|  | F |
SECTION F — MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING

ENGINES OR PUMPS

|  | F01 - F04 |
Note(s) Guide to the use of this subsection (classes Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F01-F04) The following notes are meant to assist in the use of this part of the classification scheme. In this subsection, subclasses or groups designating "engines" or "pumps" cover methods of operating the same, unless otherwise specifically provided for. In this subsection, the following terms or expressions are used with the meanings indicated: "engine" means a device for continuously converting fluid energy into mechanical power. Thus, this term includes, for example, steam piston engines or steam turbines, per se, or internal-combustion piston engines, but it excludes single-stroke devices. "Engine" also includes the fluid-motive portion of a meter unless such portion is particularly adapted for use in a meter; "pump" means a device for continuously raising, forcing, compressing, or exhausting fluid by mechanical or other means. Thus, this term includes fans or blowers; "machine" means a device which could equally be an engine and a pump, and not a device which is restricted to an engine or one which is restricted to a pump; "positive displacement" means the way the energy of a working fluid is transformed into mechanical energy, in which variations of volume created by the working fluid in a working chamber produce equivalent displacements of the mechanical member transmitting the energy, the dynamic effect of the fluid being of minor importance, and vice versa; "non-positive displacement" means the way the energy of a working fluid is transformed into mechanical energy, by transformation of the energy of the working fluid into kinetic energy, and vice versa; "oscillating-piston machine" means a positive-displacement machine in which a fluid-engaging work-transmitting member oscillates. This definition applies also to engines and pumps; "rotary-piston machine" means a positive-displacement machine in which a fluid-engaging work-transmitting member rotates about a fixed axis or about an axis moving along a circular or similar orbit. This definition applies also to engines and pumps; "rotary piston" means the work-transmitting member of a rotary-piston machine and may be of any suitable form, e.g., like a toothed gear; "cooperating members" means the "oscillating piston" or "rotary piston" and another member, e.g., the working-chamber wall, which assists in the driving or pumping action; "movement of the co-operating members" is to be interpreted as relative, so that one of the "co-operating members" may be stationary, even though reference may be made to its rotational axis, or both may move; "teeth or tooth equivalents" include lobes, projections or abutments; "internal-axis type" means that the rotational axes of the inner and outer co-operating members remain at all times within the outer member, e.g., in a similar manner to that of a pinion meshing with the internal teeth of a ring gear; "free piston" means a piston of which the length of stroke is not defined by any member driven thereby; "cylinders" means positive-displacement working chambers in general. Thus, this term is not restricted to cylinders of circular cross-section; "main shaft" means the shaft which converts reciprocating piston motion into rotary motion or vice versa; "plant" means an engine together with such additional apparatus as is necessary to run the engine. For example, a steam engine plant includes a steam engine and means for generating the steam; "working fluid" means the driven fluid in a pump and the driving fluid in an engine. The working fluid may be in a gaseous state, i.e., compressible, or liquid. In the former case coexistence of two states is possible; "steam" includes condensable vapours in general, and "special vapour" is used when steam is excluded; "reaction type" as applied to non-positive-displacement machines or engines means machines or engines in which pressure/velocity transformation takes place wholly or partly in the rotor. Machines or engines with no, or only slight, pressure/velocity transformation in the rotor are called "impulse type". In this subsection: cyclically operating valves, lubricating, gas-flow silencers or exhaust apparatus, or cooling are classified in subclasses Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F01L, Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F01M, Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F01N, Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F01P irrespective of their stated application, unless their classifying features are peculiar to their application, in which case they are classified only in the relevant subclass of classes Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F01-F04; lubricating, gas-flow silencers or exhaust apparatus, or cooling of machines or engines are classified in subclasses Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F01M, Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F01N, Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F01P except for those peculiar to steam engines which are classified in subclass Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F01B. For use of this subsection with a good understanding, it is essential to remember, so far as subclasses Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F01B, Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F01C, Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F01D, Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F03B, and Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F04B, Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F04C, Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F04D, which form its skeleton, are concerned: the principle which resides in their elaboration, the classifying characteristics which they call for, and their complementarity. Principle This concerns essentially the subclasses listed above. Other subclasses, notably those of class Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F02, which cover better-defined matter, are not considered here. Each subclass covers fundamentally a genus of apparatus (engine or pump) and by extension covers equally "machines" of the same kind. Two different subjects, one having a more general character than the other, are thus covered by the same subclass. Subclasses Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F01B, Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F03B, Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F04B, beyond the two subjects which they cover, have further a character of generality in relation to other subclasses concerning the different species of apparatus in the genus concerned. This generality applies as well for the two subjects dealt with, without these always being in relation to the same subclasses. Thus, subclass Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F03B, in its part dealing with "machines", should be considered as being the general class relating to subclasses Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F04B, Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F04C, and in its part dealing with "engines" as being general in relation to subclass Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F03C. Characteristics The principal classifying characteristic of the subclass is that of genera of apparatus, of which there are three possible: Machines; engines; pumps. As stated above, "machines" are always associated with one of the other two genera. These main genera are subdivided according to the general principles of operation of the apparatus: Positive displacement; non-positive displacement. The positive displacement apparatus are further subdivided according to the ways of putting into effect the principle of operation, that is, to the kind of apparatus: Simple reciprocating piston; rotary or oscillating piston; other kind. Another classifying characteristic is that of the working fluid, in respect of which three kinds of apparatus are possible, namely: Liquid and elastic fluid; elastic fluid; liquid. Complementarity This resides in association of pairs of the subclasses listed above, according to the characteristics under consideration in respect of kind of apparatus or working fluid. The subclasses concerned with the various principles, characteristics and complementarity are shown in the following table: Kind of displacement Working fluid Relations of generality positive non- in respect positive of kind of displacement rotary recipro- or oscil- liquid and cating lating elastic elastic piston piston other fluid fluid liquid MACHINES x x x x Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F01B x x x Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F01C x x x Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F01D x x Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F03B x x x Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F04B x x Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F04C ENGINES x x x x Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F01B x x x Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F01C x x x Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F01D x x Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F03B x x x x Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F03C PUMPS x x x x x Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F04B x x x x Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F04C x x x x Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F04D It is seen from this table that: For the same kind of apparatus in a given genus, the characteristic of "working fluid" associates: Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F01B and Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F04B Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F01C and Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F04C Machines Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F01D and Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F03B Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F01B and Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F03C Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F01C and Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F03C Engines Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F01D and Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F03B For the same kind of working fluid, the "apparatus" characteristic relates subclases in the same way as considerations of relative generality.

