|  | F |
SECTION F — MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING

|  | F01 - F42 |
Note(s) Guide to the use of this subsection (classes Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F01-F04) The following notes are meant to assist in the use of this part of the classification scheme. In this subsection, subclasses or groups designating "engines" or "pumps" cover methods of operating the same, unless otherwise specifically provided for. In this subsection, the following terms or expressions are used with the meanings indicated: "engine" means a device for continuously converting fluid energy into mechanical power. Thus, this term includes, for example, steam piston engines or steam turbines, per se, or internal-combustion piston engines, but it excludes single-stroke devices. "Engine" also includes the fluid-motive portion of a meter unless such portion is particularly adapted for use in a meter; "pump" means a device for continuously raising, forcing, compressing, or exhausting fluid by mechanical or other means. Thus, this term includes fans or blowers; "machine" means a device which could equally be an engine and a pump, and not a device which is restricted to an engine or one which is restricted to a pump; "positive displacement" means the way the energy of a working fluid is transformed into mechanical energy, in which variations of volume created by the working fluid in a working chamber produce equivalent displacements of the mechanical member transmitting the energy, the dynamic effect of the fluid being of minor importance, and vice versa; "non-positive displacement" means the way the energy of a working fluid is transformed into mechanical energy, by transformation of the energy of the working fluid into kinetic energy, and vice versa; "oscillating-piston machine" means a positive-displacement machine in which a fluid-engaging work-transmitting member oscillates. This definition applies also to engines and pumps; "rotary-piston machine" means a positive-displacement machine in which a fluid-engaging work-transmitting member rotates about a fixed axis or about an axis moving along a circular or similar orbit. This definition applies also to engines and pumps; "rotary piston" means the work-transmitting member of a rotary-piston machine and may be of any suitable form, e.g., like a toothed gear; "cooperating members" means the "oscillating piston" or "rotary piston" and another member, e.g., the working-chamber wall, which assists in the driving or pumping action; "movement of the co-operating members" is to be interpreted as relative, so that one of the "co-operating members" may be stationary, even though reference may be made to its rotational axis, or both may move; "teeth or tooth equivalents" include lobes, projections or abutments; "internal-axis type" means that the rotational axes of the inner and outer co-operating members remain at all times within the outer member, e.g., in a similar manner to that of a pinion meshing with the internal teeth of a ring gear; "free piston" means a piston of which the length of stroke is not defined by any member driven thereby; "cylinders" means positive-displacement working chambers in general. Thus, this term is not restricted to cylinders of circular cross-section; "main shaft" means the shaft which converts reciprocating piston motion into rotary motion or vice versa; "plant" means an engine together with such additional apparatus as is necessary to run the engine. For example, a steam engine plant includes a steam engine and means for generating the steam; "working fluid" means the driven fluid in a pump and the driving fluid in an engine. The working fluid may be in a gaseous state, i.e., compressible, or liquid. In the former case coexistence of two states is possible; "steam" includes condensable vapours in general, and "special vapour" is used when steam is excluded; "reaction type" as applied to non-positive-displacement machines or engines means machines or engines in which pressure/velocity transformation takes place wholly or partly in the rotor. Mmachines or engines with no, or only slight, pressure/velocity transformation in the rotor are called "impulse type". In this subsection: cyclically operating valves, lubricating, gas-flow silencers or exhaust apparatus, or cooling are classified in subclasses Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F01L, Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F01M, Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F01N, Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F01P irrespective of their stated application, unless their classifying features are peculiar to their application, in which case they are classified only in the relevant subclass of classes Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F01-F04; lubricating, gas-flow silencers or exhaust apparatus, or cooling of machines or engines are classified in subclasses Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F01M, Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F01N, Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F01P except for those peculiar to steam engines which are classified in subclass Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F01B. For use of this subsection with a good understanding, it is essential to remember, so far as subclasses Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F01B, Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F01C, Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F01D, Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F03B, and Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F04B, Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F04C, Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F04D, which form its skeleton, are concerned: the principle which resides in their elaboration, the classifying characteristics which they call for, and their complementarity. Principle This concerns essentially the subclasses listed above. Other subclasses, notably those of class Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F02, which cover better-defined matter, are not considered here. Each subclass covers fundamentally a genus of apparatus (engine or pump) and by extension covers equally "machines" of the same kind. Two different subjects, one having a more general character than the other, are thus covered by the same subclass. Subclasses Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F01B, Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F03B, Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F04B, beyond the two subjects which they cover, have further a character of generality in relation to other subclasses concerning the different species of apparatus in the genus concerned. This generality applies as well for the two subjects dealt with, without these always being in relation to the same subclasses. Thus, subclass Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F03B, in its part dealing with "machines", should be considered as being the general class relating to subclasses Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F04B, Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F04C, and in its part dealing with "engines" as being general in relation to subclass Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F03C. Characteristics The principal classifying characteristic of the subclass is that of genera of apparatus, of which there are three possible: Machines; engines; pumps. As stated above, "machines" are always associated with one of the other two genera. These main genera are subdivided according to the general principles of operation of the apparatus: Positive displacement; non-positive displacement. The positive displacement apparatus are further subdivided according to the ways of putting into effect the principle of operation, that is, to the kind of apparatus: Simple reciprocating piston; rotary or oscillating piston; other kind. Another classifying characteristic is that of the working fluid, in respect of which three kinds of apparatus are possible, namely: Liquid and elastic fluid; elastic fluid; liquid. Complementarity This resides in association of pairs of the subclasses listed above, according to the characteristics under consideration in respect of kind of apparatus or working fluid. The subclasses concerned with the various principles, characteristics and complementarity are shown in the following table: It is seen from this table that: For the same kind of apparatus in a given genus, the characteristic of "working fluid" associates: Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F01B and Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F04B Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F01C and Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F04C Machines Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F01D and Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F03B Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F01B and Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F03C Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F01C and Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F03C Engines Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F01D and Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F03B For the same kind of working fluid, the "apparatus" characteristic relates subclasses in the same way as considerations of relative generality.

