|  | F |
SECTION F — MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING

ENGINES OR PUMPS

|  | F01 - F04 |
Note(s) Guide to the use of this subsection (classes Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F01-F04) The following notes are meant to assist in the use of this part of the classification scheme. In this subsection, subclasses or groups designating "engines" or "pumps" cover methods of operating the same, unless otherwise specifically provided for. In this subsection, the following terms or expressions are used with the meanings indicated: "engine" means a device for continuously converting fluid energy into mechanical power. Thus, this term includes, for example, steam piston engines or steam turbines, per se, or internal-combustion piston engines, but it excludes single-stroke devices. "Engine" also includes the fluid-motive portion of a meter unless such portion is particularly adapted for use in a meter; "pump" means a device for continuously raising, forcing, compressing, or exhausting fluid by mechanical or other means. Thus, this term includes fans or blowers; "machine" means a device which could equally be an engine and a pump, and not a device which is restricted to an engine or one which is restricted to a pump; "positive displacement" means the way the energy of a working fluid is transformed into mechanical energy, in which variations of volume created by the working fluid in a working chamber produce equivalent displacements of the mechanical member transmitting the energy, the dynamic effect of the fluid being of minor importance, and vice versa; "non-positive displacement" means the way the energy of a working fluid is transformed into mechanical energy, by transformation of the energy of the working fluid into kinetic energy, and vice versa; "oscillating-piston machine" means a positive-displacement machine in which a fluid-engaging work-transmitting member oscillates. This definition applies also to engines and pumps; "rotary-piston machine" means a positive-displacement machine in which a fluid-engaging work-transmitting member rotates about a fixed axis or about an axis moving along a circular or similar orbit. This definition applies also to engines and pumps; "rotary piston" means the work-transmitting member of a rotary-piston machine and may be of any suitable form, e.g., like a toothed gear; "cooperating members" means the "oscillating piston" or "rotary piston" and another member, e.g., the working-chamber wall, which assists in the driving or pumping action; "movement of the co-operating members" is to be interpreted as relative, so that one of the "co-operating members" may be stationary, even though reference may be made to its rotational axis, or both may move; "teeth or tooth equivalents" include lobes, projections or abutments; "internal-axis type" means that the rotational axes of the inner and outer co-operating members remain at all times within the outer member, e.g., in a similar manner to that of a pinion meshing with the internal teeth of a ring gear; "free piston" means a piston of which the length of stroke is not defined by any member driven thereby; "cylinders" means positive-displacement working chambers in general. Thus, this term is not restricted to cylinders of circular cross-section; "main shaft" means the shaft which converts reciprocating piston motion into rotary motion or vice versa; "plant" means an engine together with such additional apparatus as is necessary to run the engine. For example, a steam engine plant includes a steam engine and means for generating the steam; "working fluid" means the driven fluid in a pump and the driving fluid in an engine. The working fluid may be in a gaseous state, i.e., compressible, or liquid. In the former case coexistence of two states is possible; "steam" includes condensable vapours in general, and "special vapour" is used when steam is excluded; "reaction type" as applied to non-positive-displacement machines or engines means machines or engines in which pressure/velocity transformation takes place wholly or partly in the rotor. Machines or engines with no, or only slight, pressure/velocity transformation in the rotor are called "impulse type". In this subsection: cyclically operating valves, lubricating, gas-flow silencers or exhaust apparatus, or cooling are classified in subclasses Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F01L, Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F01M, Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F01N, Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F01P irrespective of their stated application, unless their classifying features are peculiar to their application, in which case they are classified only in the relevant subclass of classes Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F01-F04; lubricating, gas-flow silencers or exhaust apparatus, or cooling of machines or engines are classified in subclasses Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F01M, Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F01N, Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F01P except for those peculiar to steam engines which are classified in subclass Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F01B. For use of this subsection with a good understanding, it is essential to remember, so far as subclasses Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F01B, Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F01C, Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F01D, Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F03B, and Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F04B, Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F04C, Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F04D, which form its skeleton, are concerned: the principle which resides in their elaboration, the classifying characteristics which they call for, and their complementarity. Principle This concerns essentially the subclasses listed above. Other subclasses, notably those of class Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F02, which cover better-defined matter, are not considered here. Each subclass covers fundamentally a genus of apparatus (engine or pump) and by extension covers equally "machines" of the same kind. Two different subjects, one having a more general character than the other, are thus covered by the same subclass. Subclasses Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F01B, Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F03B, Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F04B, beyond the two subjects which they cover, have further a character of generality in relation to other subclasses concerning the different species of apparatus in the genus concerned. This generality applies as well for the two subjects dealt with, without these always being in relation to the same subclasses. Thus, subclass Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F03B, in its part dealing with "machines", should be considered as being the general class relating to subclasses Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F04B, Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F04C, and in its part dealing with "engines" as being general in relation to subclass Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F03C. Characteristics The principal classifying characteristic of the subclass is that of genera of apparatus, of which there are three possible: Machines; engines; pumps. As stated above, "machines" are always associated with one of the other two genera. These main genera are subdivided according to the general principles of operation of the apparatus: Positive displacement; non-positive displacement. The positive displacement apparatus are further subdivided according to the ways of putting into effect the principle of operation, that is, to the kind of apparatus: Simple reciprocating piston; rotary or oscillating piston; other kind. Another classifying characteristic is that of the working fluid, in respect of which three kinds of apparatus are possible, namely: Liquid and elastic fluid; elastic fluid; liquid. Complementarity This resides in association of pairs of the subclasses listed above, according to the characteristics under consideration in respect of kind of apparatus or working fluid. The subclasses concerned with the various principles, characteristics and complementarity are shown in the following table: Kind of displacement Working fluid Relations of generality positive non- in respect positive of kind of displacement rotary recipro- or oscil- liquid and cating lating elastic elastic piston piston other fluid fluid liquid MACHINES x x x x Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F01B x x x Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F01C x x x Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F01D x x Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F03B x x x Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F04B x x Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F04C ENGINES x x x x Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F01B x x x Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F01C x x x Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F01D x x Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F03B x x x x Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F03C PUMPS x x x x x Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F04B x x x x Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F04C x x x x Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F04D It is seen from this table that: For the same kind of apparatus in a given genus, the characteristic of "working fluid" associates: Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F01B and Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F04B Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F01C and Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F04C Machines Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F01D and Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F03B Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F01B and Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F03C Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F01C and Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F03C Engines Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F01D and Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F03B For the same kind of working fluid, the "apparatus" characteristic relates subclases in the same way as considerations of relative generality.

