|  | F |
SECTION F — MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING

ENGINES OR PUMPS

|  | F01 - F04 |
Note(s) Guide to the use of this subsection (classes Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F01-F04) The following notes are meant to assist in the use of this part of the classification scheme. In this subsection, subclasses or groups designating "engines" or "pumps" cover methods of operating the same, unless otherwise specifically provided for. In this subsection, the following terms or expressions are used with the meanings indicated: "engine" means a device for continuously converting fluid energy into mechanical power. Thus, this term includes, for example, steam piston engines or steam turbines, per se, or internal-combustion piston engines, but it excludes single-stroke devices. "Engine" also includes the fluid-motive portion of a meter unless such portion is particularly adapted for use in a meter; "pump" means a device for continuously raising, forcing, compressing, or exhausting fluid by mechanical or other means. Thus, this term includes fans or blowers; "machine" means a device which could equally be an engine and a pump, and not a device which is restricted to an engine or one which is restricted to a pump; "positive displacement" means the way the energy of a working fluid is transformed into mechanical energy, in which variations of volume created by the working fluid in a working chamber produce equivalent displacements of the mechanical member transmitting the energy, the dynamic effect of the fluid being of minor importance, and vice versa; "non-positive displacement" means the way the energy of a working fluid is transformed into mechanical energy, by transformation of the energy of the working fluid into kinetic energy, and vice versa; "oscillating-piston machine" means a positive-displacement machine in which a fluid-engaging work-transmitting member oscillates. This definition applies also to engines and pumps; "rotary-piston machine" means a positive-displacement machine in which a fluid-engaging work-transmitting member rotates about a fixed axis or about an axis moving along a circular or similar orbit. This definition applies also to engines and pumps; "rotary piston" means the work-transmitting member of a rotary-piston machine and may be of any suitable form, e.g., like a toothed gear; "cooperating members" means the "oscillating piston" or "rotary piston" and another member, e.g., the working-chamber wall, which assists in the driving or pumping action; "movement of the co-operating members" is to be interpreted as relative, so that one of the "co-operating members" may be stationary, even though reference may be made to its rotational axis, or both may move; "teeth or tooth equivalents" include lobes, projections or abutments; "internal-axis type" means that the rotational axes of the inner and outer co-operating members remain at all times within the outer member, e.g., in a similar manner to that of a pinion meshing with the internal teeth of a ring gear; "free piston" means a piston of which the length of stroke is not defined by any member driven thereby; "cylinders" means positive-displacement working chambers in general. Thus, this term is not restricted to cylinders of circular cross-section; "main shaft" means the shaft which converts reciprocating piston motion into rotary motion or vice versa; "plant" means an engine together with such additional apparatus as is necessary to run the engine. For example, a steam engine plant includes a steam engine and means for generating the steam; "working fluid" means the driven fluid in a pump and the driving fluid in an engine. The working fluid may be in a gaseous state, i.e., compressible, or liquid. In the former case coexistence of two states is possible; "steam" includes condensable vapours in general, and "special vapour" is used when steam is excluded; "reaction type" as applied to non-positive-displacement machines or engines means machines or engines in which pressure/velocity transformation takes place wholly or partly in the rotor. Machines or engines with no, or only slight, pressure/velocity transformation in the rotor are called "impulse type". In this subsection: cyclically operating valves, lubricating, gas-flow silencers or exhaust apparatus, or cooling are classified in subclasses Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F01L, Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F01M, Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F01N, Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F01P irrespective of their stated application, unless their classifying features are peculiar to their application, in which case they are classified only in the relevant subclass of classes Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F01-F04; lubricating, gas-flow silencers or exhaust apparatus, or cooling of machines or engines are classified in subclasses Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F01M, Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F01N, Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F01P except for those peculiar to steam engines which are classified in subclass Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F01B. For use of this subsection with a good understanding, it is essential to remember, so far as subclasses Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F01B, Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F01C, Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F01D, Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F03B, and Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F04B, Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F04C, Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F04D, which form its skeleton, are concerned: the principle which resides in their elaboration, the classifying characteristics which they call for, and their complementarity. Principle This concerns essentially the subclasses listed above. Other subclasses, notably those of class Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F02, which cover better-defined matter, are not considered here. Each subclass covers fundamentally a genus of apparatus (engine or pump) and by extension covers equally "machines" of the same kind. Two different subjects, one having a more general character than the other, are thus covered by the same subclass. Subclasses Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F01B, Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F03B, Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F04B, beyond the two subjects which they cover, have further a character of generality in relation to other subclasses concerning the different species of apparatus in the genus concerned. This generality applies as well for the two subjects dealt with, without these always being in relation to the same subclasses. Thus, subclass Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F03B, in its part dealing with "machines", should be considered as being the general class relating to subclasses Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F04B, Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F04C, and in its part dealing with "engines" as being general in relation to subclass Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F03C. Characteristics The principal classifying characteristic of the subclass is that of genera of apparatus, of which there are three possible: Machines; engines; pumps. As stated above, "machines" are always associated with one of the other two genera. These main genera are subdivided according to the general principles of operation of the apparatus: Positive displacement; non-positive displacement. The positive displacement apparatus are further subdivided according to the ways of putting into effect the principle of operation, that is, to the kind of apparatus: Simple reciprocating piston; rotary or oscillating piston; other kind. Another classifying characteristic is that of the working fluid, in respect of which three kinds of apparatus are possible, namely: Liquid and elastic fluid; elastic fluid; liquid. Complementarity This resides in association of pairs of the subclasses listed above, according to the characteristics under consideration in respect of kind of apparatus or working fluid. The subclasses concerned with the various principles, characteristics and complementarity are shown in the following table: Kind of displacement Working fluid Relations of generality positive non- in respect positive of kind of displacement rotary recipro- or oscil- liquid and cating lating elastic elastic piston piston other fluid fluid liquid MACHINES x x x x Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F01B x x x Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F01C x x x Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F01D x x Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F03B x x x Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F04B x x Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F04C ENGINES x x x x Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F01B x x x Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F01C x x x Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F01D x x Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F03B x x x x Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F03C PUMPS x x x x x Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F04B x x x x Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F04C x x x x Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F04D It is seen from this table that: For the same kind of apparatus in a given genus, the characteristic of "working fluid" associates: Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F01B and Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F04B Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F01C and Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F04C Machines Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F01D and Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F03B Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F01B and Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F03C Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F01C and Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F03C Engines Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F01D and Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F03B For the same kind of working fluid, the "apparatus" characteristic relates subclases in the same way as considerations of relative generality.