|  | F02 |
COMBUSTION ENGINES (cyclically operating valves therefor, lubricating, exhausting, or silencing engines Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F01); HOT-GAS OR COMBUSTION-PRODUCT ENGINE PLANTS

|  | F02B |
INTERNAL-COMBUSTION PISTON ENGINES; COMBUSTION ENGINES IN GENERAL (internal-combustion turbines Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F02C; plants in which engines use combustion products Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F02C, Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F02G)

|  | F02B |
Note(s) In this subclass, the following terms or expression are used with the meanings indicated: "positive ignition" means ignition by a source external to the working fluid, e.g. by spark or incandescent source; "charging" means forcing air or fuel-air mixture into engine cylinders, and thus includes supercharging; "scavenging" means forcing the combustion residues from the cylinders other than by movement of the working pistons, and thus includes tuned exhaust systems. Attention is drawn to the Notes preceding class Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F01, especially as regards Note (1). Engines with specified cycles or number of cylinders are classified in group Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F02B 75/02 or Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F02B 75/16, unless other classifying features predominate.

|  | F02B |
Subclass index
ENGINES USING FLUID FUEL |
Characterised by fluid to be compressed or by ignition | 1/00 - 11/00
Characterised by the combustion, inlet or charging, or evacuation |
combustion |
chambers for: precombustion; air storage; combustion | 19/00; 21/00; 23/00
charge: stratification; rotation | 17/00; 31/00
introduction of fuel | 13/00, 15/00, 49/00
inlet or charging, or scavenging |
general characteristics; details | 25/00 - 29/00; 29/00
pumps; details | 33/00 - 37/00; 39/00
Special means for improving efficiency | 41/00
ENGINES USING NON-LIQUID FUEL, THEIR COMBINATIONS WITH FUEL-GENERATING APPARATUS | 43/00, 45/00
OPERATION CHARACTERISED BY TREATMENT OR PRETREATMENT OF FUEL, AIR, OR MIXTURE | 7/00, 47/00, 49/00, 51/00
SPECIAL FORMS OR APPLICATIONS |
Kinds of engine |
kinds of piston: rotary, oscillating; reciprocating in rotary engines or movable cylinders; free-piston or without rotating main shaft | 53/00, 55/00; 57/00, 59/00; 71/00
convertible or with interchangeable parts | 69/00
with special auxiliary apparatus | 67/00
other kinds; component parts, details, or accessories | 75/00; 77/00
Combinations, not otherwise provided for, of two or more engines | 73/00
Engines for particular use, combinations with other devices | 61/00 - 67/00
RUNNING-IN | 79/00

|  | F02B 1/00 - F02B 11/00 |
Engines characterised by the working fluid to be compressed, or characterised by the type of ignition (with both fuel-air mixture compression and air compression, or with both positive ignition and compression ignition Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F02B 11/00; with precombustion chambers Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F02B 19/00; having air-storage chambers Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F02B 21/00; with special shape or construction of other combustion chambers Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F02B 23/00)