LIGHTING; HEATING

|  | F25 |
REFRIGERATION OR COOLING; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS; MANUFACTURE OR STORAGE OF ICE; LIQUEFACTION OR SOLIDIFICATION OF GASES

|  | F25B |
REFRIGERATION MACHINES, PLANTS, OR SYSTEMS; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS (pumps, compressors Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F04; use of heat pumps for domestic or space-heating or for domestic hot-water supply Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F24D; air-conditioning, air-humidification Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F24F; fluid heaters using heat pumps Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F24H)

|  | F25B |
Note(s) Attention is drawn to Note (2) following the title of subclass Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F24F. [5] When classifying heat pump circuits or systems, groups Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F25B 1/00-F25B 25/00 and Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F25B 29/00 take precedence over group Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F25B 30/00. [5]

|  | F25B |
Subclass index
MODE OF OPERATION |
Compression type |
characterised by the cycle | 1/00, 13/00
characterised by the arrangement |
self-contained rotary; with several evaporation circuits; with several condenser circuits; with cascade operation | 3/00; 5/00; 6/00; 7/00
characterised by the refrigerant | 9/00
using turbines | 11/00
Sorption type | 15/00, 17/00
Other types having a single mode of operation, using: evaporation without recovery; electric or magnetic effects; other effect | 19/00; 21/00; 23/00
Combinations: of above modes of operation; of heating and refrigerating | 25/00; 29/00
Heat pumps | 30/00
Using special energy source | 27/00
DETAILS, ARRANGEMENTS, OR COMPONENTS |
Components: boilers, analysers, rectifiers; boiler-absorbers; absorbers, adsorbers; evaporators, condensers; subcoolers, desuper- heaters, superheaters | 33/00; 35/00; 37/00; 39/00; 40/00
Arrangements |
compressor arrangement; fluid circulation; separating or purifying gases | 31/00; 41/00; 43/00
for charging or discharging refrigerant; for combating corrosion or deposits | 45/00; 47/00
Mounting of control and safety devices | 49/00

|  | F25B 1/00 - F25B 13/00 |
Compression machines, plant, or systems

|  | F25B 1/00 |
Compression machines, plant or systems with non-reversible cycle (Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F25B 3/00, Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F25B 5/00, Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F25B 6/00, Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F25B 7/00, Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F25B 9/00 take precedence) [5]

|  | F25B 1/02 |
· | with compressor of reciprocating-piston type (Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F25B 1/10 takes precedence)

|  | F25B 1/04 |
· | with compressor of rotary type (Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F25B 1/10 takes precedence)

|  | F25B 1/047 |
· · | of screw type [5]

|  | F25B 1/053 |
· · | of turbine type [5]

