F
SECTION F — MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
  
ENGINES OR PUMPS
 F01 - 
F04

Note(s)

Guide to the use of this subsection (classes F01-F04)

The following notes are meant to assist in the use of this part of the classification scheme.

  1. In this subsection, subclasses or groups designating "engines" or "pumps" cover methods of operating the same, unless otherwise specifically provided for.
  2. In this subsection, the following terms or expressions are used with the meanings indicated:
    • "engine" means a device for continuously converting fluid energy into mechanical power. Thus, this term includes, for example, steam piston engines or steam turbines, per se, or internal-combustion piston engines, but it excludes single-stroke devices. "Engine" also includes the fluid-motive portion of a meter unless such portion is particularly adapted for use in a meter;
    • "pump" means a device for continuously raising, forcing, compressing, or exhausting fluid by mechanical or other means. Thus, this term includes fans or blowers;
    • "machine" means a device which could equally be an engine and a pump, and not a device which is restricted to an engine or one which is restricted to a pump;
    • "positive displacement" means the way the energy of a working fluid is transformed into mechanical energy, in which variations of volume created by the working fluid in a working chamber produce equivalent displacements of the mechanical member transmitting the energy, the dynamic effect of the fluid being of minor importance, and vice versa;
    • "non-positive displacement" means the way the energy of a working fluid is transformed into mechanical energy, by transformation of the energy of the working fluid into kinetic energy, and vice versa;
    • "oscillating-piston machine" means a positive-displacement machine in which a fluid-engaging work-transmitting member oscillates. This definition applies also to engines and pumps;
    • "rotary-piston machine" means a positive-displacement machine in which a fluid-engaging work-transmitting member rotates about a fixed axis or about an axis moving along a circular or similar orbit. This definition applies also to engines and pumps;
    • "rotary piston" means the work-transmitting member of a rotary-piston machine and may be of any suitable form, e.g., like a toothed gear;
    • "cooperating members" means the "oscillating piston" or "rotary piston" and another member, e.g., the working-chamber wall, which assists in the driving or pumping action;
    • "movement of the co-operating members" is to be interpreted as relative, so that one of the "co-operating members" may be stationary, even though reference may be made to its rotational axis, or both may move;
    • "teeth or tooth equivalents" include lobes, projections or abutments;
    • "internal-axis type" means that the rotational axes of the inner and outer co-operating members remain at all times within the outer member, e.g., in a similar manner to that of a pinion meshing with the internal teeth of a ring gear;
    • "free piston" means a piston of which the length of stroke is not defined by any member driven thereby;
    • "cylinders" means positive-displacement working chambers in general. Thus, this term is not restricted to cylinders of circular cross-section;
    • "main shaft" means the shaft which converts reciprocating piston motion into rotary motion or vice versa;
    • "plant" means an engine together with such additional apparatus as is necessary to run the engine. For example, a steam engine plant includes a steam engine and means for generating the steam;
    • "working fluid" means the driven fluid in a pump and the driving fluid in an engine. The working fluid may be in a gaseous state, i.e., compressible, or liquid. In the former case coexistence of two states is possible;
    • "steam" includes condensable vapours in general, and "special vapour" is used when steam is excluded;
    • "reaction type" as applied to non-positive-displacement machines or engines means machines or engines in which pressure/velocity transformation takes place wholly or partly in the rotor. Machines or engines with no, or only slight, pressure/velocity transformation in the rotor are called "impulse type".
  3. In this subsection:
  4. For use of this subsection with a good understanding, it is essential to remember, so far as subclasses F01B, F01C, F01D, F03B, and F04B, F04C, F04D, which form its skeleton, are concerned:
    • the principle which resides in their elaboration,
    • the classifying characteristics which they call for, and
    • their complementarity.
      1. Principle

        This concerns essentially the subclasses listed above. Other subclasses, notably those of class F02, which cover better-defined matter, are not considered here.

        Each subclass covers fundamentally a genus of apparatus (engine or pump) and by extension covers equally "machines" of the same kind. Two different subjects, one having a more general character than the other, are thus covered by the same subclass.

