These Notes cover the basic principles and general instructions for use of section H. Section H covers: basic electric elements, which cover all electric units and the general mechanical structure of apparatus and circuits, including the assembly of various basic elements into what are called printed circuits and also cover to a certain extent the manufacture of these elements (when not covered elsewhere); generation of electricity, which covers the generation, conversion and distribution of electricity together with the controlling of the corresponding gear; applied electricity, which covers: general utilisation techniques, viz. those of electric heating and electric lighting circuits; some special utilisation techniques, either electric or electronic in the strict sense, which are not covered by other sections of the Classification, including: electric light sources, including lasers; electric X-ray technique; electric plasma technique and the generation and acceleration of electrically charged particles or neutrons; basic electronic circuits and their control; radio or electric communication technique; the use of a specified material for the manufacture of the article or element described. In this connection, paragraphs88 to90 of the Guide should be referred to. In this section, the following general rules apply: Subject to the exceptions stated in I(c), above, any electric aspect or part peculiar to a particular operation, process, apparatus, object or article, classified in one of the sections of the Classification other than section H, is always classified in the subclass for that operation, process, apparatus, object or article. Where common characteristics concerning technical subjects of similar nature have been brought out at class level, the electric aspect or part is classified, in conjunction with the operation, process, apparatus, object or article, in a subclass which covers entirely the general electrical applications for the technical subject in question; The electrical applications referred to under (a), above, either general or particular, include: the therapeutic processes and apparatus, in class ; the electric processes and apparatus used in various laboratory or industrial operations, in classes and and in subclass ; the electricity supply, electric propulsion and electric lighting of vehicles in general and of particular vehicles, in the subsection "Transporting" of section B; the electric ignition systems of internal-combustion engines, in subclass , and of combustion apparatus in general, in subclass ; the whole electrical part of section G, i.e. measuring devices including apparatus for measuring electric variables, checking, signalling and calculating. Electricity in that section is generally dealt with as a means and not as an end in itself; All electrical applications, both general and particular, presuppose that the "basic electricity" aspect appears in section H (see I(a) above) as regards the electric "basic elements" which they comprise. This rule is also valid for applied electricity, referred to in I(c), above, which appears in section H itself. In this section, the following special cases occur: Among the general applications covered by sections other than section H, it is worth noting that electric heating in general is covered by subclasses or or class , and that electric lighting in general is partly covered by class , since in section H (see I(c), above) there are places in which cover the same technical subjects; In the two cases referred to under (a), above, the subclasses of section F, which deal with the respective subjects, essentially cover in the first place the whole mechanical aspect of the apparatus or devices, whereas the electrical aspect, as such, is covered by subclass ; In the case of lighting, this mechanical aspect should be taken to cover the material arrangement of the various electric elements, i.e., their geometrical or physical position in relation to one another; this aspect is covered by subclass , the elements themselves and the primary circuits remaining in section H. The same applies to electric light sources, when combined with light sources of a different kind. These are covered by subclass , whereas the physical arrangement which their combination constitutes is covered by the various subclasses of class ; As regards heating, not only the electric elements and circuitry designs, as such, are covered by subclass , but also the electric aspects of their arrangement, where these concern cases of general application; electric furnaces being considered as such. The physical disposition of the electric elements in furnaces is covered by section F. If a comparison is made with electric welding circuits, which are covered by subclass in connection with welding, it can be seen that electric heating is not covered by the general rule stated in II, above. Processes involving only a single technical art, e.g. drying, coating, for which provision exists elsewhere are classified in the relevant class for that art. Attention is drawn to the Notes following the titles of class and subclass relating to "micro-structural devices" and "micro-structural systems". CONDUCTORS OR CABLES Characterised by the material Characterised by the construction , Special types for: communication; power; superconductive cables ; ; Manufacture; salvaging ; INSULATORS OR INSULATING BODIES Characterised by the material Characterised by the construction Manufacture In this subclass, the following term is used with the meaning indicated: "adjustable" means mechanically adjustable. Variable resistors, the value of which is changed non-mechanically, e.g. by voltage or temperature, are classified in group . NON-ADJUSTABLE RESISTORS , , , ADJUSTABLE RESISTORS OTHER RESISTORS DETAILS