|  | F |
SECTION F — MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING

ENGINES AND PUMPS

|  | F01 |
MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL (combustion engines Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F02; machines for liquids Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F03, Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F04); ENGINE PLANTS IN GENERAL; STEAM ENGINES

|  | F02 |
COMBUSTION ENGINES (cyclically operating valves therefor, lubricating, exhausting, or silencing engines Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F01); HOT-GAS OR COMBUSTION-PRODUCT ENGINE PLANTS

|  | F03 |
MACHINES OR ENGINES FOR LIQUIDS (for liquids and elastic fluids Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F01; positive-displacement machines for liquids Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F04); WIND, SPRING, WEIGHT, OR MISCELLANEOUS MOTORS; PRODUCING MECHANICAL POWER OR A REACTIVE PROPULSIVE THRUST, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR

|  | F04 |
POSITIVE-DISPLACEMENT MACHINES FOR LIQUIDS; PUMPS FOR LIQUIDS OR ELASTIC FLUIDS (charging or scavenging combustion engines by pumps Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F02B; engine fuel-injection pumps Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F02M; ion pumps Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...H01J 41/12; electrodynamic pumps Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...H02K 44/02)

|  | F04 |
Note(s) Combinations of positive-displacement and non-positive-displacement pumps are to be found in the following sub-classes: Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F04B as a general sub-class for pumps; Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F04C, Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F04D in respect of matter peculiar to these sub-classes.

ENGINEERING IN GENERAL

|  | F15 |
FLUID-PRESSURE ACTUATORS; HYDRAULICS OR PNEUMATICS IN GENERAL

|  | F16 |
ENGINEERING ELEMENTS OR UNITS; GENERAL MEASURES FOR PRODUCING AND MAINTAINING EFFECTIVE FUNCTIONING OF MACHINES OR INSTALLATIONS; THERMAL INSULATION IN GENERAL

|  | F17 |
STORING OR DISTRIBUTING GASES OR LIQUIDS (water supply Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...E03B)

LIGHTING AND HEATING

|  | F21 |
LIGHTING (electric aspects or elements Section H, e.g. electric light sources Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...H01J, Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...H01K, Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...H05B)

|  | F21 |
Note(s) Attention is drawn to the note (Note III) following the Contents of Section of Section H. In this class, the following terms are used with the meanings indicated: "Portable" means "intended to be carried personally". "Non-portable" means "not intended to be carried personally, even if capable of being moved from place to place". "Electric" includes "not stated to be non-electric".

|  | F22 |
STEAM GENERATION (chemical or physical apparatus for generating gases Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...B01J; chemical generation of gas, e.g. under pressure, Section C; generating combustion products of high pressure or high velocity Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F23R; water heaters not for steam generation Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F24H, Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F28)

|  | F22 |
Note(s) In this class, the term "steam" also covers other condensable vapours, e.g. mercury, diphenyl, diphenyl oxide.

|  | F23 |
COMBUSTION APPARATUS; COMBUSTION PROCESSES

|  | F23 |
Note(s) In this class, the following terms are used with the meanings indicated: "Combustion" means the direct combination of oxygen gas, e.g. in air, and a burnable substance. Any other heat-producing combination of chemical substances, e.g. hydrogen peroxide and methane, iron oxide and aluminium, is provided for in Section C or in sub-class Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F24J. "Combustion chamber" means a chamber in which fuel is burned to establish a self-supporting fire or flame and which surrounds that fire or flame. "Burner" means a device by which fluent fuel is passed to a combustion space where it burns to produce a self-supporting flame. "Air" means a mixture of gases containing free oxygen and able to promote or support combustion.

