LIQUID/LIQUID, LIQUID/GAS OR GAS/GAS SEPARATION Method General operations by centrifugal force, using centrifuges or free-vortex apparatus using magnetic or electrostatic effect Apparatus General operations by centrifugal force, using centrifuges or free-vortex apparatus , using magnetic or electrostatic effect SOLID/LIQUID OR SOLID/GAS SEPARATION Method General operations by centrifugal force using centrifuges or free-vortex apparatus using magnetic or electrostatic effect Apparatus General operations by centrifugal force using centrifuges or free-vortex apparatus , using magnetic or electrostatic effect SOLID/SOLID SEPARATION Method Dry methods material in bulk Individual sorting Screening, sifting, pneumatic sorting using pneumatic tables or jigs by magnetic or electrostatic effect by centrifugal force using centrifuges or free-vortex apparatus Wet methods General operations flotation, differential sedimentation screening Combinations Dry methods - wet methods Apparatus Dry methods material in bulk Individual sorting Screening, sifting, pneumatic sorting using pneumatic tables or jigs by magnetic or electrostatic effect by centrifugal force using centrifuges or free-vortex apparatus , Wet methods General operations flotation, differential sedimentation screening Combinations Dry methods - wet methods This subclass does not cover: operations of the types mentioned in Note (2) (a) to (f), employed in the manufacture of articles other than packages, which are covered by other appropriate subclasses, e.g. making confectionery products by casting in moulds formed by wrappers , filling ammunition, e.g. cartridges, ; methods of packaging, which are wholly characterised by the form of the package produced, or the form of the container or packaging-element used, which are covered by . In this subclass, the following terms are used with the meanings indicated: "packaging" includes mainly the following operations: filling portable containers or receptacles with materials or small articles to form packages; inserting articles or groups of articles into containers or receptacles; closing filled containers or receptacles otherwise than by metal-, glass-, or wood-working operations; enclosing, or partially enclosing, articles or quantities of material, in sheets, strips, blanks, webs, or tubes of thin flexible material, e.g. wrapping; bundling articles, e.g. holding articles together in groups by applying string or wire; attaching articles to cards, sheets, or webs. "package" means the end product of a packaging operation, e.g. a filled and closed container, an article enclosed in a wrapper, a group of articles held together by string or wire, a crate of bottles. "materials" includes matter, or masses of articles, which are to be packaged, as distinct from separate or individual articles. METHODS AND APPARATUS FOR PACKAGING Of general application in individual receptacles: for materials; for objects; closing after filling , ; ; enclosing successively in webs; wrapping; by attachment to carriers ; ; for objects: bundling; joining ; other processes and apparatus For particular objects or materials; under particular conditions for fragile rod-shaped or tubular objects; for bottles; for other articles presenting special problems ; ; , bundling particular articles using removable coatings for particular materials: fibrous; other ; under particular atmospheric or gaseous conditions DETAILS OF APPARATUS AND AUXILIARY DEVICES OR OPERATIONS, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR Relating to contents supply arrangements; introducing into containers or wrappers; preservation, purification , ; ; other devices or methods Relating to containers supplying container-forming material; forming containers; forming pockets; holding wrappers during wrapping ; ; ; bendling wrappers round contents; shrinking; closing; preserving, purifying ; ; ; other devices or methods Relating to apparatus: control, safety; adaptation to different requirements; other details ; ; PACKAGING BY HAND UNPACKING NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR In this subclass, the following term is used with the meaning indicated: "labels" covers also decalcomanias, stamps or the like. This subclass covers: containers, packaging elements or packages with auxiliary means or provision for displaying articles or materials; methods of packaging which are wholly characterised by the form of the package produced or the form of the container or packaging element used, as distinct from the operations performed or the apparatus employed, which are covered by subclass . This subclass, which is intended to be as comprehensive as possible, only excludes containers or packages of a nature clearly confined to a single other subclass, which are classified in that subclass. In this subclass, groups , , or include constructional features of foldable or erectable container or wrapper blanks as well as the containers or wrappers formed by folding or erecting such blanks. Containers, packaging elements or packages classified in group , are also classified according to the constructional or functional features, if such features are of interest. In this subclass, the following terms or expressions are used with the meanings indicated: "rigid or semi-rigid containers" includes: containers not deformed by, or not taking-up the shape of, their contents; containers adapted to be temporarily deformed to expel their contents; pallets; trays; "flexible containers" includes: containers deformed by, or taking-up the shape of, their contents; containers adapted to be permanently deformed to expel their contents; "packaging elements" includes: elements, other than containers, for covering, protecting, stiffening, or holding together articles or materials to be stored or transported; packaging materials of special type or form not provided for in other subclasses; "packages" includes: combinations of containers or packaging elements with articles or materials to be stored or transported; articles joined together for convenience of storage or transport; "paper" includes materials, e.g. cardboard, plastic sheet materials, laminated materials, or metal foils, worked in a manner analogous to paper; "large containers", in groups or , means containers having about the size of containers used in container traffic, sometimes referred to as freight, forwarding or "ISO" (International Standardization Organization) containers, or larger containers. Tamper-indicating means for containers or closures are classified in the group appropriate to the type of container or closure, e.g. , , , , , , , , , , . GENERAL CONTAINERS Rigid or semi-rigid characterised by their