|  | C |
SECTION C — CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY

|  | C |
Note(s) In section C, the definitions of groups of chemical elements are as follows: Alkali metals: Li, Na, K, Rb, Cs, Fr Alkaline earth metals: Ca, Sr, Ba, Ra Lanthanides: elements with atomic numbers 57 to 71 inclusive Rare earths: Sc, Y, Lanthanides Actinides: elements with atomic numbers 89 to 103 inclusive Refractory metals: Ti, V, Cr, Zr, Nb, Mo, Hf, Ta, W Halogens: F, Cl, Br, I, At Noble gases: He, Ne, Ar, Kr, Xe, Rn Platinum group: Os, Ir, Pt, Ru, Rh, Pd Noble metals: Ag, Au, Platinum group Light metals: alkali metals, alkaline earth metals, Be, Al, Mg Heavy metals: metals other than light metals Iron group: Fe, Co, Ni Non-metals: H, B, C, Si, N, P, O, S, Se, Te, noble gases, halogens Metals: elements other than non-metals Transition elements: elements with atomic numbers 21 to 30 inclusive, 39 to 48 inclusive, 57 to 80 inclusive, 89 upwards The following notes are meant to assist in the use of this part of the classification scheme. They must not be read as modifying in any way the elaborations. Section C covers: pure chemistry, which covers inorganic compounds, organic compounds, macromolecular compounds, and their methods of preparation; applied chemistry, which covers compositions containing the above compounds, such as: glass, ceramics, fertilisers, plastics compositions, paints, products of the petroleum industry. It also covers certain compositions on account of their having particular properties rendering them suitable for certain purposes, as in the case of explosives, dyestuffs, adhesives, lubricants, and detergents; certain marginal industries, such as the manufacture of coke and of solid or gaseous fuels, the production and refining of oils, fats and waxes, the fermentation industry (e.g., brewing and wine-making), the sugar industry; certain operations or treatments, which are either purely mechanical, e.g., the mechanical treatment of leather and skins, or partly mechanical, e.g., the treatment of water or the prevention of corrosion in general; metallurgy, ferrous or non-ferrous alloys. In the case of operations, treatments, products or articles having both a chemical and a non-chemical part or aspect, the general rule is that the chemical part or aspect is covered by section C. In some of these cases, the chemical part or aspect brings with it a non-chemical one, even though purely mechanical, because this latter aspect either is essential to the operation or treatment or constitutes an important element thereof. It has seemed, in fact, more logical not to dissociate the different parts or aspects of a coherent whole. This is the case for applied chemistry and for the industries, operations and treatments mentioned in Notes (1)(c), (d) and (e). For example, furnaces peculiar to the manufacture of glass are covered by class Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...C03 and not by class Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F27. There are, however, some exceptions in which the mechanical (or non-chemical) aspect carries with it the chemical aspect, for example: Certain extractive processes, in subclass Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...A61K; The chemical purification of air, in subclass Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...A61L; Chemical methods of fire-fighting, in subclass Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...A62D; Chemical processes and apparatus, in class Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...B01; Impregnation of wood, in subclass Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...B27K; Chemical methods of analysis or testing, in subclass Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...G01N; Photographic materials and processes, in class Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...G03, and, generally, the chemical treatment of textiles and the production of cellulose or paper, in section D. In still other cases, the pure chemical aspect is covered by section C and the applied chemical aspect by another section, such as A, B or F, e.g., the use of a substance or composition for: treatment of plants or animals, covered by subclass Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...A01N; foodstuffs, covered by class Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...A23; ammunition or explosives, covered by class Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F42. When the chemical and mechanical aspects are so closely interlocked that a neat and simple division is not possible, or when certain mechanical processes follow as a natural or logical continuation of a chemical treatment, section C may cover, in addition to the chemical aspect, a part only of the mechanical aspect, e.g., after-treatment of artificial stone, covered by class Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...C04. In this latter case, a note or a reference is usually given to make the position clear, even if sometimes the division is rather arbitrary.

CHEMISTRY

|  | C14 |
SKINS; HIDES; PELTS; LEATHER

|  | C14B |
MECHANICAL TREATMENT OR PROCESSING OF SKINS, HIDES, OR LEATHER IN GENERAL; PELT-SHEARING MACHINES; INTESTINE-SPLITTING MACHINES (making leather substitutes Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...B29, Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...D06N; making articles from leather Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...B68F; mechanical cleaning of hides or the like Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...D06G; artificial leather Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...D06N)

|  | C14B |
Subclass index
LEATHER |
Manufacture | 1/00, 7/00
Treatments |
milling; cutting | 3/00; 5/00
finishing | 11/00, 13/00
making belts | 9/00
Apparatus, tools | 17/00, 19/00
FURS |
Treatments | 15/00
Apparatus, tools | 17/00, 19/00
INTESTINES |
Splitting, cutting | 21/00

|  | C14B 1/00 |
Manufacture of leather; Machines or devices therefor

|  | C14B 1/02 |
· | Fleshing, unhairing, samming, stretching-out, setting-out, shaving, splitting, or skiving skins, hides, or leather

|  | C14B 1/04 |
· · | using slicking, scraping, or smoothing-out cylinders or blades fixed on supports, e.g. cylinders, in a plane substantially at right angles to the working surface

|  | C14B 1/06 |
· · · | in machines in which the working piece is maintained in contact with the working tools solely by means of rolls

|  | C14B 1/08 |
· · · | in machines with flexible bands as bed supporting or counter-pressure elements

