· | using liquids, e.g. salt baths, liquid suspensions [4]

|  | C23C 10/20 |
· · | only one element being diffused [4]

|  | C23C 10/22 |
· · · | Metal melt containing the element to be diffused [4]

|  | C23C 10/24 |
· · · | Salt bath containing the element to be diffused [4]

|  | C23C 10/26 |
· · | more than one element being diffused [4]

|  | C23C 10/28 |
· | using solids, e.g. powders, pastes [4]

|  | C23C 10/30 |
· · | using a layer of powder or paste on the surface (using liquid suspensions of solids Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...C23C 10/18) [4]

|  | C23C 10/32 |
· · · | Chromising [4]

|  | C23C 10/34 |
· · | Embedding in a powder mixture, i.e. pack cementation [4]

|  | C23C 10/36 |
· · · | only one element being diffused [4]

|  | C23C 10/38 |
· · · · | Chromising [4]

|  | C23C 10/40 |
· · · · · | of ferrous surfaces [4]

|  | C23C 10/42 |
· · · · · · | in the presence of volatile transport additives, e.g. halogenated substances [4]

|  | C23C 10/44 |
· · · · | Siliconising [4]

|  | C23C 10/46 |
· · · · · | of ferrous surfaces [4]

|  | C23C 10/48 |
· · · · | Aluminising [4]

|  | C23C 10/50 |
· · · · · | of ferrous surfaces [4]

|  | C23C 10/52 |
· · · | more than one element being diffused in one step [4]

|  | C23C 10/54 |
· · · · | Diffusion of at least chromium [4]

|  | C23C 10/56 |
· · · · · | and at least aluminium [4]

|  | C23C 10/58 |
· · · | more than one element being diffused in more than one step [4]

|  | C23C 10/60 |
· | After-treatment [4]

|  | C23C 12/00 |
Solid state diffusion of at least one non-metal element other than silicon and at least one metal element or silicon into metallic material surfaces [4]

|  | C23C 12/02 |
· | Diffusion in one step [4]

|  | C23C 14/00 |
Coating by vacuum evaporation, by sputtering or by ion implantation [4]

|  | C23C 14/00 |
Coating by vacuum evaporation, by sputtering or by ion implantation of the coating forming material (discharge tubes with provision for introducing objects or material to be exposed to the discharge Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...H01J 37/00) [4]

|  | C23C 14/02 |
· | Pretreatment of the material to be coated (Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...C23C 14/04 takes precedence) [4]

|  | C23C 14/04 |
· | Coating on selected surface areas, e.g. using masks [4]

|  | C23C 14/06 |
· | characterised by the coating material (Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...C23C 14/04 takes precedence) [4]

|  | C23C 14/08 |
· · | Oxides (Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...C23C 14/10 takes precedence) [4]

|  | C23C 14/10 |
· · | Glass or silica [4]

|  | C23C 14/12 |
· · | Organic material [4]

|  | C23C 14/14 |
· · | Metallic material, boron or silicon [4]

|  | C23C 14/16 |
· · · | on metallic substrates or on substrates of boron or silicon [4]

|  | C23C 14/18 |
· · · | on other inorganic substrates [4]

|  | C23C 14/20 |
· · · | on organic substrates [4]

|  | C23C 14/22 |
· | characterised by the process of coating [4]

|  | C23C 14/24 |
· · | Vacuum evaporation [4]

|  | C23C 14/26 |
· · · | by resistance or inductive heating of the source [4]

|  | C23C 14/28 |
· · · | by wave energy or particle radiation (Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...C23C 14/32-C23C 14/48 take precedence) [4]

|  | C23C 14/30 |
· · · · | by electron bombardment [4]

|  | C23C 14/32 |
· · · | by explosion; by evaporation and subsequent ionisation of the vapours (Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...C23C 14/34-C23C 14/48 take precedence) [4]

|  | C23C 14/34 |
· · | Sputtering [4]

