|  | H |
SECTION H — ELECTRICITY

|  | H |
Note(s) These Notes cover the basic principles and general instructions for use of section H. Section H covers: basic electric elements, which cover all electric units and the general mechanical structure of apparatus and circuits, including the assembly of various basic elements into what are called printed circuits and also cover to a certain extent the manufacture of these elements (when not covered elsewhere); generation of electricity, which covers the generation, conversion and distribution of electricity together with the controlling of the corresponding gear; applied electricity, which covers: general utilisation techniques, viz. those of electric heating and electric lighting circuits; some special utilisation techniques, either electric or electronic in the strict sense, which are not covered by other sections of the Classification, including: electric light sources, including lasers; electric X-ray technique; electric plasma technique and the generation and acceleration of electrically charged particles or neutrons; basic electronic circuits and their control; radio or electric communication technique; the use of a specified material for the manufacture of the article or element described. In this connection, paragraphs 57 to 59 of the Guide should be referred to. In this section, the following general rules apply: Subject to the exceptions stated in I(c), above, any electric aspect or part peculiar to a particular operation, process, apparatus, object or article, classified in one of the sections of the Classification other than section H, is always classified in the subclass for that operation, process, apparatus, object or article. Where common characteristics concerning technical subjects of similar nature have been brought out at class level, the electric aspect or part is classified, in conjunction with the operation, process, apparatus, object or article, in a subclass which covers entirely the general electrical applications for the technical subject in question; The electrical applications referred to under (a), above, either general or particular, include: the therapeutic processes and apparatus, in class Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...A61; the electric processes and apparatus used in various laboratory or industrial operations, in classes Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...B01 and Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...B03 and in subclass Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...B23K; the electricity supply, electric propulsion and electric lighting of vehicles in general and of particular vehicles, in the subsection "Transporting" of section B; the electric ignition systems of internal-combustion engines, in subclass Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F02P, and of combustion apparatus in general, in subclass Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F23Q; the whole electrical part of section G, i.e. measuring devices including apparatus for measuring electric variables, checking, signalling and calculating. Electricity in that section is generally dealt with as a means and not as an end in itself; All electrical applications, both general and particular, presuppose that the "basic electricity" aspect appears in section H (see I(a), above) as regards the electric "basic elements" which they comprise. This rule is also valid for applied electricity, referred to in I(c), above, which appears in section H itself. In this section, the following special cases occur: Among the general applications covered by sections other than section H, it is worth noting that electric heating in general is covered by subclasses Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F24D or Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F24H or class Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F27, and that electric lighting in general is partly covered by class Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F21, since in section H (see I(c), above) there are places in Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...H05B which cover the same technical subjects; In the two cases referred to under (a), above, the subclasses of section F, which deal with the respective subjects, essentially cover in the first place the whole mechanical aspect of the apparatus or devices, whereas the electrical aspect, as such, is covered by subclass Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...H05B; In the case of lighting, this mechanical aspect should be taken to cover the material arrangement of the various electric elements, i.e., their geometrical or physical position in relation to one another; this aspect is covered by subclass Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F21V, the elements themselves and the primary circuits remaining in section H. The same applies to electric light sources, when combined with light sources of a different kind. These are covered by subclass Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...H05B, whereas the physical arrangement which their combination constitutes is covered by the various subclasses of class Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F21; As regards heating, not only the electric elements and circuitry designs, as such, are covered by subclass Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...H05B, but also the electric aspects of their arrangement, where these concern cases of general application; electric furnaces being considered as such. The physical disposition of the electric elements in furnaces is covered by section F. If a comparison is made with electric welding circuits, which are covered by subclass Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...B23K in connection with welding, it can be seen that electric heating is not covered by the general rule stated in II, above.

|  | H03 |
BASIC ELECTRONIC CIRCUITRY

|  | H03C |
MODULATION (measuring, testing Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...G01R; masers, lasers Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...H01S; modulators specially adapted for use in dc amplifiers Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...H03F 3/38; modulating pulses Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...H03K 7/00; so-called modulators capable only of switching between predetermined states of amplitude, frequency or phase Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...H03K 17/00, Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...H04L; coding, decoding or code conversion, in general Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...H03M; synchronous modulators specially adapted for colour television Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...H04N 9/65)

|  | H03C |
Note(s) This subclass covers only modulation, keying, or interruption of sinusoidal oscillations or electromagnetic waves, the modulating signal having any desired waveform. In this subclass, circuits usable both as modulator and demodulator are classified in the group dealing with the type of modulator involved.

|  | H03C 1/00 |
Amplitude modulation (Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...H03C 5/00, Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...H03C 7/00 take precedence)

|  | H03C 1/02 |
· | Details

|  | H03C 1/04 |
· · | Means in, or combined with, modulating stage for reducing angle modulation

|  | H03C 1/06 |
· · | Modifications of modulator to reduce distortion, e.g. by feedback, and clearly applicable to more than one type of modulator

|  | H03C 1/08 |
· | by means of variable impedance element (Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...H03C 1/28-H03C 1/34, Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...H03C 1/46-H03C 1/52, Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...H03C 1/62 take precedence)

|  | H03C 1/10 |
· · | the element being a current-dependent inductor

|  | H03C 1/12 |
· · | the element being a voltage-dependent capacitor

|  | H03C 1/14 |
· · | the element being a diode

|  | H03C 1/16 |
· | by means of discharge device having at least three electrodes (Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...H03C 1/28-H03C 1/34, Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...H03C 1/50, Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...H03C 1/52, Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...H03C 1/62 take precedence)