        Subclasses F01B, F03B, F04B, beyond the two subjects which they cover, have further a character of generality in relation to other subclasses concerning the different species of apparatus in the genus concerned.

        This generality applies as well for the two subjects dealt with, without these always being in relation to the same subclasses.

        Thus, subclass F03B, in its part dealing with "machines", should be considered as being the general class relating to subclasses F04B, F04C, and in its part dealing with "engines" as being general in relation to subclass F03C.

      2. Characteristics
        1. The principal classifying characteristic of the subclass is that of genera of apparatus, of which there are three possible:

          Machines; engines; pumps.

        2. As stated above, "machines" are always associated with one of the other two genera. These main genera are subdivided according to the general principles of operation of the apparatus:

          Positive displacement; non-positive displacement.

        3. The positive displacement apparatus are further subdivided according to the ways of putting into effect the principle of operation, that is, to the kind of apparatus:

          Simple reciprocating piston; rotary or oscillating piston; other kind.

        4. Another classifying characteristic is that of the working fluid, in respect of which three kinds of apparatus are possible, namely:

          Liquid and elastic fluid; elastic fluid; liquid.

      3. Complementarity

        This resides in association of pairs of the subclasses listed above, according to the characteristics under consideration in respect of kind of apparatus or working fluid.

        The subclasses concerned with the various principles, characteristics and complementarity are shown in the following table:

      Kind of displacement            Working fluid        Relations

                                                           of generality

      positive                non-                         in respect

                              positive                     of kind of

                                                           displacement

                rotary

      recipro-  or oscil-             liquid and

      cating    lating                elastic    elastic

      piston    piston   other        fluid      fluid   liquid

      MACHINES

      x                  x            x          x           F01B 

                x                     x          x           F01C 

                              x       x          x           F01D 

                              x                          x   F03B 

      x                  x                               x   F04B 

                x                                        x   F04C 

      ENGINES

      x                  x            x          x           F01B 

                x                     x          x           F01C 

                              x       x          x           F01D 

                              x                          x   F03B 

      x         x        x                               x   F03C 

      PUMPS

      x                  x            x          x       x   F04B 

                x                     x          x       x   F04C 

                              x       x          x       x   F04D 

It is seen from this table that:

 F02
COMBUSTION ENGINES (cyclically operating valves therefor, lubricating, exhausting, or silencing engines F01); HOT-GAS OR COMBUSTION-PRODUCT ENGINE PLANTS
 F02D
CONTROLLING COMBUSTION ENGINES (vehicle fittings for automatically controlling vehicle speed B60K 31/00; cyclically operating valves for combustion engines F01L; controlling combustion engine lubrication F01M; cooling internal-combustion engines F01P; supplying combustion engines with combustible mixtures or constituents thereof, e.g. carburettors, injection pumps, F02M; starting of combustion engines F02N; controlling of ignition F02P; controlling gas-turbine plants, jet-propulsion plants, or combustion-product engine plants, see the relevant subclasses for these plants)  [4]
 F02D

Note(s)

