|  | F |
SECTION F — MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING

|  | F01 - F42 |
Note(s) Guide to the use of this subsection (classes Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F01-F04) The following notes are meant to assist in the use of this part of the classification scheme. In this subsection, subclasses or groups designating "engines" or "pumps" cover methods of operating the same, unless otherwise specifically provided for. In this subsection, the following terms or expressions are used with the meanings indicated: "engine" means a device for continuously converting fluid energy into mechanical power. Thus, this term includes, for example, steam piston engines or steam turbines, per se, or internal-combustion piston engines, but it excludes single-stroke devices. "Engine" also includes the fluid-motive portion of a meter unless such portion is particularly adapted for use in a meter; "pump" means a device for continuously raising, forcing, compressing, or exhausting fluid by mechanical or other means. Thus, this term includes fans or blowers; "machine" means a device which could equally be an engine and a pump, and not a device which is restricted to an engine or one which is restricted to a pump; "positive displacement" means the way the energy of a working fluid is transformed into mechanical energy, in which variations of volume created by the working fluid in a working chamber produce equivalent displacements of the mechanical member transmitting the energy, the dynamic effect of the fluid being of minor importance, and vice versa; "non-positive displacement" means the way the energy of a working fluid is transformed into mechanical energy, by transformation of the energy of the working fluid into kinetic energy, and vice versa; "oscillating-piston machine" means a positive-displacement machine in which a fluid-engaging work-transmitting member oscillates. This definition applies also to engines and pumps; "rotary-piston machine" means a positive-displacement machine in which a fluid-engaging work-transmitting member rotates about a fixed axis or about an axis moving along a circular or similar orbit. This definition applies also to engines and pumps; "rotary piston" means the work-transmitting member of a rotary-piston machine and may be of any suitable form, e.g., like a toothed gear; "cooperating members" means the "oscillating piston" or "rotary piston" and another member, e.g., the working-chamber wall, which assists in the driving or pumping action; "movement of the co-operating members" is to be interpreted as relative, so that one of the "co-operating members" may be stationary, even though reference may be made to its rotational axis, or both may move; "teeth or tooth equivalents" include lobes, projections or abutments; "internal-axis type" means that the rotational axes of the inner and outer co-operating members remain at all times within the outer member, e.g., in a similar manner to that of a pinion meshing with the internal teeth of a ring gear; "free piston" means a piston of which the length of stroke is not defined by any member driven thereby; "cylinders" means positive-displacement working chambers in general. Thus, this term is not restricted to cylinders of circular cross-section; "main shaft" means the shaft which converts reciprocating piston motion into rotary motion or vice versa; "plant" means an engine together with such additional apparatus as is necessary to run the engine. For example, a steam engine plant includes a steam engine and means for generating the steam; "working fluid" means the driven fluid in a pump and the driving fluid in an engine. The working fluid may be in a gaseous state, i.e., compressible, or liquid. In the former case coexistence of two states is possible; "steam" includes condensable vapours in general, and "special vapour" is used when steam is excluded; "reaction type" as applied to non-positive-displacement machines or engines means machines or engines in which pressure/velocity transformation takes place wholly or partly in the rotor. Mmachines or engines with no, or only slight, pressure/velocity transformation in the rotor are called "impulse type". In this subsection: cyclically operating valves, lubricating, gas-flow silencers or exhaust apparatus, or cooling are classified in subclasses Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F01L, Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F01M, Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F01N, Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F01P irrespective of their stated application, unless their classifying features are peculiar to their application, in which case they are classified only in the relevant subclass of classes Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F01-F04; lubricating, gas-flow silencers or exhaust apparatus, or cooling of machines or engines are classified in subclasses Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F01M, Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F01N, Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F01P except for those peculiar to steam engines which are classified in subclass Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F01B. For use of this subsection with a good understanding, it is essential to remember, so far as subclasses Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F01B, Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F01C, Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F01D, Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F03B, and Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F04B, Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F04C, Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F04D, which form its skeleton, are concerned: the principle which resides in their elaboration, the classifying characteristics which they call for, and their complementarity. Principle This concerns essentially the subclasses listed above. Other subclasses, notably those of class Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F02, which cover better-defined matter, are not considered here. Each subclass covers fundamentally a genus of apparatus (engine or pump) and by extension covers equally "machines" of the same kind. Two different subjects, one having a more general character than the other, are thus covered by the same subclass. Subclasses Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F01B, Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F03B, Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F04B, beyond the two subjects which they cover, have further a character of generality in relation to other subclasses concerning the different species of apparatus in the genus concerned. This generality applies as well for the two subjects dealt with, without these always being in relation to the same subclasses. Thus, subclass Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F03B, in its part dealing with "machines", should be considered as being the general class relating to subclasses Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F04B, Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F04C, and in its part dealing with "engines" as being general in relation to subclass Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F03C. Characteristics The principal classifying characteristic of the subclass is that of genera of apparatus, of which there are three possible: Machines; engines; pumps. As stated above, "machines" are always associated with one of the other two genera. These main genera are subdivided according to the general principles of operation of the apparatus: Positive displacement; non-positive displacement. The positive displacement apparatus are further subdivided according to the ways of putting into effect the principle of operation, that is, to the kind of apparatus: Simple reciprocating piston; rotary or oscillating piston; other kind. Another classifying characteristic is that of the working fluid, in respect of which three kinds of apparatus are possible, namely: Liquid and elastic fluid; elastic fluid; liquid. Complementarity This resides in association of pairs of the subclasses listed above, according to the characteristics under consideration in respect of kind of apparatus or working fluid. The subclasses concerned with the various principles, characteristics and complementarity are shown in the following table: It is seen from this table that: For the same kind of apparatus in a given genus, the characteristic of "working fluid" associates: Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F01B and Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F04B Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F01C and Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F04C Machines Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F01D and Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F03B Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F01B and Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F03C Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F01C and Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F03C Engines Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F01D and Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F03B For the same kind of working fluid, the "apparatus" characteristic relates subclasses in the same way as considerations of relative generality.

