|  | F |
SECTION F — MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING

ENGINES OR PUMPS

|  | F01 - F04 |
Note(s) Guide to the use of this subsection (classes Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F01-F04) The following notes are meant to assist in the use of this part of the classification scheme. In this subsection, subclasses or groups designating "engines" or "pumps" cover methods of operating the same, unless otherwise specifically provided for. In this subsection, the following terms or expressions are used with the meanings indicated: "engine" means a device for continuously converting fluid energy into mechanical power. Thus, this term includes, for example, steam piston engines or steam turbines, per se, or internal-combustion piston engines, but it excludes single-stroke devices. "Engine" also includes the fluid-motive portion of a meter unless such portion is particularly adapted for use in a meter; "pump" means a device for continuously raising, forcing, compressing, or exhausting fluid by mechanical or other means. Thus, this term includes fans or blowers; "machine" means a device which could equally be an engine and a pump, and not a device which is restricted to an engine or one which is restricted to a pump; "positive displacement" means the way the energy of a working fluid is transformed into mechanical energy, in which variations of volume created by the working fluid in a working chamber produce equivalent displacements of the mechanical member transmitting the energy, the dynamic effect of the fluid being of minor importance, and vice versa; "non-positive displacement" means the way the energy of a working fluid is transformed into mechanical energy, by transformation of the energy of the working fluid into kinetic energy, and vice versa; "oscillating-piston machine" means a positive-displacement machine in which a fluid-engaging work-transmitting member oscillates. This definition applies also to engines and pumps; "rotary-piston machine" means a positive-displacement machine in which a fluid-engaging work-transmitting member rotates about a fixed axis or about an axis moving along a circular or similar orbit. This definition applies also to engines and pumps; "rotary piston" means the work-transmitting member of a rotary-piston machine and may be of any suitable form, e.g., like a toothed gear; "cooperating members" means the "oscillating piston" or "rotary piston" and another member, e.g., the working-chamber wall, which assists in the driving or pumping action; "movement of the co-operating members" is to be interpreted as relative, so that one of the "co-operating members" may be stationary, even though reference may be made to its rotational axis, or both may move; "teeth or tooth equivalents" include lobes, projections or abutments; "internal-axis type" means that the rotational axes of the inner and outer co-operating members remain at all times within the outer member, e.g., in a similar manner to that of a pinion meshing with the internal teeth of a ring gear; "free piston" means a piston of which the length of stroke is not defined by any member driven thereby; "cylinders" means positive-displacement working chambers in general. Thus, this term is not restricted to cylinders of circular cross-section; "main shaft" means the shaft which converts reciprocating piston motion into rotary motion or vice versa; "plant" means an engine together with such additional apparatus as is necessary to run the engine. For example, a steam engine plant includes a steam engine and means for generating the steam; "working fluid" means the driven fluid in a pump and the driving fluid in an engine. The working fluid may be in a gaseous state, i.e., compressible, or liquid. In the former case coexistence of two states is possible; "steam" includes condensable vapours in general, and "special vapour" is used when steam is excluded; "reaction type" as applied to non-positive-displacement machines or engines means machines or engines in which pressure/velocity transformation takes place wholly or partly in the rotor. Machines or engines with no, or only slight, pressure/velocity transformation in the rotor are called "impulse type". In this subsection: cyclically operating valves, lubricating, gas-flow silencers or exhaust apparatus, or cooling are classified in subclasses Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F01L, Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F01M, Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F01N, Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F01P irrespective of their stated application, unless their classifying features are peculiar to their application, in which case they are classified only in the relevant subclass of classes Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F01-F04; lubricating, gas-flow silencers or exhaust apparatus, or cooling of machines or engines are classified in subclasses Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F01M, Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F01N, Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F01P except for those peculiar to steam engines which are classified in subclass Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F01B. For use of this subsection with a good understanding, it is essential to remember, so far as subclasses Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F01B, Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F01C, Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F01D, Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F03B, and Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F04B, Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F04C, Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F04D, which form its skeleton, are concerned: the principle which resides in their elaboration, the classifying characteristics which they call for, and their complementarity. Principle This concerns essentially the subclasses listed above. Other subclasses, notably those of class Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F02, which cover better-defined matter, are not considered here. Each subclass covers fundamentally a genus of apparatus (engine or pump) and by extension covers equally "machines" of the same kind. Two different subjects, one having a more general character than the other, are thus covered by the same subclass. Subclasses Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F01B, Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F03B, Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F04B, beyond the two subjects which they cover, have further a character of generality in relation to other subclasses concerning the different species of apparatus in the genus concerned. This generality applies as well for the two subjects dealt with, without these always being in relation to the same subclasses. Thus, subclass Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F03B, in its part dealing with "machines", should be considered as being the general class relating to subclasses Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F04B, Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F04C, and in its part dealing with "engines" as being general in relation to subclass Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F03C. Characteristics The principal classifying characteristic of the subclass is that of genera of apparatus, of which there are three possible: Machines; engines; pumps. As stated above, "machines" are always associated with one of the other two genera. These main genera are subdivided according to the general principles of operation of the apparatus: Positive displacement; non-positive displacement. The positive displacement apparatus are further subdivided according to the ways of putting into effect the principle of operation, that is, to the kind of apparatus: Simple reciprocating piston; rotary or oscillating piston; other kind. Another classifying characteristic is that of the working fluid, in respect of which three kinds of apparatus are possible, namely: Liquid and elastic fluid; elastic fluid; liquid. Complementarity This resides in association of pairs of the subclasses listed above, according to the characteristics under consideration in respect of kind of apparatus or working fluid. The subclasses concerned with the various principles, characteristics and complementarity are shown in the following table: Kind of displacement Working fluid Relations of generality positive non- in respect positive of kind of displacement rotary recipro- or oscil- liquid and cating lating elastic elastic piston piston other fluid fluid liquid MACHINES x x x x Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F01B x x x Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F01C x x x Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F01D x x Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F03B x x x Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F04B x x Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F04C ENGINES x x x x Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F01B x x x Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F01C x x x Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F01D x x Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F03B x x x x Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F03C PUMPS x x x x x Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F04B x x x x Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F04C x x x x Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F04D It is seen from this table that: For the same kind of apparatus in a given genus, the characteristic of "working fluid" associates: Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F01B and Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F04B Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F01C and Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F04C Machines Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F01D and Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F03B Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F01B and Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F03C Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F01C and Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F03C Engines Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F01D and Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F03B For the same kind of working fluid, the "apparatus" characteristic relates subclases in the same way as considerations of relative generality.