  1. In this subclass, the following term or expression is used with the meanings indicated:
    • "fuel injection" means the introduction of a combustible substance into a space, e.g. cylinder, by means of a pressure source, e.g. a pump, continuously or cyclically acting behind the substance;
    • "supercharging" means supplying to the working space, e.g. cylinder, combustion-air pressurised by means of a pressure source, e.g. a pump.
  2. Attention is drawn to the Notes preceding class F01.
  3. In this subclass, electrical aspects of control arrangements are classified in groups F02D 41/00-F02D 45/00.  [4]
 F02D
Subclass index
CONTROLLING COMBUSTION ENGINES IN GENERAL
Characterised by action on engine operation
on injection: general; low pressure; other means 1/00; 3/00; 7/00
by throttling air or fuel-and-air induction or exhaust 9/00
on valve-operating cycle; varying compression ratio 13/00; 15/00
cutting-out cylinders, rendering engines inoperative or idling 17/00
on delivery of fuel or combustion-air, not otherwise provided for 33/00
on two or more associated functions not otherwise provided for 37/00
Characterised by initiating or actuating means
non-automatic initiation, e.g. by operator 11/00
initiation by speed-sensing governors or by interior or exterior conditions, not otherwise provided for 31/00, 35/00
Programme control 28/00
CONTROL OF PARTICULAR ENGINES
engines: characterised by fuel; by combustion medium used; by supercharge 19/00; 21/00; 23/00
co-operating engines; reversible engines; engines driving vehicle or particular devices 25/00; 27/00; 29/00
OTHER CONTROL
Non-electrical 39/00
Electrical 41/00 - 45/00
 F02D 1/00 - 
F02D 7/00
Controlling, e.g. regulating, fuel injection (peculiar to engines characterised by their use of non-liquid fuels, pluralities of fuels, or non-fuel substances added to the combustible mixtures F02D 19/00; peculiar to supercharged engines F02D 23/00; automatic controllers for prime movers, in general G05D)
 F02D 1/00
Controlling fuel-injection pumps, e.g. of high-pressure injection type (F02D 3/00 takes precedence)  [2]
 F02D 1/02
·  not restricted to adjustment of injection timing, e.g. varying amount of fuel delivered
 F02D 1/04
·  ·  by mechanical means dependent on engine speed, e.g. using centrifugal governors (F02D 1/08 takes precedence)
 F02D 1/06
·  ·  by means dependent on pressure of engine working fluid (F02D 1/08 takes precedence)
 F02D 1/08
·  ·  Transmission of control impulse to pump control, e.g. with power drive or power assistance
 F02D 1/10
·  ·  ·  mechanical
 F02D 1/12
·  ·  ·  non-mechanical, e.g. hydraulic
 F02D 1/14
·  ·  ·  ·  pneumatic
 F02D 1/16
·  Adjustment of injection timing (F02D 1/02 takes precedence)
 F02D 1/18
·  ·  with non-mechanical means for transmitting control impulse; with amplification of control impulse
 F02D 3/00
Controlling low-pressure fuel injection, i.e. where the air-fuel mixture containing fuel thus injected will be substantially compressed by the compression stroke of the engine, by means other than controlling only an injection pump (carburettors F02M)  [2]
 F02D 3/00

Note(s)

When the control apparatus or system forms part of the low-pressure fuel-injection apparatus it is classified in group F02M 69/00.  [5]

 F02D 3/02
·  with continuous injection or continuous flow upstream of the injection nozzle  [2]
 F02D 3/04
·  Controlling fuel injection and carburation, e.g. of alternative systems
 F02D 7/00
Other non-electrical fuel injection control  [4]
 F02D 7/02
·  Controlling fuel injection where fuel is injected by compressed air
   
