|  | F |
SECTION F — MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING

|  | F01 - F42 |
Note(s) Guide to the use of this subsection (classes Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F01-F04) The following notes are meant to assist in the use of this part of the classification scheme. In this subsection, subclasses or groups designating "engines" or "pumps" cover methods of operating the same, unless otherwise specifically provided for. In this subsection, the following terms or expressions are used with the meanings indicated: "engine" means a device for continuously converting fluid energy into mechanical power. Thus, this term includes, for example, steam piston engines or steam turbines, per se, or internal-combustion piston engines, but it excludes single-stroke devices. "Engine" also includes the fluid-motive portion of a meter unless such portion is particularly adapted for use in a meter; "pump" means a device for continuously raising, forcing, compressing, or exhausting fluid by mechanical or other means. Thus, this term includes fans or blowers; "machine" means a device which could equally be an engine and a pump, and not a device which is restricted to an engine or one which is restricted to a pump; "positive displacement" means the way the energy of a working fluid is transformed into mechanical energy, in which variations of volume created by the working fluid in a working chamber produce equivalent displacements of the mechanical member transmitting the energy, the dynamic effect of the fluid being of minor importance, and vice versa; "non-positive displacement" means the way the energy of a working fluid is transformed into mechanical energy, by transformation of the energy of the working fluid into kinetic energy, and vice versa; "oscillating-piston machine" means a positive-displacement machine in which a fluid-engaging work-transmitting member oscillates. This definition applies also to engines and pumps; "rotary-piston machine" means a positive-displacement machine in which a fluid-engaging work-transmitting member rotates about a fixed axis or about an axis moving along a circular or similar orbit. This definition applies also to engines and pumps; "rotary piston" means the work-transmitting member of a rotary-piston machine and may be of any suitable form, e.g., like a toothed gear; "cooperating members" means the "oscillating piston" or "rotary piston" and another member, e.g., the working-chamber wall, which assists in the driving or pumping action; "movement of the co-operating members" is to be interpreted as relative, so that one of the "co-operating members" may be stationary, even though reference may be made to its rotational axis, or both may move; "teeth or tooth equivalents" include lobes, projections or abutments; "internal-axis type" means that the rotational axes of the inner and outer co-operating members remain at all times within the outer member, e.g., in a similar manner to that of a pinion meshing with the internal teeth of a ring gear; "free piston" means a piston of which the length of stroke is not defined by any member driven thereby; "cylinders" means positive-displacement working chambers in general. Thus, this term is not restricted to cylinders of circular cross-section; "main shaft" means the shaft which converts reciprocating piston motion into rotary motion or vice versa; "plant" means an engine together with such additional apparatus as is necessary to run the engine. For example, a steam engine plant includes a steam engine and means for generating the steam; "working fluid" means the driven fluid in a pump and the driving fluid in an engine. The working fluid may be in a gaseous state, i.e., compressible, or liquid. In the former case coexistence of two states is possible; "steam" includes condensable vapours in general, and "special vapour" is used when steam is excluded; "reaction type" as applied to non-positive-displacement machines or engines means machines or engines in which pressure/velocity transformation takes place wholly or partly in the rotor. Mmachines or engines with no, or only slight, pressure/velocity transformation in the rotor are called "impulse type". In this subsection: cyclically operating valves, lubricating, gas-flow silencers or exhaust apparatus, or cooling are classified in subclasses Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F01L, Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F01M, Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F01N, Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F01P irrespective of their stated application, unless their classifying features are peculiar to their application, in which case they are classified only in the relevant subclass of classes Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F01-F04; lubricating, gas-flow silencers or exhaust apparatus, or cooling of machines or engines are classified in subclasses Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F01M, Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F01N, Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F01P except for those peculiar to steam engines which are classified in subclass Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F01B. For use of this subsection with a good understanding, it is essential to remember, so far as subclasses Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F01B, Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F01C, Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F01D, Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F03B, and Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F04B, Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F04C, Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F04D, which form its skeleton, are concerned: the principle which resides in their elaboration, the classifying characteristics which they call for, and their complementarity. Principle This concerns essentially the subclasses listed above. Other subclasses, notably those of class Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F02, which cover better-defined matter, are not considered here. Each subclass covers fundamentally a genus of apparatus (engine or pump) and by extension covers equally "machines" of the same kind. Two different subjects, one having a more general character than the other, are thus covered by the same subclass. Subclasses Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F01B, Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F03B, Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F04B, beyond the two subjects which they cover, have further a character of generality in relation to other subclasses concerning the different species of apparatus in the genus concerned. This generality applies as well for the two subjects dealt with, without these always being in relation to the same subclasses. Thus, subclass Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F03B, in its part dealing with "machines", should be considered as being the general class relating to subclasses Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F04B, Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F04C, and in its part dealing with "engines" as being general in relation to subclass Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F03C. Characteristics The principal classifying characteristic of the subclass is that of genera of apparatus, of which there are three possible: Machines; engines; pumps. As stated above, "machines" are always associated with one of the other two genera. These main genera are subdivided according to the general principles of operation of the apparatus: Positive displacement; non-positive displacement. The positive displacement apparatus are further subdivided according to the ways of putting into effect the principle of operation, that is, to the kind of apparatus: Simple reciprocating piston; rotary or oscillating piston; other kind. Another classifying characteristic is that of the working fluid, in respect of which three kinds of apparatus are possible, namely: Liquid and elastic fluid; elastic fluid; liquid. Complementarity This resides in association of pairs of the subclasses listed above, according to the characteristics under consideration in respect of kind of apparatus or working fluid. The subclasses concerned with the various principles, characteristics and complementarity are shown in the following table: It is seen from this table that: For the same kind of apparatus in a given genus, the characteristic of "working fluid" associates: Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F01B and Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F04B Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F01C and Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F04C Machines Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F01D and Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F03B Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F01B and Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F03C Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F01C and Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F03C Engines Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F01D and Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F03B For the same kind of working fluid, the "apparatus" characteristic relates subclasses in the same way as considerations of relative generality.

