F
SECTION F — MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
  
ENGINES OR PUMPS
 F01 - 
F04

Note(s)

Guide to the use of this subsection (classes F01-F04)

The following notes are meant to assist in the use of this part of the classification scheme.

  1. In this subsection, subclasses or groups designating "engines" or "pumps" cover methods of operating the same, unless otherwise specifically provided for.
  2. In this subsection, the following terms or expressions are used with the meanings indicated:
    • "engine" means a device for continuously converting fluid energy into mechanical power. Thus, this term includes, for example, steam piston engines or steam turbines, per se, or internal-combustion piston engines, but it excludes single-stroke devices. "Engine" also includes the fluid-motive portion of a meter unless such portion is particularly adapted for use in a meter;
    • "pump" means a device for continuously raising, forcing, compressing, or exhausting fluid by mechanical or other means; thus this term includes fans or blowers;
    • "machine" means a device which could equally be an engine and a pump, and not a device which is restricted to an engine or one which is restricted to a pump;
    • "positive displacement" means the way the energy of a working fluid is transformed into mechanical energy, in which variations of volume created by the working fluid in a working chamber produce equivalent displacements of the mechanical member transmitting the energy, the dynamic effect of the fluid being of minor importance; and vice versa;
    • "non-positive displacement" means the way the energy of a working fluid is transformed into mechanical energy, by transformation of the energy of the working fluid into kinetic energy; and vice versa;
    • "oscillating-piston machine" means a positive-displacement machine in which a fluid-engaging work-transmitting member oscillates. This definition applies also to engines and pumps;
    • "rotary-piston machine" means a positive-displacement machine in which a fluid-engaging work-transmitting member rotates about a fixed axis or about an axis moving along a circular or similar orbit. This definition applies also to engines and pumps;
    • "rotary piston" means the work-transmitting member of a rotary-piston machine and may be of any suitable form, e.g. like a toothed gear;
    • "cooperating members" means the "oscillating piston" or "rotary piston" and another member, e.g. the working-chamber wall, which assists in the driving or pumping action;
    • "movement of the co-operating members" is to be interpreted as relative, so that one of the "co-operating members" may be stationary, even though reference may be made to its rotational axis, or both may move;
    • "teeth or tooth equivalents" include lobes, projections or abutments;
    • "internal-axis type" means that the rotational axes of the inner and outer co-operating members remain at all times within the outer member, e.g., in a similar manner to that of a pinion meshing with the internal teeth of a ring gear;
    • "free piston" means a piston of which the length of stroke is not defined by any member driven thereby;
    • "cylinders" means positive-displacement working chambers in general and thus this term is not restricted to cylinders of circular cross-section;
    • "main shaft" means the shaft which converts reciprocating piston motion into rotary motion or vice versa;
    • "plant" means an engine together with such additional apparatus as is necessary to run the engine. For example, a steam engine plant includes a steam engine and means for generating the steam;
    • "working fluid" means the driven fluid in a pump and the driving fluid in an engine. The working fluid may be in a gaseous state, i.e. compressible, or liquid. In the former case coexistence of two states is possible;
    • "steam" includes condensable vapours in general, and "special vapour" is used when steam is excluded;
    • "reaction type" as applied to non-positive-displacement machines or engines means machines or engines in which pressure/velocity transformation takes place wholly or partly in the rotor; machines or engines with no, or only slight, pressure/velocity transformation in the rotor are called "impulse type".
  3. In this subsection:
  4. For use of this subsection with a good understanding, it is essential to remember, so far as subclasses F01B, F01C, F01D, F03B, and F04B, F04C, F04D, which form its skeleton, are concerned:

 F01
MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL (combustion engines F02; machines for liquids F03, F04); ENGINE PLANTS IN GENERAL; STEAM ENGINES
 F01B
MACHINES OR ENGINES, IN GENERAL OR OF POSITIVE-DISPLACEMENT TYPE, e.g. STEAM ENGINES (of rotary-piston or oscillating-piston type F01C; of non-positive-displacement type F01D; internal-combustion aspects of reciprocating-piston engines F02B 57/00, F02B 59/00; crankshafts, crossheads, connecting-rods F16C; flywheels F16F; gearings for interconverting rotary motion and reciprocating motion in general F16H; pistons, piston-rods, cylinders, for engines in general F16J)
 F01B

Note(s)

  1. This subclass covers, with the exception of the matter provided for in subclasses F01C-F01P:
    • engines for elastic fluids, e.g. steam engines;
    • engines for liquids and elastic fluids;
    • machines for elastic fluids;
    • machines for liquids and elastic fluids.
  2. Attention is drawn to the Notes preceding class F01, especially as regards the definitions of "steam" and "special vapour".