|  | F02B 1/00 |
Engines with fuel-air mixture compression

|  | F02B 1/02 |
· | with positive ignition (with non-timed positive ignition Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F02B 9/06)

|  | F02B 1/04 |
· · | with fuel-air mixture admission into cylinder

|  | F02B 1/06 |
· · · | Methods of operating

|  | F02B 1/08 |
· · | with separate admission of air and fuel into cylinder

|  | F02B 1/10 |
· · · | Methods of operating

|  | F02B 1/12 |
· | with compression ignition (with fuel-air charge ignited by compression ignition of an additional fuel Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F02B 7/00)

|  | F02B 1/14 |
· · | Methods of operating

|  | F02B 3/00 |
Engines with air compression and subsequent fuel addition

|  | F02B 3/02 |
· | with positive ignition (with non-timed positive ignition Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F02B 9/06)

|  | F02B 3/04 |
· · | Methods of operating

|  | F02B 3/06 |
· | with compression ignition (Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F02B 13/02 takes precedence; with fuel-air charge ignited by compression ignition of an additional fuel Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F02B 7/00)

|  | F02B 3/08 |
· · | Methods of operating (Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F02B 3/12 takes precedence)

|  | F02B 3/10 |
· · | with intermittent fuel introduction

|  | F02B 3/12 |
· · · | Methods of operating

|  | F02B 5/00 |
Engines with positive ignition (Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F02B 1/02, Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F02B 3/02 take precedence; with non-timed positive ignition Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F02B 9/06)

|  | F02B 5/02 |
· | Methods of operating

|  | F02B 7/00 |
Engines with fuel-air charge ignited by compression ignition of an additional fuel (with pre-combustion chambers Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F02B 19/00)

|  | F02B 7/02 |
· | the fuel in the charge being liquid

|  | F02B 7/04 |
· · | Methods of operating

|  | F02B 7/06 |
· | the fuel in the charge being gaseous

|  | F02B 7/08 |
· · | Methods of operating

|  | F02B 9/00 |
Engines characterised by other types of ignition

|  | F02B 9/02 |
· | with compression ignition (Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F02B 1/12, Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F02B 3/06 take precedence)

|  | F02B 9/04 |
· · | Methods of operating

|  | F02B 9/06 |
· | with non-timed positive ignition, e.g. with hot-spots

|  | F02B 9/08 |
· · | with incandescent chambers

|  | F02B 9/10 |
· · · | Chamber shapes or constructions

|  | F02B 11/00 |
Engines with both fuel-air mixture compression and air compression, or with both positive ignition and compression ignition, e.g. in different cylinders

|  | F02B 11/02 |
· | convertible from fuel-air mixture compression to air compression or vice versa

|  | F02B 13/00 - F02B 15/00 |
Engines characterised by the method of introducing fuel into cylinders (characterised by use of gaseous or solid fuels Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F02B 43/00, Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F02B 45/00; carburettors, fuel-injection apparatus Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F02M)

|  | F02B 13/00 |
Engines with introduction of fuel into cylinders by use of auxiliary fluid

|  | F02B 13/02 |
· | Compression ignition engines using air or gas for blowing fuel into compressed air in cylinder

|  | F02B 13/04 |
· · | Arrangements or adaptations of pumps

|  | F02B 13/06 |
· | Engines having secondary air mixed with fuel in pump, compressed therein without ignition, and fuel-air mixture being injected into air in cylinder

|  | F02B 13/08 |
· · | Arrangements or adaptations of pumps

|  | F02B 13/10 |
· | Use of specific auxiliary fluids, e.g. steam, combustion gas

|  | F02B 15/00 |
Engines characterised by method of introducing fuel into cylinders and not otherwise provided for

|  | F02B 15/02 |
· | having means for sucking fuel directly into cylinder

|  | F02B 17/00 |
Engines characterised by means for effecting stratification of charge in cylinders

|  | F02B 19/00 - F02B 23/00 |
Engines characterised by having precombustion chambers or air-storage chambers, or characterised by shape or construction of combustion chambers to improve operation (engines with incandescent chambers Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F02B 9/08)

|  | F02B 19/00 |
Engines with precombustion chambers

|  | F02B 19/02 |
· | the chamber being periodically isolated from its cylinder

|  | F02B 19/04 |
· · | the isolation being effected by a protuberance on piston or cylinder head

|  | F02B 19/06 |
· | with auxiliary piston in chamber for transferring ignited charge to cylinder space

|  | F02B 19/08 |
· | the chamber being of air-swirl type

|  | F02B 19/10 |
· | with fuel introduced partly into pre-combustion chamber, and partly into cylinder (Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F02B 19/02-F02B 19/08 take precedence)

