C
SECTION C — CHEMISTRY AND METALLURGY
 C

Note(s)

Definitions for Section C:

  • Alkali metals: Li, Na, K, Rb, Cs, Fr
  • Alkaline earth metals: Ca, Sr, Ba, Ra
  • Lanthanides: elements with atomic numbers 57 to 71 inclusive
  • Rare earths: Sc, Y, Lanthanides
  • Actinides: elements with atomic numbers 89 to 103 inclusive
  • Refractory metals: Ti, V, Cr, Zr, Nb, Mo, Hf, Ta, W
  • Halogens: F, Cl, Br, I, At
  • Noble gases: He, Ne, Ar, Kr, Xe, Rn
  • Platinum group: Os, Ir, Pt, Ru, Rh, Pd
  • Noble metals: Ag, Au, Platinum group
  • Light metals: alkali metals, alkaline earth metals, Be, Al, Mg
  • Heavy metals: metals other than light metals
  • Iron group: Fe, Co, Ni
  • Non-metals: H, B, C, Si, N, P, O, S, Se, Te, noble gases, halogens
  • Metals: elements other than non-metals
  • Transition elements: elements with atomic numbers 21 to 30 inclusive, 39 to 48 inclusive, 57 to 80 inclusive, 89 upwards

  
CHEMISTRY
 C12
BIOCHEMISTRY; BEER; SPIRITS; WINE; VINEGAR; MICROBIOLOGY; ENZYMOLOGY; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING
 C12

Note(s)

  1. In the field of sub-classes C12M-C12Q, in the absence of an indication to the contrary, an invention is classified in the last appropriate place. [3]
  2. Within this class, viruses, undifferentiated plant or animal cells, protozoa and unicellular algae are considered as micro-organisms. Also, sub-cellular parts, unless specifically provided for, are classified with the whole cell. [3]
  3. Within this class, non-obligatory classifications may be given as additional information relating to the micro-organisms used by means of the symbols of sub-class C12R[3]
 C12P
FERMENTATION OR ENZYME-USING PROCESSES TO SYNTHESISE A DESIRED CHEMICAL COMPOUND OR COMPOSITION (fermentation processes to form a food composition A21, A23; compounds per se, see the relevant compound class, e.g. C01, C07; separation of optically active isomers by microbiological processes C07, e.g. C07B 19/02; brewing of beer C12C; producing vinegar C12J; processes for producing enzymes per se C12N)  [3]
 C12P

Note(s)

