|  | F |
SECTION F — MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING

ENGINES OR PUMPS

|  | F01 - F04 |
Note(s) Guide to the use of this subsection (classes Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F01-F04) The following notes are meant to assist in the use of this part of the classification scheme. In this subsection, subclasses or groups designating "engines" or "pumps" cover methods of operating the same, unless otherwise specifically provided for. In this subsection, the following terms or expressions are used with the meanings indicated: "engine" means a device for continuously converting fluid energy into mechanical power. Thus, this term includes, for example, steam piston engines or steam turbines, per se, or internal-combustion piston engines, but it excludes single-stroke devices. "Engine" also includes the fluid-motive portion of a meter unless such portion is particularly adapted for use in a meter; "pump" means a device for continuously raising, forcing, compressing, or exhausting fluid by mechanical or other means. Thus, this term includes fans or blowers; "machine" means a device which could equally be an engine and a pump, and not a device which is restricted to an engine or one which is restricted to a pump; "positive displacement" means the way the energy of a working fluid is transformed into mechanical energy, in which variations of volume created by the working fluid in a working chamber produce equivalent displacements of the mechanical member transmitting the energy, the dynamic effect of the fluid being of minor importance, and vice versa; "non-positive displacement" means the way the energy of a working fluid is transformed into mechanical energy, by transformation of the energy of the working fluid into kinetic energy, and vice versa; "oscillating-piston machine" means a positive-displacement machine in which a fluid-engaging work-transmitting member oscillates. This definition applies also to engines and pumps; "rotary-piston machine" means a positive-displacement machine in which a fluid-engaging work-transmitting member rotates about a fixed axis or about an axis moving along a circular or similar orbit. This definition applies also to engines and pumps; "rotary piston" means the work-transmitting member of a rotary-piston machine and may be of any suitable form, e.g., like a toothed gear; "cooperating members" means the "oscillating piston" or "rotary piston" and another member, e.g., the working-chamber wall, which assists in the driving or pumping action; "movement of the co-operating members" is to be interpreted as relative, so that one of the "co-operating members" may be stationary, even though reference may be made to its rotational axis, or both may move; "teeth or tooth equivalents" include lobes, projections or abutments; "internal-axis type" means that the rotational axes of the inner and outer co-operating members remain at all times within the outer member, e.g., in a similar manner to that of a pinion meshing with the internal teeth of a ring gear; "free piston" means a piston of which the length of stroke is not defined by any member driven thereby; "cylinders" means positive-displacement working chambers in general. Thus, this term is not restricted to cylinders of circular cross-section; "main shaft" means the shaft which converts reciprocating piston motion into rotary motion or vice versa; "plant" means an engine together with such additional apparatus as is necessary to run the engine. For example, a steam engine plant includes a steam engine and means for generating the steam; "working fluid" means the driven fluid in a pump and the driving fluid in an engine. The working fluid may be in a gaseous state, i.e., compressible, or liquid. In the former case coexistence of two states is possible; "steam" includes condensable vapours in general, and "special vapour" is used when steam is excluded; "reaction type" as applied to non-positive-displacement machines or engines means machines or engines in which pressure/velocity transformation takes place wholly or partly in the rotor. Machines or engines with no, or only slight, pressure/velocity transformation in the rotor are called "impulse type". In this subsection: cyclically operating valves, lubricating, gas-flow silencers or exhaust apparatus, or cooling are classified in subclasses Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F01L, Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F01M, Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F01N, Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F01P irrespective of their stated application, unless their classifying features are peculiar to their application, in which case they are classified only in the relevant subclass of classes Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F01-F04; lubricating, gas-flow silencers or exhaust apparatus, or cooling of machines or engines are classified in subclasses Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F01M, Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F01N, Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F01P except for those peculiar to steam engines which are classified in subclass Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F01B. For use of this subsection with a good understanding, it is essential to remember, so far as subclasses Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F01B, Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F01C, Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F01D, Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F03B, and Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F04B, Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F04C, Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F04D, which form its skeleton, are concerned: the principle which resides in their elaboration, the classifying characteristics which they call for, and their complementarity. Principle This concerns essentially the subclasses listed above. Other subclasses, notably those of class Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F02, which cover better-defined matter, are not considered here. Each subclass covers fundamentally a genus of apparatus (engine or pump) and by extension covers equally "machines" of the same kind. Two different subjects, one having a more general character than the other, are thus covered by the same subclass. Subclasses Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F01B, Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F03B, Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F04B, beyond the two subjects which they cover, have further a character of generality in relation to other subclasses concerning the different species of apparatus in the genus concerned. This generality applies as well for the two subjects dealt with, without these always being in relation to the same subclasses. Thus, subclass Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F03B, in its part dealing with "machines", should be considered as being the general class relating to subclasses Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F04B, Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F04C, and in its part dealing with "engines" as being general in relation to subclass Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F03C. Characteristics The principal classifying characteristic of the subclass is that of genera of apparatus, of which there are three possible: Machines; engines; pumps. As stated above, "machines" are always associated with one of the other two genera. These main genera are subdivided according to the general principles of operation of the apparatus: Positive displacement; non-positive displacement. The positive displacement apparatus are further subdivided according to the ways of putting into effect the principle of operation, that is, to the kind of apparatus: Simple reciprocating piston; rotary or oscillating piston; other kind. Another classifying characteristic is that of the working fluid, in respect of which three kinds of apparatus are possible, namely: Liquid and elastic fluid; elastic fluid; liquid. Complementarity This resides in association of pairs of the subclasses listed above, according to the characteristics under consideration in respect of kind of apparatus or working fluid. The subclasses concerned with the various principles, characteristics and complementarity are shown in the following table: Kind of displacement Working fluid Relations of generality positive non- in respect positive of kind of displacement rotary recipro- or oscil- liquid and cating lating elastic elastic piston piston other fluid fluid liquid MACHINES x x x x Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F01B x x x Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F01C x x x Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F01D x x Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F03B x x x Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F04B x x Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F04C ENGINES x x x x Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F01B x x x Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F01C x x x Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F01D x x Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F03B x x x x Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F03C PUMPS x x x x x Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F04B x x x x Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F04C x x x x Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F04D It is seen from this table that: For the same kind of apparatus in a given genus, the characteristic of "working fluid" associates: Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F01B and Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F04B Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F01C and Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F04C Machines Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F01D and Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F03B Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F01B and Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F03C Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F01C and Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F03C Engines Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F01D and Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F03B For the same kind of working fluid, the "apparatus" characteristic relates subclases in the same way as considerations of relative generality.