|  | F02B 19/12 |
· | with positive ignition (Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F02B 19/02-F02B 19/10 take precedence)

|  | F02B 19/14 |
· | with compression ignition (Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F02B 19/02-F02B 19/10 take precedence)

|  | F02B 19/16 |
· | Chamber shapes or constructions not specific to groups Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F02B 19/02-F02B 19/10

|  | F02B 19/18 |
· · | Transfer passages between chamber and cylinder

|  | F02B 21/00 |
Engines having air-storage chambers

|  | F02B 21/02 |
· | Chamber shapes or constructions

|  | F02B 23/00 |
Other engines having special shape or construction of combustion chambers to improve operation

|  | F02B 23/02 |
· | with compression ignition

|  | F02B 23/04 |
· · | the combustion space being subdivided into two or more chambers (with pre-combustion chambers Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F02B 19/00)

|  | F02B 23/06 |
· · | the combustion space being arranged in working piston (Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F02B 23/04 takes precedence)

|  | F02B 23/08 |
· | with positive ignition

|  | F02B 23/10 |
· · | with separate admission of air and fuel into cylinder

|  | F02B 25/00 - F02B 29/00 |
Engines characterised by provisions for charging or scavenging (aspects concerned with driven charging or scavenging pumps Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F02B 33/00-F02B 39/00)

|  | F02B 25/00 |
Engines using fresh charge for scavenging cylinders

|  | F02B 25/02 |
· | using unidirectional scavenging

|  | F02B 25/04 |
· · | Engines having ports both in cylinder head and in cylinder wall near bottom of piston stroke

|  | F02B 25/06 |
· · · | the cylinder-head ports being controlled by working pistons, e.g. by sleeve-shaped extensions thereof

|  | F02B 25/08 |
· · | Engines with oppositely-moving reciprocating working pistons

|  | F02B 25/10 |
· · · | with one piston having a smaller diameter or shorter stroke than the other

|  | F02B 25/12 |
· · | Engines with U-shaped cylinders, having ports in each arm

|  | F02B 25/14 |
· | using reverse-flow scavenging, e.g. with both inlet and outlet ports arranged near bottom of piston stroke

|  | F02B 25/16 |
· · | the charge flowing upward essentially along cylinder wall opposite the inlet ports

|  | F02B 25/18 |
· · | the charge flowing upward essentially along cylinder wall adjacent the inlet ports, e.g. by means of deflection rib on piston

|  | F02B 25/20 |
· | Means for reducing the mixing of charge and combustion residues or for preventing escape of fresh charge through outlet ports, not provided for in, or of interest apart from, groups Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F02B 25/02-F02B 25/18

|  | F02B 25/22 |
· · | by forming air cushion between charge and combustion residues

|  | F02B 25/24 |
· · | Inlet or outlet openings being timed asymmetrically relative to bottom dead-centre

|  | F02B 25/26 |
· | Multi-cylinder engines other than those provided for in, or of interest apart from, groups Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F02B 25/02-F02B 25/24 (internal-combustion aspects of rotary engines with movable cylinders Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F02B 57/00)

|  | F02B 25/28 |
· · | with V-, fan-, or star-arrangement of cylinders

|  | F02B 27/00 |
Use of kinetic or wave energy of charge in induction systems, or of combustion residues in exhaust systems, for improving quantity of charge or for increasing removal of combustion residues (use of driven apparatus for immediate conversion of combustion gas pressure into pressure of fresh charge Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F02B 33/42)

|  | F02B 27/02 |
· | the systems having variable, i.e. adjustable, cross-sectional areas, chambers of variable volume, or like variable means (in exhaust systems only Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F02B 27/06)

|  | F02B 27/04 |
· | in exhaust systems only, e.g. for sucking-off combustion gases

|  | F02B 27/06 |
· · | the systems having variable, i.e. adjustable, cross-sectional areas, chambers of variable volume, or like variable means

|  | F02B 29/00 |
Engines characterised by other provisions for charging or scavenging; Details not provided for in, or of interest apart from, groups Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F02B 25/00 and Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F02B 27/00

|  | F02B 29/02 |
· | Other fluid-dynamic features of induction systems for improving quantity of charge (for also imparting a rotation to the charge in the cylinder Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F02B 31/00; structural features of induction systems Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F02M)

|  | F02B 29/04 |
· | Cooling of air intake supply

|  | F02B 29/06 |
· | After-charging, i.e. supplementary charging after scavenging

|  | F02B 29/08 |
· | Modifying distribution valve timing for charging purposes (Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F02B 29/06 takes precedence; valve-gear therefor Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F01L)

|  | F02B 31/00 |
Modifying induction systems for imparting a rotation to the charge in the cylinder (structural features of induction systems Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F02M)