|  | F01 |
MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL (combustion engines Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F02; machines for liquids Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F03, Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F04); ENGINE PLANTS IN GENERAL; STEAM ENGINES

|  | F01M |
LUBRICATING OF MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL (lubricating in general Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F16N); LUBRICATING INTERNAL-COMBUSTION ENGINES; CRANKCASE VENTILATING [2]

|  | F01M |
Note(s) Attention is drawn to the Notes preceding class Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F01, especially as regards Note (3).

|  | F01M |
Subclass index
PRESSURE LUBRICATION | 1/00
SPECIAL LUBRICATION | 3/00, 7/00, 9/00
LUBRICANT CONDITIONING | 5/00
DETAILS, ACCESSORIES | 11/00
CRANKCASE VENTILATION | 13/00

|  | F01M 1/00 |
Pressure lubrication

|  | F01M 1/02 |
· | using lubricating pumps (pumps in general Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F04; lubricating pumps per se Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F16N)

|  | F01M 1/04 |
· | using pressure in working cylinder or crankcase to operate lubricant-feeding devices

|  | F01M 1/06 |
· | Lubricating systems characterised by the provision therein of crankshafts or connecting-rods with lubricant passageways, e.g. bores (crankshafts, connecting-rods, per se Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F16C)

|  | F01M 1/08 |
· | Lubricating systems characterised by the provision therein of lubricant-jetting means