|  | F02 |
COMBUSTION ENGINES (cyclically operating valves therefor, lubricating, exhausting, or silencing engines Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F01); HOT-GAS OR COMBUSTION-PRODUCT ENGINE PLANTS

|  | F02N |
STARTING OF COMBUSTION ENGINES (starting of free-piston combustion-engines Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F02B 71/02; starting of gas-turbine plants Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F02C 7/26); STARTING AIDS FOR SUCH ENGINES, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR

|  | F02N |
Note(s) Attention is drawn to the Notes preceding class Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F01. The starting of engines which are not explicitly stated to be combustion engines is classified in this subclass in so far as their starting is equivalent to that of combustion engines.

|  | F02N |
Subclass index
STARTING BY MUSCLE POWER | 1/00, 3/00, 5/00
STARTING OTHERWISE |
With mechanical energy storage | 5/00
By fluid motor; by electric motor | 7/00; 11/00
By direct action in the working chamber: by fluid pressure; by explosives | 9/00; 13/00
By other apparatus, details, accessories | 15/00
OTHER MEANS OR AIDS FOR STARTING | 17/00

|  | F02N 1/00 - F02N 3/00 |
Muscle-operated starting apparatus (with intermediate power storage Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F02N 5/00-F02N 15/00)

|  | F02N 1/00 |
Starting apparatus having hand cranks

|  | F02N 1/02 |
· | having safety means preventing damage caused by reverse rotation