|  | F02B 31/02 |
· | in engines having inlet valves arranged eccentrically to cylinder axis (Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F02B 31/08 takes precedence) [6]

|  | F02B 31/04 |
· | by means within the induction channel, e.g. deflectors [6]

|  | F02B 31/06 |
· · | Movable means, e.g. butterfly valves [6]

|  | F02B 31/08 |
· | having multiple air inlets [6]

|  | F02B 33/00 - F02B 39/00 |
Engines characterised by provision of driven charging or scavenging pumps (introducing fuel into cylinders by air pressure Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F02B 13/00; after-charging Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F02B 29/06; arrangements of such pumps or other auxiliary apparatus on engines Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F02B 67/00; combined engine and pump control, control dependent on variables other than those generic to pump Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F02D)

|  | F02B 33/00 |
Engines with pumps for charging or scavenging (with pumps for sucking combustion residues from cylinders Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F02B 35/00; with exhaust-driven pumps Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F02B 37/00)

|  | F02B 33/02 |
· | Engines with reciprocating-piston pumps; Engines with crankcase pumps

|  | F02B 33/04 |
· · | with simple crankcase pumps, i.e. with the rear face of a non-stepped working piston acting as sole pumping member in co-operation with the crankcase

|  | F02B 33/06 |
· · | with reciprocating-piston pumps other than simple crankcase pumps

|  | F02B 33/08 |
· · · | with the working-cylinder head arranged between working and pumping cylinders

|  | F02B 33/10 |
· · · | with the pumping cylinder situated between working cylinder and crankcase, or with the pumping cylinder surrounding working cylinder

|  | F02B 33/12 |
· · · · | the rear face of working piston acting as pumping member and co-operating with a pumping chamber isolated from crankcase, the connecting-rod passing through the chamber and co-operating with movable isolating member

|  | F02B 33/14 |
· · · · | working and pumping pistons forming stepped piston

|  | F02B 33/16 |
· · · · | working and pumping pistons having differing movements

|  | F02B 33/18 |
· · · | with crankshaft being arranged between working and pumping cylinders

|  | F02B 33/20 |
· · · | with pumping-cylinder axis arranged at an angle to working-cylinder axis, e.g. at an angle of 90°

|  | F02B 33/22 |
· · · | with pumping cylinder situated at side of working cylinder, e.g. the cylinders being parallel

|  | F02B 33/24 |
· · | with crankcase pumps other than with reciprocating pistons only

|  | F02B 33/26 |
· · | Four-stroke engines characterised by having crankcase pumps

|  | F02B 33/28 |
· · | Component parts, details, or accessories of crankcase pumps not provided for in, or of interest apart from, groups Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F02B 33/02-F02B 33/26

|  | F02B 33/30 |
· · · | Control of inlet or outlet ports (controlling only working-cylinder inlets Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F01L)

|  | F02B 33/32 |
· | Engines with pumps other than of reciprocating-piston type (with crankcase pumps Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F02B 33/02)

|  | F02B 33/34 |
· · | with rotary pumps (with cell-type pressure exchangers or the like Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F02B 33/42)

|  | F02B 33/36 |
· · · | of positive-displacement type

|  | F02B 33/38 |
· · · · | of Roots type

|  | F02B 33/40 |
· · · | of non-positive-displacement type

|  | F02B 33/42 |
· · | with driven apparatus for immediate conversion of combustion gas pressure into pressure of fresh charge, e.g. with cell-type pressure exchangers (pressure exchangers per se Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F04F 11/02)

|  | F02B 33/44 |
· | Passages conducting the charge from the pump to the engine inlet, e.g. reservoirs (cooling of charge after leaving pump Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F02B 29/04)

|  | F02B 35/00 |
Engines with pumps for sucking combustion residues from cylinders

|  | F02B 35/02 |
· | using rotary pumps

|  | F02B 37/00 |
Engines with pumps driven at least for part of the time by exhaust (passages conducting the charge from the pump to the engine inlet Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F02B 33/44)

|  | F02B 37/007 |
· | with exhaust-driven pumps arranged in parallel [6]

|  | F02B 37/013 |
· | with exhaust-driven pumps arranged in series [6]

|  | F02B 37/02 |
· | Gas passages between engine outlet and pump drive, e.g. reservoirs

|  | F02B 37/04 |
· | Engines with exhaust drive and other drive of pumps, e.g. with exhaust-driven pump and mechanically-driven second pump

|  | F02B 37/10 |
· · | at least one pump being alternately driven by exhaust and other drive [3]

|  | F02B 37/11 |
· · · | driven by other drive at starting only [6]

|  | F02B 37/12 |
· | Control of the pumps [3]

|  | F02B 37/14 |
· · | of the alternation between exhaust drive and other drive of a pump, e.g. dependent on speed [3]