MANUFACTURE MAGNETS, ELECTROMAGNETS Characterised by the magnetic material Cores, yokes, armatures Coils Superconducting coils or magnets Magnets Magnetising, demagnetising Manufacture THIN FILMS FIXED INDUCTANCES OR TRANSFORMERS Of the signal type , Other than of the signal type , Manufacture VARIABLE INDUCTANCES OR TRANSFORMERS Of the signal type Other than of the signal type Manufacture DETAILS OF TRANSFORMERS OR INDUCTANCES, IN GENERAL SUPERCONDUCTIVE OR CRYOGENIC TRANSFORMERS ADAPTATIONS OF TRANSFORMERS OR INDUCTANCES FOR SPECIFIC APPLICATIONS OR FUNCTIONS CAPACITORS With fixed capacitance With variable capacitance: by mechanical means; by non-mechanical means ; Details ELECTROLYTIC APPARATUS STRUCTURAL COMBINATIONS , MANUFACTURE , , , , This subclass covers (in groups ) devices for the protection of electric lines or electric machines or apparatus in the event of undesired change from normal electric working conditions, the electrical condition serving directly as the input to the device. This subclass does not cover bases, casings, or covers accommodating two or more switching devices or for accommodating a switching device as well as another electric component, e.g. bus-bar, line connector. Those bases, casings or covers are covered by group . In this subclass, the following terms or expressions are used with the meanings indicated: "relay" means a switching device having contacts which are operated from electric inputs which supply, directly or indirectly, all the mechanical energy necessary to cause both the closure and the opening of the contacts; "driving mechanism" refers to the means by which an operating force applied to the switch is transmitted to the moving contact or contacts; "operating" is used in a broader sense than "actuating" which is reserved for those parts not touched by hand to effect switching; "acting" or "action" means a self-induced movements of parts at one stage of the switching. These connotations apply to all parts of the verbs "to operate"; "to actuate", and "to act", and to words derived therefrom, e.g. to "actuation". In this subclass, details are classified as follows: details of an unspecified type of switching device, or disclosed as applicable to two or more kinds of switching devices designated by the terms or expressions "switches", "relays", "selector switches", and "emergency protective devices", are classified in groups ; details of an unspecified type of switch, or disclosed as applicable to two or more types of switches as defined by groups and subgroups , , , , , and , all hereinafter called basic types, are classified in groups ; details of an unspecified type of relay, or disclosed as applicable to two or more types of relays as defined by groups , hereinafter called basic types, are classified in group ; details of an unspecified protective device, or applicable to two or more types of protective devices as defined by groups , hereinafter called basic types, are classified in group . However, details only described with reference to, or clearly only applicable to, switching devices of a single basic type, are classified in the group appropriate to switching devices of that basic type, e.g. , ; mechanical structural details of control members of switches or of keyboards such as keys, push-buttons, levers or other mechanisms for transferring the force to the activated elements are classified in this subclass, even when they are used for controlling electronic switches. However, mechanical details directly producing electronic effects are classified in group . ELECTRIC SWITCHES Characterised by the principle of control mechanical rectilinearly movable: one direction; two directions ; with angular displacement: unlimited angle; limited angle ; by pulling; by tumbling ; with compound movements by removable members physical general; electric or magnetic field; heat; explosion ; ; ; Characterised by the contacts liquid Characterised by the voltage or the intensity without arc-extinguishing means; with such means ; Characterised by the actuation duration manual; programme ; Manufacture RELAYS Electromagnetic; dynamo-electric; magnetostrictive ; ; Electrostrictive or piezo-electric; electrostatic; electrothermal ; ; Details general; electromechanical; circuits ; ; Manufacture SELECTORS Types Details Manufacture SECTIONALISERS low-tension with blade-type contact for high tension combined with fuses PROTECTIVE DEVICES Circuit-breaking switches with resetting: manual; by motor; separate ; ; Protective switches by short-circuit; opening and closing; particular ; ; Fuses; evaporation devices ; Details of protective switches and relays Manufacture COMBINATIONS GENERAL DETAILS Contacts Mechanisms operating contacts in general; snap-action; delay ; ; Other details This subclass covers only devices for producing, influencing, or using a flow of electrons or ions, e.g. for controlling, indicating, or switching of electric current, counting electric pulses, producing light or other electromagnetic oscillations, such as X-rays, or for separating or analysing radiation or particles, and having a closed or substantially closed casing containing a chosen gas, vapour, or vacuum, upon the pressure and nature of which the characteristics of the device depend. Light sources using a combination (other than covered by group of this subclass) of discharge and other kinds of light generation are covered by group . In this subclass, groups relate only to: details of an unspecified kind of discharge tube or lamp, or details mentioned in a specification as applicable to two or more kinds of tubes or lamps as defined by groups , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , or , hereinafter called basic kinds. A detail only described with reference to, or clearly only applicable