C
SECTION C — CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
 C

Note(s)

In section C, the definitions of groups of chemical elements are as follows:

  • Alkali metals: Li, Na, K, Rb, Cs, Fr
  • Alkaline earth metals: Ca, Sr, Ba, Ra
  • Lanthanides: elements with atomic numbers 57 to 71 inclusive
  • Rare earths: Sc, Y, Lanthanides
  • Actinides: elements with atomic numbers 89 to 103 inclusive
  • Refractory metals: Ti, V, Cr, Zr, Nb, Mo, Hf, Ta, W
  • Halogens: F, Cl, Br, I, At
  • Noble gases: He, Ne, Ar, Kr, Xe, Rn
  • Platinum group: Os, Ir, Pt, Ru, Rh, Pd
  • Noble metals: Ag, Au, Platinum group
  • Light metals: alkali metals, alkaline earth metals, Be, Al, Mg
  • Heavy metals: metals other than light metals
  • Iron group: Fe, Co, Ni
  • Non-metals: H, B, C, Si, N, P, O, S, Se, Te, noble gases, halogens
  • Metals: elements other than non-metals
  • Transition elements: elements with atomic numbers 21 to 30 inclusive, 39 to 48 inclusive, 57 to 80 inclusive, 89 upwards

The following notes are meant to assist in the use of this part of the classification scheme; they must not be read as modifying in any way the elaborations.

  1. Section C covers:
    1. pure chemistry, which covers inorganic compounds, organic compounds, macromolecular compounds, and their methods of preparation;
    2. applied chemistry, which covers compositions containing the above compounds, such as: glass, ceramics, fertilisers, plastics compositions, paints, products of the petroleum industry. It also covers certain compositions on account of their having particular properties rendering them suitable for certain purposes, as in the case of explosives, dyestuffs, adhesives, lubricants, and detergents;
    3. certain marginal industries, such as the manufacture of coke and of solid or gaseous fuels, the production and refining of oils, fats and waxes, the fermentation industry (e.g. brewing and wine-making), the sugar industry;
    4. certain operations or treatments, which are either purely mechanical, e.g. the mechanical treatment of leather and skins, or partly mechanical, e.g. the treatment of water or the prevention of corrosion in general;
    5. metallurgy, ferrous or non-ferrous alloys.
    1. In the case of operations, treatments, products or articles having both a chemical and a non-chemical part or aspect, the general rule is that the chemical part or aspect is covered by section C.
    2. In some of these cases, the chemical part or aspect brings with it a non-chemical one, even though purely mechanical, because this latter aspect either is essential to the operation or treatment or constitutes an important element of it; it has seemed, in fact, more logical not to dissociate the different parts or aspects of a coherent whole. This is the case for applied chemistry and for the industries, operations and treatments mentioned in Notes (1)(c), (d) and (e). For example, furnaces peculiar to the manufacture of glass are covered by class C03 and not by class F27.
    3. There are, however, some exceptions in which the mechanical (or non-chemical) aspect carries with it the chemical aspect, for example:
    4. In still other cases, the pure chemical aspect is covered by section C and the applied chemical aspect by another section, such as A, B or F, e.g. the use of a substance or composition for:
    5. When the chemical and mechanical aspects are so closely interlocked that a neat and simple division is not possible, or when certain mechanical processes follow as a natural or logical continuation of a chemical treatment, section C may cover, in addition to the chemical aspect, a part only of the mechanical aspect, e.g. after-treatment of artificial stone, covered by class C04. In this latter case, a note or a reference is usually given to make the position clear, even if sometimes the division is rather arbitrary.

