|  | C |
SECTION C — CHEMISTRY AND METALLURGY

|  | C |
Note(s) Definitions for Section C: Alkali metals: Li, Na, K, Rb, Cs, Fr Alkaline earth metals: Ca, Sr, Ba, Ra Lanthanides: elements with atomic numbers 57 to 71 inclusive Rare earths: Sc, Y, Lanthanides Actinides: elements with atomic numbers 89 to 103 inclusive Refractory metals: Ti, V, Cr, Zr, Nb, Mo, Hf, Ta, W Halogens: F, Cl, Br, I, At Noble gases: He, Ne, Ar, Kr, Xe, Rn Platinum group: Os, Ir, Pt, Ru, Rh, Pd Noble metals: Ag, Au, Platinum group Light metals: alkali metals, alkaline earth metals, Be, Al, Mg Heavy metals: metals other than light metals Iron group: Fe, Co, Ni Non-metals: H, B, C, Si, N, P, O, S, Se, Te, noble gases, halogens Metals: elements other than non-metals Transition elements: elements with atomic numbers 21 to 30 inclusive, 39 to 48 inclusive, 57 to 80 inclusive, 89 upwards

METALLURGY

|  | C22 |
METALLURGY (of iron Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...C21); FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS (general methods or devices for heat treatment of ferrous or non-ferrous metals or alloys Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...C21D; production of metals by electrolysis or electrophoresis Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...C25)

|  | C22B |
PRODUCTION OR REFINING OF METALS (making metallic powder or suspensions thereof Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...B22F 9/00; electrolytic Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...C25); PRETREATMENT OF RAW MATERIALS

|  | C22B |
Note(s) In this sub-class, groups for obtaining metals include obtaining the metals by non-metallurgical processes, and obtaining metal compounds by metallurgical processes. Thus, for example, group Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...C22B 11/00 covers the production of silver by reduction of ammoniacal silver oxide in solution, and group Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...C22B 17/00 includes the production of cadmium oxide by a metallurgical process. Furthermore, although compounds of arsenic and antimony are classified in Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...C01G, production of the elements themselves is included in Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...C22B, as well as the production of their compounds by metallurgical processes.

|  | C22B 1/00 |
Preliminary treatment of ores or scrap (furnaces, sintering apparatus Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F27B)

|  | C22B 1/02 |
· | Roasting processes (Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...C22B 1/16 takes precedence)

|  | C22B 1/04 |
· · | Blast roasting

|  | C22B 1/06 |
· · | Sulphating roasting

|  | C22B 1/08 |
· · | Chloridising roasting

|  | C22B 1/10 |
· · | in fluidised form

|  | C22B 1/11 |
· | Removing sulphur, phosphorus or arsenic, other than by roasting [2]

|  | C22B 1/14 |
· | Agglomerating; Briquetting; Binding; Granulating

|  | C22B 1/16 |
· · | Sintering; Agglomerating

|  | C22B 1/18 |
· · · | in sinter pots

|  | C22B 1/20 |
· · · | in sintering machines with movable grates

|  | C22B 1/212 |
· · · | in tunnel furnaces [2]

|  | C22B 1/214 |
· · · | in shaft furnaces [2]

|  | C22B 1/216 |
· · · | in rotary furnaces [2]

|  | C22B 1/22 |
· · · | in other sintering apparatus

|  | C22B 1/24 |
· · | Binding; Briquetting

|  | C22B 1/242 |
· · · | with binders [2]

|  | C22B 1/243 |
· · · · | inorganic [2]

|  | C22B 1/244 |
· · · · | organic [2]

|  | C22B 1/245 |
· · · · · | with carbonaceous material for the production of coked agglomerates [2]

|  | C22B 1/248 |
· · · | of metal scrap or alloys [2]

|  | C22B 1/26 |
· | Cooling of roasted, sintered, or agglomerated ores

|  | C22B 3/00 |
Extraction of metal compounds from ores by wet methods

|  | C22B 3/02 |
· | Apparatus therefor

|  | C22B 4/00 |
Electrothermal treatment of ores or metallurgical products for obtaining metals or alloys (general methods of refining or remelting metals Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...C22B 9/00; obtaining iron or steel Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...C21B, Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...C21C) [2]