|  | F01 |
MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL (combustion engines Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F02; machines for liquids Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F03, Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F04); ENGINE PLANTS IN GENERAL; STEAM ENGINES

|  | F01N |
GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR INTERNAL-COMBUSTION ENGINES (arrangements in connection with gas exhaust of propulsion units in vehicles Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...B60K 13/00; combustion-air intake silencers specially adapted for, or arranged on, internal-combustion engines Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F02M 35/00; protecting against, or damping, noise in general Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...G10K 11/16)

|  | F01N |
Note(s) Attention is drawn to the Notes preceding class Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F01, especially as regards Note (3).

|  | F01N 1/00 |
Silencing apparatus characterised by method of silencing

|  | F01N 1/02 |
· | by using resonance

|  | F01N 1/04 |
· · | having sound-absorbing materials in resonance chambers

|  | F01N 1/06 |
· | by using interference effect

|  | F01N 1/08 |
· | by reducing exhaust energy by throttling or whirling

|  | F01N 1/10 |
· · | in combination with sound-absorbing materials

|  | F01N 1/12 |
· · | using spirally- or helically-shaped channels (Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F01N 1/10 takes precedence; cyclones Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...B04C)

|  | F01N 1/14 |
· | by adding air to exhaust gases

|  | F01N 1/16 |
· | by using movable parts

|  | F01N 1/18 |
· · | having rotary movement

|  | F01N 1/20 |
· · | having oscillating or vibrating movement (the parts being resilient walls Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F01N 1/22)

|  | F01N 1/22 |
· · | the parts being resilient walls

|  | F01N 1/24 |
· | by using sound-absorbing materials (Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F01N 1/04, Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F01N 1/06, Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F01N 1/10, Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F01N 1/14, Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F01N 1/16 take precedence)

|  | F01N 3/00 |
Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust (electric control Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F01N 9/00; monitoring or diagnostic devices for exhaust-gas treatment apparatus Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F01N 11/00) [4]

|  | F01N 3/01 |
· | by means of electric or electrostatic separators [7]

|  | F01N 3/02 |
· | for cooling, or for removing solid constituents of, exhaust (by means of electric or electrostatic separators Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F01N 3/01) [1,7]

|  | F01N 3/021 |
· · | by means of filters [7]

|  | F01N 3/022 |
· · · | characterised by specially adapted filtering structure, e.g. honeycomb, mesh or fibrous [7]

|  | F01N 3/023 |
· · · | using means for regenerating the filters, e.g. by burning trapped particles [7]

|  | F01N 3/025 |
· · · · | using fuel burner or by adding fuel to exhaust [7]

|  | F01N 3/027 |
· · · · | using electric or magnetic heating [7]