|  | F02B 37/16 |
· · | by bypassing charging air [6]

|  | F02B 37/18 |
· · | by bypassing exhaust [6]

|  | F02B 37/20 |
· · | by increasing exhaust energy, e.g. using combustion chambers [6]

|  | F02B 37/22 |
· · | by varying the cross-section of exhaust passages or air passages [6]

|  | F02B 37/24 |
· · | by using pumps or turbines with adjustable guide vanes [6]

|  | F02B 39/00 |
Component parts, details, or accessories relating to, but not provided for in, or of interest apart from, groups Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F02B 33/00-F02B 37/00 (pumps in general Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F04; machine elements in general Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F16)

|  | F02B 39/02 |
· | Drives of pumps (exhaust drives or combined exhaust and other drives Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F02B 37/00); Varying pump drive gear ratio (control acting both on engine and on pump drive gear ratio Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F02D)

|  | F02B 39/04 |
· · | Mechanical drives; Variable-gear-ratio drives (non-mechanical pump drives having variable gear ratio Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F02B 39/08)

|  | F02B 39/06 |
· · · | the engine torque being divided by a differential gear for driving a pump and the engine output shaft

|  | F02B 39/08 |
· · | Non-mechanical drives, e.g. fluid drives having variable gear ratio

|  | F02B 39/10 |
· · · | electric

|  | F02B 39/12 |
· · | Drives characterised by use of couplings or clutches therein (using fluid slip couplings for varying gear ratio Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F02B 39/08)

|  | F02B 39/14 |
· | Lubrication of pumps; Safety measures therefor

|  | F02B 39/16 |
· | Other safety measures for, or other control of, pumps

|  | F02B 41/00 |
Engines with special means for improving conversion of heat or pressure energy into mechanical power

|  | F02B 41/02 |
· | Engines with prolonged expansion

|  | F02B 41/04 |
· · | in main cylinders

|  | F02B 41/06 |
· · | in compound cylinders

|  | F02B 41/08 |
· · · | Two-stroke compound engines

|  | F02B 41/10 |
· · | using exhaust turbines (use of exhaust turbines for charging Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F02B 37/00; turbine constructions Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F01D; gas-turbine plants Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F02C)

|  | F02B 43/00 - F02B 45/00 |
Engines operating on non-liquid fuels; Plants including such engines, i.e. combinations of the engine with fuel-generating apparatus (engines having gas-air charge ignited by compression ignition of an additional fuel Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F02B 7/06; engines convertible from gas to other fuel consumption Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F02B 69/04; apparatus for generating fuel, e.g. gas, see the relevant classes, e.g. Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...C10)

|  | F02B 43/00 |
Engines operating on gaseous fuels; Plants including such engines

|  | F02B 43/02 |
· | Engines characterised by means for increasing operating efficiency

|  | F02B 43/04 |
· · | for improving efficiency of combustion

|  | F02B 43/06 |
· · | for enlarging charge

|  | F02B 43/08 |
· | Plants characterised by the engines using gaseous fuel generated in the plant from solid fuel, e.g. wood

|  | F02B 43/10 |
· | Engines or plants characterised by use of other specific gases, e.g. acetylene, oxyhydrogen

|  | F02B 43/12 |
· · | Methods of operating

|  | F02B 45/00 |
Engines operating on other non-liquid fuels; Plants including such engines (plants involving generation of gaseous fuel from solid fuel Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F02B 43/08)

|  | F02B 45/02 |
· | operating on powdered fuel, e.g. powdered coal (operating on fuel containing oxidant Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F02B 45/06)

|  | F02B 45/04 |
· · | Plants, e.g. having coal-grinding apparatus

|  | F02B 45/06 |
· | operating on fuel containing oxidant

|  | F02B 45/08 |
· | operating on other solid fuels

|  | F02B 45/10 |
· | operating on mixtures of liquid and non-liquid fuels, e.g. in pasty or foamed state

|  | F02B 47/00 - F02B 51/00 |
Methods of operating engines involving specific pre-treating of, or adding specific substances to, combustion air, fuel, or fuel-air mixture of the engines, and not otherwise provided for (apparatus for performing such pretreatments or additions Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F02M)

|  | F02B 47/00 |
Methods of operating engines involving adding non-fuel substances or anti-knock agents to combustion air, fuel, or fuel-air mixtures of engines

|  | F02B 47/02 |
· | the substances being water or steam

|  | F02B 47/04 |
· | the substances being other than water or steam only

|  | F02B 47/06 |
· · | the substances including non-airborne oxygen (Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F02B 47/10 takes precedence)

|  | F02B 47/08 |
· · | the substances including exhaust gas

|  | F02B 47/10 |
· · · | Circulation of exhaust gas in closed or semi-closed circuits, e.g. with simultaneous addition of oxygen

