|  | F |
SECTION F — MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING

|  | F01 - F42 |
Note(s) Guide to the use of this subsection (classes Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F01-F04) The following notes are meant to assist in the use of this part of the classification scheme. In this subsection, subclasses or groups designating "engines" or "pumps" cover methods of operating the same, unless otherwise specifically provided for. In this subsection, the following terms or expressions are used with the meanings indicated: "engine" means a device for continuously converting fluid energy into mechanical power. Thus, this term includes, for example, steam piston engines or steam turbines, per se, or internal-combustion piston engines, but it excludes single-stroke devices. "Engine" also includes the fluid-motive portion of a meter unless such portion is particularly adapted for use in a meter; "pump" means a device for continuously raising, forcing, compressing, or exhausting fluid by mechanical or other means. Thus, this term includes fans or blowers; "machine" means a device which could equally be an engine and a pump, and not a device which is restricted to an engine or one which is restricted to a pump; "positive displacement" means the way the energy of a working fluid is transformed into mechanical energy, in which variations of volume created by the working fluid in a working chamber produce equivalent displacements of the mechanical member transmitting the energy, the dynamic effect of the fluid being of minor importance, and vice versa; "non-positive displacement" means the way the energy of a working fluid is transformed into mechanical energy, by transformation of the energy of the working fluid into kinetic energy, and vice versa; "oscillating-piston machine" means a positive-displacement machine in which a fluid-engaging work-transmitting member oscillates. This definition applies also to engines and pumps; "rotary-piston machine" means a positive-displacement machine in which a fluid-engaging work-transmitting member rotates about a fixed axis or about an axis moving along a circular or similar orbit. This definition applies also to engines and pumps; "rotary piston" means the work-transmitting member of a rotary-piston machine and may be of any suitable form, e.g., like a toothed gear; "cooperating members" means the "oscillating piston" or "rotary piston" and another member, e.g., the working-chamber wall, which assists in the driving or pumping action; "movement of the co-operating members" is to be interpreted as relative, so that one of the "co-operating members" may be stationary, even though reference may be made to its rotational axis, or both may move; "teeth or tooth equivalents" include lobes, projections or abutments; "internal-axis type" means that the rotational axes of the inner and outer co-operating members remain at all times within the outer member, e.g., in a similar manner to that of a pinion meshing with the internal teeth of a ring gear; "free piston" means a piston of which the length of stroke is not defined by any member driven thereby; "cylinders" means positive-displacement working chambers in general. Thus, this term is not restricted to cylinders of circular cross-section; "main shaft" means the shaft which converts reciprocating piston motion into rotary motion or vice versa; "plant" means an engine together with such additional apparatus as is necessary to run the engine. For example, a steam engine plant includes a steam engine and means for generating the steam; "working fluid" means the driven fluid in a pump and the driving fluid in an engine. The working fluid may be in a gaseous state, i.e., compressible, or liquid. In the former case coexistence of two states is possible; "steam" includes condensable vapours in general, and "special vapour" is used when steam is excluded; "reaction type" as applied to non-positive-displacement machines or engines means machines or engines in which pressure/velocity transformation takes place wholly or partly in the rotor. Mmachines or engines with no, or only slight, pressure/velocity transformation in the rotor are called "impulse type". In this subsection: cyclically operating valves, lubricating, gas-flow silencers or exhaust apparatus, or cooling are classified in subclasses Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F01L, Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F01M, Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F01N, Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F01P irrespective of their stated application, unless their classifying features are peculiar to their application, in which case they are classified only in the relevant subclass of classes Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F01-F04; lubricating, gas-flow silencers or exhaust apparatus, or cooling of machines or engines are classified in subclasses Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F01M, Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F01N, Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F01P except for those peculiar to steam engines which are classified in subclass Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F01B. For use of this subsection with a good understanding, it is essential to remember, so far as subclasses Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F01B, Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F01C, Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F01D, Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F03B, and Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F04B, Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F04C, Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F04D, which form its skeleton, are concerned: the principle which resides in their elaboration, the classifying characteristics which they call for, and their complementarity. Principle This concerns essentially the subclasses listed above. Other subclasses, notably those of class Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F02, which cover better-defined matter, are not considered here. Each subclass covers fundamentally a genus of apparatus (engine or pump) and by extension covers equally "machines" of the same kind. Two different subjects, one having a more general character than the other, are thus covered by the same subclass. Subclasses Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F01B, Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F03B, Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F04B, beyond the two subjects which they cover, have further a character of generality in relation to other subclasses concerning the different species of apparatus in the genus concerned. This generality applies as well for the two subjects dealt with, without these always being in relation to the same subclasses. Thus, subclass Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F03B, in its part dealing with "machines", should be considered as being the general class relating to subclasses Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F04B, Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F04C, and in its part dealing with "engines" as being general in relation to subclass Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F03C. Characteristics The principal classifying characteristic of the subclass is that of genera of apparatus, of which there are three possible: Machines; engines; pumps. As stated above, "machines" are always associated with one of the other two genera. These main genera are subdivided according to the general principles of operation of the apparatus: Positive displacement; non-positive displacement. The positive displacement apparatus are further subdivided according to the ways of putting into effect the principle of operation, that is, to the kind of apparatus: Simple reciprocating piston; rotary or oscillating piston; other kind. Another classifying characteristic is that of the working fluid, in respect of which three kinds of apparatus are possible, namely: Liquid and elastic fluid; elastic fluid; liquid. Complementarity This resides in association of pairs of the subclasses listed above, according to the characteristics under consideration in respect of kind of apparatus or working fluid. The subclasses concerned with the various principles, characteristics and complementarity are shown in the following table: It is seen from this table that: For the same kind of apparatus in a given genus, the characteristic of "working fluid" associates: Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F01B and Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F04B Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F01C and Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F04C Machines Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F01D and Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F03B Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F01B and Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F03C Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F01C and Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F03C Engines Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F01D and Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F03B For the same kind of working fluid, the "apparatus" characteristic relates subclasses in the same way as considerations of relative generality.

