|  | C |
SECTION C — CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY

|  | C |
Note(s) In section C, the definitions of groups of chemical elements are as follows: Alkali metals: Li, Na, K, Rb, Cs, Fr Alkaline earth metals: Ca, Sr, Ba, Ra Lanthanides: elements with atomic numbers 57 to 71 inclusive Rare earths: Sc, Y, Lanthanides Actinides: elements with atomic numbers 89 to 103 inclusive Refractory metals: Ti, V, Cr, Zr, Nb, Mo, Hf, Ta, W Halogens: F, Cl, Br, I, At Noble gases: He, Ne, Ar, Kr, Xe, Rn Platinum group: Os, Ir, Pt, Ru, Rh, Pd Noble metals: Ag, Au, Platinum group Light metals: alkali metals, alkaline earth metals, Be, Al, Mg Heavy metals: metals other than light metals Iron group: Fe, Co, Ni Non-metals: H, B, C, Si, N, P, O, S, Se, Te, noble gases, halogens Metals: elements other than non-metals Transition elements: elements with atomic numbers 21 to 30 inclusive, 39 to 48 inclusive, 57 to 80 inclusive, 89 upwards The following notes are meant to assist in the use of this part of the classification scheme. They must not be read as modifying in any way the elaborations. Section C covers: pure chemistry, which covers inorganic compounds, organic compounds, macromolecular compounds, and their methods of preparation; applied chemistry, which covers compositions containing the above compounds, such as: glass, ceramics, fertilisers, plastics compositions, paints, products of the petroleum industry. It also covers certain compositions on account of their having particular properties rendering them suitable for certain purposes, as in the case of explosives, dyestuffs, adhesives, lubricants, and detergents; certain marginal industries, such as the manufacture of coke and of solid or gaseous fuels, the production and refining of oils, fats and waxes, the fermentation industry (e.g., brewing and wine-making), the sugar industry; certain operations or treatments, which are either purely mechanical, e.g., the mechanical treatment of leather and skins, or partly mechanical, e.g., the treatment of water or the prevention of corrosion in general; metallurgy, ferrous or non-ferrous alloys. In the case of operations, treatments, products or articles having both a chemical and a non-chemical part or aspect, the general rule is that the chemical part or aspect is covered by section C. In some of these cases, the chemical part or aspect brings with it a non-chemical one, even though purely mechanical, because this latter aspect either is essential to the operation or treatment or constitutes an important element thereof. It has seemed, in fact, more logical not to dissociate the different parts or aspects of a coherent whole. This is the case for applied chemistry and for the industries, operations and treatments mentioned in Notes (1)(c), (d) and (e). For example, furnaces peculiar to the manufacture of glass are covered by class Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...C03 and not by class Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F27. There are, however, some exceptions in which the mechanical (or non-chemical) aspect carries with it the chemical aspect, for example: Certain extractive processes, in subclass Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...A61K; The chemical purification of air, in subclass Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...A61L; Chemical methods of fire-fighting, in subclass Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...A62D; Chemical processes and apparatus, in class Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...B01; Impregnation of wood, in subclass Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...B27K; Chemical methods of analysis or testing, in subclass Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...G01N; Photographic materials and processes, in class Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...G03, and, generally, the chemical treatment of textiles and the production of cellulose or paper, in section D. In still other cases, the pure chemical aspect is covered by section C and the applied chemical aspect by another section, such as A, B or F, e.g., the use of a substance or composition for: treatment of plants or animals, covered by subclass Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...A01N; foodstuffs, covered by class Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...A23; ammunition or explosives, covered by class Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F42. When the chemical and mechanical aspects are so closely interlocked that a neat and simple division is not possible, or when certain mechanical processes follow as a natural or logical continuation of a chemical treatment, section C may cover, in addition to the chemical aspect, a part only of the mechanical aspect, e.g., after-treatment of artificial stone, covered by class Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...C04. In this latter case, a note or a reference is usually given to make the position clear, even if sometimes the division is rather arbitrary.

