C
SECTION C — CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
 C

Note(s)

In section C, the definitions of groups of chemical elements are as follows:

  • Alkali metals: Li, Na, K, Rb, Cs, Fr
  • Alkaline earth metals: Ca, Sr, Ba, Ra
  • Lanthanides: elements with atomic numbers 57 to 71 inclusive
  • Rare earths: Sc, Y, Lanthanides
  • Actinides: elements with atomic numbers 89 to 103 inclusive
  • Refractory metals: Ti, V, Cr, Zr, Nb, Mo, Hf, Ta, W
  • Halogens: F, Cl, Br, I, At
  • Noble gases: He, Ne, Ar, Kr, Xe, Rn
  • Platinum group: Os, Ir, Pt, Ru, Rh, Pd
  • Noble metals: Ag, Au, Platinum group
  • Light metals: alkali metals, alkaline earth metals, Be, Al, Mg
  • Heavy metals: metals other than light metals
  • Iron group: Fe, Co, Ni
  • Non-metals: H, B, C, Si, N, P, O, S, Se, Te, noble gases, halogens
  • Metals: elements other than non-metals
  • Transition elements: elements with atomic numbers 21 to 30 inclusive, 39 to 48 inclusive, 57 to 80 inclusive, 89 upwards

The following notes are meant to assist in the use of this part of the classification scheme; they must not be read as modifying in any way the elaborations.

  1. Section C covers:
    1. pure chemistry, which covers inorganic compounds, organic compounds, macromolecular compounds, and their methods of preparation;
    2. applied chemistry, which covers compositions containing the above compounds, such as: glass, ceramics, fertilisers, plastics compositions, paints, products of the petroleum industry. It also covers certain compositions on account of their having particular properties rendering them suitable for certain purposes, as in the case of explosives, dyestuffs, adhesives, lubricants, and detergents;
    3. certain marginal industries, such as the manufacture of coke and of solid or gaseous fuels, the production and refining of oils, fats and waxes, the fermentation industry (e.g. brewing and wine-making), the sugar industry;
    4. certain operations or treatments, which are either purely mechanical, e.g. the mechanical treatment of leather and skins, or partly mechanical, e.g. the treatment of water or the prevention of corrosion in general;
    5. metallurgy, ferrous or non-ferrous alloys.
    1. In the case of operations, treatments, products or articles having both a chemical and a non-chemical part or aspect, the general rule is that the chemical part or aspect is covered by section C.
    2. In some of these cases, the chemical part or aspect brings with it a non-chemical one, even though purely mechanical, because this latter aspect either is essential to the operation or treatment or constitutes an important element of it; it has seemed, in fact, more logical not to dissociate the different parts or aspects of a coherent whole. This is the case for applied chemistry and for the industries, operations and treatments mentioned in Notes (1)(c), (d) and (e). For example, furnaces peculiar to the manufacture of glass are covered by class C03 and not by class F27.
    3. There are, however, some exceptions in which the mechanical (or non-chemical) aspect carries with it the chemical aspect, for example:
    4. In still other cases, the pure chemical aspect is covered by section C and the applied chemical aspect by another section, such as A, B or F, e.g. the use of a substance or composition for:
    5. When the chemical and mechanical aspects are so closely interlocked that a neat and simple division is not possible, or when certain mechanical processes follow as a natural or logical continuation of a chemical treatment, section C may cover, in addition to the chemical aspect, a part only of the mechanical aspect, e.g. after-treatment of artificial stone, covered by class C04. In this latter case, a note or a reference is usually given to make the position clear, even if sometimes the division is rather arbitrary.

  
CHEMISTRY
 C11
ANIMAL OR VEGETABLE OILS, FATS, FATTY SUBSTANCES OR WAXES; FATTY ACIDS THEREFROM; DETERGENTS; CANDLES (edible oil or fat compositions A23)
 C11B
PRODUCING (pressing, extraction), REFINING OR PRESERVING FATS, FATTY SUBSTANCES (e.g. lanolin), FATTY OILS OR WAXES, INCLUDING EXTRACTION FROM WASTE MATERIALS; ESSENTIAL OILS; PERFUMES (drying-oils C09F)
 C11B 1/00
Production of fats or fatty oils from raw materials
 C11B 1/02
·  Pretreatment
 C11B 1/04
·  ·  of vegetable raw material
 C11B 1/06
·  by pressing
 C11B 1/08
·  ·  by hot pressing
 C11B 1/10
·  by extracting
 C11B 1/12
·  by melting out
 C11B 1/14
·  ·  with hot water or aqueous solutions
 C11B 1/16
·  ·  with steam
 C11B 3/00
Refining fats or fatty oils
 C11B 3/02
·  by chemical reaction
 C11B 3/04
·  ·  with acids
 C11B 3/06
·  ·  with bases
 C11B 3/08
·  ·  with oxidising agents
 C11B 3/10
·  by adsorption
 C11B 3/12
·  by distillation
 C11B 3/14
·  ·  with the use of indifferent gases or vapours, e.g. steam
 C11B 3/16
·  by mechanical means
 C11B 5/00
Preserving by using additives, e.g. anti-oxidants
 C11B 7/00
Separation of mixtures of fats or fatty oils into their constituents, e.g. saturated oils from unsaturated oils
 C11B 9/00
Essential oils; Perfumes (synthesis of chemical substances C07)
 C11B 9/02
·  Recovery or refining of essential oils from raw materials
 C11B 11/00
Recovery or refining of other fatty substances, e.g. lanolin, waxes (synthetic waxes C07, C08; mineral waxes C10G)
 C11B 13/00
Recovery of fats, fatty oils, or fatty acids from waste materials (mechanical separation from waste water C02F, E03F)
 C11B 13/02
·  from soap stock
 C11B 13/04
·  from spent adsorption materials
 C11B 15/00
Solidifying fatty oils, fats, or waxes by physical processes