LIGHTING; HEATING

|  | F23 |
COMBUSTION APPARATUS; COMBUSTION PROCESSES

|  | F23 |
Note(s) In this class, the following terms or expressions are used with the meanings indicated: "combustion" means the direct combination of oxygen gas, e.g. in air, and a burnable substance. Any other heat-producing combination of chemical substances, e.g. hydrogen peroxide and methane, iron oxide and aluminium, is covered by section C or by subclass Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F24J; "combustion chamber" means a chamber in which fuel is burned to establish a self-supporting fire or flame and which surrounds that fire or flame; "burner" means a device by which fluent fuel is passed to a combustion space where it burns to produce a self-supporting flame; "air" means a mixture of gases containing free oxygen and able to promote or support combustion.

|  | F23D |
BURNERS (generating combustion products of high pressure or high velocity Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F23R)

|  | F23D |
Subclass index
BURNERS FOR PULVERULENT FUEL | 1/00
BURNERS FOR COMBUSTION OF A LIQUID |
Using capillary action | 3/00
Using fuel evaporation; direct spraying action | 5/00; 11/00
Using fuel impingement on a surface | 7/00, 9/00
BURNERS FOR COMBUSTION OF A GAS | 14/00
BURNERS FOR COMBUSTION OF GASEOUS OR LIQUID OR PULVERULENT FUEL | 17/00
OTHER BURNERS | 21/00
ASSEMBLIES OF TWO OR MORE BURNERS | 23/00

|  | F23D 1/00 |
Burners for combustion of pulverulent fuel (disposition of burners Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F23C)

|  | F23D 1/02 |
· | Vortex burners, e.g. for cyclone-type combustion apparatus

|  | F23D 1/04 |
· | Burners producing cylindrical flames without centrifugal action

|  | F23D 1/06 |
· | Burners producing sheet flames

|  | F23D 3/00 - F23D 11/00 |
Combustion of a liquid

|  | F23D 3/00 |
Burners using capillary action

|  | F23D 3/02 |
· | Wick burners

|  | F23D 3/04 |
· · | with flame spreaders (Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F23D 3/12 takes precedence)

|  | F23D 3/06 |
· · | Inverted wick burners, e.g. for illumination

|  | F23D 3/08 |
· · | characterised by shape, construction, or material, of wick

|  | F23D 3/10 |
· · | Blue-flame burners

|  | F23D 3/12 |
· · · | with flame spreaders

|  | F23D 3/14 |
· · · | with mixing of air and fuel vapour in a chamber before the flame

|  | F23D 3/16 |
· · | using candles (candles per se Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...C11C)