to, tubes or lamps of a single basic kind is classified in the detail group appropriate to tubes or lamps of that basic kind, e.g. . In this subclass, the following term is used with the meaning indicated: "lamp" includes tubes emitting ultra-violet or infra-red light. Attention is drawn to the definition of the expression "spark gaps" given in the Note following the title of subclass . Apparatus or processes specially adapted for the manufacture of electric discharge tubes, discharge lamps, or parts thereof are classified in group . GAS-FILLED TUBES Without electrode inside; liquid cathode; gaseous cathode; solid cathode ; ; ; VACUUM TUBES Classical tubes: tubes; details ; Transit-time tubes: tubes; details ; Ion beam tubes Cathode ray tubes: tubes; details ; X-ray tubes TUBES FOR PROCESSING OR EXAMINATION OF MATERIALS OR OBJECTS SPECIAL TUBES For emergence of electrons or ions; particle spectrometers or separator tubes ; Vacuum gauges, evacuation by ion diffusion; secondary-emission tubes, electron multipliers; thermionic generators ; ; Photoelectric; radiation and particle detectors ; DISCHARGE LAMPS Gas discharge lamps; cathode ray or electron stream lamps; without electrode inside ; ; DETAILS Electrodes; electron optics; vessels; other details ; ; ; MANUFACTURE; REPAIR; REGENERATION; RECOVERY OF MATERIAL SUBJECT MATTER NOT PROVIDED FOR IN OTHER GROUPS OF THIS SUBCLASS In this subclass, the following term is used with the meaning indicated: "lamp" includes tubes emitting ultra-violet or infra-red light. CHARACTERISED BY UTILISATION General lighting; other lighting ; CHARACTERISED BY THE INCANDESCENT BODY Non-conductive; non-conductive in the cold state; multiple ; ; DETAILS MANUFACTURE This subclass covers: electric solid state devices which are not covered by any other subclass and details thereof, and includes: semiconductor devices adapted for rectifying, amplifying, oscillating or switching; semiconductor devices sensitive to radiation; electric solid state devices using thermoelectric, superconductive, piezo-electric, electrostrictive, magnetostrictive, galvano-magnetic or bulk negative resistance effects and integrated circuit devices; photoresistors, magnetic field dependent resistors, field effect resistors, capacitors with potential-jump barrier, resistors with potential-jump barrier or surface barrier, incoherent light emitting diodes and thin-film or thick-film circuits; processes and apparatus adapted for the manufacture or treatment of such devices, except where such processes relate to single-step processes for which provision exists elsewhere. In this subclass, the following terms or expressions are used with the meaning indicated: "wafer" means a slice of semiconductor or crystalline substrate material, which can be modified by impurity diffusion (doping), ion implantation or epitaxy, and whose active surface can be processed into arrays of discrete components or integrated circuits; "solid state body" means the body of material within which, or at the surface of which, the physical effects characteristic of the device occur. In thermoelectric devices, it includes all materials in the current path. Regions in or on the body of the device (other than the solid state body itself), which exert an influence on the solid state body electrically, are considered to be "electrodes" whether or not an external electrical connection is made thereto. An electrode may include several portions and the term includes metallic regions which exert influence on the solid state body through an insulating region (e.g. capacitive coupling) and inductive coupling arrangements to the body. The dielectric region in a capacitive arrangement is regarded as part of the electrode. In arrangements including several portions, only those portions which exert an influence on the solid state body by virtue of their shape, size, or disposition or the material of which they are formed are considered to be part of the electrode. The other portions are considered to be "arrangements for conducting electric current to or from the solid state body" or "interconnections between solid state components formed in or on a common substrate", i.e. leads; "device" means an electric circuit element; where an electric circuit element is one of a plurality of elements formed in or on a common substrate it is referred to as a "component"; "complete device" is a device in its fully assembled state which may or may not require further treatment, e.g. electroforming, before it is ready for use but which does not require the addition of further structural units; "parts" includes all structural units which are included in a complete device; "container" is an enclosure forming part of the complete device and is essentially a solid construction in which the body of the device is placed, or which is formed around the body without forming an intimate layer thereon. An enclosure which consists of one or more layers formed on the body and in intimate contact therewith is referred to as an "encapsulation"; "integrated circuit" is a device where all components, e.g. diodes, resistors, are built up on a common substrate and form the device including interconnections between the components; "assembly" of a device is the building up of the device from its component constructional units and includes the provision of fillings in containers. In this subclass, both the process or apparatus for the manufacture or treatment of a device and the device itself are classified, whenever both of these are described sufficiently to be of interest. SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES Devices adapted for rectifying, amplifying, oscillating, or switching Devices sensitive to, or emitting, radiation , SOLID STATE DEVICES USING ORGANIC MATERIALS OTHER