|  | C14B 1/10 |
· · · | in machines with drums with cylindrical, conical, or similar surfaces for supporting the whole working piece

|  | C14B 1/12 |
· · · | in machines with plane supporting bed-plates

|  | C14B 1/14 |
· · | using tools cutting the skin in a plane substantially parallel to its surface

|  | C14B 1/16 |
· · · | using fixed or reciprocating or oscillating knives

|  | C14B 1/18 |
· · · | using band knives

|  | C14B 1/20 |
· · · | using circular dished or coned knives

|  | C14B 1/22 |
· · · | using cylindrical knives

|  | C14B 1/24 |
· · | Cutting or shearing hairs without cutting the skin (shearing furs or plucking hairs for fur manufacturing purposes Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...C14B 15/02)

|  | C14B 1/26 |
· | Leather tensioning or stretching frames; Stretching-machines; Setting-out boards; Pasting boards (pasting processes Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...C14B 1/60; fastening devices Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...C14B 17/08)

|  | C14B 1/28 |
· | Machines for treating leather combined with devices for measuring and printing

|  | C14B 1/30 |
· | Pressing or rolling leather

|  | C14B 1/32 |
· · | by linear movement of the pressing elements

|  | C14B 1/34 |
· · | by rotating movement of the pressing or rolling elements

|  | C14B 1/36 |
· · · | Bridge leather-rolling machines

|  | C14B 1/38 |
· | Hammering leather

|  | C14B 1/40 |
· | Softening or making skins or leather supple, e.g. by staking, boarding, or crippling machines, by dry mills

|  | C14B 1/42 |
· · | by means of a rotatable drum with radial blades

|  | C14B 1/44 |
· | Mechanical treatment of leather surfaces

|  | C14B 1/46 |
· · | Fluffing, buffing or sanding

|  | C14B 1/48 |
· · | Roughening (by sanding Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...C14B 1/46)

|  | C14B 1/50 |
· · | Glazing

|  | C14B 1/52 |
· · | Brushing or plush-wheeling

|  | C14B 1/54 |
· · | Ironing (pressing or rolling Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...C14B 1/30)

|  | C14B 1/56 |
· · | Ornamenting, producing designs, embossing (pressing or rolling in general Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...C14B 1/30; producing designs on furs Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...C14B 15/12)

|  | C14B 1/58 |
· | Drying

|  | C14B 1/60 |
· · | Pasting processes (pasting boards Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...C14B 1/26; chemical part Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...C14C 7/00)

|  | C14B 1/62 |
· | Winding or stacking hides or leather

|  | C14B 3/00 |
Milling leather

|  | C14B 5/00 |
Clicking, perforating, or cutting leather (for shoe parts, e.g. soles, Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...A43D; apparatus not specially adapted for leather Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...B26D)

|  | C14B 5/02 |
· | Stamps or dies for leather articles

|  | C14B 5/04 |
· | for making leather belts or strips

|  | C14B 5/06 |
· · | Machines for cutting strips spirally from discs of leather

|  | C14B 7/00 |
Special leathers or their manufacture

|  | C14B 7/02 |
· | Composite leathers (with one or more laminae of plastics material Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...B32B)

|  | C14B 7/04 |
· · | by cementing or pressing together leather pieces, strips, or layers; Reinforcing or stiffening leather by means of reinforcing layers

|  | C14B 7/06 |
· | Leather webs built up of interengaged strips or pieces, e.g. by braiding

|  | C14B 9/00 |
Making driving belts or other leather belts or strips

|  | C14B 11/00 |
Finishing the edges of leather pieces, e.g. by folding, by burning (milling Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...C14B 3/00)

|  | C14B 13/00 |
Shredding hides or leather (shredding in general Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...B02C)

|  | C14B 15/00 |
Mechanical treatment of furs

|  | C14B 15/02 |
· | Shearing; Removing dead or coarse hairs or bristles by shearing or plucking

|  | C14B 15/04 |
· | Fur dressing

|  | C14B 15/06 |
· · | Fur-stretching devices

|  | C14B 15/08 |
· | Application of reinforcing or stiffening layers to fur skins

|  | C14B 15/10 |
· | Cutting furs; Making fur plates or strips

|  | C14B 15/12 |
· | Finishing, e.g. pointing furs; Producing designs or patterns

|  | C14B 17/00 |
Details of apparatus or machines for manufacturing or treating skins, hides, leather, or furs

|  | C14B 17/02 |
· | Blading cylinders or other working cylinders, e.g. slicking or scraping cylinders

|  | C14B 17/04 |
· | Work-supports or other counter-pressing elements; Bed rolls or counter-pressing rolls

|  | C14B 17/06 |
· | Work feeding or clamping devices

|  | C14B 17/08 |
· · | Fastening devices, e.g. clips for leather-stretching

|  | C14B 17/10 |
· | Arrangements for driving parts of leather-working machines

|  | C14B 17/12 |
· | Safety devices specially adapted for leather-working machines

|  | C14B 17/14 |
· | Auxiliary devices for leather-working machines, e.g. grinding devices for blading cylinders or dust-removal devices combined with the working machines

|  | C14B 19/00 |
Hand tools specially adapted for the treatment of hides, skins, or leather in the manufacture of leather or furs (equipment or tools for saddlery Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...B68C)

|  | C14B 21/00 |
Splitting intestines; Cutting intestines longitudinally (cleaning or cutting intestines during processing of meat Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...A22C 17/00)