|  | F23D 3/18 |
· · | Details of wick burners

|  | F23D 3/20 |
· · · | Flame spreaders

|  | F23D 3/22 |
· · · | Devices for mixing evaporated fuel with air

|  | F23D 3/24 |
· · · | Carriers for wicks

|  | F23D 3/26 |
· · · · | Safety devices thereon

|  | F23D 3/28 |
· · · | Wick-adjusting devices

|  | F23D 3/30 |
· · · · | directly engaging with the wick

|  | F23D 3/32 |
· · · · | engaging with a tube carrying the wick

|  | F23D 3/34 |
· · · · | Wick stop devices; Wick-fixing devices

|  | F23D 3/36 |
· · · | Devices for trimming wicks

|  | F23D 3/38 |
· · · | Devices for replacement of wicks

|  | F23D 3/40 |
· | the capillary action taking place in one or more rigid porous bodies

|  | F23D 5/00 |
Burners in which liquid fuel evaporates in the combustion space, with or without chemical conversion of evaporated fuel

|  | F23D 5/02 |
· | the liquid forming a pool, e.g. bowl-type evaporators, dish-type evaporators

|  | F23D 5/04 |
· · | Pot-type evaporators, i.e. using a partially-enclosed combustion space

|  | F23D 5/06 |
· | the liquid forming a film on one or more plane or convex surfaces

|  | F23D 5/08 |
· · | on cascaded surfaces

|  | F23D 5/10 |
· · | on grids

|  | F23D 5/12 |
· | Details

|  | F23D 5/14 |
· · | Maintaining predetermined amount of fuel in evaporator

|  | F23D 5/16 |
· · | Safety devices

|  | F23D 5/18 |
· · | Preheating devices

|  | F23D 7/00 |
Burners in which drops of liquid fuel impinge on a surface

|  | F23D 9/00 |
Burners in which a stream of liquid fuel impinges intermittently on a hot surface

|  | F23D 11/00 |
Burners using a direct spraying action of liquid droplets or vaporised liquid into the combustion space (spraying in general Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...B05B, Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...B05D)

|  | F23D 11/02 |
· | the combustion space being a chamber substantially at atmospheric pressure

|  | F23D 11/04 |
· | the spraying action being obtained by centrifugal action

|  | F23D 11/06 |
· · | using a horizontal shaft

|  | F23D 11/08 |
· · | using a vertical shaft

|  | F23D 11/10 |
· | the spraying being induced by a gaseous medium, e.g. water vapour

|  | F23D 11/12 |
· · | characterised by the shape or arrangement of the outlets from the nozzle

|  | F23D 11/14 |
· · · | with a single outlet, e.g. slit

|  | F23D 11/16 |
· · | in which an emulsion of water and fuel is sprayed

|  | F23D 11/18 |
· · | the gaseous medium being water vapour generated at the nozzle

|  | F23D 11/20 |
· · · | the water vapour being superheated

|  | F23D 11/22 |
· · | the gaseous medium being vaporised fuel, e.g. for a soldering lamp

|  | F23D 11/24 |
· | by pressurisation of the fuel before a nozzle through which it is sprayed by a substantial pressure reduction into a space

|  | F23D 11/26 |
· · | with provision for varying the rate at which the fuel is sprayed

|  | F23D 11/28 |
· · · | with flow-back of fuel at the burner, e.g. using by-pass

|  | F23D 11/30 |
· · · | with return feed of uncombusted sprayed fuel to reservoir

|  | F23D 11/32 |
· | by electrostatic means

|  | F23D 11/34 |
· | by ultrasonic means

|  | F23D 11/36 |
· | Details

|  | F23D 11/38 |
· · | Nozzles (nozzles in general Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...B05B); Cleaning devices therefor

|  | F23D 11/40 |
· · | Mixing tubes; Burner heads

|  | F23D 11/42 |
· · | Starting devices (igniting Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F23Q)

|  | F23D 11/44 |
· · | Preheating devices; Vaporising devices

|  | F23D 11/46 |
· · | Devices on the vaporiser for controlling the feeding of the fuel

|  | F23D 14/00 |
Burners for combustion of a gas, e.g. of a gas stored under pressure as a liquid [4]

|  | F23D 14/02 |
· | Premix gas burners, i.e. in which gaseous fuel is mixed with combustion air upstream of the combustion zone [4]

|  | F23D 14/04 |
· · | induction type, e.g. Bunsen burner [4]

|  | F23D 14/06 |
· · · | with radial outlets at the burner head [4]

|  | F23D 14/08 |
· · · | with axial outlets at the burner head [4]

|  | F23D 14/10 |
· · · | with elongated tubular burner head [4]