|  | F02B 49/00 |
Methods of operating air-compressing compression-ignition engines involving introduction of small quantities of fuel in the form of a fine mist into the air in the engine's intake

|  | F02B 51/00 |
Other methods of operating engines involving pre-treating of, or adding substances to, combustion air, fuel, or fuel-air mixture of the engines

|  | F02B 51/02 |
· | involving catalysts

|  | F02B 51/04 |
· | involving electricity or magnetism

|  | F02B 51/06 |
· | involving rays or sound waves

|  | F02B 53/00 - F02B 55/00 |
Internal-combustion aspects of rotary-piston or oscillating-piston engines

|  | F02B 53/00 |
Internal-combustion aspects of rotary-piston or oscillating-piston engines (internal-combustion aspects of rotary pistons or outer members for co-operation therewith Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F02B 55/00)

|  | F02B 53/02 |
· | Methods of operating

|  | F02B 53/04 |
· | Charge admission or combustion-gas discharge

|  | F02B 53/06 |
· · | Valve control therefor

|  | F02B 53/08 |
· · | Charging, e.g. by means of rotary-piston pump

|  | F02B 53/10 |
· | Fuel supply; Introducing fuel to combustion space

|  | F02B 53/12 |
· | Ignition

|  | F02B 53/14 |
· | Adaptations of engines for driving, or engine combinations with, other devices (aspects predominantly concerning such devices, see the relevant classes for the devices)

|  | F02B 55/00 |
Internal-combustion aspects of rotary pistons; Outer members for co-operation with rotary pistons

|  | F02B 55/02 |
· | Pistons

|  | F02B 55/04 |
· · | Cooling thereof

|  | F02B 55/06 |
· · · | by air or other gas

|  | F02B 55/08 |
· | Outer members for co-operation with rotary pistons; Casings

|  | F02B 55/10 |
· · | Cooling thereof

|  | F02B 55/12 |
· · · | by air or other gas

|  | F02B 55/14 |
· | Shapes or constructions of combustion chambers

|  | F02B 55/16 |
· | Admission or exhaust passages in pistons or outer members

|  | F02B 57/00 - F02B 59/00 |
Internal-combustion aspects of reciprocating-piston engines with movable cylinders

|  | F02B 57/00 |
Internal-combustion aspects of rotary engines in which the combusted gases displace one or more reciprocating pistons

|  | F02B 57/02 |
· | Fuel or combustion-air supply (cylinder-charge admission or exhaust control Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F02B 57/04)

|  | F02B 57/04 |
· | Control of cylinder-charge admission or exhaust (peculiar to two-stroke engines or to other engines with working-piston-controlled charge admission or exhaust Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F02B 57/06)

|  | F02B 57/06 |
· | Two-stroke engines or other engines with working-piston-controlled cylinder-charge admission or exhaust (with combustion space in centre of star Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F02B 57/10)

|  | F02B 57/08 |
· | Engines with star-shaped cylinder arrangements

|  | F02B 57/10 |
· · | with combustion space in centre of star

|  | F02B 59/00 |
Internal-combustion aspects of other reciprocating-piston engines with movable, e.g. oscillating, cylinders (with yieldable walls Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F02B 75/38)

|  | F02B 61/00 - F02B 65/00 |
Adaptations of engines for special use; Combinations of engines with devices other than engine parts or auxiliaries (of rotary-piston or oscillating-piston engines Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F02B 53/14; aspects predominantly concerning such devices, see the relevant classes for the devices)

|  | F02B 61/00 |
Adaptations of engines for driving vehicles or for driving propellers; Combinations of engines with gearing (the engine torque being divided by a differential gear for driving a scavenging or charging pump and the engine output shaft Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F02B 39/06; arrangements in vehicles, see the relevant classes for vehicles)

|  | F02B 61/02 |
· | for driving cycles

|  | F02B 61/04 |
· | for driving propellers

|  | F02B 61/06 |
· | Combinations of engines with mechanical gearing (Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F02B 61/02, Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F02B 61/04 take precedence)

|  | F02B 63/00 |
Adaptations of engines for driving hand-held tools, electric generators, or pumps; Portable combinations with engine-driven devices

|  | F02B 63/02 |
· | for hand-held tools

|  | F02B 63/04 |
· | for electric generators

|  | F02B 63/06 |
· | for pumps

|  | F02B 65/00 |
Adaptations of engines for other special use; Combinations of engines with other devices, e.g. with non-driven apparatus

|  | F02B 67/00 - F02B 79/00 |
Engines with pertinent characteristics other than those provided for in, or of interest apart from, preceding main groups