|  | F04 |
POSITIVE-DISPLACEMENT MACHINES FOR LIQUIDS; PUMPS FOR LIQUIDS OR ELASTIC FLUIDS (portable fire extinguishers with manually-operated pumps Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...A62C 11/00, with power-driven pumps Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...A62C 25/00; charging or scavenging combustion engines by pumps Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F02B; engine fuel-injection pumps Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F02M; ion pumps Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...H01J 41/12; electrodynamic pumps Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...H02K 44/02)

|  | F04 |
Note(s) Combinations of positive-displacement and non-positive-displacement pumps are classified in subclass Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F04B as a general subclass for pumps, and in subclasses Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F04C, Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F04D in respect of matter specific to those subclasses.

|  | F04B |
POSITIVE-DISPLACEMENT MACHINES FOR LIQUIDS; PUMPS (machines for liquids, or pumps, of rotary-piston or oscillating-piston type Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F04C; non-positive-displacement pumps Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F04D; pumping of fluid by direct contact of another fluid or by using inertia of fluid to be pumped Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F04F; crankshafts, crossheads, connecting-rods Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F16C; flywheels Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F16F; gearings for interconverting rotary motion and reciprocating motion in general Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F16H; pistons, piston-rods, cylinders, in general Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F16J)

|  | F04B |
Note(s) In this subclass, the following term is used with the meaning indicated: "piston" also covers a plunger. Attention is drawn to the Notes following the titles of class Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...B81 and subclass Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...B81B relating to "micro-structural devices" and "micro-structural systems". [7] Attention is drawn to the Notes preceding class Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F01, especially as regards the definitions of "machines", "pumps", and "positive-displacement".

|  | F04B |
Subclass index
POSITIVE-DISPLACEMENT MACHINES FOR LIQUIDS, PUMPS IN GENERAL |
General characteristics of machines and pumps |
multiple cylinders; single cylinders, pistons coacting in cylinder; differential-surface pistons; flexible working members | 1/00; 3/00; 5/00; 43/00
positively-driven distribution members; driving or driven means to or from working members | 7/00; 9/00
equalization of pulses, counteracting cavitation | 11/00
other characteristics | 19/00
Characteristics peculiar to pumps, their adaptations or combinations |
delivering measured quantities; handling specific fluids; pumping from great depths | 13/00; 15/00; 47/00
associated with specific driving engines | 17/00
Other characteristics | 19/00
Pumping installations or systems | 23/00, 43/00, 47/00
Component parts, details or accessories | 53/00
PUMPS FOR ELASTIC FLUIDS |
General characteristics |
multiple stages; multiple cylinders | 25/00; 27/00
free piston; flexible working member; actuation by muscle power | 31/00; 45/00; 33/00
driving means | 35/00
For pumping from great depths | 47/00
Other characteristics; other details or accessories | 37/00; 39/00
Pumping installations or systems | 41/00, 45/00, 47/00
CONTROL, SAFETY MEASURES; TESTING | 49/00; 51/00
COMPONENT PARTS, DETAILS OR ACCESSORIES | 53/00