|  | F23D 14/12 |
· | Radiant burners [4]

|  | F23D 14/14 |
· · | using screens or perforated plates [4]

|  | F23D 14/16 |
· · | using permeable blocks [4]

|  | F23D 14/18 |
· · | using catalysis for flameless combustion [4]

|  | F23D 14/20 |
· | Non-premix gas burners, i.e. in which gaseous fuel is mixed with combustion air on arrival at the combustion zone (Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F23D 14/30-F23D 14/44 take precedence) [4]

|  | F23D 14/22 |
· · | with separate air and gas feed ducts, e.g. with ducts running parallel or crossing each other [4]

|  | F23D 14/24 |
· · · | at least one of the fluids being submitted to a swirling motion [4]

|  | F23D 14/26 |
· | with provision for a retention flame (pilot flame igniters Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F23Q 9/00) [4]

|  | F23D 14/28 |
· | in association with a gaseous fuel source, e.g. acetylene generator, or a container for liquefied gas [4]

|  | F23D 14/30 |
· | Inverted burners, e.g. for illumination [4]

|  | F23D 14/32 |
· | using a mixture of gaseous fuel and pure oxygen or oxygen-enriched air (Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F23D 14/38 takes precedence) [4]

|  | F23D 14/34 |
· | Burners specially adapted for use with means for pressurising the gaseous fuel or the combustion air (Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F23D 14/38 takes precedence) [4]

|  | F23D 14/36 |
· · | in which the compressor and burner form a single unit [4]

|  | F23D 14/38 |
· | Torches, e.g. for cutting, brazing, welding or heating (nozzles Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F23D 14/48) [4]

|  | F23D 14/40 |
· · | for welding (Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F23D 14/44 takes precedence) [4]

|  | F23D 14/42 |
· · | for cutting (Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F23D 14/44 takes precedence) [4]

|  | F23D 14/44 |
· · | for use under water [4]

|  | F23D 14/46 |
· | Details [4]

|  | F23D 14/48 |
· · | Nozzles (for spraying or coating Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...B05B) [4]

|  | F23D 14/50 |
· · · | Cleaning devices therefor [4]

|  | F23D 14/52 |
· · · | for torches; for blow-pipes [4]

|  | F23D 14/54 |
· · · · | for cutting or welding metal [4]

|  | F23D 14/56 |
· · · | for spreading the flame over an area, e.g. for desurfacing of solid material, for surface hardening, for heating workpieces (scarfing by applying flames Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...B23K 7/00) [4]

|  | F23D 14/58 |
· · · | characterised by the shape or arrangement of the outlet or outlets from the nozzle, e.g. of annular configuration [4]

|  | F23D 14/60 |
· · | Devices for simultaneous control of gas and combustion air (regulation of combustion in general Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F23N) [4]

|  | F23D 14/62 |
· · | Mixing devices; Mixing tubes [4]

|  | F23D 14/64 |
· · · | with injectors [4]

|  | F23D 14/66 |
· · | Preheating the combustion air or gas [4]

|  | F23D 14/68 |
· · | Treating the combustion air or gas, e.g. by filtering, by moistening (in general Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...B01) [4]

|  | F23D 14/70 |
· · | Baffles or like flow-disturbing devices [4]

|  | F23D 14/72 |
· · | Safety devices, e.g. operative in case of failure of gas supply (protection or supervision of pipe-line systems Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F17D 5/00) [4]

|  | F23D 14/74 |
· · · | Preventing flame lift-off (Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F23D 14/70 takes precedence) [4]

|  | F23D 14/76 |
· · · | Protecting flame and burner parts [4]

|  | F23D 14/78 |
· · · | Cooling burner parts [4]

|  | F23D 14/80 |
· · · | Selection of a non-toxic gas [4]

|  | F23D 14/82 |
· · · | Preventing flashback or blowback (Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F23D 14/70 takes precedence; in gas feed lines Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...A62C 4/02) [4]

|  | F23D 14/84 |
· · | Flame spreading or otherwise shaping (Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F23D 14/70 takes precedence) [4]

|  | F23D 17/00 - F23D 23/00 |
Other burners

|  | F23D 17/00 |
Burners for combustion conjointly or alternatively of gaseous or liquid or pulverulent fuel

|  | F23D 21/00 |
Burners not otherwise provided for

|  | F23D 23/00 |
Assemblies of two or more burners (gas burners with provision for a retention flame Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F23D 14/26; disposition of burners Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F23C; for industrial furnaces Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F27)