F
SECTION F — MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
  
ENGINES OR PUMPS
 F01 - 
F04

Note(s)

Guide to the use of this subsection (classes F01-F04)

The following notes are meant to assist in the use of this part of the classification scheme.

  1. In this subsection, subclasses or groups designating "engines" or "pumps" cover methods of operating the same, unless otherwise specifically provided for.
  2. In this subsection, the following terms or expressions are used with the meanings indicated:
    • "engine" means a device for continuously converting fluid energy into mechanical power. Thus, this term includes, for example, steam piston engines or steam turbines, per se, or internal-combustion piston engines, but it excludes single-stroke devices. "Engine" also includes the fluid-motive portion of a meter unless such portion is particularly adapted for use in a meter;
    • "pump" means a device for continuously raising, forcing, compressing, or exhausting fluid by mechanical or other means; thus this term includes fans or blowers;
    • "machine" means a device which could equally be an engine and a pump, and not a device which is restricted to an engine or one which is restricted to a pump;
    • "positive displacement" means the way the energy of a working fluid is transformed into mechanical energy, in which variations of volume created by the working fluid in a working chamber produce equivalent displacements of the mechanical member transmitting the energy, the dynamic effect of the fluid being of minor importance; and vice versa;
    • "non-positive displacement" means the way the energy of a working fluid is transformed into mechanical energy, by transformation of the energy of the working fluid into kinetic energy; and vice versa;
    • "oscillating-piston machine" means a positive-displacement machine in which a fluid-engaging work-transmitting member oscillates. This definition applies also to engines and pumps;
    • "rotary-piston machine" means a positive-displacement machine in which a fluid-engaging work-transmitting member rotates about a fixed axis or about an axis moving along a circular or similar orbit. This definition applies also to engines and pumps;
    • "rotary piston" means the work-transmitting member of a rotary-piston machine and may be of any suitable form, e.g. like a toothed gear;
    • "cooperating members" means the "oscillating piston" or "rotary piston" and another member, e.g. the working-chamber wall, which assists in the driving or pumping action;
    • "movement of the co-operating members" is to be interpreted as relative, so that one of the "co-operating members" may be stationary, even though reference may be made to its rotational axis, or both may move;
    • "teeth or tooth equivalents" include lobes, projections or abutments;
    • "internal-axis type" means that the rotational axes of the inner and outer co-operating members remain at all times within the outer member, e.g., in a similar manner to that of a pinion meshing with the internal teeth of a ring gear;
    • "free piston" means a piston of which the length of stroke is not defined by any member driven thereby;
    • "cylinders" means positive-displacement working chambers in general and thus this term is not restricted to cylinders of circular cross-section;
    • "main shaft" means the shaft which converts reciprocating piston motion into rotary motion or vice versa;
    • "plant" means an engine together with such additional apparatus as is necessary to run the engine. For example, a steam engine plant includes a steam engine and means for generating the steam;
    • "working fluid" means the driven fluid in a pump and the driving fluid in an engine. The working fluid may be in a gaseous state, i.e. compressible, or liquid. In the former case coexistence of two states is possible;
    • "steam" includes condensable vapours in general, and "special vapour" is used when steam is excluded;
    • "reaction type" as applied to non-positive-displacement machines or engines means machines or engines in which pressure/velocity transformation takes place wholly or partly in the rotor; machines or engines with no, or only slight, pressure/velocity transformation in the rotor are called "impulse type".
  3. In this subsection:
  4. For use of this subsection with a good understanding, it is essential to remember, so far as subclasses F01B, F01C, F01D, F03B, and F04B, F04C, F04D, which form its skeleton, are concerned:

 F01
MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL (combustion engines F02; machines for liquids F03, F04); ENGINE PLANTS IN GENERAL; STEAM ENGINES
 F01D
NON-POSITIVE-DISPLACEMENT MACHINES OR ENGINES, e.g. STEAM TURBINES (machines or engines for liquids F03; non-positive-displacement pumps F04D)
 F01D

Note(s)