|  | C23C 14/35 |
· · · | by application of a magnetic field, e.g. magnetron sputtering [5]

|  | C23C 14/36 |
· · · | Diode sputtering (Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...C23C 14/35 takes precedence) [4,5]

|  | C23C 14/38 |
· · · · | by direct current glow discharge [4]

|  | C23C 14/40 |
· · · · | with alternating current discharge, e.g. high-frequency discharge [4]

|  | C23C 14/42 |
· · · | Triode sputtering (Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...C23C 14/35 takes precedence) [4,5]

|  | C23C 14/44 |
· · · · | by application of high frequencies and additional direct voltages [4]

|  | C23C 14/46 |
· · · | by ion beam produced by an external ion source (Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...C23C 14/40 takes precedence) [4]

|  | C23C 14/48 |
· · | Ion implantation [4]

|  | C23C 14/50 |
· · | Substrate holders [4]

|  | C23C 14/52 |
· · | Means for observation of the coating process [4]

|  | C23C 14/54 |
· · | Controlling or regulating the coating process (controlling or regulating in general Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...G05) [4]

|  | C23C 14/56 |
· · | Apparatus specially adapted for continuous coating; Arrangements for maintaining the vacuum, e.g. vacuum locks [4]

|  | C23C 14/58 |
· | After-treatment [4]

|  | C23C 16/00 - C23C 20/00 |
Chemical deposition or plating by decomposition; Contact plating (solid state diffusion Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...C23C 8/00-C23C 12/00) [4]

|  | C23C 16/00 |
Chemical coating by decomposition of gaseous compounds, without leaving reaction products of surface material in the coating, i.e. Chemical Vapour Deposition processes (reactive sputtering or vacuum evaporation Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...C23C 14/00) [4]

|  | C23C 16/02 |
· | Pretreatment of the material to be coated (Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...C23C 16/04 takes precedence) [4]

|  | C23C 16/04 |
· | Coating on selected surface areas, e.g. using masks [4]

|  | C23C 16/06 |
· | characterised by the deposition of metallic material [4]

|  | C23C 16/08 |
· · | from metal halides [4]

|  | C23C 16/10 |
· · · | Deposition of chromium only [4]

|  | C23C 16/12 |
· · · | Deposition of aluminium only [4]

|  | C23C 16/14 |
· · · | Deposition of only one other metal elements [4]

|  | C23C 16/16 |
· · | from metal carbonyl compounds [4]

|  | C23C 16/18 |
· · | from metallo-organic compounds [4]

|  | C23C 16/20 |
· · · | Deposition of aluminium only [4]

|  | C23C 16/22 |
· | characterised by the deposition of inorganic material, other than metallic material [4]

|  | C23C 16/24 |
· · | Deposition of silicon only [4]

|  | C23C 16/26 |
· · | Deposition of carbon only [4]

|  | C23C 16/28 |
· · | Deposition of only one other non-metal elements [4]

|  | C23C 16/30 |
· · | Deposition of compounds, mixtures or solid solutions, e.g. borides, carbides, nitrides [4]

|  | C23C 16/32 |
· · · | Carbides [4]

|  | C23C 16/34 |
· · · | Nitrides [4]

|  | C23C 16/36 |
· · · | Carbo-nitrides [4]

|  | C23C 16/38 |
· · · | Borides [4]

|  | C23C 16/40 |
· · · | Oxides [4]

|  | C23C 16/42 |
· · · | Silicides [4]

|  | C23C 16/44 |
· | characterised by the method of coating (Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...C23C 16/04 takes precedence) [4]

|  | C23C 16/46 |
· · | by the way of heating the substrate (Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...C23C 16/48, Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...C23C 16/50 take precedence) [4]

|  | C23C 16/48 |
· · | by irradiation, e.g. photolysis, radiolysis, particle radiation [4]

|  | C23C 16/50 |
· · | using electric discharges [4]