  
CHEMISTRY
 C14
SKINS; HIDES; PELTS; LEATHER
 C14B
MECHANICAL TREATMENT OR PROCESSING OF SKINS, HIDES, OR LEATHER IN GENERAL; PELT-SHEARING MACHINES; INTESTINE-SPLITTING MACHINES (making leather substitutes B29, D06N; making articles from leather B68F; mechanical cleaning of hides or the like D06G; artificial leather D06N)
 C14B 1/00
Manufacture of leather; Machines or devices therefor
 C14B 1/02
·  Fleshing, unhairing, samming, stretching-out, setting-out, shaving, splitting, or skiving skins, hides, or leather
 C14B 1/04
·  ·  using slicking, scraping, or smoothing-out cylinders or blades fixed on supports, e.g. cylinders, in a plane substantially at right angles to the working surface
 C14B 1/06
·  ·  ·  in machines in which the working piece is maintained in contact with the working tools solely by means of rolls
 C14B 1/08
·  ·  ·  in machines with flexible bands as bed supporting or counter-pressure elements
 C14B 1/10
·  ·  ·  in machines with drums with cylindrical, conical, or similar surfaces for supporting the whole working piece
 C14B 1/12
·  ·  ·  in machines with plane supporting bed-plates
 C14B 1/14
·  ·  using tools cutting the skin in a plane substantially parallel to its surface
 C14B 1/16
·  ·  ·  using fixed or reciprocating or oscillating knives
 C14B 1/18
·  ·  ·  using band knives
 C14B 1/20
·  ·  ·  using circular dished or coned knives
 C14B 1/22
·  ·  ·  using cylindrical knives
 C14B 1/24
·  ·  Cutting or shearing hairs without cutting the skin (shearing furs or plucking hairs for fur manufacturing purposes C14B 15/02)
 C14B 1/26
·  Leather tensioning or stretching frames; Stretching-machines; Setting-out boards; Pasting boards (pasting processes C14B 1/60; fastening devices C14B 17/08)
 C14B 1/28
·  Machines for treating leather combined with devices for measuring and printing
 C14B 1/30
·  Pressing or rolling leather
 C14B 1/32
·  ·  by linear movement of the pressing elements
 C14B 1/34
·  ·  by rotating movement of the pressing or rolling elements
 C14B 1/36
·  ·  ·  Bridge leather-rolling machines
 C14B 1/38
·  Hammering leather
 C14B 1/40
·  Softening or making skins or leather supple, e.g. by staking, boarding, or crippling machines, by dry mills
 C14B 1/42
·  ·  by means of a rotatable drum with radial blades
 C14B 1/44
·  Mechanical treatment of leather surfaces
 C14B 1/46
·  ·  Fluffing, buffing or sanding
 C14B 1/48
·  ·  Roughening (by sanding C14B 1/46)
 C14B 1/50
·  ·  Glazing
 C14B 1/52
·  ·  Brushing or plush-wheeling
 C14B 1/54
·  ·  Ironing (pressing or rolling C14B 1/30)
 C14B 1/56
·  ·  Ornamenting, producing designs, embossing (pressing or rolling in general C14B 1/30; producing designs on furs C14B 15/12)
 C14B 1/58
·  Drying
 C14B 1/60
·  ·  Pasting processes (pasting boards C14B 1/26; chemical part C14C 7/00)
 C14B 1/62
·  Winding or stacking hides or leather
 C14B 3/00
Milling leather
 C14B 5/00
Clicking, perforating, or cutting leather (for shoe parts, e.g. soles, A43D; apparatus not specially adapted for leather B26D)
 C14B 5/02
·  Stamps or dies for leather articles
 C14B 5/04
·  for making leather belts or strips
 C14B 5/06
·  ·  Machines for cutting strips spirally from discs of leather
 C14B 7/00
Special leathers or their manufacture
 C14B 7/02
·  Composite leathers (with one or more laminae of plastics material B32B)
 C14B 7/04
·  ·  by cementing or pressing together leather pieces, strips, or layers; Reinforcing or stiffening leather by means of reinforcing layers
 C14B 7/06
·  Leather webs built up of interengaged strips or pieces, e.g. by braiding
 C14B 9/00
Making driving belts or other leather belts or strips
 C14B 11/00
Finishing the edges of leather pieces, e.g. by folding, by burning (milling C14B 3/00)
 C14B 13/00
Shredding hides or leather (shredding in general B02C)
 C14B 15/00
Mechanical treatment of furs
 C14B 15/02
·  Shearing; Removing dead or coarse hairs or bristles by shearing or plucking
 C14B 15/04
·  Fur dressing
 C14B 15/06
·  ·  Fur-stretching devices
 C14B 15/08
·  Application of reinforcing or stiffening layers to fur skins
 C14B 15/10
·  Cutting furs; Making fur plates or strips
 C14B 15/12
·  Finishing, e.g. pointing furs; Producing designs or patterns
 C14B 17/00
Details of apparatus or machines for manufacturing or treating skins, hides, leather, or furs
 C14B 17/02
·  Blading cylinders or other working cylinders, e.g. slicking or scraping cylinders
 C14B 17/04
·  Work-supports or other counter-pressing elements; Bed rolls or counter-pressing rolls
 C14B 17/06
·  Work feeding or clamping devices
 C14B 17/08
·  ·  Fastening devices, e.g. clips for leather-stretching
 C14B 17/10
·  Arrangements for driving parts of leather-working machines
 C14B 17/12
·  Safety devices specially adapted for leather-working machines
 C14B 17/14
·  Auxiliary devices for leather-working machines, e.g. grinding devices for blading cylinders or dust-removal devices combined with the working machines
 C14B 19/00
Hand tools specially adapted for the treatment of hides, skins, or leather in the manufacture of leather or furs (equipment or tools for saddlery B68C)
 C14B 21/00
Splitting intestines; Cutting intestines longitudinally (cleaning or cutting intestines during processing of meat A22C 17/00)