 F02D 9/00
Controlling engines by throttling air or fuel-and-air induction conduits or exhaust conduits
 F02D 9/02
·  concerning induction conduits (throttle valves, or arrangements thereof in conduits F02D 9/08)
 F02D 9/04
·  concerning exhaust conduits (throttle valves, or arrangements thereof in conduits F02D 9/08)
 F02D 9/06
·  ·  Exhaust brakes
 F02D 9/08
·  Throttle valves specially adapted therefor; Arrangements of such valves in conduits (throttle valves modified for use in, or arranged in, carburettors F02M; throttle valves in general F16K)
 F02D 9/10
·  ·  having pivotally-mounted flaps
 F02D 9/12
·  ·  having slidably-mounted valve-members; having valve-members movable longitudinally of conduit
 F02D 9/14
·  ·  ·  the members being slidable transversely of conduit
 F02D 9/16
·  ·  ·  the members being rotatable
 F02D 9/18
·  ·  having elastic-wall valve-members
 F02D 11/00
Arrangements for, or adaptations to, non-automatic engine control initiation means, e.g. operator initiated (specially for reversing F02D 27/00; arrangement or mounting of prime-mover control devices in vehicles B60K 26/00; conjoint control of engines and units of another kind, e.g. clutches, gearings, brakes, B60K 41/00, e.g. B60K 41/20)  [2,5]
 F02D 11/02
·  characterised by hand, foot, or like operator controlled initiation means  [5]
 F02D 11/04
·  characterised by mechanical control linkages (with power drive or assistance F02D 11/06)  [5]
 F02D 11/06
·  characterised by non-mechanical control linkages, e.g. fluid control linkages or by control linkages with power drive or assistance  [5]
 F02D 11/08
·  ·  of the pneumatic type  [5]
 F02D 11/10
·  ·  of the electric type  [5]
 F02D 13/00
Controlling the engine output power by varying inlet or exhaust valve operating characteristics, e.g. timing (modifying valve gear F01L)
 F02D 13/02
·  during engine operation
 F02D 13/04
·  ·  using engine as brake
 F02D 13/06
·  ·  Cutting-out cylinders
 F02D 13/08
·  for rendering engine inoperative or idling
 F02D 15/00
Varying compression ratio (modifying valve-gear F01L)
 F02D 15/02
·  by alteration or displacement of piston stroke
 F02D 15/04
·  by alteration of volume of compression space without changing piston stroke
 F02D 17/00
Controlling engines by cutting-out individual cylinders; Rendering engines inoperative or idling (controlling or rendering inoperative by varying inlet or exhaust valve operating characteristics F02D 13/00)
 F02D 17/02
·  Cutting-out (cutting-out engines in multiple-engine arrangements F02D 25/04)
 F02D 17/04
·  rendering engines inoperative or idling, e.g. caused by abnormal conditions (dependent on lubricating conditions F01M 1/22; dependent on cooling F01P 5/14)
 F02D 19/00 - 
F02D 29/00
Controlling peculiar to specified types or adaptations of engines
 F02D 19/00
Controlling engines characterised by their use of non-liquid fuels, pluralities of fuels, or non-fuel substances added to the combustible mixtures (the non-fuel substances being gaseous F02D 21/00)
 F02D 19/02
·  peculiar to engines working with gaseous fuels (apparatus, or control parts thereof, for mixing gas and air F02M)
 F02D 19/04
·  peculiar to engines working with solid fuels, e.g. pulverised coal
 F02D 19/06
·  peculiar to engines working with pluralities of fuels, e.g. alternatively with light and heavy fuel oil, other than engines indifferent to the fuel consumed
 F02D 19/08
·  ·  simultaneously using pluralities of fuels (F02D 19/12 takes precedence)
 F02D 19/10
·  ·  ·  peculiar to compression-ignition engines in which the main fuel is gaseous
 F02D 19/12
·  peculiar to engines working with non-fuel substances or with anti-knock agents, e.g. with anti-knock fuel (apparatus, or control parts thereof, for delivering such substances or agents F02M)
 F02D 21/00
Controlling engines characterised by their being supplied with non-airborne oxygen or other non-fuel gas
 F02D 21/02
·  peculiar to oxygen-fed engines
 F02D 21/04
·  ·  with circulation of exhaust gases in closed or semi-closed circuits
 F02D 21/06
·  peculiar to engines having other non-fuel gas added to combustion-air
 F02D 21/08
·  ·  the other gas being the exhaust gas of engine (circulation of exhaust gas in oxygen-fed engines F02D 21/04)
 F02D 21/10
·  ·  having secondary air added to fuel-air mixture (apparatus, or control parts thereof, for delivering secondary air F02M)
 F02D 23/00
Controlling engines characterised by their being supercharged
 F02D 23/02
·  the engines being of fuel-injection type
 F02D 25/00
Controlling two or more co-operating engines
 F02D 25/02
·  to synchronise speed
 F02D 25/04
·  by cutting-out engines
 F02D 27/00
Controlling engines characterised by their being reversible
 F02D 27/02
·  by performing a programme
 F02D 28/00
Programme-control of engines (programme-control specific to a type or purpose covered by one of the groups of this subclass, except groups F02D 29/00, F02D 39/00, or by one group of another subclass, e.g. of F01L, see that group)  [2]
 F02D 29/00
Controlling engines, such controlling being peculiar to the devices driven thereby, the devices being other than parts or accessories essential to engine operation, e.g. controlling of engines by signals external thereto (conjoint control of engines and units of another kind B60K 41/00, e.g. B60K 41/20)  [2]
 F02D 29/02
·  peculiar to engines driving vehicles; peculiar to engines driving variable-pitch propellers  [2]
 F02D 29/04
·  peculiar to engines driving pumps
 F02D 29/06
·  peculiar to engines driving electric generators
 F02D 31/00 - 
F02D 39/00
Other non-electrical control of engines  [4]
 F02D 31/00
Use of speed-sensing governors to control combustion engines, not otherwise provided for
 F02D 33/00
Controlling delivery of fuel or combustion-air, not otherwise provided for
 F02D 33/02
·  of combustion-air
 F02D 35/00
Controlling engines, dependent on conditions exterior or interior to engines, not otherwise provided for
 F02D 35/02
·  on interior conditions
 F02D 37/00
Controlling conjointly two or more functions of engines, not otherwise provided for
 F02D 37/02
·  one of the functions being ignition (ignition control per se F02P)
 F02D 39/00
Other non-electrical control  [4]
 F02D 39/02
·  for four-stroke engines
 F02D 39/04
·  for engines with other cycles than four-stroke, e.g. two-stroke
 F02D 39/06
·  for engines adding the fuel substantially at end of compression stroke
 F02D 39/08
·  for engines adding the fuel substantially before compression stroke
 F02D 39/10
·  for free-piston engines; for engines without rotary main shaft
 F02D 41/00 - 
F02D 45/00
Electrical control of combustion engines  [4]
 F02D 41/00 - 
F02D 45/00