|  | C23C 16/52 |
· · | Controlling or regulating the coating process (controlling or regulating in general Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...G05) [4]

|  | C23C 16/54 |
· · | Apparatus specially adapted for continuous coating [4]

|  | C23C 16/56 |
· | After-treatment [4]

|  | C23C 18/00 |
Chemical coating by decomposition of either liquid compounds or solutions of the coating forming compounds, without leaving reaction products of surface material in the coating (chemical surface reaction Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...C23C 8/00, Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...C23C 22/00); Contact plating [4]

|  | C23C 18/00 |
Note(s) This group covers also suspensions containing reactive liquids and non-reactive solid particles. [4]

|  | C23C 18/02 |
· | by thermal decomposition [4]

|  | C23C 18/04 |
· · | Pretreatment of the material to be coated (Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...C23C 18/06 takes precedence) [4]

|  | C23C 18/06 |
· · | Coating on selected surface areas, e.g. using masks [4]

|  | C23C 18/08 |
· · | characterised by the deposition of metallic material [4]

|  | C23C 18/10 |
· · · | Deposition of aluminium only [4]

|  | C23C 18/12 |
· · | characterised by the deposition of inorganic material other than metallic material [4]

|  | C23C 18/14 |
· | Decomposition by irradiation, e.g. photolysis, particle radiation [4]

|  | C23C 18/16 |
· | by reduction or substitution, i.e. electroless plating (Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...C23C 18/54 takes precedence) [4]

|  | C23C 18/18 |
· · | Pretreatment of the material to be coated [4]

|  | C23C 18/20 |
· · · | of organic surfaces, e.g. resins [4]

|  | C23C 18/22 |
· · · · | Roughening, e.g. by etching [4]

|  | C23C 18/24 |
· · · · · | using acid aqueous solutions [4]

|  | C23C 18/26 |
· · · · · | using organic liquids [4]

|  | C23C 18/28 |
· · · · | Sensitising or activating [4]

|  | C23C 18/30 |
· · · · · | Activating [4]

|  | C23C 18/31 |
· · | Coating with metals [5]

|  | C23C 18/32 |
· · · | Coating with one of iron, cobalt or nickel; Coating with mixtures of phosphorus or boron with one of these metals [4,5]

|  | C23C 18/34 |
· · · · | using reducing agents [4,5]

|  | C23C 18/36 |
· · · · · | using hypophosphites [4,5]

|  | C23C 18/38 |
· · · | Coating with copper [4,5]

|  | C23C 18/40 |
· · · · | using reducing agents [4,5]

|  | C23C 18/42 |
· · · | Coating with noble metals [4,5]

|  | C23C 18/44 |
· · · · | using reducing agents [4,5]

|  | C23C 18/48 |
· · | Coating with alloys [4,5]

|  | C23C 18/50 |
· · · | with alloys based on iron, cobalt or nickel (Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...C23C 18/32 takes precedence) [4,5]

|  | C23C 18/52 |
· · | using reducing agents for coating with metallic material not provided for in a single one of groups Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...C23C 18/32-C23C 18/50 [4]

|  | C23C 18/54 |
· | Contact plating, i.e. electroless electrochemical plating [4]

|  | C23C 20/00 |
Chemical coating by decomposition of either solid compounds or suspensions of the coating forming compounds, without leaving reaction products of surface material in the coating (chemical surface reaction Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...C23C 8/00, Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...C23C 22/00) [4]

|  | C23C 20/00 |
Note(s) This group covers also suspensions containing non-reactive liquids and reactive solid particles. [4]

|  | C23C 20/02 |
· | Coating with metallic material [4]

|  | C23C 20/04 |
· · | with metals [4]

|  | C23C 20/06 |
· | Coating with inorganic material, other than metallic material [4]

|  | C23C 20/08 |
· · | with compounds, mixtures or solid solutions, e.g. borides, carbides, nitrides [4]

