|  | F |
SECTION F — MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING

|  | F01 - F42 |
Note(s) Guide to the use of this subsection (classes Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F01-F04) The following notes are meant to assist in the use of this part of the classification scheme. In this subsection, subclasses or groups designating "engines" or "pumps" cover methods of operating the same, unless otherwise specifically provided for. In this subsection, the following terms or expressions are used with the meanings indicated: "engine" means a device for continuously converting fluid energy into mechanical power. Thus, this term includes, for example, steam piston engines or steam turbines, per se, or internal-combustion piston engines, but it excludes single-stroke devices. "Engine" also includes the fluid-motive portion of a meter unless such portion is particularly adapted for use in a meter; "pump" means a device for continuously raising, forcing, compressing, or exhausting fluid by mechanical or other means. Thus, this term includes fans or blowers; "machine" means a device which could equally be an engine and a pump, and not a device which is restricted to an engine or one which is restricted to a pump; "positive displacement" means the way the energy of a working fluid is transformed into mechanical energy, in which variations of volume created by the working fluid in a working chamber produce equivalent displacements of the mechanical member transmitting the energy, the dynamic effect of the fluid being of minor importance, and vice versa; "non-positive displacement" means the way the energy of a working fluid is transformed into mechanical energy, by transformation of the energy of the working fluid into kinetic energy, and vice versa; "oscillating-piston machine" means a positive-displacement machine in which a fluid-engaging work-transmitting member oscillates. This definition applies also to engines and pumps; "rotary-piston machine" means a positive-displacement machine in which a fluid-engaging work-transmitting member rotates about a fixed axis or about an axis moving along a circular or similar orbit. This definition applies also to engines and pumps; "rotary piston" means the work-transmitting member of a rotary-piston machine and may be of any suitable form, e.g., like a toothed gear; "cooperating members" means the "oscillating piston" or "rotary piston" and another member, e.g., the working-chamber wall, which assists in the driving or pumping action; "movement of the co-operating members" is to be interpreted as relative, so that one of the "co-operating members" may be stationary, even though reference may be made to its rotational axis, or both may move; "teeth or tooth equivalents" include lobes, projections or abutments; "internal-axis type" means that the rotational axes of the inner and outer co-operating members remain at all times within the outer member, e.g., in a similar manner to that of a pinion meshing with the internal teeth of a ring gear; "free piston" means a piston of which the length of stroke is not defined by any member driven thereby; "cylinders" means positive-displacement working chambers in general. Thus, this term is not restricted to cylinders of circular cross-section; "main shaft" means the shaft which converts reciprocating piston motion into rotary motion or vice versa; "plant" means an engine together with such additional apparatus as is necessary to run the engine. For example, a steam engine plant includes a steam engine and means for generating the steam; "working fluid" means the driven fluid in a pump and the driving fluid in an engine. The working fluid may be in a gaseous state, i.e., compressible, or liquid. In the former case coexistence of two states is possible; "steam" includes condensable vapours in general, and "special vapour" is used when steam is excluded; "reaction type" as applied to non-positive-displacement machines or engines means machines or engines in which pressure/velocity transformation takes place wholly or partly in the rotor. Mmachines or engines with no, or only slight, pressure/velocity transformation in the rotor are called "impulse type". In this subsection: cyclically operating valves, lubricating, gas-flow silencers or exhaust apparatus, or cooling are classified in subclasses Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F01L, Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F01M, Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F01N, Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F01P irrespective of their stated application, unless their classifying features are peculiar to their application, in which case they are classified only in the relevant subclass of classes Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F01-F04; lubricating, gas-flow silencers or exhaust apparatus, or cooling of machines or engines are classified in subclasses Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F01M, Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F01N, Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F01P except for those peculiar to steam engines which are classified in subclass Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F01B. For use of this subsection with a good understanding, it is essential to remember, so far as subclasses Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F01B, Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F01C, Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F01D, Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F03B, and Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F04B, Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F04C, Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F04D, which form its skeleton, are concerned: the principle which resides in their elaboration, the classifying characteristics which they call for, and their complementarity. Principle This concerns essentially the subclasses listed above. Other subclasses, notably those of class Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F02, which cover better-defined matter, are not considered here. Each subclass covers fundamentally a genus of apparatus (engine or pump) and by extension covers equally "machines" of the same kind. Two different subjects, one having a more general character than the other, are thus covered by the same subclass. Subclasses Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F01B, Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F03B, Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F04B, beyond the two subjects which they cover, have further a character of generality in relation to other subclasses concerning the different species of apparatus in the genus concerned. This generality applies as well for the two subjects dealt with, without these always being in relation to the same subclasses. Thus, subclass Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F03B, in its part dealing with "machines", should be considered as being the general class relating to subclasses Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F04B, Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F04C, and in its part dealing with "engines" as being general in relation to subclass Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F03C. Characteristics The principal classifying characteristic of the subclass is that of genera of apparatus, of which there are three possible: Machines; engines; pumps. As stated above, "machines" are always associated with one of the other two genera. These main genera are subdivided according to the general principles of operation of the apparatus: Positive displacement; non-positive displacement. The positive displacement apparatus are further subdivided according to the ways of putting into effect the principle of operation, that is, to the kind of apparatus: Simple reciprocating piston; rotary or oscillating piston; other kind. Another classifying characteristic is that of the working fluid, in respect of which three kinds of apparatus are possible, namely: Liquid and elastic fluid; elastic fluid; liquid. Complementarity This resides in association of pairs of the subclasses listed above, according to the characteristics under consideration in respect of kind of apparatus or working fluid. The subclasses concerned with the various principles, characteristics and complementarity are shown in the following table: It is seen from this table that: For the same kind of apparatus in a given genus, the characteristic of "working fluid" associates: Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F01B and Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F04B Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F01C and Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F04C Machines Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F01D and Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F03B Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F01B and Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F03C Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F01C and Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F03C Engines Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F01D and Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F03B For the same kind of working fluid, the "apparatus" characteristic relates subclasses in the same way as considerations of relative generality.