  1. This sub-class includes both major and minor chemical modifications. If a particular reaction is considered to be pertinent, it is also classified in the relevant chemical compound class, e.g. C07, C08[3]
  2. Group C12P 1/00 provides for processes for producing organic compounds not sufficiently identified to be placed in groups C12P 3/00-C12P 37/00. Compounds identified only by their empirical formulae are not considered to be sufficiently identified. [3]
  3. Metal or ammonium salts of a compound are classified as that compound. [3]
  4. Compositions are classified in the relevant compound groups. [3]
 C12P 1/00
Preparation of compounds or compositions, not provided for in groups C12P 3/00-C12P 39/00, by using micro-organisms or enzymes  [3]
 C12P 1/02
·  by using fungi  [3]
 C12P 1/04
·  by using bacteria  [3]
 C12P 1/06
·  by using actinomycetales  [3]
 C12P 3/00
Preparation of elements or inorganic compounds except carbon dioxide  [3]
 C12P 5/00
Preparation of hydrocarbons  [3]
 C12P 5/02
·  acyclic (producing methane by anaerobic treatment of sludge C02F 11/04)  [3]
 C12P 7/00
Preparation of oxygen-containing organic compounds  [3]
 C12P 7/02
·  containing a hydroxy group  [3]
 C12P 7/04
·  ·  acyclic  [3]
 C12P 7/06
·  ·  ·  Ethanol, i.e. non-beverage  [3]
 C12P 7/08
·  ·  ·  ·  produced as by-product or from waste or cellulosic material substrate  [3]
 C12P 7/10
·  ·  ·  ·  ·  substrate containing cellulosic material  [3]
 C12P 7/12
·  ·  ·  ·  ·  substrate containing sulphite waste liquor or citrus waste  [3]
 C12P 7/14
·  ·  ·  ·  Multiple stages of fermentation; Multiple types of micro-organisms or reuse for micro-organisms  [3]
 C12P 7/16
·  ·  ·  Butanols  [3]
 C12P 7/18
·  ·  ·  polyhydric  [3]
 C12P 7/20
·  ·  ·  ·  Glycerol  [3]
 C12P 7/22
·  ·  aromatic  [3]
 C12P 7/24
·  containing a carbonyl group  [3]
 C12P 7/26
·  ·  Ketones  [3]
 C12P 7/28
·  ·  ·  Acetone-containing products  [3]
 C12P 7/30
·  ·  ·  ·  Produced from substrate containing inorganic compounds other than water  [3]
 C12P 7/32
·  ·  ·  ·  produced from substrate containing inorganic nitrogen source  [3]
 C12P 7/34
·  ·  ·  ·  produced from substrate containing protein as nitrogen source  [3]
 C12P 7/36
·  ·  ·  ·  produced from substrate containing grain or cereal material  [3]
 C12P 7/38
·  ·  ·  Cyclopentanone- or cyclopentadione- containing products  [3]
 C12P 7/40
·  containing a carboxyl group  [3]
 C12P 7/42
·  ·  Hydroxy-carboxylic acids  [3]
 C12P 7/44
·  ·  Polycarboxylic acids  [3]
 C12P 7/46
·  ·  ·  Dicarboxylic acids having four or less carbon atoms, e.g. fumaric acid, maleic acid  [3]
 C12P 7/48
·  ·  ·  Tricarboxylic acids, e.g. citric acid  [3]
 C12P 7/50
·  ·  ·  having keto groups, e.g. 2-ketoglutaric acid  [3]
 C12P 7/52
·  ·  Propionic acid; Butyric acids  [3]
 C12P 7/54
·  ·  Acetic acid (vinegar C12J)  [3]
 C12P 7/56
·  ·  Lactic acid  [3]
 C12P 7/58
·  ·  Aldonic, keto-aldonic or saccharic acids (uronic acids C12P 19/00)  [3]
 C12P 7/60
·  ·  ·  2-Ketogulonic acid  [3]
 C12P 7/62
·  Carboxylic acid esters  [3]
 C12P 7/64
·  Fats; Fatty oils; Ester-type waxes; Higher fatty acids, i.e. having at least seven carbon atoms in an unbroken chain bound to a carboxyl group; Oxidised oils or fats  [3]
 C12P 7/66
·  containing the quinoid structure  [3]
 C12P 9/00
Preparation of organic compounds containing a metal or atom other than H, N, C, O, S, or halogen  [3]
 C12P 11/00
Preparation of sulphur-containing organic compounds  [3]
 C12P 13/00
Preparation of nitrogen-containing organic compounds  [3]
 C12P 13/02
·  Amides, e.g. chloramphenicol  [3]
 C12P 13/04
·  alpha- or beta-Amino acids  [3]
 C12P 13/06
·  ·  Alanine; Leucine; Isoleucine; Serine; Homoserine  [3]
 C12P 13/08
·  ·  Lysine; Diaminopimelic acid; Threonine; Valine  [3]
 C12P 13/10
·  ·  Citrulline; Arginine; Ornithine  [3]
 C12P 13/12
·  ·  Methionine; Cysteine; Cystine  [3]
 C12P 13/14
·  ·  Glutamic acid; Glutamine  [3]
 C12P 13/16
·  ·  ·  using surfactants, fatty acids or fatty acid esters, i. e. having at least seven carbon atoms in an unbroken chain bound to a carboxyl group or a carboxyl ester group  [3]
 C12P 13/18
·  ·  ·  using biotin or its derivatives  [3]
 C12P 13/20
·  ·  Aspartic acid; Asparagine  [3]
 C12P 13/22
·  ·  Tryptophan; Tyrosine; Phenylalanine; 3,4-Dihydroxyphenylalanine  [3]
 C12P 13/24
·  ·  Proline; Hydroxyproline; Histidine  [3]
 C12P 15/00
Preparation of compounds containing at least three condensed carbocyclic rings  [3]
 C12P 17/00
Preparation of heterocyclic carbon compounds with only O, N, S, Se, or Te as ring hetero atoms (C12P 13/04-C12P 13/24 take precedence)  [3]
 C12P 17/02
·  Oxygen as only ring hetero atoms  [3]
 C12P 17/04
·  ·  containing a five-membered hetero ring, e.g. griseofulvin  [3]
 C12P 17/06
·  ·  containing a six-membered hetero ring, e.g. fluorescein  [3]
 C12P 17/08
·  ·  containing a hetero ring of at least seven ring members, e.g. zearalenone, macrolide aglycons  [3]
 C12P 17/10
·  Nitrogen as only ring hetero atom  [3]
 C12P 17/12
·  ·  containing a six-membered hetero ring  [3]
 C12P 17/14
·  Nitrogen or oxygen as hetero atom and at least one other diverse hetero ring atom in the same ring  [3]
 C12P 17/16
·  containing two or more hetero rings  [3]
 C12P 17/18
·  containing at least two hetero rings condensed among themselves or condensed with a common carbocyclic ring system, e.g. rifamycin  [3]
 C12P 19/00
Preparation of compounds containing saccharide radicals (ketoaldonic acids C12P 7/58)  [3]
 C12P 19/00

