|  | B |
SECTION B — PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING

SHAPING

|  | B23 |
MACHINE TOOLS; METAL-WORKING NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR (punching, perforating, making articles by processing sheet metal, tubes, or profiles Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...B21D; wire-working Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...B21F; making pins, needles, or nails Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...B21G; making chains Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...B21L; grinding Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...B24)

|  | B23 |
Note(s) This class covers: operations not provided for in any other class; combinations of operations covered by different subclasses of classes Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...B21-B24, which combinations are covered by subclass Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...B23P, with the exception of subsidiary operations performed in conjunction with main operations covered by a single subclass; features, specific to machine tools, which relate to a requirement or problem of a nature which is not peculiar to a particular kind of machine tool, e.g. feeding work, which are covered by subclass Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...B23Q, although the realisation of these features may differ according to the kind of machine tool concerned. The said subclass covers such features, in general, even if the feature or a specific function, in any particular case, is to some extent peculiar to, or is claimed only for, machine tools designed for one particular operation; only in exceptional cases are such features classified in the subclass for the machine tool concerned. Certain features of this general nature are, however, referred to subclasses relating to particular metal-working operations, especially Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...B23B, in which case the subclasses in question are not restricted, in respect of those features, to the kind of machine tool with which they are primarily concerned. In this class, the following terms or expressions are used with the meanings indicated: "metal-working" covers the working of other materials unless the context requires otherwise; "kind of operations" and similar expressions relate to such metal-working operations as boring, drilling, milling and grinding; "kind of machine" means a machine designed for a particular kind of metal-working operation (e.g. a lathe); "form of machine" means a machine of a particular kind adapted or arranged for a particular way of working or for particular work, e.g. face-plate lathe, tailstock lathe, turret lathe; "different machines" covers different forms of machines for performing the same type of metal-working operation, e.g. vertical and horizontal boring machines. If details, components, or accessories have no essential feature specific to machine tools, the more general class, e.g. Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F16, takes precedence.

|  | B23B |
TURNING; BORING (arrangements for copying or controlling Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...B23Q)

|  | B23C |
MILLING (broaching Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...B23D; broach-milling in making gears Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...B23F; arrangements for copying or controlling Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...B23Q)

|  | B23D |
PLANING; SLOTTING; SHEARING; BROACHING; SAWING; FILING; SCRAPING; LIKE OPERATIONS FOR WORKING METAL BY REMOVING MATERIAL, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR (making toothed gears or the like Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...B23F; cutting metal by applying heat locally Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...B23K; arrangements for copying or controlling Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...B23Q)

|  | B23D |
Note(s) This subclass covers machines for shearing sheet metal or other stock material except metal foils workable in a manner analogous to paper, which is covered by class Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...B26. [2]

|  | B23F |
MAKING GEARS OR TOOTHED RACKS (by stamping Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...B21D; by rolling Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...B21H; by forging or pressing Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...B21K; by casting Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...B22; arrangements for copying or controlling Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...B23Q; machines or devices for grinding or polishing, in general Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...B24B)

|  | B23F |
Note(s) This subclass covers: the use of methods or apparatus specially designed to produce accurately the shapes of gear teeth which are essential for proper intermeshing of toothed gearing elements to ensure the required relative motions; the use of similar methods or apparatus in the production of other articles of toothed or like form, e.g. dog clutches, splined shafts, milling cutters. This subclass does not cover the production of such other articles of toothed or like form using methods or apparatus other than those mentioned under Note (1) above. In this subclass, the following terms or expressions are used with the meanings indicated: "gear teeth" covers the teeth or lobes of other accurately-intermeshing members having relative movement of a similar kind, such as rotors of rotary pumps and blowers; "profile" may include the outline of both faces or only one face of a tooth, or the opposing faces of adjacent teeth; "straight" means that a tooth as a whole (ignoring any curvature of the tooth-face alone, e.g. crowning) is straight in the direction of its length, for example as seen in the direction of a radius of a spur wheel. It accordingly includes the teeth of helical gears and of the normal type of bevel gear; "broach-milling" means milling with a rotary cutter having a number of teeth of progressively increasing depth or width.

