|  | F |
SECTION F — MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING

|  | F01 - F42 |
Note(s) Guide to the use of this subsection (classes Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F01-F04) The following notes are meant to assist in the use of this part of the classification scheme. In this subsection, subclasses or groups designating "engines" or "pumps" cover methods of operating the same, unless otherwise specifically provided for. In this subsection, the following terms or expressions are used with the meanings indicated: "engine" means a device for continuously converting fluid energy into mechanical power. Thus, this term includes, for example, steam piston engines or steam turbines, per se, or internal-combustion piston engines, but it excludes single-stroke devices. "Engine" also includes the fluid-motive portion of a meter unless such portion is particularly adapted for use in a meter; "pump" means a device for continuously raising, forcing, compressing, or exhausting fluid by mechanical or other means. Thus, this term includes fans or blowers; "machine" means a device which could equally be an engine and a pump, and not a device which is restricted to an engine or one which is restricted to a pump; "positive displacement" means the way the energy of a working fluid is transformed into mechanical energy, in which variations of volume created by the working fluid in a working chamber produce equivalent displacements of the mechanical member transmitting the energy, the dynamic effect of the fluid being of minor importance, and vice versa; "non-positive displacement" means the way the energy of a working fluid is transformed into mechanical energy, by transformation of the energy of the working fluid into kinetic energy, and vice versa; "oscillating-piston machine" means a positive-displacement machine in which a fluid-engaging work-transmitting member oscillates. This definition applies also to engines and pumps; "rotary-piston machine" means a positive-displacement machine in which a fluid-engaging work-transmitting member rotates about a fixed axis or about an axis moving along a circular or similar orbit. This definition applies also to engines and pumps; "rotary piston" means the work-transmitting member of a rotary-piston machine and may be of any suitable form, e.g., like a toothed gear; "cooperating members" means the "oscillating piston" or "rotary piston" and another member, e.g., the working-chamber wall, which assists in the driving or pumping action; "movement of the co-operating members" is to be interpreted as relative, so that one of the "co-operating members" may be stationary, even though reference may be made to its rotational axis, or both may move; "teeth or tooth equivalents" include lobes, projections or abutments; "internal-axis type" means that the rotational axes of the inner and outer co-operating members remain at all times within the outer member, e.g., in a similar manner to that of a pinion meshing with the internal teeth of a ring gear; "free piston" means a piston of which the length of stroke is not defined by any member driven thereby; "cylinders" means positive-displacement working chambers in general. Thus, this term is not restricted to cylinders of circular cross-section; "main shaft" means the shaft which converts reciprocating piston motion into rotary motion or vice versa; "plant" means an engine together with such additional apparatus as is necessary to run the engine. For example, a steam engine plant includes a steam engine and means for generating the steam; "working fluid" means the driven fluid in a pump and the driving fluid in an engine. The working fluid may be in a gaseous state, i.e., compressible, or liquid. In the former case coexistence of two states is possible; "steam" includes condensable vapours in general, and "special vapour" is used when steam is excluded; "reaction type" as applied to non-positive-displacement machines or engines means machines or engines in which pressure/velocity transformation takes place wholly or partly in the rotor. Mmachines or engines with no, or only slight, pressure/velocity transformation in the rotor are called "impulse type". In this subsection: cyclically operating valves, lubricating, gas-flow silencers or exhaust apparatus, or cooling are classified in subclasses Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F01L, Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F01M, Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F01N, Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F01P irrespective of their stated application, unless their classifying features are peculiar to their application, in which case they are classified only in the relevant subclass of classes Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F01-F04; lubricating, gas-flow silencers or exhaust apparatus, or cooling of machines or engines are classified in subclasses Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F01M, Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F01N, Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F01P except for those peculiar to steam engines which are classified in subclass Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F01B. For use of this subsection with a good understanding, it is essential to remember, so far as subclasses Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F01B, Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F01C, Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F01D, Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F03B, and Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F04B, Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F04C, Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F04D, which form its skeleton, are concerned: the principle which resides in their elaboration, the classifying characteristics which they call for, and their complementarity. Principle This concerns essentially the subclasses listed above. Other subclasses, notably those of class Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F02, which cover better-defined matter, are not considered here. Each subclass covers fundamentally a genus of apparatus (engine or pump) and by extension covers equally "machines" of the same kind. Two different subjects, one having a more general character than the other, are thus covered by the same subclass. Subclasses Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F01B, Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F03B, Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F04B, beyond the two subjects which they cover, have further a character of generality in relation to other subclasses concerning the different species of apparatus in the genus concerned. This generality applies as well for the two subjects dealt with, without these always being in relation to the same subclasses. Thus, subclass Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F03B, in its part dealing with "machines", should be considered as being the general class relating to subclasses Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F04B, Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F04C, and in its part dealing with "engines" as being general in relation to subclass Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F03C. Characteristics The principal classifying characteristic of the subclass is that of genera of apparatus, of which there are three possible: Machines; engines; pumps. As stated above, "machines" are always associated with one of the other two genera. These main genera are subdivided according to the general principles of operation of the apparatus: Positive displacement; non-positive displacement. The positive displacement apparatus are further subdivided according to the ways of putting into effect the principle of operation, that is, to the kind of apparatus: Simple reciprocating piston; rotary or oscillating piston; other kind. Another classifying characteristic is that of the working fluid, in respect of which three kinds of apparatus are possible, namely: Liquid and elastic fluid; elastic fluid; liquid. Complementarity This resides in association of pairs of the subclasses listed above, according to the characteristics under consideration in respect of kind of apparatus or working fluid. The subclasses concerned with the various principles, characteristics and complementarity are shown in the following table: It is seen from this table that: For the same kind of apparatus in a given genus, the characteristic of "working fluid" associates: Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F01B and Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F04B Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F01C and Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F04C Machines Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F01D and Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F03B Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F01B and Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F03C Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F01C and Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F03C Engines Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F01D and Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F03B For the same kind of working fluid, the "apparatus" characteristic relates subclasses in the same way as considerations of relative generality.