LIGHTING; HEATING

|  | F25 |
REFRIGERATION OR COOLING; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS; MANUFACTURE OR STORAGE OF ICE; LIQUEFACTION OR SOLIDIFICATION OF GASES

|  | F25D |
REFRIGERATORS; COLD ROOMS; ICE-BOXES; COOLING OR FREEZING APPARATUS NOT COVERED BY ANY OTHER SUBCLASS (refrigerated showcases Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...A47F 3/04; thermally-insulated vessels for domestic use Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...A47J 41/00; refrigerated vehicles, see the appropriate subclasses of classes Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...B60-B64; containers with thermal insulation in general Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...B65D 81/38; thermally-insulated vessels for liquefied or solidified gases Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F17C; air-conditioning or air-humidification Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F24F; refrigeration machines, plants, or systems Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F25B; cooling of instruments or comparable apparatus without refrigeration Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...G12B; cooling of engines or pumps, see the relevant classes)

|  | F25D |
Note(s) In this subclass, the following term is used with the meaning indicated: "device" means an enclosed space to be cooled; such devices being associated either with refrigerating machinery, e.g. in a refrigerator, or with other cold sources, e.g. in an ice-box. Attention is drawn to Note (2) following the title of subclass Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F24F. [5]

|  | F25D |
Subclass index
DEVICES NOT ASSOCIATED WITH REFRIGERATING MACHINERY |
Using cold air or water; other cold materials or bodies | 1/00; 3/00
Using endothermic chemical reactions, or evaporation without recovery | 5/00, 7/00
Other devices, combinations | 9/00
DEVICES ASSOCIATED WITH REFRIGERATING MACHINERY: SELF-CONTAINED MOVABLE; STATIONARY; OTHER | 11/00; 13/00; 15/00, 16/00
STRUCTURAL PARTS OR ARRANGEMENTS, OF GENERAL APPLICATION: GENERAL; DEFROSTING; HANDLING OF ARTICLES TO BE COOLED | 23/00; 21/00; 25/00
CIRCULATING COOLING FLUID OR GAS; LIGHTING | 17/00; 27/00
ARRANGEMENT OR MOUNTING: OF REFRIGERATION UNITS; OF CONTROL OR SAFETY DEVICES | 19/00; 29/00
OTHER APPARATUS | 31/00

|  | F25D 1/00 - F25D 9/00 |
Devices not associated with refrigerating machinery

|  | F25D 1/00 |
Devices using naturally-cold air or water

|  | F25D 1/02 |
· | using naturally-cold water, e.g. household-tap water

|  | F25D 3/00 |
Devices using other cold materials; Devices using cold-storage bodies

|  | F25D 3/02 |
· | using ice, e.g. ice-boxes

|  | F25D 3/04 |
· · | Stationary cabinets

|  | F25D 3/06 |
· · | Movable containers

|  | F25D 3/08 |
· · · | portable, i.e. adapted to be carried personally

|  | F25D 3/10 |
· | using liquefied gases, e.g. liquid air

|  | F25D 3/11 |
· · | with conveyers carrying articles to be cooled through the cooling space [4]