|  | F02N 3/00 |
Other muscle-operated starting apparatus

|  | F02N 3/02 |
· | having pull-cords

|  | F02N 3/04 |
· | having foot-actuated levers

|  | F02N 5/00 - F02N 15/00 |
Power-operated starting apparatus; Muscle-operated starting apparatus with intermediate power storage

|  | F02N 5/00 |
Starting apparatus having mechanical power storage

|  | F02N 5/02 |
· | of spring type

|  | F02N 5/04 |
· | of inertia type

|  | F02N 7/00 |
Starting apparatus having fluid-driven auxiliary engines or apparatus

|  | F02N 7/02 |
· | the apparatus being of single-stroke piston type, e.g. pistons acting on racks or pull-cords

|  | F02N 7/04 |
· · | the pistons acting on screw-threaded members to effect rotation

|  | F02N 7/06 |
· | the engines being of reciprocating-piston type (of internal-combustion type Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F02N 7/10)

|  | F02N 7/08 |
· | the engines being of rotary type

|  | F02N 7/10 |
· | characterised by using auxiliary engines or apparatus of combustion type (by using explosive cartridges Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F02N 13/00)

|  | F02N 7/12 |
· · | the engines being of rotary type, e.g. turbines (Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F02N 7/14 takes precedence)

|  | F02N 7/14 |
· · | the starting engines being readily removable from main engines, e.g. of portable type

|  | F02N 9/00 |
Starting of engines by supplying auxiliary pressure fluid to their working chambers

|  | F02N 9/02 |
· | the pressure fluid being generated directly by combustion (by using explosive cartridges Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F02N 13/00)

|  | F02N 9/04 |
· | the pressure fluid being generated otherwise, e.g. by compressing air

|  | F02N 11/00 |
Starting of engines by means of electric motors (electric motors per se Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...H02)

|  | F02N 11/02 |
· | the motors having longitudinally-shiftable rotors

|  | F02N 11/04 |
· | the motors being associated with current generators

|  | F02N 11/06 |
· · | and with ignition apparatus

|  | F02N 11/08 |
· | Circuits specially adapted for starting of engines

|  | F02N 11/10 |
· | Safety devices (Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F02N 11/08 takes precedence)

|  | F02N 11/12 |
· | Starting of engines by means of mobile, e.g. portable, starting sets

|  | F02N 11/14 |
· | Starting of engines by means of electric starters with external current supply (Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F02N 11/12 takes precedence)

|  | F02N 13/00 |
Starting of engines, or driving of starting apparatus by use of explosives, e.g. stored in cartridges

|  | F02N 13/02 |
· | Cartridges specially adapted therefor (gas cartridges in general Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F42B 3/04)

|  | F02N 15/00 |
Other power-operated starting apparatus; Component parts, details, or accessories, not provided for in, or of interest apart from, groups Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F02N 5/00-F02N 13/00

|  | F02N 15/02 |
· | Gearing between starting-engines and started engines; Engagement or disengagement thereof

|  | F02N 15/04 |
· · | the gearing including disengaging toothed gears

|  | F02N 15/06 |
· · · | the toothed gears being moved by axial displacement

|  | F02N 15/08 |
· · | the gearing being of friction type

|  | F02N 15/10 |
· | Safety devices not otherwise provided for

|  | F02N 17/00 |
Other starting means; Starting aids not otherwise provided for

|  | F02N 17/02 |
· | Aiding engine start by thermal means, e.g. using lighted wicks (using electrically-heated glowing plugs Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F02P 19/02)

|  | F02N 17/04 |
· · | by heating of fluids used in engines (heating of lubricants Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F01M 5/02)

|  | F02N 17/047 |
· · · | by heating of combustion-air by flame generating means, e.g. flame glow-plugs [4]

|  | F02N 17/053 |
· · · · | Arrangement thereof [4]

|  | F02N 17/06 |
· · · | by heating of engine coolants

|  | F02N 17/08 |
· | Aiding engine start by other than thermal means