|  | F04C |
ROTARY-PISTON, OR OSCILLATING-PISTON, POSITIVE-DISPLACEMENT MACHINES FOR LIQUIDS (engines Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F03C); ROTARY-PISTON, OR OSCILLATING-PISTON, POSITIVE-DISPLACEMENT PUMPS

|  | F04C |
Note(s) Attention is drawn to the Notes preceding class Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F01, especially as regards the definitions of "machines", "pumps", "positive displacement", "rotary-piston machines", "oscillating-piston machines", "rotary piston", "co-operating members", "movement of co-operating members", "teeth or tooth-equivalents", and "internal axis".

|  | F04C |
Subclass index
MACHINES OR PUMPS |
Rotary-piston |
general characteristics; non-parallel axes of movement of co-operating members | 2/00; 3/00
resiliently-deformable chamber walls; fluid ring | 5/00; 7/00
Oscillating-piston | 9/00
Combinations or adaptations | 11/00, 13/00
Other details or accessories | 15/00
Pump installations | 11/00
PUMPS SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR ELASTIC FLUIDS |
Rotary-piston: General characteristics; fluid ring; sealing arrangements | 18/00; 19/00; 27/00
Oscillating-piston | 21/00
Combinations; adaptations | 23/00; 25/00
Other details or accessories | 29/00
Pump installations | 23/00

|  | F04D |
NON-POSITIVE-DISPLACEMENT PUMPS

|  | F04D |
Note(s) This subclass covers non-positive-displacement pumps for liquids, for elastic fluids, or for liquids and elastic fluids whether rotary or not having pure rotation. This subclass does not cover combinations of non-positive-displacement pumps with other pumps, which are covered by subclass Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F04B, except that the use of such other pumps for priming or boosting non-positive-displacement is covered by this subclass. Attention is drawn to the Notes preceding class Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F01, especially as regards the definition of "pump".

|  | F04D |
Subclass index
ROTARY PUMPS FOR LIQUID AND ELASTIC FLUID OR LIQUID ALONE |
Kind of flow: radial or helico-centrifugal; axial; circumferential or transverse; other | 1/00; 3/00; 5/00; 11/00
For handling specific fluids | 7/00
Priming, preventing vapour lock | 9/00
Pumping installations or systems; control | 13/00; 15/00
ROTARY PUMPS FOR ELASTIC FLUID |
Kind of flow: radial or helico-centrifugal; axial; other | 17/00; 19/00; 23/00
Involving supersonic speed of fluid | 21/00
Pumping installations; control | 25/00; 27/00
DETAILS OR ACCESSORIES | 29/00
OTHER KINDS OF PUMPS |
Pumping liquid and elastic fluid at the same time | 31/00
With other than pure rotation | 33/00
Wave producers | 35/00

|  | F04F |
PUMPING OF FLUID BY DIRECT CONTACT OF ANOTHER FLUID OR BY USING INERTIA OF FLUID TO BE PUMPED (containers or packages with special means for dispensing liquid or semi-liquid contents by internal gaseous pressure Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...B65D 83/14); SIPHONS [2]

|  | F04F |
Note(s) Attention is drawn to the Notes preceding class Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F01. Combinations of pumps covered by this subclass with other pumps are only classified in this subclass if such other pumps are intended for preliminary pumping for diffusion pumps.

|  | F04F |
Subclass index
PUMPS USING PRESSURE OR FLOW OF ANOTHER FLUID | 1/00, 5/00
PUMPS USING NEGATIVE PRESSURE; PUMPS USING INERTIA OF THE FLUID | 1/00, 3/00; 7/00
DIFFUSION PUMPS, e.g. WITH FORE PUMPS | 9/00
SIPHONS; OTHER PUMPS | 10/00; 11/00
JET-PUMP INSTALLATIONS | 5/54