Note(s)

Attention is drawn to definition of the term "saccharide radical" in Note (1) following the title of sub-class C07H[3]

 C12P 19/02
·  Monosaccharides (2-ketogulonic acid C12P 7/60)  [3]
 C12P 19/04
·  Polysaccharides, i.e. compounds containing more than five saccharide radicals attached to each other by glycosidic bonds  [3]
 C12P 19/06
·  ·  Xanthan, i.e. Xanthomonas-type heteropolysaccharides  [3]
 C12P 19/08
·  ·  Dextran  [3]
 C12P 19/10
·  ·  Pullulan  [3]
 C12P 19/12
·  Disaccharides  [3]
 C12P 19/14
·  produced by the action of a carbohydrase, e.g. by alpha-amylase  [3]
 C12P 19/16
·  produced by the action of an alpha-1, 6-glucosidase, e.g. amylose, debranched amylopectin (non-biological hydrolysis of starch C13L 1/00)  [3]
 C12P 19/18
·  produced by the action of a glycosyl transferase, e.g. alpha-, beta- or gamma -cyclodextrins  [3]
 C12P 19/20
·  produced by the action of an exo-1, 4 alpha-glucosidase, e.g. dextrose  [3]
 C12P 19/22
·  produced by the action of a beta-amylase, e.g. maltose  [3]
 C12P 19/24
·  produced by the action of an isomerase, e.g. fructose  [3]
 C12P 19/26
·  Preparation of nitrogen-containing carbohydrates  [3]
 C12P 19/28
·  ·  N-glycosides  [3]
 C12P 19/30
·  ·  ·  Nucleotides  [3]
 C12P 19/32
·  ·  ·  ·  having a condensed ring system containing a six-membered ring having two N-atoms in the same-ring, e.g. purine nucleotides  [3]
 C12P 19/34
·  ·  ·  ·  Polynucleotides, e.g. nucleic acids, oligoribonucleotides  [3]
 C12P 19/36
·  ·  ·  ·  Dinucleotides, e.g. NAD  [3]
 C12P 19/38
·  ·  ·  Nucleosides  [3]
 C12P 19/40
·  ·  ·  ·  having a condensed ring system containing a six-membered ring having two nitrogen atoms in the same ring, e.g. purine nucleosides  [3]
 C12P 19/42
·  ·  ·  Cobalamins, i.e. vitamin B12 , LLD factor  [3]
 C12P 19/44
·  Preparation of O-glycosides, e.g. glucosides  [3]
 C12P 19/46
·  ·  having an oxygen atom of the saccharide radical bound to a cyclohexyl radical, e.g. kasugamycin  [3]
 C12P 19/48
·  ·  ·  the cyclohexyl radical being substituted by two or more nitrogen atoms, e.g. destomycin, neamin  [3]
 C12P 19/50
·  ·  ·  ·  having two saccharide radicals bound through only oxygen to adjacent ring carbon atoms of the cyclohexyl radical, e.g. ambutyrosin, ribostamycin  [3]
 C12P 19/52
·  ·  ·  ·  ·  containing three or more saccharide radicals, e.g. neomycin, lividomycin  [3]
 C12P 19/54
·  ·  ·  the cyclohexyl radical being bound directly to a nitrogen atom of two or more radicals, e.g. streptomycin  [3]
 C12P 19/56
·  ·  having an oxygen atom of the saccharide radical directly bound to a condensed ring system having three or more carbocyclic rings, e.g. daunomycin, adriamycin  [3]
 C12P 19/58
·  ·  having an oxygen atom of the saccharide radical directly bound through only acyclic carbon atoms to a non-saccharide heterocyclic ring, e.g. bleomycin, phleomycin  [3]
 C12P 19/60
·  ·  having an oxygen of the saccharide radical directly bound to a non-saccharide heterocyclic ring or a condensed ring system containing a non-saccharide heterocyclic ring, e.g. coumermycin, novobiocin  [3]
 C12P 19/62
·  ·  ·  the hetero ring having eight or more ring members and only oxygen as ring hetero atoms, e.g. erythromycin, spiramycin, nystatin  [3]
 C12P 19/64
·  Preparation of S-glycosides, e.g. lincomycin  [3]
 C12P 21/00
Preparation of peptides or proteins (single-cell protein C12N 1/00)  [3]
 C12P 21/02
·  having a known sequence of two or more amino acids, e.g. glutathione  [3]
 C12P 21/04
·  ·  Cyclic or bridged peptides or polypeptides, e.g. bacitracin (cyclised by —S—S— bonds only C12P 21/02)  [3]
 C12P 21/06
·  produced by the hydrolysis of a peptide bond, e.g. hydrolysate products (preparing foodstuffs by protein hydrolysis A23J 3/00)  [3]
 C12P 23/00
Preparation of compounds containing a cyclohexene ring having an unsaturated side chain containing at least ten carbon atoms bound by conjugated double bonds, e.g. carotenes (containing hetero-rings C12P 17/00)  [3]
 C12P 25/00
Preparation of compounds containing alloxazine or isoalloxazine nucleus, e.g. riboflavin  [3]
 C12P 27/00
Preparation of compounds containing a gibbane ring system, e.g. gibberellin  [3]
 C12P 29/00
Preparation of compounds containing a naphthacene ring system, e.g. tetracycline (C12P 19/00 takes precedence)  [3]
 C12P 31/00
Preparation of compounds containing a five-membered ring having two side-chains in ortho position to each other, and having at least one oxygen atom directly bound to the ring in ortho position to one of the side-chains, one side-chain containing, not directly bound to the ring, a carbon atom having three bonds to hetero atoms with at the most one bond to halogen, and the other side-chain having at least one oxygen atom bound in gamma -position to the ring, e.g. prostaglandins  [3]
 C12P 33/00
Preparation of steroids  [3]
 C12P 33/00

