|  | C |
SECTION C — CHEMISTRY AND METALLURGY

|  | C |
Note(s) Definitions for Section C: Alkali metals: Li, Na, K, Rb, Cs, Fr Alkaline earth metals: Ca, Sr, Ba, Ra Lanthanides: elements with atomic numbers 57 to 71 inclusive Rare earths: Sc, Y, Lanthanides Actinides: elements with atomic numbers 89 to 103 inclusive Refractory metals: Ti, V, Cr, Zr, Nb, Mo, Hf, Ta, W Halogens: F, Cl, Br, I, At Noble gases: He, Ne, Ar, Kr, Xe, Rn Platinum group: Os, Ir, Pt, Ru, Rh, Pd Noble metals: Ag, Au, Platinum group Light metals: alkali metals, alkaline earth metals, Be, Al, Mg Heavy metals: metals other than light metals Iron group: Fe, Co, Ni Non-metals: H, B, C, Si, N, P, O, S, Se, Te, noble gases, halogens Metals: elements other than non-metals Transition elements: elements with atomic numbers 21 to 30 inclusive, 39 to 48 inclusive, 57 to 80 inclusive, 89 upwards

CHEMISTRY

|  | C12 |
BIOCHEMISTRY; BEER; SPIRITS; WINE; VINEGAR; MICROBIOLOGY; ENZYMOLOGY; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING

|  | C12 |
Note(s) In the field of sub-classes Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...C12M-C12Q, in the absence of an indication to the contrary, an invention is classified in the last appropriate place. [3] Within this class, viruses, undifferentiated plant or animal cells, protozoa and unicellular algae are considered as micro-organisms. Also, sub-cellular parts, unless specifically provided for, are classified with the whole cell. [3] Within this class, non-obligatory classifications may be given as additional information relating to the micro-organisms used by means of the symbols of sub-class Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...C12R. [3]

|  | C12P |
FERMENTATION OR ENZYME-USING PROCESSES TO SYNTHESISE A DESIRED CHEMICAL COMPOUND OR COMPOSITION (fermentation processes to form a food composition Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...A21, Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...A23; compounds per se, see the relevant compound class, e.g. Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...C01, Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...C07; separation of optically active isomers by microbiological processes Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...C07, e.g. Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...C07B 19/02; brewing of beer Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...C12C; producing vinegar Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...C12J; processes for producing enzymes per se Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...C12N) [3]

|  | C12P |
Note(s) This sub-class includes both major and minor chemical modifications. If a particular reaction is considered to be pertinent, it is also classified in the relevant chemical compound class, e.g. Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...C07, Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...C08. [3] Group Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...C12P 1/00 provides for processes for producing organic compounds not sufficiently identified to be placed in groups Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...C12P 3/00-C12P 37/00. Compounds identified only by their empirical formulae are not considered to be sufficiently identified. [3] Metal or ammonium salts of a compound are classified as that compound. [3] Compositions are classified in the relevant compound groups. [3]

|  | C12P 1/00 |
Preparation of compounds or compositions, not provided for in groups Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...C12P 3/00-C12P 39/00, by using micro-organisms or enzymes [3]

|  | C12P 1/02 |
· | by using fungi [3]

|  | C12P 1/04 |
· | by using bacteria [3]

|  | C12P 1/06 |
· | by using actinomycetales [3]

|  | C12P 3/00 |
Preparation of elements or inorganic compounds except carbon dioxide [3]

|  | C12P 5/00 |
Preparation of hydrocarbons [3]

|  | C12P 5/02 |
· | acyclic (producing methane by anaerobic treatment of sludge Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...C02F 11/04) [3]

|  | C12P 7/00 |
Preparation of oxygen-containing organic compounds [3]

|  | C12P 7/02 |
· | containing a hydroxy group [3]

|  | C12P 7/04 |
· · | acyclic [3]

|  | C12P 7/06 |
· · · | Ethanol, i.e. non-beverage [3]

|  | C12P 7/08 |
· · · · | produced as by-product or from waste or cellulosic material substrate [3]

|  | C12P 7/10 |
· · · · · | substrate containing cellulosic material [3]

|  | C12P 7/12 |
· · · · · | substrate containing sulphite waste liquor or citrus waste [3]

|  | C12P 7/14 |
· · · · | Multiple stages of fermentation; Multiple types of micro-organisms or reuse for micro-organisms [3]

|  | C12P 7/16 |
· · · | Butanols [3]

|  | C12P 7/18 |
· · · | polyhydric [3]

|  | C12P 7/20 |
· · · · | Glycerol [3]

|  | C12P 7/22 |
· · | aromatic [3]