|  | F25D 3/12 |
· | using solidified gases, e.g. carbon-dioxide snow

|  | F25D 3/14 |
· · | portable, i.e. adapted to be carried personally

|  | F25D 5/00 |
Devices using endothermic chemical reactions, e.g. using frigorific mixtures

|  | F25D 5/02 |
· | portable, i.e. adapted to be carried personally

|  | F25D 7/00 |
Devices using evaporation effects without recovery of the vapour (butter or cheese dishes with cooling devices Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...A47G 19/26)

|  | F25D 9/00 |
Devices not covered by groups Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F25D 1/00-F25D 7/00; Combinations of devices covered by two or more of the groups Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F25D 1/00-F25D 7/00

|  | F25D 11/00 - F25D 15/00 |
Devices associated with refrigerating machinery

|  | F25D 11/00 |
Self-contained movable devices, e.g. domestic refrigerator

|  | F25D 11/02 |
· | with cooling compartments at different temperatures

|  | F25D 11/04 |
· | specially adapted for storing deep-frozen articles (Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F25D 11/02 takes precedence)

|  | F25D 13/00 |
Stationary devices, e.g. cold rooms

|  | F25D 13/02 |
· | with several cooling compartments, e.g. refrigerated locker systems

|  | F25D 13/04 |
· · | the compartments being at different temperatures

|  | F25D 13/06 |
· | with conveyers carrying articles to be cooled through the cooling space

|  | F25D 15/00 |
Devices not covered by group Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F25D 11/00 or Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F25D 13/00, e.g. non-self-contained movable devices

|  | F25D 16/00 |
Devices using a combination of a cooling mode associated with refrigerating machinery with a cooling mode not associated with refrigerating machinery [5]

|  | F25D 17/00 - F25D 29/00 |
Details or features of the devices covered by groups Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F25D 1/00-F25D 16/00 [5]

|  | F25D 17/00 |
Arrangements for circulating cooling fluids; Arrangements for circulating gas, e.g. air, within refrigerated spaces [3]

|  | F25D 17/02 |
· | for circulating liquids, e.g. brine

|  | F25D 17/04 |
· | for circulating gas, e.g. by natural convection [3]

|  | F25D 17/06 |
· · | by forced circulation

|  | F25D 17/08 |
· · · | using ducts

|  | F25D 19/00 |
Arrangement or mounting of refrigeration units with respect to devices

|  | F25D 19/02 |
· | plug-in type

|  | F25D 19/04 |
· | with more than one refrigeration unit

|  | F25D 21/00 |
Defrosting; Preventing frosting; Removing condensed or defrost water (removing ice or water from heat-exchange apparatus in general Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F28F 17/00; heating arrangements specially adapted for transparent or reflecting areas Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...H05B 3/84)

|  | F25D 21/02 |
· | Detecting the presence of frost or condensate

|  | F25D 21/04 |
· | Preventing the formation of frost or condensate

|  | F25D 21/06 |
· | Removing frost (defrosting cycles Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F25B 47/02)

|  | F25D 21/08 |
· · | by electric heating

|  | F25D 21/10 |
· · | by spraying with fluid

|  | F25D 21/12 |
· · | by hot-fluid circulating system separate from the refrigerant system

|  | F25D 21/14 |
· | Collecting or removing condensed and defrost water; Drip trays

|  | F25D 23/00 |
General constructional features (Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F25D 21/00 takes precedence)

|  | F25D 23/02 |
· | Doors; Covers (Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F25D 23/08 takes precedence)

|  | F25D 23/04 |
· · | with special compartments, e.g. butter conditioners

|  | F25D 23/06 |
· | Walls (Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F25D 23/08 takes precedence; containers with thermal insulation Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...B65D 81/38) [4]

|  | F25D 23/08 |
· | Parts formed wholly or mainly of plastics materials

|  | F25D 23/10 |
· | Arrangements for mounting in particular locations, e.g. for built-in type, for corner type

|  | F25D 23/12 |
· | Arrangements of compartments additional to cooling compartments; Combinations of refrigerators with other equipment, e.g. stove

|  | F25D 25/00 |
Charging, supporting, or discharging the articles to be cooled

|  | F25D 25/02 |
· | by shelves

|  | F25D 25/04 |
· | by conveyers (in general Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...B65G)

|  | F25D 27/00 |
Lighting arrangements (in general Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F21)

|  | F25D 29/00 |
Arrangement or mounting of control or safety devices

|  | F25D 31/00 |
Other cooling or freezing apparatus