Note(s)

  1. Attention is drawn to the definition of steroids in the note following the title of sub-class C07J[3]
  2. In groups C12P 33/02-C12P 33/20, the terms "acting", "forming", "hydroxylating", "dehydroxylating", and "dehydrogenating" refer to the action of a micro-organism or enzyme rather than other chemical action. [3]
 C12P 33/02
·  Dehydrogenating; Dehydroxylating  [3]
 C12P 33/04
·  ·  Forming an aryl ring from A ring  [3]
 C12P 33/06
·  Hydroxylating  [3]
 C12P 33/08
·  ·  at 11 position  [3]
 C12P 33/10
·  ·  ·  at 11 alpha-position  [3]
 C12P 33/12
·  Acting on D ring  [3]
 C12P 33/14
·  ·  Hydroxylating at 16 position  [3]
 C12P 33/16
·  ·  Acting at 17 position  [3]
 C12P 33/18
·  ·  ·  Hydroxylating at 17 position  [3]
 C12P 33/20
·  containing heterocyclic rings  [3]
 C12P 35/00
Preparation of compounds having a 5-thia-1-azabicyclo [4.2.0] octane ring system, e.g. cephalosporin  [3]
 C12P 35/02
·  by desacylation of the substituent in the 7 position  [3]
 C12P 35/04
·  by acylation of the substituent in the 7 position  [3]
 C12P 35/06
·  Cephalosporin C; Derivatives thereof  [3]
 C12P 35/08
·  disubstituted in the 7 position  [3]
 C12P 37/00
Preparation of compounds having a 4-thia-1-azabicyclo [3.2.0] heptane ring system, e.g. penicillin  [3]
 C12P 37/02
·  in presence of phenylacetic acid or phenylacetamide or their derivatives  [3]
 C12P 37/04
·  by acylation of the substituent in the 6 position  [3]
 C12P 37/06
·  by desacylation of the substituent in the 6 position  [3]
 C12P 39/00
Processes involving micro-organisms of different genera in the same process, simultaneously  [3]