|  | H03C 1/18 |
· · | carrier applied to control grid

|  | H03C 1/20 |
· · · | modulating signal applied to anode

|  | H03C 1/22 |
· · · | modulating signal applied to same grid

|  | H03C 1/24 |
· · · | modulating signal applied to different grid

|  | H03C 1/26 |
· · · | modulating signal applied to cathode

|  | H03C 1/28 |
· | by means of transit-time tube

|  | H03C 1/30 |
· · | by means of a magnetron

|  | H03C 1/32 |
· | by deflection of electron beam in discharge tube

|  | H03C 1/34 |
· | by means of light-sensitive element

|  | H03C 1/36 |
· | by means of semiconductor device having at least three electrodes (Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...H03C 1/34, Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...H03C 1/50, Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...H03C 1/52, Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...H03C 1/62 take precedence)

|  | H03C 1/38 |
· · | carrier applied to base of a transistor

|  | H03C 1/40 |
· · · | modulating signal applied to collector

|  | H03C 1/42 |
· · · | modulating signal applied to base

|  | H03C 1/44 |
· · · | modulating signal applied to emitter

|  | H03C 1/46 |
· | Modulators with mechanically- or acoustically-driven parts

|  | H03C 1/48 |
· | by means of Hall-effect devices

|  | H03C 1/50 |
· | by converting angle modulation to amplitude modulation (Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...H03C 1/28-H03C 1/34, Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...H03C 1/46, Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...H03C 1/48 take precedence)

|  | H03C 1/52 |
· | Modulators in which carrier or one sideband is wholly or partially suppressed (Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...H03C 1/28-H03C 1/34, Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...H03C 1/46, Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...H03C 1/48 take precedence)

|  | H03C 1/54 |
· · | Balanced modulators, e.g. bridge type, ring type, double balanced type

|  | H03C 1/56 |
· · · | comprising variable two-pole elements only

|  | H03C 1/58 |
· · · · | comprising diodes

|  | H03C 1/60 |
· · | with one sideband wholly or partially suppressed

|  | H03C 1/62 |
· | Modulators in which amplitude of carrier component in output is dependent upon strength of modulating signal, e.g. no carrier output when no modulating signal is present (Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...H03C 1/28-H03C 1/34, Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...H03C 1/46, Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...H03C 1/48 take precedence)

|  | H03C 3/00 |
Angle modulation (Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...H03C 5/00, Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...H03C 7/00 take precedence)

|  | H03C 3/02 |
· | Details

|  | H03C 3/04 |
· · | Means in, or combined with, modulating stage for reducing amplitude modulation

|  | H03C 3/06 |
· · | Means for changing frequency deviation

|  | H03C 3/08 |
· · | Modifications of modulator to linearise modulation, e.g. by feedback, and clearly applicable to more than one type of modulator

|  | H03C 3/09 |
· · | Modifications of modulator for regulating the mean frequency [3]

|  | H03C 3/10 |
· | by means of variable impedance (Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...H03C 3/30-H03C 3/38 take precedence)

|  | H03C 3/12 |
· · | by means of a variable reactive element

|  | H03C 3/14 |
· · · | simulated by circuit comprising active element with at least three electrodes, e.g. reactance-tube circuit

|  | H03C 3/16 |
· · · · | in which the active element simultaneously serves as the active element of an oscillator

|  | H03C 3/18 |
· · · | the element being a current-dependent inductor

|  | H03C 3/20 |
· · · | the element being a voltage-dependent capacitor

|  | H03C 3/22 |
· · · | the element being a semiconductor diode, e.g. varicap diode

|  | H03C 3/24 |
· · | by means of a variable resistive element, e.g. tube

|  | H03C 3/26 |
· · · | comprising two elements controlled in push-pull by modulating signal

|  | H03C 3/28 |
· · | using variable impedance driven mechanically or acoustically

|  | H03C 3/30 |
· | by means of transit-time tube

|  | H03C 3/32 |
· · | the tube being a magnetron

|  | H03C 3/34 |
· | by deflection of electron beam in discharge tube

|  | H03C 3/36 |
· | by means of light-sensitive element

|  | H03C 3/38 |
· | by converting amplitude modulation to angle modulation

|  | H03C 3/40 |
· · | using two signal paths the outputs of which have a predetermined phase difference and at least one output being amplitude-modulated

|  | H03C 3/42 |
· | by means of electromechanical devices (Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...H03C 3/28 takes precedence) [3]

|  | H03C 5/00 |
Amplitude modulation and angle modulation produced simultaneously or at will by the same modulating signal (Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...H03C 7/00 takes precedence)

|  | H03C 5/02 |
· | by means of transit-time tube

|  | H03C 5/04 |
· · | the tube being a magnetron

|  | H03C 5/06 |
· | by deflection of electron beam in discharge tube

|  | H03C 7/00 |
Modulating electromagnetic waves (devices or arrangements for the modulation of light Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...G02F 1/00; for generating oscillations Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...H03B, Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...H03K)

|  | H03C 7/02 |
· | in transmission line, waveguide, cavity resonator, or radiation field of aerial

|  | H03C 7/04 |
· · | Polarisation of transmitted wave being modulated