|  | C23C 22/00 |
Chemical surface treatment of metallic material by reaction of the surface with a reactive medium (with a reactive gas Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...C23C 8/00) [4]

|  | C23C 22/00 |
Chemical surface treatment of metallic material by reaction of the surface with a reactive liquid, leaving reaction products of surface material in the coating, e.g. conversion coatings, passivation of metals (wash primers Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...C09D 5/12) [4]

|  | C23C 22/00 |
Note(s) This group covers also suspensions containing reactive liquids and non-reactive solid particles. [4] In groups Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...C23C 22/02-C23C 22/86, in the absence of an indication to the contrary, classification is made in the last appropriate place. [4] Rejuvenating of the bath is classified in the appropriate place for the specific bath composition. [4]

|  | C23C 22/02 |
· | using non-aqueous solutions [4]

|  | C23C 22/03 |
· · | containing phosphorus compounds [4]

|  | C23C 22/04 |
· · | containing hexavalent chromium compounds [4]

|  | C23C 22/05 |
· | using aqueous solutions [5]

|  | C23C 22/06 |
· · | using aqueous acidic solutions with pH<6 [4,5]

|  | C23C 22/07 |
· · · | containing phosphates [4,5]

|  | C23C 22/08 |
· · · · | Orthophosphates [4,5]

|  | C23C 22/10 |
· · · · · | containing oxidants [4,5]

|  | C23C 22/12 |
· · · · · | containing zinc cations [4,5]

|  | C23C 22/13 |
· · · · · · | containing also nitrate or nitrite anions [4,5]

|  | C23C 22/14 |
· · · · · · | containing also chlorate anions [4,5]

|  | C23C 22/16 |
· · · · · · | containing also peroxy-compounds [4,5]

|  | C23C 22/17 |
· · · · · · | containing also organic acids [4,5]

|  | C23C 22/18 |
· · · · · | containing manganese cations [4,5]

|  | C23C 22/20 |
· · · · · | containing aluminium cations [4,5]

|  | C23C 22/22 |
· · · · · | containing alkaline earth metal cations [4,5]

|  | C23C 22/23 |
· · · · | Condensed phosphates [4,5]

|  | C23C 22/24 |
· · · | containing hexavalent chromium compounds [4,5]

|  | C23C 22/26 |
· · · · | containing also organic compounds [4,5]

|  | C23C 22/27 |
· · · · · | Acids [4,5]

|  | C23C 22/28 |
· · · · · | Macromolecular compounds [4,5]

|  | C23C 22/30 |
· · · · | containing also trivalent chromium [4,5]

|  | C23C 22/32 |
· · · · | containing also pulverulent metals [4,5]

|  | C23C 22/33 |
· · · · | containing also phosphates [4,5]

|  | C23C 22/34 |
· · · | containing fluorides or complex fluorides [4,5]

|  | C23C 22/36 |
· · · · | containing also phosphates [4,5]

|  | C23C 22/37 |
· · · · | containing also hexavalent chromium compounds [4,5]

|  | C23C 22/38 |
· · · · · | containing also phosphates [4,5]

|  | C23C 22/40 |
· · · | containing molybdates, tungstates or vanadates [4,5]

|  | C23C 22/42 |
· · · · | containing also phosphates [4,5]

|  | C23C 22/43 |
· · · · | containing also hexavalent chromium compounds [4,5]

|  | C23C 22/44 |
· · · · | containing also fluorides or complex fluorides [4,5]

|  | C23C 22/46 |
· · · | containing oxalates [4,5]

|  | C23C 22/47 |
· · · · | containing also phosphates [4,5]

|  | C23C 22/48 |
· · · | not containing phosphates, hexavalent chromium compounds, fluorides or complex fluorides, molybdates, tungstates, vanadates or oxalates [4,5]

|  | C23C 22/50 |
· · · · | Treatment of iron or alloys based thereon [4,5]

