|  | F |
SECTION F — MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING

LIGHTING; HEATING

|  | F28 |
HEAT EXCHANGE IN GENERAL (heat-transfer, heat-exchange or heat-storage materials Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...C09K 5/00; arrangement or mounting of heat-exchangers in air-conditioning, air-humidification or ventilation Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F24F 13/30)

|  | F28 |
Note(s) In this class, the following expressions are used with the meanings indicated: "heat exchange" means the heating or cooling of a fluid or fluent solid by direct or indirect contact with a heated or cooled fluid or fluent solid; "heat transfer" means the heating or cooling of a fluid or fluent solid by direct contact with a heated or cooled surface or body. Apparatus using heat exchange or heat transfer (as defined in Note (1) above) for specific purposes is classified either in subclass Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F28B or in the appropriate subclasses of, for example, classes Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F22, Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F24, Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F25, Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F26, or Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F27; if no such other subclass is appropriate, such apparatus is classified in subclass Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F28C or Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F28D.

|  | F28F |
DETAILS OF HEAT-EXCHANGE OR HEAT-TRANSFER APPARATUS, OF GENERAL APPLICATION (water or air traps, air venting Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F16)

|  | F28F |
Subclass index
DETAILS AND THEIR ARRANGEMENTS |
Elements for heat exchange or transfer and assemblies thereof |
tubular; plate-like; for movement; others | 1/00; 3/00; 5/00; 7/00
auxiliary supports for elements; sealing | 9/00; 11/00
Casings and header boxes | 9/00
Preventing deposits or corrosion | 17/00, 19/00
Special features of heat-exchange apparatus |
characterised by the selection of: constructional material; intermediate heat-exchange material | 21/00; 23/00
component parts of trickle coolers | 25/00
MODIFYING HEAT-TRANSFER; CONTROL OF APPARATUS | 13/00; 27/00

|  | F28F 1/00 |
Tubular elements; Assemblies of tubular elements (specially adapted for movement Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F28F 5/00)

|  | F28F 1/02 |
· | Tubular elements of cross-section which is non-circular (Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F28F 1/08, Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F28F 1/10 take precedence)

|  | F28F 1/04 |
· · | polygonal, e.g. rectangular

|  | F28F 1/06 |
· · | crimped or corrugated in cross-section

|  | F28F 1/08 |
· | Tubular elements crimped or corrugated in longitudinal section

|  | F28F 1/10 |
· | Tubular elements or assemblies thereof with means for increasing heat-transfer area, e.g. with fins, with projections, with recesses (crimped or corrugated elements Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F28F 1/06, Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F28F 1/08)

|  | F28F 1/12 |
· · | the means being only outside the tubular element

|  | F28F 1/14 |
· · · | and extending longitudinally (Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F28F 1/38 takes precedence)

|  | F28F 1/16 |
· · · · | the means being integral with the element, e.g. formed by extrusion (Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F28F 1/22 takes precedence)

|  | F28F 1/18 |
· · · · · | the element being built-up from finned sections

|  | F28F 1/20 |
· · · · | the means being attachable to the element (Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F28F 1/22 takes precedence)

|  | F28F 1/22 |
· · · · | the means having portions engaging further tubular elements

|  | F28F 1/24 |
· · · | and extending transversely (Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F28F 1/38 takes precedence)

|  | F28F 1/26 |
· · · · | the means being integral with the element (Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F28F 1/32 takes precedence)

|  | F28F 1/28 |
· · · · · | the element being built-up from finned sections

|  | F28F 1/30 |
· · · · | the means being attachable to the element (Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F28F 1/32 takes precedence)

|  | F28F 1/32 |
· · · · | the means having portions engaging further tubular elements

|  | F28F 1/34 |
· · · | and extending obliquely (Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F28F 1/38 takes precedence)

|  | F28F 1/36 |
· · · · | the means being helically-wound fins or wire spirals

|  | F28F 1/38 |
· · · | and being staggered to form tortuous fluid passages

|  | F28F 1/40 |
· · | the means being only inside the tubular element

|  | F28F 1/42 |
· · | the means being both outside and inside the tubular element

|  | F28F 1/44 |
· · · | and being formed of wire mesh

|  | F28F 3/00 |
Plate-like or laminated elements; Assemblies of plate-like or laminated elements (specially adapted for movement Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F28F 5/00)

|  | F28F 3/02 |
· | Elements or assemblies thereof with means for increasing heat-transfer area, e.g. with fins, with recesses, with corrugations (Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F28F 3/08 takes precedence)

|  | F28F 3/04 |
· · | the means being integral with the element

|  | F28F 3/06 |
· · | the means being attachable to the element

|  | F28F 3/08 |
· | Elements constructed for building-up into stacks, e.g. capable of being taken apart for cleaning

|  | F28F 3/10 |
· · | Arrangement for sealing the margins

|  | F28F 3/12 |
· | Elements constructed in the shape of a hollow panel, e.g. with channels

|  | F28F 3/14 |
· · | by separating portions of a pair of joined sheets to form channels, e.g. by inflation (manufacture thereof Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...B23P)

|  | F28F 5/00 |
Elements specially adapted for movement (arrangements for moving the elements, see the appropriate subclass for the apparatus concerned)

|  | F28F 5/02 |
· | Rotary drums or rollers

|  | F28F 5/04 |
· | Hollow impellers, e.g. stirring vane

|  | F28F 5/06 |
· | Hollow screw conveyers

|  | F28F 7/00 |
Elements not covered by group Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F28F 1/00, Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F28F 3/00, or Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F28F 5/00

|  | F28F 7/02 |
· | Blocks traversed by passages for heat-exchange media

|  | F28F 9/00 |
Casings; Header boxes; Auxiliary supports for elements; Auxiliary members within casings

