F
SECTION F — MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
 F01 - 
F42

Note(s)

Guide to the use of this subsection (classes F01-F04)

The following notes are meant to assist in the use of this part of the classification scheme.

  1. In this subsection, subclasses or groups designating "engines" or "pumps" cover methods of operating the same, unless otherwise specifically provided for.
  2. In this subsection, the following terms or expressions are used with the meanings indicated:
    • "engine" means a device for continuously converting fluid energy into mechanical power. Thus, this term includes, for example, steam piston engines or steam turbines, per se, or internal-combustion piston engines, but it excludes single-stroke devices. "Engine" also includes the fluid-motive portion of a meter unless such portion is particularly adapted for use in a meter;
    • "pump" means a device for continuously raising, forcing, compressing, or exhausting fluid by mechanical or other means. Thus, this term includes fans or blowers;
    • "machine" means a device which could equally be an engine and a pump, and not a device which is restricted to an engine or one which is restricted to a pump;
    • "positive displacement" means the way the energy of a working fluid is transformed into mechanical energy, in which variations of volume created by the working fluid in a working chamber produce equivalent displacements of the mechanical member transmitting the energy, the dynamic effect of the fluid being of minor importance, and vice versa;
    • "non-positive displacement" means the way the energy of a working fluid is transformed into mechanical energy, by transformation of the energy of the working fluid into kinetic energy, and vice versa;
    • "oscillating-piston machine" means a positive-displacement machine in which a fluid-engaging work-transmitting member oscillates. This definition applies also to engines and pumps;
    • "rotary-piston machine" means a positive-displacement machine in which a fluid-engaging work-transmitting member rotates about a fixed axis or about an axis moving along a circular or similar orbit. This definition applies also to engines and pumps;
    • "rotary piston" means the work-transmitting member of a rotary-piston machine and may be of any suitable form, e.g., like a toothed gear;
    • "cooperating members" means the "oscillating piston" or "rotary piston" and another member, e.g., the working-chamber wall, which assists in the driving or pumping action;
    • "movement of the co-operating members" is to be interpreted as relative, so that one of the "co-operating members" may be stationary, even though reference may be made to its rotational axis, or both may move;
    • "teeth or tooth equivalents" include lobes, projections or abutments;
    • "internal-axis type" means that the rotational axes of the inner and outer co-operating members remain at all times within the outer member, e.g., in a similar manner to that of a pinion meshing with the internal teeth of a ring gear;
    • "free piston" means a piston of which the length of stroke is not defined by any member driven thereby;
    • "cylinders" means positive-displacement working chambers in general. Thus, this term is not restricted to cylinders of circular cross-section;
    • "main shaft" means the shaft which converts reciprocating piston motion into rotary motion or vice versa;
    • "plant" means an engine together with such additional apparatus as is necessary to run the engine. For example, a steam engine plant includes a steam engine and means for generating the steam;
    • "working fluid" means the driven fluid in a pump and the driving fluid in an engine. The working fluid may be in a gaseous state, i.e., compressible, or liquid. In the former case coexistence of two states is possible;
    • "steam" includes condensable vapours in general, and "special vapour" is used when steam is excluded;
    • "reaction type" as applied to non-positive-displacement machines or engines means machines or engines in which pressure/velocity transformation takes place wholly or partly in the rotor. Mmachines or engines with no, or only slight, pressure/velocity transformation in the rotor are called "impulse type".
  3. In this subsection:
  4. For use of this subsection with a good understanding, it is essential to remember, so far as subclasses F01B, F01C, F01D, F03B, and F04B, F04C, F04D, which form its skeleton, are concerned:
    • the principle which resides in their elaboration,
    • the classifying characteristics which they call for, and
    • their complementarity.
      1. Principle

        This concerns essentially the subclasses listed above. Other subclasses, notably those of class F02, which cover better-defined matter, are not considered here.

        Each subclass covers fundamentally a genus of apparatus (engine or pump) and by extension covers equally "machines" of the same kind. Two different subjects, one having a more general character than the other, are thus covered by the same subclass.

        Subclasses F01B, F03B, F04B, beyond the two subjects which they cover, have further a character of generality in relation to other subclasses concerning the different species of apparatus in the genus concerned.

        This generality applies as well for the two subjects dealt with, without these always being in relation to the same subclasses.

        Thus, subclass F03B, in its part dealing with "machines", should be considered as being the general class relating to subclasses F04B, F04C, and in its part dealing with "engines" as being general in relation to subclass F03C.

      2. Characteristics

        The principal classifying characteristic of the subclass is that of genera of apparatus, of which there are three possible:

        Machines; engines; pumps.

        As stated above, "machines" are always associated with one of the other two genera. These main genera are subdivided according to the general principles of operation of the apparatus:

        Positive displacement; non-positive displacement.

        The positive displacement apparatus are further subdivided according to the ways of putting into effect the principle of operation, that is, to the kind of apparatus:

        Simple reciprocating piston; rotary or oscillating piston; other kind.