structure or material their kind , opening by cutting or tearing their particular use details not otherwise provided for , Flexible characterised by their kind their particular use LARGE CONTAINERS , MOVABLE OR HINGED CLOSURES Kinds of closure , , , , Clamping or using closures , , Accessories , PACKAGING ELEMENTS Material , For particular use , Accessories internal , external , not otherwise provided for KINDS OF PACKAGES Bales; articles on carriers; with enclosing tube, sheet, or web; using preformed containers ; ; ; Assemblies of objects , For particular use , , Kinds or details not otherwise provided for HANDLING AND STORAGE Loading and unloading , , Transfer, trans-shipment Storage , , Piling, unpiling of articles of loose material Assisting manual handling , CONVEYERS, CHUTES Mechanical with endless element with particular movement , , , other kinds combinations or systems of general use , chutes; roller-ways; projectors ; ; Parts or auxiliary devices applicable to different kinds rollers; frames; auxiliary handling ; ; control, safety; maintenance ; Non-mechanical , , This subclass does not cover methods or devices intimately associated with other operations on thin or filamentary material, e.g. sheets, webs, cables or means for performing such operations, which are classified in the relevant subclasses for these operations, e.g.: Postal sorting, similar sorting of documents, e.g. cheques Cleaning travelling work, e.g. webs, by methods involving the use of tools, brushes or like members Metal rolling involving guiding, conveying or accumulating easily-flexible work, e.g. wire, sheet metal bands, in loops or curves , Winding-up, coiling, winding-off or temporarily accumulating metal wire, metal band or other flexible metal material, characterised by features relevant to metal processing only, other than by rolling Feeding, positioning or storing devices, combined with, or arranged in, or specially adapted for use in connection with, apparatus for working or processing sheet metal without essentially removing material Means for automatic feeding of electrodes for spot or seam welding or cutting Handling for shaping or joining of plastics, for shaping of substances in a plastic state in general or for after-treatment of shaped products, e.g. feeding the material to be shaped , Film-handling mechanisms in photographic composing machines Conveying or guiding webs through rotary-printing presses or machines Handling of copy- or impression-transfer material in typewriters or selective printing mechanisms Means for handling copy matter in stamping or numbering apparatus or devices Handling sheets or webs in apparatus or devices for manifolding, duplicating or printing for office or other commercial purposes, or on addressing machines or like series-printing machines Handling relating to permanently attaching together sheets, quires, or signatures Handling sheets in book-binding Handling of sheets or webs in apparatus for, or methods of, packaging articles, not of interest apart from their application in packaging machines Handling of labels in labelling or tagging apparatus Winding or stacking hides or leather in machines or devices for manufacturing leather Spinning, weaving, braiding, lace-making, knitting, sewing, making ropes or cables Transferring webs from wet ends to press sections in paper-making Handling fabrics, fibres, yarns or other material in long lengths in drying apparatus Film-strip handling or handling of pictures in apparatus for taking photographs or for projecting or viewing them Conveying record carriers from one station to another Counting of flat articles, e.g. sheets, carried by a conveyer , , Information storage based on relative movement between record carrier and transducer, involving handling record carriers for recording or reproducing Manufacturing coils for magnets, inductances, transformers, by winding Machines for winding capacitors Sheet handling not of interest apart from its use in systems for transmission or reproduction of pictures or patterns not varying in time, e.g. facsimile transmission. In this subclass: the groups relating to thin material, as defined under (i) of Note (3) below, are primarily intended to cover the handling of articles made of paper or cardboard, but also include the handling of articles made of other materials which have similar characteristics or present similar handling problems, e.g. articles made of sheet-plastics or leather; the groups relating to filamentary material (groups onwards), as defined in Note (3) below, cover only methods or devices of general application or interest. In this subclass, the following terms or expressions are used with the meanings indicated: "handling" includes feeding, folding (other than in the manufacture of products), guiding, orientating, storing, unwinding, and winding; "thin material" includes: sheets, signatures, envelopes, blanks, and thin piles thereof (hereinafter referred to as "articles"), and webs, tapes, and films, e.g. of paper, fabric, metal foil, or plastics; "filamentary material" includes thread, wires, ropes, cables, and hoses; "package" means a mass of filamentary material, formed by coiling, depositing, or winding, with or without a supporting core or former or an enclosing container or receptacle. ARTICLES Feeding; piles pile supports; lifting ends of piles for overlapping; overturning articles ; ; separating from piles; feeding from piles or to machines; feed control; positioning; feeding to piles; feed tables ; ; ; ; Delivering from machines to piles , , gathering folding; unfolding ; piling , , , Combinations of piling and depiling operations Recirculating articles Control, checking, safety WEBS Feeding unwinding, paying-out webs; winding webs; advancing webs ; ; changing the web roll; special constructions of feed or guide rollers; covering cores, not otherwise provided for ; ; webs: splicing; registering, tensioning or guiding; con- trolling tension ; ; Delivery from machines with or after auxiliary operations; gathering; separating , ; ; folding; unfolding ; Machines: control, checking, safety or warning; driving gear not otherwise provided for , , ; Storing FILAMENTARY MATERIAL Unwinding, paying out; forwarding ; Winding, coiling, depositing; wound packages; guides; covering cores not otherwise provided for ; ; ; Tension control; Measuring pre-determined lengths; joining , ; ; Cores, formers: securing material, replacing, removing, stripping-off waste material , , Treatment during formation of package Machines: control, checking, safety or warning; driving gear not otherwise provided for , , ; Storing SUBJECT MATTER NOT PROVIDED FOR IN OTHER GROUPS OF THIS SUBCLASS