|  | F28F 9/007 |
· | Auxiliary supports for elements [6]

|  | F28F 9/013 |
· · | for tubes or tube-assemblies [6]

|  | F28F 9/02 |
· | Header boxes; End plates

|  | F28F 9/04 |
· · | Arrangements for sealing elements into header boxes or end plates (joining pipes to walls in general Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F16L 41/00)

|  | F28F 9/06 |
· · · | by dismountable joints

|  | F28F 9/08 |
· · · · | by wedge-type connections, e.g. taper ferrule

|  | F28F 9/10 |
· · · · | by screw-type connections, e.g. gland

|  | F28F 9/12 |
· · · · | by flange-type connections

|  | F28F 9/14 |
· · · · | by force-joining

|  | F28F 9/16 |
· · · | by permanent joints, e.g. by rolling (metal-working procedures in general Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...B21, Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...B23, particularly Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...B21D 39/06, Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...B23K)

|  | F28F 9/18 |
· · · · | by welding

|  | F28F 9/20 |
· | Arrangements of heat reflectors, e.g. separately-insertible reflecting walls

|  | F28F 9/22 |
· | Arrangements for directing heat-exchange media into successive compartments, e.g. arrangements of guide plates

|  | F28F 9/24 |
· | Arrangements for promoting turbulent flow of heat-exchange media, e.g. by plates (Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F28F 1/38 takes precedence; in general Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F15D)

|  | F28F 9/26 |
· | Arrangements for connecting different sections of heat-exchange elements, e.g. of radiators (connecting different sections in water heaters Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F24H 9/14)

|  | F28F 11/00 |
Arrangements for sealing leaky tubes or conduits (stopping flow from or in pipes in general Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F16L 55/10)

|  | F28F 11/02 |
· | using obturating elements, e.g. washers, inserted and operated independently of each other (Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F28F 11/06 takes precedence)

|  | F28F 11/04 |
· | using pairs of obturating elements, e.g. washers, mounted upon central operating rods (Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F28F 11/06 takes precedence)

|  | F28F 11/06 |
· | using automatic tube-obturating appliances

|  | F28F 13/00 |
Arrangements for modifying heat transfer, e.g. increasing, decreasing (Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F28F 1/00-F28F 11/00 take precedence)

|  | F28F 13/02 |
· | by influencing fluid boundary (boundary-layer control in general Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F15D)

|  | F28F 13/04 |
· | by preventing the formation of continuous films of condensate on heat-exchange surfaces, e.g. by promoting droplet formation

|  | F28F 13/06 |
· | by affecting the pattern of flow of the heat-exchange media

|  | F28F 13/08 |
· · | by varying the cross-section of the flow channels

|  | F28F 13/10 |
· · | by imparting a pulsating motion to the flow, e.g. by sonic vibration

|  | F28F 13/12 |
· · | by creating turbulence, e.g. by stirring, by increasing the force of circulation (Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F28F 13/08 takes precedence)

|  | F28F 13/14 |
· | by endowing the walls of conduits with zones of different degrees of conduction of heat

|  | F28F 13/16 |
· | by applying an electrostatic field to the body of the heat-exchange medium

|  | F28F 13/18 |
· | by applying coatings, e.g. radiation-absorbing, radiation-reflecting; by surface treatment, e.g. polishing

|  | F28F 17/00 |
Removing ice or water from heat-exchange apparatus

|  | F28F 19/00 |
Preventing the formation of deposits or corrosion, e.g. by using filters

|  | F28F 19/01 |
· | by using means for separating solid materials from heat-exchange fluids, e.g. filters [6]

|  | F28F 19/02 |
· | by using coatings, e.g. vitreous or enamel coatings

|  | F28F 19/04 |
· · | of rubber; of plastics material; of varnish

|  | F28F 19/06 |
· · | of metal

|  | F28F 21/00 |
Constructions of heat-exchange apparatus characterised by the selection of particular materials

|  | F28F 21/02 |
· | of carbon, e.g. graphite

|  | F28F 21/04 |
· | of ceramic; of concrete; of natural stone

|  | F28F 21/06 |
· | of plastics material

|  | F28F 21/08 |
· | of metal

|  | F28F 23/00 |
Features relating to the use of intermediate heat-exchange materials, e.g. selection of compositions (heat-transfer, heat-exchange or heat-storage materials Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...C09K 5/00)

|  | F28F 23/02 |
· | Arrangements for obtaining or maintaining same in a liquid state

|  | F28F 25/00 |
Component parts of trickle coolers (arrangements for increasing heat transfer Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F28F 13/00; controlling arrangements Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F28F 27/00)

|  | F28F 25/02 |
· | for distributing, circulating, or accumulating liquid (spraying or atomising in general Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...B05B, Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...B05D)

|  | F28F 25/04 |
· · | Distributing or accumulator troughs

|  | F28F 25/06 |
· · | Spray nozzles or spray pipes

|  | F28F 25/08 |
· · | Splashing boards or grids, e.g. for converting liquid sprays into liquid films; Elements or beds for increasing the area of the contact surface (packing elements in general Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...B01J 19/30, Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...B01J 19/32)

|  | F28F 25/10 |
· | for feeding gas or vapour

|  | F28F 25/12 |
· · | Ducts; Guide vanes, e.g. for carrying currents to distinct zones

|  | F28F 27/00 |
Control arrangements specially adapted for heat-exchange or heat-transfer apparatus

|  | F28F 27/02 |
· | for controlling the distribution of heat-exchange media between different channels (arrangements of guide plates or guide vanes Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F28F 9/22, Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F28F 25/12)