LIGHTING; HEATING

|  | F24 |
HEATING; RANGES; VENTILATING (protecting plants by heating in gardens, orchards, or forests Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...A01G 13/06; baking ovens and apparatus Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...A21B; cooking devices other than ranges Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...A47J; forging Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...B21J, Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...B21K; specially adapted for vehicles, see the relevant subclasses of classes Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...B60-B64; combustion apparatus in general Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F23; drying Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F26B; ovens in general Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F27; electric heating elements or arrangements Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...H05B)

|  | F24 |
Note(s) In this class, the following terms are used with the meanings indicated: "stove" includes apparatus which may have an open fire, e.g. fireplace; "range" means an apparatus for cooking having elements that perform different cooking operations or cooking and heating operations.

|  | F24H |
FLUID HEATERS, e.g. WATER OR AIR HEATERS, HAVING HEAT-GENERATING MEANS, IN GENERAL (tube furnaces for thermal non-catalytic cracking Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...C10G 9/20; devices, e.g. valves, for venting and aerating enclosures Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F16K 24/00; steam traps or like apparatus Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F16T; steam generation Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F22; combustion apparatus Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F23; domestic stoves or ranges Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F24B, Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F24C; domestic- or space-heating systems Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F24D; furnaces, kilns, ovens, retorts Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F27; heat-exchangers Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F28; electric heating elements or arrangements Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...H05B)

|  | F24H |
Note(s) The distinguishing feature of the air heaters covered by this subclass is that the heat is predominantly released to the air by convection, mostly by forced circulation of the air. The domestic stoves or ranges covered by subclass Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F24B, Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F24C may also be fired or electric air heaters but they release their heat to a considerable extent by radiation and only to some extent by natural convention. [3] In this subclass, the following terms or expressions are used with the meanings indicated: "water" includes other liquids and means always the liquid to be heated; [3] "air" includes other gases or gas mixtures and means always the gas to be heated; [3] "furnace tubes" means tubes inside the heater wherein combustion is performed; [3] "fire tubes" means tubes inside the heater through which flue-gases flow from a combustion chamber located outside the tubes; [3] "heater" means apparatus including both heat generating means and means for transferring the generated heat to water or air. [3] All storage heaters are classified in group Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F24H 7/00. [3]

|  | F24H |
Subclass index
WATER HEATERS | 1/00
AIR HEATERS; STORAGE HEATERS | 3/00; 7/00
FLUID HEATERS USING HEAT PUMPS | 4/00
COMBINATIONS OF WATER AND AIR HEATERS | 6/00
FLUID HEATERS FOR EXTRACTING LATENT HEAT FROM FLUE GASES | 8/00
DETAILS | 9/00

|  | F24H 1/00 |
Water heaters having heat generating means, e.g. boiler, flow-heater, water-storage heater (Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F24H 7/00, Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F24H 8/00 take precedence; details Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F24H 9/00; steam boilers Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F22B; domestic stoves or ranges with additional provisions for heating water Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F24B 9/00, Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F24C 13/00) [5]

|  | F24H 1/06 |
· | Portable or mobile, e.g. collapsible

|  | F24H 1/08 |
· | Packaged or self-contained boilers, i.e. water heaters with control devices and pump in a single unit

|  | F24H 1/10 |
· | Continuous-flow heaters, i.e. heaters in which heat is generated only while the water is flowing, e.g. with direct contact of the water with the heating medium (Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F24H 1/50 takes precedence) [5]

|  | F24H 1/12 |
· · | in which the water is kept separate from the heating medium

|  | F24H 1/14 |
· · · | by tubes, e.g. bent in serpentine form

|  | F24H 1/16 |
· · · · | helically or spirally coiled

|  | F24H 1/18 |
· | Water-storage heaters (Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F24H 1/50 takes precedence; combined with water-heating stoves for central heating Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F24H 1/22) [5]