|  | C22B 4/02 |
· | Light metals [2]

|  | C22B 4/04 |
· | Heavy metals [2]

|  | C22B 4/06 |
· | Alloys [2]

|  | C22B 4/08 |
· | Apparatus (electric heating elements Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...H05B) [2]

|  | C22B 5/00 |
General methods of reducing to metals

|  | C22B 5/02 |
· | Dry methods

|  | C22B 5/04 |
· · | by aluminium, other metals, or silicon

|  | C22B 5/06 |
· · | by carbides or the like

|  | C22B 5/08 |
· · | by sulphides; Roasting reaction methods

|  | C22B 5/10 |
· · | by solid carbonaceous reducing agents

|  | C22B 5/12 |
· · | by gases

|  | C22B 5/14 |
· · · | fluidised material

|  | C22B 5/16 |
· · | with volatilisation or condensation of the metal being produced

|  | C22B 5/18 |
· · | Reducing step-by-step

|  | C22B 5/20 |
· · | from metal carbonyls

|  | C22B 7/00 |
Working-up raw materials other than ores, e.g. scrap, to produce non-ferrous metals or compounds thereof

|  | C22B 7/02 |
· | Working-up flue dust

|  | C22B 7/04 |
· | Working-up slag

|  | C22B 9/00 |
General methods of refining or remelting metals

|  | C22B 9/02 |
· | Refining by liquating, filtering, centrifuging, distilling or supersonic wave action

|  | C22B 9/04 |
· | Refining by applying a vacuum

|  | C22B 9/05 |
· | Refining by treating with gases, e.g. gas flushing [3]

|  | C22B 9/06 |
( transferred to Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...C22B 9/05 )

|  | C22B 9/08 |
( covered by Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...C22B 9/00 )

|  | C22B 9/10 |
· | with refining or fluxing agents; Use of materials therefor (Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...C22B 9/18 takes precedence)

|  | C22B 9/12 |
( covered by Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...C22B 9/00 )

|  | C22B 9/14 |
· | Refining in the solid state

|  | C22B 9/16 |
· | Remelting metals (liquating Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...C22B 9/02) [3]

|  | C22B 9/18 |
· · | Electroslag remelting [3]

|  | C22B 9/20 |
· · | Arc remelting [3]

|  | C22B 9/22 |
· · | with heating by wave energy or particle radiation [3]

|  | C22B 11/00 |
Obtaining noble metals

|  | C22B 11/02 |
· | by dry processes

|  | C22B 11/04 |
· | by wet processes

|  | C22B 11/06 |
· | chloridising

|  | C22B 11/08 |
· | by cyaniding

|  | C22B 11/10 |
· | by amalgamating

|  | C22B 11/12 |
· · | Apparatus therefor

|  | C22B 13/00 |
Obtaining lead

|  | C22B 13/02 |
· | by dry processes

|  | C22B 13/04 |
· | by wet processes

|  | C22B 13/06 |
· | Refining

|  | C22B 13/08 |
· · | Separating metals from lead by precipitating, e.g. by Parkes process

|  | C22B 13/10 |
· · | Separating metals from lead by crystallising, e.g. by Pattison process

|  | C22B 15/00 |
Obtaining copper

|  | C22B 15/02 |
· | in blast furnaces

|  | C22B 15/04 |
· | in reverberatory furnaces

|  | C22B 15/06 |
· | in converters

|  | C22B 15/08 |
· | with leaching with acids and salt solutions

|  | C22B 15/10 |
· | with leaching with ammonia or ammonia-salt solutions

|  | C22B 15/12 |
· | by precipitating from solutions

|  | C22B 15/14 |
· | Refining

|  | C22B 17/00 |
Obtaining cadmium

|  | C22B 17/02 |
· | by dry process

|  | C22B 17/04 |
· | by wet process

|  | C22B 17/06 |
· | Refining

|  | C22B 19/00 |
Obtaining zinc or zinc oxide

|  | C22B 19/02 |
· | Preliminary treatment of ores; Preliminary refining of zinc oxide