LIGHTING; HEATING

|  | F21 |
LIGHTING (electric aspects or elements, see section H, e.g. electric light sources Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...H01J, Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...H01K, Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...H05B)

|  | F21 |
Note(s) In this class, the following terms or expressions are used with the meanings indicated: "portable" means "intended to be carried personally"; "non-portable" means "not intended to be carried personally, even if capable of being moved from place to place"; "electric" includes "not stated to be non-electric". Attention is drawn to Note III following the Contents of Section of section H.

|  | F21V |
DETAILS OF LIGHTING DEVICES, OF GENERAL APPLICATION

|  | F21V |
Note(s) This subclass covers only those details of lighting devices which are considered to be of a kind applicable to the lighting devices covered by more than one of the subclasses Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F21L, Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F21M, Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F21P, Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F21Q, Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F21S. Such details are classified in this subclass even if they are only stated to be applied to a device of a single subclass.

|  | F21V |
Subclass index
DETAILS OF PARTS INVOLVED IN LIGHT EMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION |
Shades; globes; refractors; reflectors | 1/00; 3/00; 5/00; 7/00
Light guides | 8/00
Light filters | 9/00
Other screens | 11/00
Combinations of elements | 13/00
DETAILS OF PARTS NOT INVOLVED IN LIGHT EMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION |
Fastening | 17/00; 19/00
Arrangements for supporting or suspending | 21/00
Arrangements of electric circuit elements | 23/00
Cable stowing | 27/00
Protection; safety; cooling; tightness | 15/00; 25/00; 29/00; 31/00
Combinations with other articles | 33/00
Candle holders | 35/00
Arrangements of mantles or burners | 36/00
Details of combustion lighting | 37/00

|  | F21V 1/00 - F21V 13/00 |
Details of those parts involved in light emission or distribution (optical elements or systems in general Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...G02B)

|  | F21V 1/00 |
Shades

|  | F21V 1/02 |
· | Frames

|  | F21V 1/04 |
· · | rigid (Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F21V 1/08 takes precedence)

|  | F21V 1/06 |
· · | foldable or collapsible

|  | F21V 1/08 |
· · | adjustable

|  | F21V 1/10 |
· | Rotating shades

|  | F21V 1/12 |
· | Composite shades

|  | F21V 1/14 |
· | Covers for frames; Frameless shades

|  | F21V 1/16 |
· · | characterised by the material

|  | F21V 1/18 |
· · · | the material being paper

|  | F21V 1/20 |
· · · | the material being glass

|  | F21V 1/22 |
· · · | the material being plastics

|  | F21V 1/24 |
· · · | the material being metal

|  | F21V 1/26 |
· | Manufacturing shades

|  | F21V 3/00 |
Globes; Bowls; Cover glasses (with refracting properties Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F21V 5/00; with reflecting properties Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F21V 7/00)

|  | F21V 3/02 |
· | characterised by the shape

|  | F21V 3/04 |
· | characterised by the material; characterised by surface treatments or coatings

|  | F21V 5/00 |
Refractors

|  | F21V 5/02 |
· | of prismatic shape (Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F21V 5/04 takes precedence)

|  | F21V 5/04 |
· | of lens shape

|  | F21V 5/06 |
· | Hanging lustres for chandeliers

|  | F21V 5/08 |
· | producing an asymmetric light distribution (applicable solely to vehicle head-lighting devices Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F21M 3/05, Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F21M 11/00)