|  | B23G |
THREAD CUTTING; WORKING OF SCREWS, BOLT HEADS, OR NUTS, IN CONJUNCTION THEREWITH (thread- forming by corrugating tubes Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...B21D 15/04; by rolling Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...B21H 3/02, by forging, pressing, or hammering Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...B21K 1/56; making helical grooves by turning Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...B23B 5/48, by milling Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...B23C 3/32, by grinding Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...B24B 19/02; arrangements for copying or controlling Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...B23Q)

|  | B23G |
Note(s) In this subclass, the following expression is used with the meaning indicated: "thread cutting" includes the use of tools similar both in form and in manner of use to thread-cutting tools, but without removing any material.

|  | B23H |
WORKING OF METAL BY THE ACTION OF A HIGH CONCENTRATION OF ELECTRIC CURRENT ON A WORKPIECE USING AN ELECTRODE WHICH TAKES THE PLACE OF A TOOL; SUCH WORKING COMBINED WITH OTHER FORMS OF WORKING OF METAL (processes for the electrolytic or electrophoretic production of coatings, electroforming, or apparatus therefor Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...C25D; processes for the electrolytic removal of material from objects Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...C25F; manufacturing printed circuits using precipitation techniques to apply the conductive material to form the desired conductive pattern Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...H05K 3/18) [4]

|  | B23H |
Note(s) This subclass covers the working of metal described as "electroerosion". [4]

|  | B23K |
SOLDERING OR UNSOLDERING; WELDING; CLADDING OR PLATING BY SOLDERING OR WELDING; CUTTING BY APPLYING HEAT LOCALLY, e.g. FLAME CUTTING; WORKING BY LASER BEAM (making metal-coated products by extruding metal Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...B21C 23/22; building up linings or coverings by casting Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...B22D 19/08; casting by dipping Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...B22D 23/04; manufacture of composite layers by sintering metal powder Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...B22F 7/00; arrangements on machine tools for copying or controlling Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...B23Q; covering metals or covering materials with metals, not otherwise provided for Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...C23C; burners Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F23D)

|  | B23K |
Note(s) This subclass covers also electric circuits specially adapted for the purposes covered by the title of the subclass. In this subclass, the following term is used with the meaning indicated: "soldering" means uniting metals using solder and applying heat without melting either of the parts to be united. [5] In groups Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...B23K 1/00-B23K 31/00, it is desirable to add the indexing codes of groups Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...B23K 101/00 or Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...B23K 103/00. The indexing codes should be unlinked. [5]

|  | B23P |
OTHER WORKING OF METAL; COMBINED OPERATIONS; UNIVERSAL MACHINE TOOLS (arrangements for copying or controlling Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...B23Q)

|  | B23P |
Note(s) This subclass does not cover non-mechanical operations on non-metallic materials unless such operations are specially mentioned in this subclass. In this subclass, the following expressions are used with the meanings indicated: "combined operations" excludes the assembling of parts if it is an essential feature of the next metal-working operation, since it is not regarded as an operation per se; "working of metal" and equivalent expressions include non-mechanical treatment of metal so far as it is not provided for in any other class or subclass, for example, in Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...C21D, Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...C22C, Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...C22F, Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...C23. Thus, combinations of such non-mechanical treatment with other metal-working are classified in this subclass. Attention is drawn to the Notes following the title of class Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...B23.

|  | B23Q |
DETAILS, COMPONENTS, OR ACCESSORIES FOR MACHINE TOOLS, e.g. ARRANGEMENTS FOR COPYING OR CONTROLLING (tools of the kind used in lathes or boring machines Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...B23B 27/00); MACHINE TOOLS IN GENERAL, CHARACTERISED BY THE CONSTRUCTION OF PARTICULAR DETAILS OR COMPONENTS; COMBINATIONS OR ASSOCIATIONS OF METAL-WORKING MACHINES, NOT DIRECTED TO A PARTICULAR RESULT

|  | B23Q |
Note(s) In this subclass, groups designating parts of machine tools cover machine tools characterised by constructional features of such parts. In this subclass, the following terms or expressions are used with the meanings indicated: "controlling" means influencing a variable in any way, e.g. changing its direction or its value (including changing it to or from zero), maintaining it constant, limiting its range of variation; [3] "regulation" means maintaining a variable automatically at a desired value or within a desired range of values. The desired value or range may be fixed, or manually varied, or may vary with time according to a predetermined "programme" or according to variation of another variable. Regulation is a form of control; [3] "automatic control" is often used in the art as a synonym for regulation. [3] Attention is drawn to the Notes following the title of class Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...B23.