F
SECTION F — MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
 F01 - 
F42

Note(s)

Guide to the use of this subsection (classes F01-F04)

The following notes are meant to assist in the use of this part of the classification scheme.

  1. In this subsection, subclasses or groups designating "engines" or "pumps" cover methods of operating the same, unless otherwise specifically provided for.
  2. In this subsection, the following terms or expressions are used with the meanings indicated:
    • "engine" means a device for continuously converting fluid energy into mechanical power. Thus, this term includes, for example, steam piston engines or steam turbines, per se, or internal-combustion piston engines, but it excludes single-stroke devices. "Engine" also includes the fluid-motive portion of a meter unless such portion is particularly adapted for use in a meter;
    • "pump" means a device for continuously raising, forcing, compressing, or exhausting fluid by mechanical or other means. Thus, this term includes fans or blowers;
    • "machine" means a device which could equally be an engine and a pump, and not a device which is restricted to an engine or one which is restricted to a pump;
    • "positive displacement" means the way the energy of a working fluid is transformed into mechanical energy, in which variations of volume created by the working fluid in a working chamber produce equivalent displacements of the mechanical member transmitting the energy, the dynamic effect of the fluid being of minor importance, and vice versa;
    • "non-positive displacement" means the way the energy of a working fluid is transformed into mechanical energy, by transformation of the energy of the working fluid into kinetic energy, and vice versa;
    • "oscillating-piston machine" means a positive-displacement machine in which a fluid-engaging work-transmitting member oscillates. This definition applies also to engines and pumps;
    • "rotary-piston machine" means a positive-displacement machine in which a fluid-engaging work-transmitting member rotates about a fixed axis or about an axis moving along a circular or similar orbit. This definition applies also to engines and pumps;
    • "rotary piston" means the work-transmitting member of a rotary-piston machine and may be of any suitable form, e.g., like a toothed gear;
    • "cooperating members" means the "oscillating piston" or "rotary piston" and another member, e.g., the working-chamber wall, which assists in the driving or pumping action;
    • "movement of the co-operating members" is to be interpreted as relative, so that one of the "co-operating members" may be stationary, even though reference may be made to its rotational axis, or both may move;
    • "teeth or tooth equivalents" include lobes, projections or abutments;
    • "internal-axis type" means that the rotational axes of the inner and outer co-operating members remain at all times within the outer member, e.g., in a similar manner to that of a pinion meshing with the internal teeth of a ring gear;
    • "free piston" means a piston of which the length of stroke is not defined by any member driven thereby;
    • "cylinders" means positive-displacement working chambers in general. Thus, this term is not restricted to cylinders of circular cross-section;
    • "main shaft" means the shaft which converts reciprocating piston motion into rotary motion or vice versa;
    • "plant" means an engine together with such additional apparatus as is necessary to run the engine. For example, a steam engine plant includes a steam engine and means for generating the steam;
    • "working fluid" means the driven fluid in a pump and the driving fluid in an engine. The working fluid may be in a gaseous state, i.e., compressible, or liquid. In the former case coexistence of two states is possible;
    • "steam" includes condensable vapours in general, and "special vapour" is used when steam is excluded;
    • "reaction type" as applied to non-positive-displacement machines or engines means machines or engines in which pressure/velocity transformation takes place wholly or partly in the rotor. Mmachines or engines with no, or only slight, pressure/velocity transformation in the rotor are called "impulse type".
  3. In this subsection:
  4. For use of this subsection with a good understanding, it is essential to remember, so far as subclasses F01B, F01C, F01D, F03B, and F04B, F04C, F04D, which form its skeleton, are concerned:
    • the principle which resides in their elaboration,
    • the classifying characteristics which they call for, and
    • their complementarity.
      1. Principle

        This concerns essentially the subclasses listed above. Other subclasses, notably those of class F02, which cover better-defined matter, are not considered here.

        Each subclass covers fundamentally a genus of apparatus (engine or pump) and by extension covers equally "machines" of the same kind. Two different subjects, one having a more general character than the other, are thus covered by the same subclass.

        Subclasses F01B, F03B, F04B, beyond the two subjects which they cover, have further a character of generality in relation to other subclasses concerning the different species of apparatus in the genus concerned.

        This generality applies as well for the two subjects dealt with, without these always being in relation to the same subclasses.

        Thus, subclass F03B, in its part dealing with "machines", should be considered as being the general class relating to subclasses F04B, F04C, and in its part dealing with "engines" as being general in relation to subclass F03C.

      2. Characteristics

        The principal classifying characteristic of the subclass is that of genera of apparatus, of which there are three possible:

        Machines; engines; pumps.

        As stated above, "machines" are always associated with one of the other two genera. These main genera are subdivided according to the general principles of operation of the apparatus:

        Positive displacement; non-positive displacement.

        The positive displacement apparatus are further subdivided according to the ways of putting into effect the principle of operation, that is, to the kind of apparatus:

        Simple reciprocating piston; rotary or oscillating piston; other kind.