CHEMISTRY

|  | C08 |
ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON (manufacture or treatment of artificial threads, fibres, bristles or ribbons Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...D01)

|  | C08 |
Note(s) Processes using enzymes or micro-organisms in order to: liberate, separate or purify a pre-existing compound or composition, or to treat textiles or clean solid surfaces of materials are further classified in subclass Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...C12S. [5]

|  | C08C |
TREATMENT OR CHEMICAL MODIFICATION OF RUBBERS

|  | C08C |
Note(s) This subclass covers: processes directed to natural rubber or to conjugated diene rubbers (synthesis thereof Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...C08F); [2] processes directed to rubbers in general (to a specific rubber, other than provided for above, Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...C08F-C08H). [2]

|  | C08C 1/00 - C08C 19/00 |
Preparation

|  | C08C 1/00 |
Treatment of rubber latex

|  | C08C 1/02 |
· | Chemical or physical treatment of rubber latex before or during concentration

|  | C08C 1/04 |
· · | Purifying; Deproteinising

|  | C08C 1/06 |
· · | Preservation of rubber latex (preserving ingredients Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...C08K)

|  | C08C 1/065 |
· · | Increasing the size of dispersed rubber particles [2]

|  | C08C 1/07 |
· · · | characterised by the agglomerating agents used [2]

|  | C08C 1/075 |
· · | Concentrating [2]

|  | C08C 1/08 |
· · · | with the aid of creaming agents [2]

|  | C08C 1/10 |
· · · | by centrifugation [2]

|  | C08C 1/12 |
· · · | by evaporation [2]

|  | C08C 1/14 |
· | Coagulation

|  | C08C 1/15 |
· · | characterised by the coagulants used [2]

|  | C08C 1/16 |
· · | in floc form

|  | C08C 2/00 |
Treatment of rubber solutions [2]

|  | C08C 2/02 |
· | Purification [2]

|  | C08C 2/04 |
· · | Removal of catalyst residues [2]

|  | C08C 2/06 |
· | Winning of rubber from solutions [2]

|  | C08C 3/00 |
Treatment of coagulated rubber

|  | C08C 3/02 |
· | Purification [2]

|  | C08C 4/00 |
Treatment of rubber before vulcanisation, not provided for in groups Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...C08C 1/00-C08C 3/02 [2]

|  | C08C 19/00 |
Chemical modification of rubber (crosslinking agents, other than provided for by group Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...C08C 19/30, Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...C08K) [2]

|  | C08C 19/00 |
Note(s) In this group, in the absence of an indication to the contrary, a process is classified in the last appropriate place. [2]

|  | C08C 19/02 |
· | Hydrogenation [2]

|  | C08C 19/04 |
· | Oxidation [2]

|  | C08C 19/06 |
· · | Epoxidation [2]

|  | C08C 19/08 |
· | Depolymerisation [2]

|  | C08C 19/10 |
· | Isomerisation; Cyclisation [2]

|  | C08C 19/12 |
· | Incorporating halogen atoms into the molecule [2]

|  | C08C 19/14 |
· · | by reaction with halogens [2]

|  | C08C 19/16 |
· · | by reaction with hydrogen halides [2]

|  | C08C 19/18 |
· · | by reaction with hydrocarbons substituted by halogen [2]

|  | C08C 19/20 |
· | Incorporating sulfur atoms into the molecule [2]

|  | C08C 19/22 |
· | Incorporating nitrogen atoms into the molecule [2]

|  | C08C 19/24 |
· | Incorporating phosphorus atoms into the molecule [2]

|  | C08C 19/25 |
· | Incorporating silicon atoms into the molecule [5]

|  | C08C 19/26 |
· | Incorporating metal atoms into the molecule [2]

|  | C08C 19/28 |
· | Reaction with compounds containing carbon-to-carbon unsaturated bonds (graft polymers Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...C08F) [2]

|  | C08C 19/30 |
· | Addition of a reagent which reacts with a hetero atom or a group containing hetero atoms of the macromolecule [2]

|  | C08C 19/32 |
· · | reacting with halogens or halogen-containing groups [2]

|  | C08C 19/34 |
· · | reacting with oxygen or oxygen-containing groups [2]

|  | C08C 19/36 |
· · · | with carboxy radicals [2]

|  | C08C 19/38 |
· · · | with hydroxy radicals [2]

|  | C08C 19/40 |
· · · | with epoxy radicals [2]

|  | C08C 19/42 |
· · | reacting with metals or metal-containing groups [2]

|  | C08C 19/44 |
· · · | of polymers containing metal atoms exclusively at one or both ends of the skeleton [2]