|  | F25B 1/06 |
· | with compressor of jet type, e.g. using liquid under pressure (Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F25B 1/10 takes precedence)

|  | F25B 1/08 |
· · | using vapour under pressure

|  | F25B 1/10 |
· | with multi-stage compression (with cascade operation Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F25B 7/00)

|  | F25B 3/00 |
Self-contained rotary compression machines, i.e. with compressor, condenser, and evaporator rotating as a single unit

|  | F25B 5/00 |
Compression machines, plant, or systems, with several evaporator circuits, e.g. for varying refrigerating capacity (with cascade operation Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F25B 7/00)

|  | F25B 5/02 |
· | arranged in parallel [5]

|  | F25B 5/04 |
· | arranged in series [5]

|  | F25B 6/00 |
Compression machines, plant, or systems, with several condenser circuits [5]

|  | F25B 6/02 |
· | arranged in parallel [5]

|  | F25B 6/04 |
· | arranged in series [5]

|  | F25B 7/00 |
Compression machines, plant, or systems, with cascade operation, i.e. with two or more circuits, the heat from the condenser of one circuit being absorbed by the evaporator of the next circuit (Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F25B 9/00 takes precedence)

|  | F25B 9/00 |
Compression machines, plant, or systems, in which the refrigerant is air or other gas of low boiling point

|  | F25B 9/02 |
· | using Joule-Thompson effect; using vortex effect

|  | F25B 9/04 |
· · | using vortex effect [5]

|  | F25B 9/06 |
· | using expanders (Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F25B 9/10 takes precedence) [5]

|  | F25B 9/08 |
· | using ejectors (Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F25B 9/10 takes precedence) [5]

|  | F25B 9/10 |
· | with several cooling stages [5]

|  | F25B 9/12 |
· | using 3He-4He dilution [5]

|  | F25B 9/14 |
· | characterised by the cycle used, e.g. Stirling cycle [5]

|  | F25B 11/00 |
Compression machines, plant, or systems, using turbines, e.g. gas turbines

|  | F25B 11/02 |
· | as expanders (Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F25B 9/06 takes precedence) [5]

|  | F25B 11/04 |
· · | centrifugal type [5]

|  | F25B 13/00 |
Compression machines, plant, or systems, with reversible cycle (defrosting cycles Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F25B 47/02)

|  | F25B 15/00 - F25B 17/00 |
Sorption machines, plant, or systems

|  | F25B 15/00 |
Sorption machines, plant, or systems, operating continuously, e.g. absorption type

|  | F25B 15/02 |
· | without inert gas (Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F25B 15/12, Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F25B 15/14, Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F25B 15/16 take precedence)

|  | F25B 15/04 |
· · | the refrigerant being ammonia evaporated from aqueous solution

|  | F25B 15/06 |
· · | the refrigerant being water vapour evaporated from a salt solution, e.g. lithium bromide

|  | F25B 15/08 |
· · | the refrigerant being sulfuric acid

|  | F25B 15/09 |
· · | the refrigerant being hydrogen desorbed from a hydride [5]

|  | F25B 15/10 |
· | with inert gas (Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F25B 15/12, Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F25B 15/14, Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F25B 15/16 take precedence)

|  | F25B 15/12 |
· | with resorber (Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F25B 15/14 takes precedence)

|  | F25B 15/14 |
· | using osmosis

|  | F25B 15/16 |
· | using desorption cycle

|  | F25B 17/00 |
Sorption machines, plant, or systems, operating intermittently, e.g. absorption or adsorption type

|  | F25B 17/02 |
· | the absorbent or adsorbent being a liquid, e.g. brine (Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F25B 17/10 takes precedence)

|  | F25B 17/04 |
· · | with two or more boilers operating alternately

|  | F25B 17/06 |
· · | with the boiler and evaporator built-up as a unit in a tiltable or revolving arrangement

|  | F25B 17/08 |
· | the absorbent or adsorbent being a solid, e.g. salt (Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F25B 17/12 takes precedence) [5]

|  | F25B 17/10 |
· | using the endothermic solution of salt

|  | F25B 17/12 |
· | using desorption of hydrogen from a hydride [5]

|  | F25B 19/00 - F25B 23/00 |
Machines, plant, or systems, with a single mode of operation, not covered by groups Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F25B 1/00-F25B 17/00

|  | F25B 19/00 |
Machines, plant, or systems, using evaporation of a refrigerant but without recovery of the vapour