LIGHTING; HEATING

|  | F24 |
HEATING; RANGES; VENTILATING (protecting plants by heating in gardens, orchards, or forests Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...A01G 13/06; baking ovens and apparatus Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...A21B; cooking devices other than ranges Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...A47J; forging Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...B21J, Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...B21K; specially adapted for vehicles, see the relevant subclasses of classes Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...B60-B64; combustion apparatus in general Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F23; drying Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F26B; ovens in general Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F27; electric heating elements or arrangements Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...H05B)

|  | F24 |
Note(s) In this class, the following terms are used with the meanings indicated: "stove" includes apparatus which may have an open fire, e.g. fireplace; "range" means an apparatus for cooking having elements that perform different cooking operations or cooking and heating operations.

|  | F24B |
DOMESTIC STOVES OR RANGES FOR SOLID FUELS; IMPLEMENTS FOR USE IN CONNECTION WITH STOVES OR RANGES [6]

|  | F24C |
OTHER DOMESTIC STOVES OR RANGES; DETAILS OF DOMESTIC STOVES OR RANGES, OF GENERAL APPLICATION (radiator stoves of the fluid-circulating type Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F24H)

|  | F24C |
Subclass index
STOVES OR RANGES, NOT RESTRICTED TO SOLID FUEL |
General characteristics | 1/00
With single kind of fuel or energy supply | 3/00 - 9/00
With more than one, or unspecified kind of fuel or energy supply | 1/00
With additional means for heating water | 13/00
With self-cleaning provisions | 14/00
Combinations of stoves or ranges | 11/00
DETAILS OF STOVES OR RANGES IN GENERAL | 15/00

|  | F24D |
DOMESTIC- OR SPACE-HEATING SYSTEMS, e.g. CENTRAL HEATING SYSTEMS; DOMESTIC HOT-WATER SUPPLY SYSTEMS; ELEMENTS OR COMPONENTS THEREFOR (preventing corrosion Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...C23F; water supply in general Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...E03; using steam or condensate extracted or exhausted from steam engine plants for heating purposes Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F01K 17/02; steam traps Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F16T; domestic stoves or ranges Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F24B, Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F24C; water or air heaters having heat generating means Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F24H; combined heating and refrigeration systems Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F25B; heat exchange apparatus or elements Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F28; removing furring Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F28G)

|  | F24D |
Note(s) In this subclass, the following expression is used with the meaning indicated: "central heating system" means a system in which heat is generated or stored at central sources and is distributed by means of a transfer fluid to the spaces or areas to be heated. [5]

|  | F24D |
Subclass index
CENTRAL HEATING SYSTEMS |
With heat-transfer fluid: steam; hot water; hot air or exhaust gas; other fluid | 1/00; 3/00; 5/00; 7/00
Combinations | 9/00
District heating systems | 10/00
By heat storage | 11/00
Other systems | 12/00
OTHER DOMESTIC- OR SPACE-HEATING SYSTEMS |
Electric; Other | 13/00; 15/00
DOMESTIC HOT-WATER SUPPLY | 17/00
DETAILS | 19/00