|  | F02B 67/00 |
Engines characterised by the arrangement of auxiliary apparatus not being otherwise provided for, e.g. the apparatus having different functions; Driving auxiliary apparatus from engines, not otherwise provided for

|  | F02B 67/04 |
· | of mechanically-driven auxiliary apparatus

|  | F02B 67/06 |
· · | driven by means of chains, belts, or like endless members

|  | F02B 67/08 |
· | of non-mechanically driven auxiliary apparatus

|  | F02B 67/10 |
· | of charging or scavenging apparatus [5]

|  | F02B 69/00 |
Internal-combustion engines convertible into other combustion-engine type, not provided for in group Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F02B 11/00; Internal-combustion engines of different types characterised by constructions facilitating use of same main engine-parts in different types

|  | F02B 69/02 |
· | for different fuel types, other than engines indifferent to fuel consumed, e.g. convertible from light to heavy fuel

|  | F02B 69/04 |
· · | for gaseous and non-gaseous fuels

|  | F02B 69/06 |
· | for different cycles, e.g. convertible from two-stroke to four-stroke

|  | F02B 71/00 |
Free-piston engines; Engines without rotary main shaft

|  | F02B 71/02 |
· | Starting

|  | F02B 71/04 |
· | Adaptations of such engines for special use; Combinations of such engines with apparatus driven thereby (aspects predominantly concerning driven apparatus, see the relevant classes for such apparatus)

|  | F02B 71/06 |
· · | Free-piston combustion gas generators

|  | F02B 73/00 |
Combinations of two or more engines, not otherwise provided for

|  | F02B 75/00 |
Other engines

|  | F02B 75/02 |
· | Engines characterised by their cycles, e.g. six-stroke

|  | F02B 75/04 |
· | Engines with variable distances between pistons at top dead-centre positions and cylinder heads

|  | F02B 75/06 |
· | Engines with means for equalising torque (compensations of inertial forces, suppression of vibration in systems Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F16F)

|  | F02B 75/08 |
· | Engines with means for preventing corrosion in gas-swept spaces

|  | F02B 75/10 |
· | Engines with means for rendering exhaust gases innocuous (apparatus for rendering exhaust gases innocuous per se Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F01N 3/08)

|  | F02B 75/12 |
· | Other methods of operation

|  | F02B 75/16 |
· | Engines characterised by number of cylinders, e.g. single-cylinder engines (Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F02B 75/26 takes precedence)

|  | F02B 75/18 |
· · | Multi-cylinder engines (scavenging aspects Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F02B 25/00)

|  | F02B 75/20 |
· · · | with cylinders all in one line

|  | F02B 75/22 |
· · · | with cylinders in V-, fan-, or star-arrangement

|  | F02B 75/24 |
· · · | with cylinders arranged oppositely relative to main shaft and of "flat" type

|  | F02B 75/26 |
· | Engines with cylinder axes coaxial with, or parallel or inclined to, main-shaft axis; Engines with cylinder axes arranged substantially tangentially to a circle centred on main-shaft axis

|  | F02B 75/28 |
· | Engines with two or more pistons reciprocating within same cylinder or within essentially coaxial cylinders (arranged oppositely relative to main shaft Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F02B 75/24)

|  | F02B 75/30 |
· · | with one working piston sliding inside another

|  | F02B 75/32 |
· | Engines characterised by connections between pistons and main shafts and not specific to preceding main groups

|  | F02B 75/34 |
· | Ultra-small engines, e.g. for driving models

|  | F02B 75/36 |
· | Engines with parts of combustion- or working-chamber walls resiliently yielding under pressure

|  | F02B 75/38 |
· · | Reciprocating-piston engines (Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F02B 75/04 takes precedence; with resiliently-urged auxiliary piston in pre-combustion chamber Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F02B 19/06)

|  | F02B 75/40 |
· | Other reciprocating-piston engines

|  | F02B 77/00 |
Component parts, details, or accessories, not otherwise provided for

|  | F02B 77/02 |
· | Surface coverings of combustion-gas-swept parts (of pistons or cylinders only Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F02F)

|  | F02B 77/04 |
· | Cleaning of, preventing corrosion or erosion in, or preventing unwanted deposits in, combustion engines

|  | F02B 77/08 |
· | Safety, indicating, or supervising devices (thermal insulation Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F02B 77/11; monitoring or diagnostic devices for exhaust-gas treatment apparatus Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F01N 11/00)

|  | F02B 77/10 |
· · | Safety means relating to crankcase explosions

|  | F02B 77/11 |
· | Thermal or acoustic insulation [3]

|  | F02B 77/13 |
· · | Acoustic insulation [3]

|  | F02B 77/14 |
· | Engine-driven auxiliary devices combined into units

|  | F02B 79/00 |
Running-in of internal-combustion engines (lubrication thereof Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F01M)