|  | F24H 1/20 |
· · | with immersed heating elements, e.g. electric elements or furnace tubes

|  | F24H 1/22 |
· | Water heaters other than continuous-flow or water-storage heaters, e.g. water heaters for central heating (Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F24H 1/50 takes precedence) [5]

|  | F24H 1/24 |
· · | with water mantle surrounding the combustion chamber or chambers (Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F24H 1/40, Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F24H 1/44 take precedence) [3]

|  | F24H 1/26 |
· · · | the water mantle forming an integral body

|  | F24H 1/28 |
· · · · | including one or more furnace or fire tubes

|  | F24H 1/30 |
· · · | the water mantle being built-up from sections

|  | F24H 1/32 |
· · · · | with vertical sections arranged side by side

|  | F24H 1/34 |
· · | with water chamber arranged adjacent to the combustion chamber or chambers, e.g. above or at side (Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F24H 1/24, Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F24H 1/44 take precedence)

|  | F24H 1/36 |
· · · | the water chamber including one or more fire tubes

|  | F24H 1/38 |
· · | with water contained in separate elements, e.g. radiator-type element (Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F24H 1/40, Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F24H 1/44 take precedence)

|  | F24H 1/40 |
· · | with water tube or tubes (Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F24H 1/44 takes precedence)

|  | F24H 1/41 |
· · · | in serpentine form [3]

|  | F24H 1/43 |
· · · | helically or spirally coiled [3]

|  | F24H 1/44 |
· · | with combinations of two or more of the types covered by groups Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F24H 1/24-F24H 1/40

|  | F24H 1/46 |
· | Water heaters having plural combustion chambers [2,5]

|  | F24H 1/48 |
· | Water heaters for central heating incorporating heaters for domestic water [5]

|  | F24H 1/50 |
· · | incorporating domestic water tanks [5]

|  | F24H 1/52 |
· · | incorporating heat exchangers for domestic water (Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F24H 1/50 takes precedence) [5]

|  | F24H 3/00 |
Air heaters having heat generating means (Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F24H 7/00, Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F24H 8/00 take precedence; details Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F24H 9/00; domestic stoves or ranges with additional provisions for convection heating of air Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F24B, Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F24C) [5]

|  | F24H 3/02 |
· | with forced circulation (Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F24H 3/12 takes precedence)

|  | F24H 3/04 |
· · | the air being in direct contact with the heating medium, e.g. electric heating element

|  | F24H 3/06 |
· · | the air being kept separate from the heating medium, e.g. using forced circulation of air over radiators

|  | F24H 3/08 |
· · · | by tubes

|  | F24H 3/10 |
· · · | by plates

|  | F24H 3/12 |
· | with additional heating arrangements

|  | F24H 4/00 |
Fluid heaters using heat pumps [5]

|  | F24H 4/02 |
· | Liquid heaters [5]

|  | F24H 4/04 |
· · | Storage heaters [5]

|  | F24H 4/06 |
· | Gas heaters [5]

|  | F24H 6/00 |
Combined water and air heaters (Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F24H 8/00 takes precedence) [5]

|  | F24H 7/00 |
Storage heaters, i.e. heaters in which the energy is stored as heat in masses for subsequent release (domestic stoves or ranges with additional heat storage masses Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F24B 1/24, Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F24C 15/34; materials for storage masses, see the relevant subclasses)

|  | F24H 7/02 |
· | the released heat being conveyed to a transfer fluid, e.g. air, water

|  | F24H 7/04 |
· · | with forced circulation of the transfer fluid

|  | F24H 7/06 |
· | the released heat being radiated

|  | F24H 8/00 |
Fluid heaters having heat-generating means specially adapted for extracting latent heat from flue gases by means of condensation [5]

|  | F24H 9/00 |
Details

|  | F24H 9/02 |
· | Casings; Cover lids; Ornamental panels

|  | F24H 9/06 |
· | Arrangement of mountings or supports

|  | F24H 9/12 |
· | Connecting heaters to circulation pipes (pipe joints in general Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F16L)

|  | F24H 9/14 |
· | Connecting different sections, e.g. in water heaters (in radiators Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F28F 9/26)

|  | F24H 9/16 |
· | Arrangements for water drainage (valves for drainage Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F16K, e.g. Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F16K 21/00; in pipes or pipe systems in general Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F16L 55/00; in domestic-or space-heating systems Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F24D 19/08)

|  | F24H 9/18 |
· | Arrangement or mounting of grates, burners, or heating elements (burners Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F23D; grates Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F23H; electric heating elements Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...H05B)

|  | F24H 9/20 |
· | Arrangement or mounting of control or safety devices (control valves Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F16K; safety devices for burners Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F23D; combustion control devices Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F23N; of systems comprising a heater, see the relevant subclasses, e.g. of control heating systems Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F24D 19/10; automatic switching for electric heating apparatus Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...H05B 1/02)