|  | F21V 7/00 |
Reflectors

|  | F21V 7/02 |
· | adapted to co-operate with point-like light sources; adapted to co-operate with light sources the shape of which is unspecified (Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F21V 7/16-F21V 7/22 take precedence)

|  | F21V 7/04 |
· · | Optical design

|  | F21V 7/05 |
· · · | plane

|  | F21V 7/06 |
· · · | with parabolic curvature

|  | F21V 7/07 |
· · · | with hyperbolic curvature

|  | F21V 7/08 |
· · · | with elliptical curvature

|  | F21V 7/09 |
· · · | with a combination of different curvatures

|  | F21V 7/10 |
· · | Construction

|  | F21V 7/12 |
· | adapted to co-operate with linear light sources, e.g. trough-shaped (Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F21V 7/16-F21V 7/22 take precedence)

|  | F21V 7/14 |
· | adapted to co-operate with light sources of shapes not covered by group Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F21V 7/02 or Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F21V 7/12, e.g. circular (Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F21V 7/16-F21V 7/22 take precedence)

|  | F21V 7/16 |
· | with provision for adjusting the curvature

|  | F21V 7/18 |
· | with provision for folding or collapsing

|  | F21V 7/20 |
· | constructed to facilitate cooling, e.g. with fins (cooling by other means, e.g. fluid, Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F21V 29/00)

|  | F21V 7/22 |
· | characterised by the material; characterised by surface treatments or coatings

|  | F21V 8/00 |
Use of light guides, e.g. fibre optic devices, in lighting devices or systems (light guides per se, structural details of arrangements with other optical elements Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...G02B 6/00) [4]

|  | F21V 9/00 |
Light filters (coloured shades Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F21V 1/00); Selection of luminescent materials for light screens (luminescent materials per se Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...C09K 11/00; electroluminescent light sources Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...H05B 33/00)

|  | F21V 9/02 |
· | for simulating daylight (Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F21V 9/04, Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F21V 9/06, Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F21V 9/16 take precedence)

|  | F21V 9/04 |
· | for filtering out infra-red radiation (using liquid-filled chambers Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F21V 9/12)

|  | F21V 9/06 |
· | for filtering out ultra-violet radiation (Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F21V 9/16 takes precedence)

|  | F21V 9/08 |
· | for producing coloured light, e.g. monochromatic; for reducing intensity of light (Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F21V 9/16 takes precedence)

|  | F21V 9/10 |
· · | with provision for variation of the colour or intensity (Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F21V 9/12 takes precedence)

|  | F21V 9/12 |
· · | with liquid-filled chambers

|  | F21V 9/14 |
· | for producing polarised light

|  | F21V 9/16 |
· | Selection of luminescent materials for light screens

|  | F21V 11/00 |
Screens not covered by groups Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F21V 1/00, Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F21V 3/00, Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F21V 7/00, Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F21V 9/00

|  | F21V 11/02 |
· | using parallel laminae or strips, e.g. of Venetian-blind type (Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F21V 11/06 takes precedence)

|  | F21V 11/04 |
· · | adjustable

|  | F21V 11/06 |
· | using crossed laminae or strips; using lattices or honeycombs

|  | F21V 11/08 |
· | using diaphragms containing one or more apertures

|  | F21V 11/10 |
· · | of iris type

|  | F21V 11/12 |
· · | of slot type

|  | F21V 11/14 |
· · | with many small apertures

|  | F21V 11/16 |
· | using sheets without apertures, e.g. fixed (Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F21V 11/02, Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F21V 11/06 take precedence)

|  | F21V 11/18 |
· · | movable, e.g. flaps, slides

|  | F21V 13/00 |
Combinations of elements specified in two or more of the groups Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F21V 1/00-F21V 11/00 (combinations of two or more elements covered by a single one of groups Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F21V 1/00-F21V 11/00, see the relevant group)

|  | F21V 13/02 |
· | Combinations of only two kinds of elements

|  | F21V 13/04 |
· · | the elements being reflectors and refractors

|  | F21V 13/06 |
· · · | a reflector being rotatable

|  | F21V 13/08 |
· · | the elements being reflectors and filters

|  | F21V 13/10 |
· · | the elements being reflectors and screens

|  | F21V 13/12 |
· | Combinations of only three kinds of elements

|  | F21V 13/14 |
· · | the elements being reflectors, refractors, and filters

|  | F21V 15/00 - F21V 37/00 |
Details of those parts not involved in light emission or distribution, e.g. fittings

|  | F21V 15/00 |
Protecting lighting devices from damage

|  | F21V 15/02 |
· | Cages

|  | F21V 15/04 |
· | Resilient mountings, e.g. shock-absorbers (in general Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F16F 15/04)

|  | F21V 17/00 |
Fastening of shades, globes, refractors, reflectors, filters, screens, or protective cages (sealing arrangements Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F21V 31/02)