|  | F24 |
HEATING; RANGES; VENTILATING (protecting plants by heating in gardens, orchards, or forests Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...A01G 13/06; baking ovens and apparatus Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...A21B; cooking devices other than ranges Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...A47J; specially adapted for vehicles, see the relevant sub-classes of classes Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...B60-B64; combustion apparatus in general Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F23; drying Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F26B; ovens in general Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F27; electric heating elements and arrangements Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...H05B)

|  | F24 |
Note(s) In this class, the following terms are used with the meanings indicated: "Stove" includes an open fire. "Range" means an apparatus for cooking having elements that perform different cooking operations or cooking and heating operations.

|  | F25 |
REFRIGERATION OR COOLING; MANUFACTURE OR STORAGE OF ICE; LIQUEFACTION OR SOLIDIFICATION OF GASES

|  | F26 |
DRYING

|  | F27 |
FURNACES; KILNS; OVENS; RETORTS (specially adapted for a purpose covered by a single other class and specifically mentioned per se in that class, see the class in question, e.g. bakery ovens Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...A21B, coke or gas-making apparatus Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...C10B, Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...C10J, apparatus for craking hydrocarbons Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...C10G, blast furnaces Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...C21B, Bessemer converters for making steel Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...C21C, furnaces for heat treatment of metal Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...C21D, enamelling ovens Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...C23D, combustion apparatus Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F23, electric heating Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...H05B)

|  | F27 |
Note(s) This class deals with furnaces, kilns, ovens, retorts, open sintering apparatus, and details or accessories therefor, in general. It includes the arrangement of electrical heating elements in or on furnaces, but not the elements themselves. It is not concerned with the processes carried on within the furnaces. In this class, where appropriate, the term "furnaces" is to be understood as covering kilns, ovens, or retorts.

|  | F28 |
HEAT EXCHANGE IN GENERAL

|  | F28 |
Note(s) Apparatus using heat exchange or heat transfer (as defined below) for specific purposes is classified either in sub-class Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F28B or in the appropriate sub-classes of, for example, classes Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F22, Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F24, Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F25, Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F26, or Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F27; if no such other sub-class is appropriate, such apparatus is classified in sub-clas Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F28C or Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F28D. In this class, the following terms are used with the meanings indicated: "Heat exchange" means the heating or cooling of a fluid or fluent solid by direct or indirect contact with a heated or cooled fluid or fluent solid. "Heat transfer" means the heating or cooling of a fluid or fluent solid by direct contact with a heated or cooled surface or body.

WEAPONS; BLASTING

|  | F41 |
WEAPONS

|  | F41 |
Note(s) In this class, the following terms are used with the meanings indicated: "Semi-automatic firearm" — a firearm from which one shot is fired after actuation of the trigger and which then returns to a condition for firing a subsequent shot upon renewed actuation of the trigger. "Automatic gun" — a gun which will continue firing so long as the initial firing pressure is maintained on the trigger. "Sighting" — bringing into visual coincidence a direction defined by a so-called "sighting" device with the direction of a target. "Aiming" — bringing a weapon to a direction differing from the sighting direction by corrections in order that the projectile may hit the target. "Laying" — setting a weapon in the correct position for hitting a mark. (not applicable in English). Although simulators are generally in class Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...G09, provision is included in class Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F41 for means for practice and training which may have aspects of simulation, e.g. in apparatus for so-called "military games".

|  | F42 |
AMMUNITION; BLASTING

|  | F42 |
Note(s) Although simulators are generally in class Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...G09, provision is included in class Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F42 for means for practice or training which may have aspects of simulation. In this class, the following terms are used with the meanings indicated: "Primer" effects the first explosive step in the sequence of explosion. "Percussion cap" — a primer which is struck to explode. "Igniter" effects the first spark-producing or heat-producing step but may not be explosive. "Firing-means", "initiator" (used respectively in the arts of weaponry and blasting) — the device acting directly on the primer, which device may or may not form part of the fuze. "Detonator charge" — a charge used to amplify the explosion of the primer. "Fuze" — an assembly which determines the moment of the explosion (instantaneous or delayed) and which incorporates firing-means for initiating the explosion spark. "Ammunition" covers expulsion charge and projectile whether or not forming a single body, unless otherwise made clear. [2]