|  | F01M 1/10 |
· | Lubricating systems characterised by the provision therein of lubricant venting or purifying means, e.g. of filters (mounting of, connecting of, or constructional details of lubricant purifying means Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F01M 11/03)

|  | F01M 1/12 |
· | Closed-circuit lubricating systems not provided for in groups Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F01M 1/02-F01M 1/10

|  | F01M 1/14 |
· | Timed lubrication (Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F01M 1/08 takes precedence)

|  | F01M 1/16 |
· | Controlling lubricant pressure or quantity (rendering machines or engines inoperative or idling on lubricant-pressure failure Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F01M 1/22)

|  | F01M 1/18 |
· | Indicating or safety devices (concerning lubricant level Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F01M 11/06, Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F01M 11/12)

|  | F01M 1/20 |
· · | concerning lubricant pressure (measuring fluid pressure in general Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...G01L)

|  | F01M 1/22 |
· · · | rendering machines or engines inoperative or idling on pressure failure

|  | F01M 1/24 |
· · · · | acting on engine fuel system

|  | F01M 1/26 |
· · · · | acting on engine ignition system

|  | F01M 1/28 |
· · · · | acting on engine combustion-air supply

|  | F01M 3/00 |
Lubrication specially adapted for engines with crankcase compression of fuel-air mixture, or for other engines in which lubricant is contained in fuel, combustion air, or fuel-air mixture (separating lubricant from air or fuel-air mixture before entry into cylinder Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F01M 11/08)

|  | F01M 3/02 |
· | with variable proportion of lubricant to fuel, lubricant to air, or lubricant to fuel-air mixture

|  | F01M 3/04 |
· | for upper cylinder lubrication only

|  | F01M 5/00 |
Heating, cooling, or controlling temperature of lubricant (arrangement of lubricant coolers in engine cooling system Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F01P 11/08); Lubrication means facilitating engine starting

|  | F01M 5/02 |
· | Conditioning lubricant for aiding engine starting, e.g. heating

|  | F01M 5/04 |
· · | Diluting, e.g. with fuel

|  | F01M 7/00 |
Lubrication means specially adapted for machine or engine running-in

|  | F01M 9/00 |
Lubrication means having pertinent characteristics not provided for in, or of interest apart from, groups Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F01M 1/00-F01M 7/00

|  | F01M 9/02 |
· | having means for introducing additives to lubricant

|  | F01M 9/04 |
· | Use of fuel as lubricant

|  | F01M 9/06 |
· | Dip or splash lubrication

|  | F01M 9/08 |
· | Drip lubrication

|  | F01M 9/10 |
· | Lubrication of valve gear or auxiliaries

|  | F01M 9/12 |
· | Non-pressurised lubrication, or non-closed-circuit lubrication, not otherwise provided for

|  | F01M 11/00 |
Component parts, details, or accessories, not provided for in, or of interest apart from, groups Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F01M 1/00-F01M 9/00

|  | F01M 11/02 |
· | Arrangements of lubricant conduits

|  | F01M 11/03 |
· | Mounting or connecting of lubricant purifying means relative to the machine or engine; Details of lubricant purifying means (filters Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...B01D) [3]

|  | F01M 11/04 |
· | Filling or draining lubricant of or from machines or engines

|  | F01M 11/06 |
· | Means for keeping lubricant level constant or for accommodating movement or position of machines or engines

|  | F01M 11/08 |
· | Separating lubricant from air or fuel-air mixture before entry into cylinder (separating in general Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...B01D)

|  | F01M 11/10 |
· | Indicating devices; Other safety devices

|  | F01M 11/12 |
· · | concerning lubricant level (level indicators in general Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...G01F 23/00)

|  | F01M 13/00 |
Crankcase ventilating or breathing [2]

|  | F01M 13/02 |
· | by means of additional source of positive or negative pressure [2]

|  | F01M 13/04 |
· | having means for purifying air before leaving crankcase, e.g. removing oil [2]

|  | F01M 13/06 |
· | specially adapted for submersible engines, e.g. of armoured vehicles [2]