|  | F21V 17/02 |
· | with provision for adjustment (Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F21V 17/04, Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F21V 17/06 take precedence)

|  | F21V 17/04 |
· | the fastening being onto or by the light source

|  | F21V 17/06 |
· | the fastening being onto or by the lamp holder

|  | F21V 19/00 |
Fastening of light sources or lamp holders (fastening electric light source solely by the coupling device Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...H01R 33/00)

|  | F21V 19/02 |
· | with provision for adjustment, e.g. for focusing

|  | F21V 19/04 |
· | with provision for changing light source, e.g. turret

|  | F21V 19/06 |
· | Attaching mantles or other incandescent bodies to lamp parts

|  | F21V 21/00 |
Supporting, suspending, or attaching arrangements for lighting devices (Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F21V 17/00, Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F21V 19/00 take precedence; stands for supporting apparatus or articles in general Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F16M 11/00)

|  | F21V 21/02 |
· | Wall, ceiling, or floor bases, e.g. ceiling rose; Fixing pendants or arms to the bases (Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F21V 21/08 takes precedence; bases for movable standing lamps Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F21V 21/06)

|  | F21V 21/04 |
· · | Recessed bases

|  | F21V 21/06 |
· | Bases for movable standing lamps; Fixing standards to the bases (Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F21V 21/08 takes precedence)

|  | F21V 21/08 |
· | Devices for easy attachment to any desired place, e.g. clip, clamp, magnet

|  | F21V 21/10 |
· | Pendants, arms, or standards; Fixing lighting devices to pendants, arms, or standards (adjustable mounting Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F21V 21/14; construction of posts not peculiar to use with lighting devices Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...E04H 12/00)

|  | F21V 21/12 |
· · | capable of being elongated or shortened by the insertion or removal of intermediate pieces

|  | F21V 21/14 |
· | Adjustable mountings

|  | F21V 21/16 |
· · | using wires or cords

|  | F21V 21/18 |
· · · | operated by springs

|  | F21V 21/20 |
· · · | operated by weights

|  | F21V 21/22 |
· · | telescopic

|  | F21V 21/24 |
· · | Lazy-tongs

|  | F21V 21/26 |
· · | Pivoted arms

|  | F21V 21/28 |
· · · | adjustable in more than one plane

|  | F21V 21/29 |
· · · · | employing universal joints

|  | F21V 21/30 |
· · | Pivoted housings or frames

|  | F21V 21/32 |
· · | Flexible tubes

|  | F21V 21/34 |
· | Supporting elements displaceable along a guiding element, e.g. rail, wire

|  | F21V 21/36 |
· | Hoisting or lowering devices, e.g. for maintenance (Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F21V 21/14 takes precedence)

|  | F21V 21/38 |
· · | with a cable

|  | F21V 23/00 |
Arrangements of electric circuit elements in or on lighting devices (electric circuits per se Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...H05B 39/00)

|  | F21V 23/02 |
· | the elements being transformers or impedances

|  | F21V 23/04 |
· | the elements being switches (safety devices Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F21V 25/00)

|  | F21V 23/06 |
· | the elements being coupling devices, e.g. for shavers

|  | F21V 25/00 |
Safety devices structurally associated with lighting devices (gas-tight or water-tight arrangements Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F21V 31/00; in general Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F16P; protective circuit arrangements per se Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...H02H 7/00)

|  | F21V 25/02 |
· | coming into action when lighting device is disturbed, dismounted, or broken

|  | F21V 25/04 |
· · | breaking the electric circuit

|  | F21V 25/06 |
· · | feeding a quenching fluid to the light source

|  | F21V 25/08 |
· · | cutting the incandescent filament

|  | F21V 25/10 |
· | coming into action when lighting device is over-loaded, e.g. thermal switch

|  | F21V 25/12 |
· | Flameproof or explosion-proof arrangements

|  | F21V 27/00 |
Cable-stowing arrangements structurally associated with lighting devices, e.g. reels (storing lengths of cable in general Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...B65H)

|  | F21V 29/00 |
Cooling arrangements

|  | F21V 31/00 |
Gas-tight or water-tight arrangements

|  | F21V 31/02 |
· | Sealing arrangements

|  | F21V 31/04 |
· | Provision of filling media (safety devices Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F21V 25/00; cooling arrangements Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F21V 29/00)

|  | F21V 33/00 |
Structural combinations of lighting devices with other articles (illuminated articles or apparatus, see the relevant subclass for the articles or apparatus)

|  | F21V 35/00 |
Candle holders

|  | F21V 36/00 |
Arrangements of mantles or other incandescent bodies on burners (attaching to lamp parts Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F21V 19/06)

|  | F21V 36/02 |
· | in ceiling lamps

|  | F21V 37/00 |
Details of liquid-fuel lighting devices, not otherwise provided for