|  | F01N 3/028 |
· · · · · | using microwaves [7]

|  | F01N 3/029 |
· · · · | by adding non-fuel substances to exhaust [7]

|  | F01N 3/031 |
· · · | having means for by-passing filters, e.g. when clogged or during cold engine start [7]

|  | F01N 3/032 |
· · · · | during filter regeneration only [7]

|  | F01N 3/033 |
· · · | in combination with other devices [7]

|  | F01N 3/035 |
· · · · | with catalytic reactors [7]

|  | F01N 3/037 |
· · | by means of inertial or centrifugal separators, e.g. associated with agglomerators [7]

|  | F01N 3/038 |
· · | by means of perforated plates defining expansion chambers associated with condensation and collection chambers [7]

|  | F01N 3/04 |
· · | by means of liquids

|  | F01N 3/05 |
· · | by means of air, e.g. by mixing exhaust with air (silencers working by addition of air to exhaust Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F01N 1/14; arrangements for the supply of additional air for the thermal or catalytic conversion of noxious components of exhaust Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F01N 3/30) [7]

|  | F01N 3/06 |
· | for extinguishing sparks

|  | F01N 3/08 |
· | for rendering innocuous (using electric or electrostatic separators Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F01N 3/01; chemical aspects Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...B01D 53/92) [1,7]

|  | F01N 3/10 |
· · | by thermal or catalytic conversion of noxious components of exhaust [3]

|  | F01N 3/18 |
· · · | characterised by methods of operation; Regulation [3]

|  | F01N 3/20 |
· · · · | specially adapted for catalytic conversion (Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F01N 3/22 takes precedence) [3]

|  | F01N 3/22 |
· · · · | Regulation of additional air supply only, e.g. using by-passes or variable air pump drives [3]

|  | F01N 3/24 |
· · · | characterised by constructional aspects of converting apparatus (filtering in combination with catalytic reactors Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F01N 3/035) [3,7]

|  | F01N 3/26 |
· · · · | Construction of thermal reactors [3]

|  | F01N 3/28 |
· · · · | Construction of catalytic reactors [3]

|  | F01N 3/30 |
· · · · | Arrangements for supply of additional air (regulation, e.g. using by-passes or variable air pump drives, Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F01N 3/22) [3]

|  | F01N 3/32 |
· · · · · | using air pumps (using jet air pumps Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F01N 3/34; pumps in general Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F04) [3]

|  | F01N 3/34 |
· · · · · | using air conduits or jet air pumps, e.g. near the engine exhaust port [3]

|  | F01N 3/36 |
· · · · | Arrangements for supply of additional fuel [3]

|  | F01N 3/38 |
· · · · | Arrangements for igniting [3]

|  | F01N 5/00 |
Exhaust or silencing apparatus combined or associated with devices profiting by exhaust energy (using kinetic or wave energy of exhaust gases in exhaust systems for charging Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F02B; predominant aspects of such devices, see the relevant classes for the devices)

|  | F01N 5/02 |
· | the devices using heat

|  | F01N 5/04 |
· | the devices using kinetic energy

|  | F01N 7/00 |
Exhaust or silencing apparatus, or parts thereof, having pertinent characteristics not provided for in, or of interest apart from, groups Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F01N 1/00-F01N 5/00, Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F01N 9/00, Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F01N 11/00

|  | F01N 7/02 |
· | Apparatus having two or more separate silencers in series

|  | F01N 7/04 |
· | Apparatus having two or more silencers in parallel, e.g. having interconnections for multi-cylinder engines

|  | F01N 7/06 |
· | specially adapted for star-arrangement of cylinders, e.g. exhaust manifolds

|  | F01N 7/08 |
· | Other arrangements or adaptations of exhaust conduits (pipes in general Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F16L)

|  | F01N 7/10 |
· · | of exhaust manifolds

|  | F01N 7/12 |
· | specially adapted for submerged exhausting

|  | F01N 7/14 |
· | having thermal insulation

|  | F01N 7/16 |
· | Selection of particular materials

|  | F01N 7/18 |
· | Construction facilitating manufacture, assembly, or disassembly

|  | F01N 7/20 |
· | Flared outlets, e.g. of fish-tail shape

|  | F01N 9/00 |
Electrical control of exhaust gas treating apparatus (monitoring or diagnostic devices for exhaust-gas treatment apparatus Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F01N 11/00; conjoint electrical control of two or more combustion engine functions Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F02D 43/00) [4]

|  | F01N 11/00 |
Monitoring or diagnostic devices for exhaust-gas treatment apparatus [7]