|  | F24F |
AIR-CONDITIONING; AIR-HUMIDIFICATION; VENTILATION; USE OF AIR CURRENTS FOR SCREENING (devices for ventilating greenhouses Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...A01G; animal husbandry Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...A01K, e.g. controlling humidity in incubators Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...A01K 41/04; disinfecting or sterilising of air Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...A61L; devices for reconditioning breathing air in sealed rooms or for ventilating gasproof shelters Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...A62B; filtering, washing or drying of gases Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...B01D; mixing gases with vapours or liquids in general Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...B01F 3/00; spraying Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...B05B, Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...B05D; removing dirt or fumes from areas where they are produced Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...B08B 15/00; ventilation, air-conditioning, or cooling, specially adapted for vehicles, see the relevant vehicle places, e.g. Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...B60H, Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...B61D 27/00; production of ozone Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...C01B 13/10; chimneys or flues Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...E04F 17/02, Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...E04H 12/28, Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F23J 11/00, Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F23L 17/02; air ducts or conduits Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...E04F 17/04, Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F16L; ventilation in doors or windows Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...E06B 7/02; fans, blowers Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F04; noise-absorbing in pipes or pipe systems Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F16L; tops for chimneys or ventilating shafts Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F23L; cooling Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F25; details of heat-exchange or heat-transfer apparatus, of general application Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F28F; apparatus for generating ions to be introduced into non-enclosed gases, e.g. the atmosphere, Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...H01T 23/00)

|  | F24F |
Note(s) In this subclass: air-humidification as auxiliary treatment in air-conditioning, i.e. in units wherein the air is also either cooled or heated, is covered by groups Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F24F 1/00 or Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F24F 3/14; [3] air-humidification per se, e.g. "room humidifiers", is covered by group Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F24F 6/00. [3] In this subclass, the following terms or expressions are used with the meanings indicated: "air-conditioning" means the supply of air to rooms or spaces by means which provide for the treatment of the air in at least two of the following ways: heating — cooling — any other kind of treatment, e.g. humidification; "ventilation" means the supply of air to, or its extraction from, rooms or spaces, and systems for circulating air within rooms or spaces, but does not cover the mere treatment of air being supplied to, extracted from, or circulated within, rooms or spaces. Processes using enzymes or micro-organisms in order to: liberate, separate or purify a pre-existing compound or composition, or to treat textiles or clean solid sufaces of materials are further classified in subclass Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...C12S. [5]

|  | F24F |
Subclass index
AIR-CONDITIONING |
Room units; central systems; other systems or apparatus | 1/00; 3/00; 5/00
AIR-HUMIDIFICATION | 6/00
VENTILATION | 7/00
SCREENING BY AIR CURRENTS | 9/00
COMMON DETAILS |
Control, safety | 11/00
Use of energy recovery systems | 12/00
Other details | 13/00

|  | F24H |
FLUID HEATERS, e.g. WATER OR AIR HEATERS, HAVING HEAT-GENERATING MEANS, IN GENERAL (tube furnaces for thermal non-catalytic cracking Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...C10G 9/20; devices, e.g. valves, for venting and aerating enclosures Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F16K 24/00; steam traps or like apparatus Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F16T; steam generation Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F22; combustion apparatus Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F23; domestic stoves or ranges Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F24B, Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F24C; domestic- or space-heating systems Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F24D; furnaces, kilns, ovens, retorts Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F27; heat-exchangers Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F28; electric heating elements or arrangements Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...H05B)

|  | F24H |
Note(s) The distinguishing feature of the air heaters covered by this subclass is that the heat is predominantly released to the air by convection, mostly by forced circulation of the air. The domestic stoves or ranges covered by subclass Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F24B, Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F24C may also be fired or electric air heaters but they release their heat to a considerable extent by radiation and only to some extent by natural convention. [3] In this subclass, the following terms or expressions are used with the meanings indicated: "water" includes other liquids and means always the liquid to be heated; [3] "air" includes other gases or gas mixtures and means always the gas to be heated; [3] "furnace tubes" means tubes inside the heater wherein combustion is performed; [3] "fire tubes" means tubes inside the heater through which flue-gases flow from a combustion chamber located outside the tubes; [3] "heater" means apparatus including both heat generating means and means for transferring the generated heat to water or air. [3] All storage heaters are classified in group Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F24H 7/00. [3]

|  | F24H |
Subclass index
WATER HEATERS | 1/00
AIR HEATERS; STORAGE HEATERS | 3/00; 7/00
FLUID HEATERS USING HEAT PUMPS | 4/00
COMBINATIONS OF WATER AND AIR HEATERS | 6/00
FLUID HEATERS FOR EXTRACTING LATENT HEAT FROM FLUE GASES | 8/00
DETAILS | 9/00

|  | F24J |
PRODUCTION OR USE OF HEAT NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR (engines or other mechanisms for producing mechanical power from heat, see the relevant classes, e.g. Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F03G for using natural heat)

|  | F24J |
Note(s) Processes using enzymes or micro-organisms in order to: liberate, separate or purify a pre-existing compound or composition, or to treat textiles or clean solid surfaces of materials are further classified in subclass Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...C12S. [5]