|  | C12P 7/24 |
· | containing a carbonyl group [3]

|  | C12P 7/26 |
· · | Ketones [3]

|  | C12P 7/28 |
· · · | Acetone-containing products [3]

|  | C12P 7/30 |
· · · · | Produced from substrate containing inorganic compounds other than water [3]

|  | C12P 7/32 |
· · · · | produced from substrate containing inorganic nitrogen source [3]

|  | C12P 7/34 |
· · · · | produced from substrate containing protein as nitrogen source [3]

|  | C12P 7/36 |
· · · · | produced from substrate containing grain or cereal material [3]

|  | C12P 7/38 |
· · · | Cyclopentanone- or cyclopentadione- containing products [3]

|  | C12P 7/40 |
· | containing a carboxyl group [3]

|  | C12P 7/42 |
· · | Hydroxy-carboxylic acids [3]

|  | C12P 7/44 |
· · | Polycarboxylic acids [3]

|  | C12P 7/46 |
· · · | Dicarboxylic acids having four or less carbon atoms, e.g. fumaric acid, maleic acid [3]

|  | C12P 7/48 |
· · · | Tricarboxylic acids, e.g. citric acid [3]

|  | C12P 7/50 |
· · · | having keto groups, e.g. 2-ketoglutaric acid [3]

|  | C12P 7/52 |
· · | Propionic acid; Butyric acids [3]

|  | C12P 7/54 |
· · | Acetic acid (vinegar Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...C12J) [3]

|  | C12P 7/56 |
· · | Lactic acid [3]

|  | C12P 7/58 |
· · | Aldonic, keto-aldonic or saccharic acids (uronic acids Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...C12P 19/00) [3]

|  | C12P 7/60 |
· · · | 2-Ketogulonic acid [3]

|  | C12P 7/62 |
· | Carboxylic acid esters [3]

|  | C12P 7/64 |
· | Fats; Fatty oils; Ester-type waxes; Higher fatty acids, i.e. having at least seven carbon atoms in an unbroken chain bound to a carboxyl group; Oxidised oils or fats [3]

|  | C12P 7/66 |
· | containing the quinoid structure [3]

|  | C12P 9/00 |
Preparation of organic compounds containing a metal or atom other than H, N, C, O, S, or halogen [3]

|  | C12P 11/00 |
Preparation of sulphur-containing organic compounds [3]

|  | C12P 13/00 |
Preparation of nitrogen-containing organic compounds [3]

|  | C12P 13/02 |
· | Amides, e.g. chloramphenicol [3]

|  | C12P 13/04 |
· | alpha- or beta-Amino acids [3]

|  | C12P 13/06 |
· · | Alanine; Leucine; Isoleucine; Serine; Homoserine [3]

|  | C12P 13/08 |
· · | Lysine; Diaminopimelic acid; Threonine; Valine [3]

|  | C12P 13/10 |
· · | Citrulline; Arginine; Ornithine [3]

|  | C12P 13/12 |
· · | Methionine; Cysteine; Cystine [3]

|  | C12P 13/14 |
· · | Glutamic acid; Glutamine [3]

|  | C12P 13/16 |
· · · | using surfactants, fatty acids or fatty acid esters, i. e. having at least seven carbon atoms in an unbroken chain bound to a carboxyl group or a carboxyl ester group [3]

|  | C12P 13/18 |
· · · | using biotin or its derivatives [3]

|  | C12P 13/20 |
· · | Aspartic acid; Asparagine [3]

|  | C12P 13/22 |
· · | Tryptophan; Tyrosine; Phenylalanine; 3,4-Dihydroxyphenylalanine [3]

|  | C12P 13/24 |
· · | Proline; Hydroxyproline; Histidine [3]

|  | C12P 15/00 |
Preparation of compounds containing at least three condensed carbocyclic rings [3]

|  | C12P 17/00 |
Preparation of heterocyclic carbon compounds with only O, N, S, Se, or Te as ring hetero atoms (Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...C12P 13/04-C12P 13/24 take precedence) [3]

|  | C12P 17/02 |
· | Oxygen as only ring hetero atoms [3]

|  | C12P 17/04 |
· · | containing a five-membered hetero ring, e.g. griseofulvin [3]

|  | C12P 17/06 |
· · | containing a six-membered hetero ring, e.g. fluorescein [3]

|  | C12P 17/08 |
· · | containing a hetero ring of at least seven ring members, e.g. zearalenone, macrolide aglycons [3]

|  | C12P 17/10 |
· | Nitrogen as only ring hetero atom [3]

|  | C12P 17/12 |
· · | containing a six-membered hetero ring [3]