|  | F25B 19/02 |
· | using fluid jet, e.g. of steam

|  | F25B 19/04 |
· · | using liquid jet, e.g. of water

|  | F25B 21/00 |
Machines, plant, or systems, using electric or magnetic effects

|  | F25B 21/02 |
· | using Peltier effect; using Nernst-Ettinghausen effect (thermoelectric elements Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...H01L 35/00, Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...H01L 37/00)

|  | F25B 21/04 |
· · | reversible [5]

|  | F25B 23/00 |
Machines, plant, or systems, with a single mode of operation not covered by groups Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F25B 1/00-F25B 21/00, e.g. using selective radiation effect

|  | F25B 25/00 |
Machines, plant, or systems, using a combination of modes of operation covered by two or more of the groups Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F25B 1/00-F25B 23/00 (combinations of two or more modes of operation covered by a single main group, see the relevant group)

|  | F25B 25/02 |
· | Compression-sorption machines, plants, or systems

|  | F25B 27/00 |
Machines, plant, or systems, using particular sources of energy (Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F25B 30/06 takes precedence)

|  | F25B 27/02 |
· | using waste heat, e.g. from internal-combustion engines

|  | F25B 29/00 |
Combined heating and refrigeration systems, e.g. operating alternately or simultaneously [5]

|  | F25B 30/00 |
Heat pumps [5]

|  | F25B 30/02 |
· | of the compression type [5]

|  | F25B 30/04 |
· | of the sorption type [5]

|  | F25B 30/06 |
· | characterised by the source of low potential heat [5]

|  | F25B 31/00 - F25B 49/00 |
Component parts or details

|  | F25B 31/00 |
Compressor arrangements (compressors per se Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F04)

|  | F25B 31/02 |
· | of motor-compressor units

|  | F25B 33/00 |
Boilers; Analysers; Rectifiers (boiler-absorbers Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F25B 35/00)

|  | F25B 35/00 |
Boiler-absorbers, i.e. boilers usable for absorption or adsorption

|  | F25B 35/02 |
· | using a liquid as sorbent, e.g. brine

|  | F25B 35/04 |
· | using a solid as sorbent

|  | F25B 37/00 |
Absorbers; Adsorbers (boiler-absorbers Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F25B 35/00; separating processes involving the treatment of liquids with adsorbents Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...B01D 15/00; separation of gases or vapours by adsorption Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...B01D 53/02; separation of gases or vapours by absorption Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...B01D 53/14; investigating using adsorption or absorption Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...G01N 30/00)

|  | F25B 39/00 |
Evaporators; Condensers

|  | F25B 39/02 |
· | Evaporators

|  | F25B 39/04 |
· | Condensers

|  | F25B 40/00 |
Subcoolers, desuperheaters or superheaters [5]

|  | F25B 40/02 |
· | Subcoolers [5]

|  | F25B 40/04 |
· | Desuperheaters [5]

|  | F25B 40/06 |
· | Superheaters [5]

|  | F25B 41/00 |
Fluid-circulation arrangements, e.g. for transferring liquid from evaporator to boiler (pumps per se, sealings therefor Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F04)

|  | F25B 41/02 |
· | using electro-osmosis

|  | F25B 41/04 |
· | Disposition of valves (valves per se Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F16K)

|  | F25B 41/06 |
· | Flow restrictors, e.g. capillary tubes; Disposition thereof

|  | F25B 43/00 |
Arrangements for separating or purifying gases or liquids (in analysers or rectifiers Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F25B 33/00); Arrangements for vaporising the residuum of liquid refrigerant, e.g. by heat (Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F25B 40/00 takes precedence) [5]

|  | F25B 43/02 |
· | for separating lubricants from the refrigerant

|  | F25B 43/04 |
· | for withdrawing non-condensible gases

|  | F25B 45/00 |
Arrangements for charging or discharging refrigerant

|  | F25B 47/00 |
Arrangements for preventing or removing deposits or corrosion, not provided for in another subclass

|  | F25B 47/02 |
· | Defrosting cycles [5]

|  | F25B 49/00 |
Arrangement or mounting of control or safety devices (testing refrigerators Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...G01M; control in general Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...G05)

|  | F25B 49/02 |
· | for compression type machines, plant or systems [5]

|  | F25B 49/04 |
· | for sorption type machines, plant or systems [5]