        Another classifying characteristic is that of the working fluid, in respect of which three kinds of apparatus are possible, namely:

        Liquid and elastic fluid; elastic fluid; liquid.

      3. Complementarity

        This resides in association of pairs of the subclasses listed above, according to the characteristics under consideration in respect of kind of apparatus or working fluid.

        The subclasses concerned with the various principles, characteristics and complementarity are shown in the following table:

It is seen from this table that:

  
LIGHTING; HEATING
 F23
COMBUSTION APPARATUS; COMBUSTION PROCESSES
 F23

Note(s)

In this class, the following terms or expressions are used with the meanings indicated:

  • "combustion" means the direct combination of oxygen gas, e.g. in air, and a burnable substance. Any other heat-producing combination of chemical substances, e.g. hydrogen peroxide and methane, iron oxide and aluminium, is covered by section C or by subclass F24J;
  • "combustion chamber" means a chamber in which fuel is burned to establish a self-supporting fire or flame and which surrounds that fire or flame;
  • "burner" means a device by which fluent fuel is passed to a combustion space where it burns to produce a self-supporting flame;
  • "air" means a mixture of gases containing free oxygen and able to promote or support combustion.

 F23H
GRATES; CLEANING OR RAKING GRATES
 F23H
Subclass index
GRATES
With solid bars; with hollow bars 1/00; 3/00
Double; inclined; revolving or rocking; travelling 5/00; 7/00; 9/00; 11/00
Other types 13/00
Details 17/00
CLEANING ARRANGEMENTS FOR GRATES, MOVING FUEL ALONG GRATE 15/00
 F23H 1/00
Grates with solid bars
 F23H 1/02
·  having provision for air supply or air preheating, e.g. air-supply or blast fittings which form part of the grate structure or serve as supports
 F23H 1/04
·  having a variable burning surface
 F23H 1/06
·  having bars at different levels (double grates F23H 5/00)
 F23H 1/08
·  Vertical grates
 F23H 3/00
Grates with hollow bars
 F23H 3/02
·  internally cooled
 F23H 3/04
·  externally cooled, e.g. with water, steam, or air
 F23H 5/00
Double grates
 F23H 7/00
Inclined grates (inclined travelling grates F23H 11/12)
 F23H 7/02
·  with fixed bars
 F23H 7/04
·  ·  in parallel disposition
 F23H 7/06
·  with movable bars disposed parallel to direction of fuel feeding
 F23H 7/08
·  ·  reciprocating along their axes
 F23H 7/10
·  ·  rocking about their axes
 F23H 7/12
·  with movable bars disposed transversely to direction of fuel feeding
 F23H 7/14
·  ·  reciprocating along their axes
 F23H 7/16
·  ·  rocking about their axes
 F23H 7/18
·  ·  reciprocating in an upward direction
 F23H 9/00
Revolving grates; Rocking grates (F23H 7/00 takes precedence)
 F23H 9/02
·  Revolving cylindrical grates
 F23H 9/04
·  Grates rocked as a whole
 F23H 9/06
·  the bars being rocked about axes transverse to their lengths
 F23H 9/08
·  the bars being rocked about their longitudinal axes
 F23H 9/10
·  ·  and modified to move fuel along the grate
 F23H 9/12
·  the bars being vertically movable in a plane
 F23H 11/00
Travelling grates
 F23H 11/02
·  with the bars disposed on transverse bearers
 F23H 11/04
·  with the bars pivoted at one side
 F23H 11/06
·  with the bars movable relatively to one another
 F23H 11/08
·  with several individually-movable grate surfaces
 F23H 11/10
·  with special provision for supply of air from below and for regulating air supply
 F23H 11/12
·  inclined travelling grates; Stepped travelling grates
 F23H 11/14
·  serving as auxiliary grates
 F23H 11/16
·  for multi-layer stoking
 F23H 11/18
·  Details
 F23H 11/20
·  ·  Driving means
 F23H 11/22
·  ·  Moving fuel along grate; Cleaning of grate
 F23H 11/24
·  ·  Removal of ashes; Removal of clinker
 F23H 11/26
·  ·  ·  by dumping
 F23H 11/28
·  ·  Replaceable burning-surface
 F23H 13/00
Grates not covered by any preceding group
 F23H 13/02
·  Basket grates, e.g. with shaking arrangement
 F23H 13/04
·  Telescoping grates
 F23H 13/06
·  Dumping-grates
 F23H 13/08
·  Grates specially adapted for gas generators and also applicable to furnaces
 F23H 15/00
Cleaning arrangements for grates (not forming part of the grate F23J 1/00); Moving fuel along grate (rocking grates modified for moving fuel F23H 9/10; for travelling grates F23H 11/22)
 F23H 17/00
Details of grates
 F23H 17/02
·  End fittings on bars
 F23H 17/04
·  ·  of travelling grates
 F23H 17/06
·  Provision for vertical adjustment of grate
 F23H 17/08
·  Bearers; Frames; Spacers; Supports
 F23H 17/10
·  ·  Dead plates; Imperforate fuel supports
 F23H 17/12
·  Fire-bars