|  | C23C 22/52 |
· · · · | Treatment of copper or alloys based thereon [4,5]

|  | C23C 22/53 |
· · · · | Treatment of zinc or alloys based thereon [4,5]

|  | C23C 22/54 |
· · · · | Treatment of refractory metals or alloys based thereon [4,5]

|  | C23C 22/56 |
· · · · | Treatment of aluminium or alloys based thereon [4,5]

|  | C23C 22/57 |
· · · · | Treatment of magnesium or alloys based thereon [4,5]

|  | C23C 22/58 |
· · · · | Treatment of other metallic material [4,5]

|  | C23C 22/60 |
· · | using alkaline aqueous solutions with pH>8 [4,5]

|  | C23C 22/62 |
· · · | Treatment of iron or alloys based thereon [4,5]

|  | C23C 22/63 |
· · · | Treatment of copper or alloys based thereon [4,5]

|  | C23C 22/64 |
· · · | Treatment of refractory metals or alloys based thereon [4,5]

|  | C23C 22/66 |
· · · | Treatment of aluminium or alloys based thereon [4,5]

|  | C23C 22/67 |
· · · · | with solutions containing hexavalent chromium [4,5]

|  | C23C 22/68 |
· · | using aqueous solutions with pH between 6 and 8 [4,5]

|  | C23C 22/70 |
· | using melts [4]

|  | C23C 22/72 |
· · | Treatment of iron or alloys based thereon [4]

|  | C23C 22/73 |
· | characterised by the process [4]

|  | C23C 22/74 |
· · | for obtaining burned-in conversion coatings [4]

|  | C23C 22/76 |
· · | Applying the liquid by spraying [4]

|  | C23C 22/77 |
· · | Controlling or regulating of the coating process (controlling or regulating in general Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...G05) [4]

|  | C23C 22/78 |
· | Pretreatment of the material to be coated [4]

|  | C23C 22/80 |
· · | with solutions containing titanium or zirconium compounds [4]

|  | C23C 22/82 |
· | After-treatment [4]

|  | C23C 22/83 |
· · | Chemical after-treatment [4]

|  | C23C 22/84 |
· · | Dyeing [4]

|  | C23C 22/86 |
· | Regeneration of coating baths [4]

|  | C23C 24/00 |
Coating starting from inorganic powder (spraying of the coating material in molten state Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...C23C 4/00; solid state diffusion Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...C23C 8/00-C23C 12/00; manufacture of composite layers, workpieces or articles by sintering metallic powder Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...B22F 7/00; friction welding Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...B23K 20/12) [4]

|  | C23C 24/02 |
· | by application of pressure only [4]

|  | C23C 24/04 |
· · | Impact or kinetic deposition of particles [4]

|  | C23C 24/06 |
· · | Compressing powdered coating material, e.g. by milling [4]

|  | C23C 24/08 |
· | by application of heat or pressure and heat (Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...C23C 24/04 takes precedence) [4]

|  | C23C 24/10 |
· · | with intermediate formation of a liquid phase in the layer [4]

|  | C23C 26/00 |
Coating not provided for in groups Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...C23C 2/00-C23C 24/00 [4]

|  | C23C 26/02 |
· | applying molten material to the substrate (applying melts to surfaces, in general Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...B05) [4]

|  | C23C 28/00 |
Coating for obtaining at least two superposed coatings either by methods not provided for in a single one of main groups Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...C23C 2/00-C23C 26/00, or by combinations of methods provided for in subclasses Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...C23C and Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...C25C or Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...C25D [4]

|  | C23C 28/02 |
· | only coatings of metallic material [4]

|  | C23C 28/04 |
· | only coatings of inorganic non-metallic material [4]

|  | C23C 30/00 |
Coating with metallic material characterised only by the composition of the metallic material, i.e. not characterised by the coating process (Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...C23C 26/00, Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...C23C 28/00 take precedence) [4]