  1. This subclass covers:
    • non-positive-displacement engines for elastic fluids, e.g. steam turbines;
    • non-positive-displacement engines for liquids and elastic fluids;
    • non-positive-displacement machines for elastic fluids;
    • non-positive-displacement machines for liquids and elastic fluids.
  2. Attention is drawn to the Notes preceding class F01, especially as regards the definitions of "reaction type", e.g. with airfoil-like blades, and "impulse type", e.g. bucket turbines.
 F01D 1/00
Non-positive-displacement machines or engines, e.g. steam turbines (with working-fluid flows in opposite axial directions for balancing axial thrust F01D 3/02; with other than pure rotation F01D 23/00; turbines characterised by their use in special steam systems, cycles, or processes, regulating devices therefor F01K)
 F01D 1/02
·  with stationary working-fluid guiding means and bladed or like rotor (F01D 1/24 takes precendence; without working-fluid guiding means F01D 1/18)  [5]
 F01D 1/04
·  ·  traversed by the working-fluid substantially axially
 F01D 1/06
·  ·  traversed by the working-fluid substantially radially
 F01D 1/08
·  ·  ·  having inward flow
 F01D 1/10
·  ·  having two or more stages subjected to working-fluid flow without essential intermediate pressure change, i.e. with velocity stages (F01D 1/12 takes precedence)
 F01D 1/12
·  ·  with repeated action on same blade ring
 F01D 1/14
·  ·  ·  traversed by the working-fluid substantially radially
 F01D 1/16
·  ·  characterised by having both reaction stages and impulse stages
 F01D 1/18
·  without working-fluid guiding means (F01D 1/24, F01D 1/32, F01D 1/34 take precedence)  [5]
 F01D 1/20
·  ·  traversed by the working-fluid substantially axially
 F01D 1/22
·  ·  traversed by the working-fluid substantially radially
 F01D 1/24
·  characterised by counter-rotating rotors subjected to same working-fluid stream without intermediate stator blades or the like
 F01D 1/26
·  ·  traversed by the working-fluid substantially axially
 F01D 1/28
·  ·  traversed by the working-fluid substantially radially
 F01D 1/30
·  characterised by having a single rotor operable in either direction of rotation, e.g. by reversing of blades (combinations of machines or engines F01D 13/00)
 F01D 1/32
·  with pressure/velocity transformation exclusively in rotor, e.g. the rotor rotating under the influence of jets issuing from the rotor
 F01D 1/34
·  characterised by non-bladed rotor, e.g. with drilled holes (F01D 1/32 takes precedence; sirens G10K 7/00)  [5]
 F01D 1/36
·  ·  using fluid friction
 F01D 1/38
·  ·  of the screw type  [5]
 F01D 3/00
Machines or engines with axial-thrust balancing effected by working fluid
 F01D 3/02
·  characterised by having one fluid flow in one axial direction and another fluid flow in the opposite direction
 F01D 3/04
·  axial thrust being compensated by thrust-balancing dummy piston or the like
 F01D 5/00
Blades; Blade-carrying members (nozzle boxes F01D 9/02); Heating, heat-insulating, cooling, or antivibration means on the blades or the members
 F01D 5/02
·  Blade-carrying members, e.g. rotors (rotors of non-bladed type F01D 1/34; stators F01D 9/00)
 F01D 5/04
·  ·  for radial-flow machines or engines
 F01D 5/06
·  ·  Rotors for more than one axial stage, e.g. of drum or multiple-disc type; Details thereof, e.g. shafts, shaft connections
 F01D 5/08
·  ·  Heating, heat-insulating, or cooling means
 F01D 5/10
·  ·  Antivibration means
 F01D 5/12
·  Blades (blade roots F01D 5/30; rotors with blades adjustable in operation F01D 7/00; stator blades F01D 9/02)
 F01D 5/14
·  ·  Form or construction (selecting particular materials, measures against erosion or corrosion F01D 5/28)
 F01D 5/16
·  ·  ·  for counteracting blade vibration
 F01D 5/18
·  ·  ·  Hollow blades; Heating, heat-insulating, or cooling means on blades
 F01D 5/20
·  ·  ·  Specially-shaped blade tips to seal space between tips and stator
 F01D 5/22
·  ·  Blade-to-blade connections, e.g. by shrouding
 F01D 5/24
·  ·  ·  using wire or the like
 F01D 5/26
·  ·  Antivibration means not restricted to blade form or construction or to blade-to-blade connections
 F01D 5/28
·  ·  Selecting particular materials; Measures against erosion or corrosion
 F01D 5/30
·  Fixing blades to rotors; Blade roots
 F01D 5/32
·  ·  Locking, e.g. by final locking-blades or keys
 F01D 5/34
·  Rotor-blade aggregates of unitary construction
 F01D 7/00
Rotors with blades adjustable in operation; Control thereof (for reversing F01D 1/30)
 F01D 7/02
·  having adjustment responsive to speed
 F01D 9/00
Stators (non-fluid guiding aspects of casings, regulating, controlling, or safety aspects, see the relevant groups)
 F01D 9/02
·  Nozzles; Nozzle boxes; Stator blades; Guide conduits
 F01D 9/04
·  ·  forming ring or sector
 F01D 9/06
·  Fluid supply conduits to nozzles or the like
 F01D 11/00
Preventing or minimising internal leakage of working fluid, e.g. between stages (sealings in general F16J)
 F01D 11/02