        Another classifying characteristic is that of the working fluid, in respect of which three kinds of apparatus are possible, namely:

        Liquid and elastic fluid; elastic fluid; liquid.

      3. Complementarity

        This resides in association of pairs of the subclasses listed above, according to the characteristics under consideration in respect of kind of apparatus or working fluid.

        The subclasses concerned with the various principles, characteristics and complementarity are shown in the following table:

It is seen from this table that:

  
WEAPONS; BLASTING
 F42
AMMUNITION; BLASTING
 F42

Note(s)

  1. This class covers also means for practice or training which may have aspects of simulation, although simulators are generally covered by class G09.
  2. In this class, the following terms or expressions are used with the meanings indicated:
    • "primer" effects the first explosive step in the sequence of explosion; [2]
    • "percussion cap" means a primer which is struck to explode; [2]
    • "igniter" effects the first spark-producing or heat-producing step but may not be explosive; [2]
    • "firing-means" or "initiator" (used respectively in the arts of weaponry and blasting) means a device acting directly on the primer, which device may or may not form part of the fuze; [2]
    • "detonator" or "detonator charge" means a charge used to amplify the explosion of the primer; [2]
    • "fuze" means an assembly or mechanism which incorporates safety and arming means in order that the explosion can only take place under certain conditions; this assembly or mechanism determines also the moment (instantaneous or delayed) or the manner, e.g. impact, proximity, hydrostatic pressure, of the firing; [2]
    • "ammunition" covers propulsive charge and projectile whether or not forming a single body, unless otherwise made clear; [2]
    • "projectile", "missile" or "projectile or missile" means any body which is projected or propelled; [4]
    • "guided missile" means projectile or missile which is guided during at least part of its trajectory; [4]
    • "rocket" means projectile or missile which is self-propelled, during at least part of its trajectory, by a rocket engine, i.e. by a jet-propulsion engine carrying both fuel and oxidant therefor; [4]
    • "fuse" or "fuse cord" means a continuous train of explosive enclosed in a usually flexible cord or cable for setting-off an explosive charge in the art of blasting. [5]
 F42D
BLASTING (fuses, e.g. fuse cords, C06C 5/00; blasting cartridges F42B 3/00)
 F42D 1/00
Blasting methods or apparatus, e.g. for loading or tamping
 F42D 1/02
·  Arranging blasting cartridges to form an assembly (adaptation of blasting cartridges therefor F42B 3/02)
 F42D 1/04
·  Arrangements for ignition
 F42D 1/045
·  ·  Arrangements for electric ignition (dynamo-electric generators H02K)  [5]
 F42D 1/05
·  ·  ·  Electric circuits for blasting  [5]
 F42D 1/055
·  ·  ·  ·  specially adapted for firing multiple charges with a time delay  [5]
 F42D 1/06
·  ·  Relative timing of multiple charges (F42D 1/055 takes precedence)
 F42D 1/08
·  Tamping methods; Methods for loading boreholes with explosives; Apparatus therefor  [5]
 F42D 1/10
·  ·  Feeding explosives in granular or slurry form; Feeding explosives by pneumatic or hydraulic pressure  [5]
 F42D 1/12
·  ·  Feeding tamping material by pneumatic or hydraulic pressure  [5]
 F42D 1/14
·  ·  Hand-operated tamping or loading  [5]
 F42D 1/16
·  ·  ·  Tamping tools  [5]
 F42D 1/18
·  ·  Plugs for boreholes  [5]
 F42D 1/20
·  ·  Tamping cartridges, i.e. cartridges containing tamping material (flexible or deformable blasting cartridges F42B 3/087)  [5]
 F42D 1/22
·  ·  Means for holding or positioning blasting cartridges or tamping cartridges in boreholes  [5]
 F42D 1/24
·  ·  characterised by the tamping material  [5]
 F42D 1/26
·  ·  ·  Tamping with foaming agents  [5]
 F42D 1/28
·  ·  ·  Tamping with gelling agents  [5]
 F42D 3/00
Particular applications of blasting techniques
 F42D 3/02
·  for demolition of tall structures, e.g. chimney stacks
 F42D 3/04
·  for rock blasting
 F42D 3/06
·  for seismic purposes
 F42D 5/00
Safety arrangements
 F42D 5/02
·  Locating undetonated charges
 F42D 5/04
·  Rendering explosive charges harmless, e.g. destroying ammunition (extracting primers, dismantling ammunition F42B 33/04, F42B 33/06); Rendering detonation of explosive charges harmless  [5]
 F42D 5/045
·  ·  Detonation-wave absorbing or damping means  [5]
 F42D 5/05
·  ·  ·  Blasting mats  [5]
 F42D 5/055
·  ·  Silencing means for blasting operations (F42D 5/045 takes precedence)  [5]
 F42D 5/06
·  Unloading boreholes
 F42D 7/00
Other blasting