SOLID STATE DEVICES Thermoelectric or thermomagnetic devices , Superconductive or hyperconductive devices Piezo-electric, electrostrictive or magnetostrictive elements in general Galvano-magnetic devices Devices without a potential-jump or a surface barrier; bulk negative resistance effect devices; devices not otherwise provided for ; ; ASSEMBLIES OF SEMICONDUCTOR OR OTHER SOLID STATE DEVICES Assemblies of individual devices Integrated circuits DETAILS MANUFACTURE This subclass covers galvanic primary or secondary cells or batteries, fuel cells or batteries. Processes using enzymes or micro-organisms in order to: liberate, separate or purify a pre-existing compound or composition, or to treat textiles or clean solid surfaces of materials are further classified in subclass . CELLS ACCORDING TO TYPE Primary cells Fuel cells Secondary cells Hybrid cells; electrochemical generators not provided for otherwise; combinations of different types of electrochemical generators ; ; DETAILS COMMON TO DIFFERENT TYPES OF CELLS Details, processes of manufacture of the non-active parts Electrodes In this subclass, the following expression is used with the meaning indicated: "waveguide type" as applied to transmission lines includes only high-frequency coaxial cables or Lecher lines, and as applied to resonators, delay lines, or other devices includes all devices having distributed inductance and capacitance. WAVEGUIDES, TRANSMISSION LINES DEVICES OF THE WAVEGUIDE TYPE Auxiliary devices; coupling devices; resonators; delay lines ; ; ; MANUFACTURE This subclass covers: in addition to the primary active radiating elements, secondary devices for absorbing or for modifying the direction or polarisation of waves radiated from aerials, and combinations with auxiliary devices such as earthing switches, lead-in devices, and lightning protectors; both transmitting and receiving aerials. This subclass does not cover devices of the waveguide type, such as resonators or lines, not designed as radiating elements, which are covered by subclass . In this subclass, the following expression is used with the meaning indicated: "active radiating element" covers corresponding parts of a receiving aerial. TYPES OF AERIALS Loop type Waveguide type Other type: short; long ; DEVICES FOR INFLUENCING RADIATED WAVES Quasi-optical; absorbing ; COMBINATIONS OF PRIMARY ACTIVE ELEMENTS WITH SECONDARY DEVICES COMBINATIONS OF AERIALS WITH ACTIVE CIRCUITS OR CIRCUIT ELEMENTS ARRANGEMENTS PROVIDING MORE THAN ONE RADIATION PATTERN AERIAL ARRAYS OR SYSTEMS SPECIAL ARRANGEMENTS Details; orientation; simultaneity ; ; This subclass covers: all kinds of contact-making disconnectable and non-disconnectable electric line connecting devices, coupling devices, lamp or similar holders or current collectors for all kinds of electric lines, cables or apparatus; non-printed means for electric connections to or between printed circuits. This subclass does not cover mounting of connections in or on specified apparatus. Such mounting is covered by the relevant subclass for such apparatus, e.g. mounting in junction or distribution boxes is covered by subclass or , high-temperature connections for heating elements is covered by group . Structural association of one part of a coupling device with specific electric apparatus is classified with the apparatus, e.g. association of cap with incandescent lamp is covered by subclass . In this subclass, the following expressions are used with the meaning indicated: "pin" is a rigid or flexible conductor for engagement with an appropriately shaped socket to establish contact therewith; "socket" is a rigid or flexible conductor for receiving an appropriate pin to establish electrical contact therewith; "coupling devices" are devices having two or more parts specially adapted so as to be capable of ready and repeated physical engagement or disengagement, without the use of a tool, for the purpose of establishing or breaking an electrical path. Examples of such devices having more than two parts are: a) adapters for linking two coupling parts; and b) rails or bus-bars provided with a plurality of discrete connecting locations for counterparts. General details are classified in groups , , , . CONNECTIONS; CONNECTING ELEMENTS Direct; Insulation-penetrating Structural associations: of a plurality of mutually-insulated connecting elements for printed circuits, flat or ribbon cables Individual connecting elements providing two or more spaced connecting locations Terminals ; Other connections COUPLINGS Direct connections between conductors and conductive members of coupling Other details Overall structure of two-part couplings Coupling parts for multiple or alternative co-operation with counterparts , , Coupling parts supported by counterpart Couplings having holders for supporting apparatus FLEXIBLE OR TURNABLE LINE CONNECTORS CURRENT COLLECTORS Rotary; non-rotary ; MANUFACTURE This subclass covers: devices for the generation or amplification, by using stimulated emission, of coherent electromagnetic waves or other forms of wave energy; such functions as modulating, demodulating, controlling, or stabilising such waves. MASERS SEMICONDUCTOR LASERS LASERS OTHER THAN SEMICONDUCTOR LASERS OTHER DEVICES USING STIMULATED EMISSION In this subclass, the following expression is used with the meaning indicated: "spark gaps" means enclosed or non-enclosed discharge device having cold electrodes and used exclusively to discharge a quantity of electrical energy in a small time duration. SPARK GAPS Rotary Comprising auxiliary triggering means Special adaptations: for oscillations; for rectifiers ; Overvoltage arresters; arcing horns Other spark gaps Details SPARKING PLUGS CIRCUITS DEVICES FOR CORONA DISCHARGE MANUFACTURE, MAINTENANCE APPARATUS FOR GENERATING IONS