 F01C
ROTARY-PISTON OR OSCILLATING-PISTON MACHINES OR ENGINES (internal-combustion aspects F02B 53/00, F02B 55/00)
 F01C

Note(s)

  1. This subclass covers:
    • rotary-piston or oscillating-piston engines for elastic fluids, e.g. steam;
    • rotary-piston or oscillating-piston engines for liquids and elastic fluids;
    • rotary-piston or oscillating-piston machines for elastic fluids;
    • rotary-piston or oscillating-piston machines for liquids and elastic fluids.
  2. In this subclass, the following expression is used with the meaning indicated:
    • "rotary-piston machine" includes the German expressions "Drehkolbenmaschinen", "Kreiskolbenmaschinen", and "Umlaufkolbenmaschinen".
  3. Attention is drawn to the Notes preceding class F01, especially as regards the definitions of "rotary-piston machine", "oscillating-piston machine", "rotary piston", "co-operating members", "movement of co-operating members", "teeth or tooth-equivalents" and "internal-axis".

 F01D
NON-POSITIVE-DISPLACEMENT MACHINES OR ENGINES, e.g. STEAM TURBINES (machines or engines for liquids F03; non-positive-displacement pumps F04D)
 F01D

Note(s)

  1. This subclass covers:
    • non-positive-displacement engines for elastic fluids, e.g. steam turbines;
    • non-positive-displacement engines for liquids and elastic fluids;
    • non-positive-displacement machines for elastic fluids;
    • non-positive-displacement machines for liquids and elastic fluids.
  2. Attention is drawn to the Notes preceding class F01, especially as regards the definitions of "reaction type", e.g. with airfoil-like blades, and "impulse type", e.g. bucket turbines.

 F01K
STEAM ENGINE PLANTS; STEAM ACCUMULATORS; ENGINE PLANTS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; ENGINES USING SPECIAL WORKING FLUIDS OR CYCLES (gas-turbine or jet-propulsion plants F02; steam generation F22; nuclear power plants, engine arrangements therein G21D)
 F01K

Note(s)

Attention is drawn to the Notes preceding class F01, especially as regards the definitions of "steam" and "special vapour".


 F01L
CYCLICALLY OPERATING VALVES FOR MACHINES OR ENGINES (valves in general F16K)
 F01L

Note(s)

  1. Attention is drawn to the Notes preceding class F01, especially Note (3).
  2. As regards the above-mentioned Note (3), attention is drawn to F01B 3/10, F01B 15/06, F01C 21/12, F02B 53/06, F03C 1/08, F04B 1/18, F04B 7/00, F04B 39/08, F04B 39/10, and F04C 15/02, F04C 29/08.

 F01M
LUBRICATING OF MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL (lubricating in general F16N); LUBRICATING INTERNAL-COMBUSTION ENGINES; CRANKCASE VENTILATING  [2]
 F01M

Note(s)

Attention is drawn to the Notes preceding class F01, especially as regards Note (3).


 F01N
GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR INTERNAL-COMBUSTION ENGINES (combustion-air intake silencers specially adapted for, or arranged on, internal-combustion engines F02M 35/00; protecting against, or damping, noise in general G10K 11/16)
 F01N

Note(s)

Attention is drawn to the Notes preceding class F01, especially as regards Note (3).


 F01P
COOLING OF MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; COOLING OF INTERNAL-COMBUSTION ENGINES (heat exchange in general, radiators F28)
 F01P

Note(s)

  1. In this subclass, the following terms or expresions are used with the meanings indicated:
    • "air" also includes other gaseous cooling fluids;
    • "liquid cooling" also includes cooling where liquid is used as the heat-transferring fluid between parts to be cooled and the air, e.g. using radiators;
    • "air cooling" means direct air cooling and thus excludes indirect air cooling occurring in liquid cooling systems as explained under liquid cooling above;
    • "cooling-air" includes directly- or indirectly-acting cooling-air.
  2. Attention is drawn to the Notes preceding class F01, especially as regards Note (3).
  3. Cooling by lubricant is classified in subclass F01M when the lubrication aspect predominates, and in subclass F01P when the cooling aspect predominates.