Note(s)

  1. Groups F02D 41/00-F02D 45/00 cover electrical aspects of electrically controlled devices.  [6]
  2. Groups F02D 41/00-F02D 45/00 do not cover:  [6]
 F02D 41/00
Electrical control of supply of combustible mixture or its constituents (F02D 43/00 takes precedence)  [4]
 F02D 41/02
·  Circuit arrangements for generating control signals  [4]
 F02D 41/04
·  ·  Introducing corrections for particular operating conditions (F02D 41/14 takes precedence)  [4]
 F02D 41/06
·  ·  ·  for engine starting or warming up  [4]
 F02D 41/08
·  ·  ·  for idling (F02D 41/06, F02D 41/16 take precedence)  [4]
 F02D 41/10
·  ·  ·  for acceleration  [4]
 F02D 41/12
·  ·  ·  for deceleration  [4]
 F02D 41/14
·  ·  Introducing closed-loop corrections  [4]
 F02D 41/16
·  ·  ·  for idling  [4]
 F02D 41/18
·  ·  by measuring intake air flow (measuring flow, in general G01F)  [4]
 F02D 41/20
·  Output circuits, e.g. for controlling currents in command coils (current control in inductive loads in general H03K 17/64)  [4]
 F02D 41/22
·  Safety or indicating devices for abnormal conditions  [4]
 F02D 41/24
·  characterised by the use of digital means  [4]
 F02D 41/26
·  ·  using computer, e.g. microprocessor  [4]
 F02D 41/28
·  ·  ·  Interface circuits  [4]
 F02D 41/30
·  Controlling fuel injection  [4]
 F02D 41/32
·  ·  of the low pressure type  [4]
 F02D 41/34
·  ·  ·  with means for controlling injection timing or duration (ignition timing F02P 5/00)  [4]
 F02D 41/36
·  ·  ·  with means for controlling distribution (arrangement of ignition distributors F02P 7/00)  [4]
 F02D 41/38
·  ·  of the high pressure type  [4]
 F02D 41/40
·  ·  ·  with means for controlling injection timing or duration  [4]
 F02D 43/00
Conjoint electrical control of two or more functions, e.g. ignition, fuel-air mixture, recirculation, supercharging, exhaust-gas treatment (electrical control of exhaust gas treating apparatus per se F01N 9/00)  [4]
 F02D 43/02
·  using only analogue means  [4]
 F02D 43/04
·  using only digital means  [4]
 F02D 45/00
Electrical control not provided for in groups F02D 41/00-F02D 43/00 (electrical control of exhaust gas treating apparatus F01N 9/00; electrical control of one of the functions: ignition, lubricating, cooling, starting, intake-heating, see the relevant subclasses for such functions)  [4]