|  | C22B 19/04 |
· | Obtaining zinc by distilling

|  | C22B 19/06 |
· · | in muffle furnaces

|  | C22B 19/08 |
· · | in blast furnaces

|  | C22B 19/10 |
· · | in reverberatory furnaces

|  | C22B 19/12 |
· · | in crucible furnaces

|  | C22B 19/14 |
· · | in vertical retorts

|  | C22B 19/16 |
· · | Distilling vessels

|  | C22B 19/18 |
· · · | Condensers; Receiving vessels

|  | C22B 19/20 |
· | Obtaining zinc otherwise than by distilling

|  | C22B 19/22 |
· · | with leaching with acids

|  | C22B 19/24 |
· · | with leaching with alkaline solutions, e.g. ammonia

|  | C22B 19/26 |
· · | Refining solutions obtained by leaching zinc ores

|  | C22B 19/28 |
· | from muffle furnace residues

|  | C22B 19/30 |
· | from metallic residues or scraps

|  | C22B 19/32 |
· | Refining zinc

|  | C22B 19/34 |
· | Obtaining zinc oxide (purifying zinc oxide Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...C01G 9/02)

|  | C22B 19/36 |
· · | in blast or reverberatory furnaces

|  | C22B 19/38 |
· · | in rotary furnaces

|  | C22B 21/00 |
Obtaining aluminium

|  | C22B 21/02 |
· | with reducing

|  | C22B 21/04 |
· | with alkali metals

|  | C22B 21/06 |
· | Refining

|  | C22B 23/00 |
Obtaining nickel or cobalt

|  | C22B 23/02 |
· | by dry processess

|  | C22B 23/04 |
· | by wet processes

|  | C22B 23/06 |
· | Refining

|  | C22B 25/00 |
Obtaining tin

|  | C22B 25/02 |
· | by dry processes

|  | C22B 25/04 |
· | by wet processes

|  | C22B 25/06 |
· | from scrap, especially tin scrap (by electrolytic procedure Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...C25C 1/14)

|  | C22B 25/08 |
· | Refining

|  | C22B 26/00 |
Obtaining alkali, alkaline earth metals or magnesium [2]

|  | C22B 26/10 |
· | Obtaining alkali metals [2]

|  | C22B 26/12 |
· · | Obtaining lithium [2]

|  | C22B 26/20 |
· | Obtaining alkaline earth metals or magnesium [2]

|  | C22B 26/22 |
· · | Obtaining magnesium [2]

|  | C22B 30/00 |
Obtaining antimony, arsenic or bismuth [2]

|  | C22B 30/02 |
· | Obtaining antimony [2]

|  | C22B 30/04 |
· | Obtaining arsenic [2]

|  | C22B 30/06 |
· | Obtaining bismuth [2]

|  | C22B 34/00 |
Obtaining refractory metals [2]

|  | C22B 34/10 |
· | Obtaining titanium, zirconium or hafnium [2]

|  | C22B 34/12 |
· · | Obtaining titanium [2]

|  | C22B 34/14 |
· · | Obtaining zirconium or hafnium [2]

|  | C22B 34/20 |
· | Obtaining niobium, tantalum or vanadium [2]

|  | C22B 34/22 |
· · | Obtaining vanadium [2]

|  | C22B 34/24 |
· · | Obtaining niobium or tantalum [2]

|  | C22B 34/30 |
· | Obtaining chromium, molybdenum or tungsten [2]

|  | C22B 34/32 |
· · | Obtaining chromium [2]

|  | C22B 34/34 |
· · | Obtaining molybdenum [2]

|  | C22B 34/36 |
· · | Obtaining tungsten [2]

|  | C22B 35/00 |
Obtaining beryllium

|  | C22B 41/00 |
Obtaining germanium

|  | C22B 43/00 |
Obtaining mercury

|  | C22B 47/00 |
Obtaining manganese

|  | C22B 58/00 |
Obtaining gallium or indium [2]

|  | C22B 59/00 |
Obtaining rare-earth metals

|  | C22B 60/00 |
Obtaining metals of atomic number 87 or higher, i.e. radioactive metals [2]

|  | C22B 60/02 |
· | Obtaining thorium, uranium or other actinides [2]

|  | C22B 60/04 |
· · | Obtaining plutonium [2]

|  | C22B 61/00 |
Obtaining metals not elsewhere provided for in this sub-class (iron Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...C21) [2]