·  by non-contact sealings, e.g. of labyrinth type (for sealing space between rotor blade tips and stator F01D 11/08)
 F01D 11/04
·  ·  using sealing fluid, e.g. steam
 F01D 11/06
·  ·  ·  Control thereof
 F01D 11/08
·  for sealing space between rotor blade tips and stator (specially-shaped blade tips therefor F01D 5/20)
 F01D 11/10
·  ·  using sealing fluid, e.g. steam
 F01D 13/00
Combinations of two or more machines or engines (F01D 15/00 takes precedence; combinations of two or more pumps F04; fluid gearing F16H; regulating or controlling, see the relevant groups)
 F01D 13/02
·  Working-fluid interconnection of machines or engines
 F01D 15/00
Adaptations of machines or engines for special use; Combinations of engines with devices driven thereby (regulating or controlling, see the relevant groups; aspects predominantly concerning driven devices, see the relevant classes for the devices)
 F01D 15/02
·  Adaptations for driving vehicles, e.g. locomotives (arrangement in vehicles, see the relevant vehicle classes)
 F01D 15/04
·  ·  the vehicles being waterborne vessels
 F01D 15/06
·  Adaptations for driving, or combinations with, hand-held tools or the like
 F01D 15/08
·  Adaptations for driving, or combinations with, pumps
 F01D 15/10
·  Adaptations for driving, or combinations with, electric generators
 F01D 15/12
·  Combinations with mechanical gearing (driven by multiple engines F01D 13/00)
 F01D 17/00
Regulating or controlling by varying flow (for reversing F01D 1/30; by varying rotor blade position F01D 7/00; specially for starting F01D 19/00; shutting-down F01D 21/00; regulating or controlling in general G05)
 F01D 17/02
·  Arrangement of sensing elements (sensing elements per se, see the relevant subclasses)
 F01D 17/04
·  ·  responsive to load
 F01D 17/06
·  ·  responsive to speed
 F01D 17/08
·  ·  responsive to condition of working fluid, e.g. pressure
 F01D 17/10
·  Final actuators (valves in general F16K)
 F01D 17/12
·  ·  arranged in stator parts
 F01D 17/14
·  ·  ·  varying effective cross-sectional area of nozzles or guide conduits
 F01D 17/16
·  ·  ·  ·  by means of nozzle vanes
 F01D 17/18
·  ·  ·  varying effective number of nozzles or guide conduits
 F01D 17/20
·  Devices dealing with sensing elements or final actuators or transmitting means between them, e.g. power-assisted (sensing elements alone F01D 17/02; final actuators alone F01D 17/10)
 F01D 17/22
·  ·  the operation or power assistance being predominantly non-mechanical
 F01D 17/24
·  ·  ·  electrical
 F01D 17/26
·  ·  ·  fluid, e.g. hydraulic
 F01D 19/00
Starting of machines or engines; Regulating, controlling, or safety means in connection therewith (warming-up before starting F01D 25/10; turning or inching gear F01D 25/34)
 F01D 19/02
·  dependent on temperature of component parts, e.g. of turbine casing
 F01D 21/00
Shutting-down of machines or engines, e.g. in emergency; Regulating, controlling, or safety means not otherwise provided for
 F01D 21/02
·  Shutting-down responsive to overspeed
 F01D 21/04
·  responsive to undesired position of rotor relative to stator, e.g. indicating such position
 F01D 21/06
·  ·  Shutting-down
 F01D 21/08
·  ·  Restoring position
 F01D 21/10
·  responsive to unwanted deposits on blades, in working-fluid conduits, or the like
 F01D 21/12
·  responsive to temperature
 F01D 21/14
·  responsive to other specific conditions
 F01D 21/16
·  Trip gear
 F01D 21/18
·  ·  involving hydraulic means
 F01D 21/20
·  Checking operation of shut-down devices
 F01D 23/00
Non-positive-displacement machines or engines with movement other than pure rotation, e.g. of endless-chain type
 F01D 25/00
Component parts, details, or accessories, not provided for in, or of interest apart from, other groups
 F01D 25/02
·  De-icing means for engines having icing phenomena
 F01D 25/04
·  Antivibration arrangements
 F01D 25/06
·  ·  for preventing blade vibration (means on blade-carrying members or blades F01D 5/00)
 F01D 25/08
·  Cooling (of machines or engines in general F01P); Heating; Heat insulation (of blade-carrying members, of blades F01D 5/00)
 F01D 25/10
·  ·  Heating, e.g. warming-up before starting
 F01D 25/12
·  ·  Cooling
 F01D 25/14
·  ·  Casings modified therefor (double casings F01D 25/26)
 F01D 25/16
·  Arrangement of bearings; Supporting or mounting bearings in casings (bearings per se F16C)
 F01D 25/18
·  Lubricating arrangements (of machines or engines in general F01M)
 F01D 25/20
·  ·  using lubrication pumps
 F01D 25/22
·  ·  using working fluid or other gaseous fluid as lubricant
 F01D 25/24
·  Casings (modified for heating or cooling F01D 25/14); Casing parts, e.g. diaphragms, casing fastenings (casings for rotary machines or engines in general F16M)
 F01D 25/26
·  ·  Double casings; Measures against temperature strain in casings
 F01D 25/28
·  Supporting or mounting arrangements, e.g. for turbine casing
 F01D 25/30
·  Exhaust heads, chambers, or the like
 F01D 25/32
·  Collecting of condensation water; Drainage
 F01D 25/34
·  Turning or inching gear
 F01D 25/36
·  ·  using electric motors