|  | C12P 17/14 |
· | Nitrogen or oxygen as hetero atom and at least one other diverse hetero ring atom in the same ring [3]

|  | C12P 17/16 |
· | containing two or more hetero rings [3]

|  | C12P 17/18 |
· | containing at least two hetero rings condensed among themselves or condensed with a common carbocyclic ring system, e.g. rifamycin [3]

|  | C12P 19/00 |
Preparation of compounds containing saccharide radicals (ketoaldonic acids Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...C12P 7/58) [3]

|  | C12P 19/00 |
Note(s) Attention is drawn to definition of the term "saccharide radical" in Note (1) following the title of sub-class Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...C07H. [3]

|  | C12P 19/02 |
· | Monosaccharides (2-ketogulonic acid Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...C12P 7/60) [3]

|  | C12P 19/04 |
· | Polysaccharides, i.e. compounds containing more than five saccharide radicals attached to each other by glycosidic bonds [3]

|  | C12P 19/06 |
· · | Xanthan, i.e. Xanthomonas-type heteropolysaccharides [3]

|  | C12P 19/08 |
· · | Dextran [3]

|  | C12P 19/10 |
· · | Pullulan [3]

|  | C12P 19/12 |
· | Disaccharides [3]

|  | C12P 19/14 |
· | produced by the action of a carbohydrase, e.g. by alpha-amylase [3]

|  | C12P 19/16 |
· | produced by the action of an alpha-1, 6-glucosidase, e.g. amylose, debranched amylopectin (non-biological hydrolysis of starch Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...C13L 1/00) [3]

|  | C12P 19/18 |
· | produced by the action of a glycosyl transferase, e.g. alpha-, beta- or gamma -cyclodextrins [3]

|  | C12P 19/20 |
· | produced by the action of an exo-1, 4 alpha-glucosidase, e.g. dextrose [3]

|  | C12P 19/22 |
· | produced by the action of a beta-amylase, e.g. maltose [3]

|  | C12P 19/24 |
· | produced by the action of an isomerase, e.g. fructose [3]

|  | C12P 19/26 |
· | Preparation of nitrogen-containing carbohydrates [3]

|  | C12P 19/28 |
· · | N-glycosides [3]

|  | C12P 19/30 |
· · · | Nucleotides [3]

|  | C12P 19/32 |
· · · · | having a condensed ring system containing a six-membered ring having two N-atoms in the same-ring, e.g. purine nucleotides [3]

|  | C12P 19/34 |
· · · · | Polynucleotides, e.g. nucleic acids, oligoribonucleotides [3]

|  | C12P 19/36 |
· · · · | Dinucleotides, e.g. NAD [3]

|  | C12P 19/38 |
· · · | Nucleosides [3]

|  | C12P 19/40 |
· · · · | having a condensed ring system containing a six-membered ring having two nitrogen atoms in the same ring, e.g. purine nucleosides [3]

|  | C12P 19/42 |
· · · | Cobalamins, i.e. vitamin B12 , LLD factor [3]

|  | C12P 19/44 |
· | Preparation of O-glycosides, e.g. glucosides [3]

|  | C12P 19/46 |
· · | having an oxygen atom of the saccharide radical bound to a cyclohexyl radical, e.g. kasugamycin [3]

|  | C12P 19/48 |
· · · | the cyclohexyl radical being substituted by two or more nitrogen atoms, e.g. destomycin, neamin [3]

|  | C12P 19/50 |
· · · · | having two saccharide radicals bound through only oxygen to adjacent ring carbon atoms of the cyclohexyl radical, e.g. ambutyrosin, ribostamycin [3]

|  | C12P 19/52 |
· · · · · | containing three or more saccharide radicals, e.g. neomycin, lividomycin [3]

|  | C12P 19/54 |
· · · | the cyclohexyl radical being bound directly to a nitrogen atom of two or more radicals, e.g. streptomycin [3]

|  | C12P 19/56 |
· · | having an oxygen atom of the saccharide radical directly bound to a condensed ring system having three or more carbocyclic rings, e.g. daunomycin, adriamycin [3]

|  | C12P 19/58 |
· · | having an oxygen atom of the saccharide radical directly bound through only acyclic carbon atoms to a non-saccharide heterocyclic ring, e.g. bleomycin, phleomycin [3]

|  | C12P 19/60 |
· · | having an oxygen of the saccharide radical directly bound to a non-saccharide heterocyclic ring or a condensed ring system containing a non-saccharide heterocyclic ring, e.g. coumermycin, novobiocin [3]

|  | C12P 19/62 |
· · · | the hetero ring having eight or more ring members and only oxygen as ring hetero atoms, e.g. erythromycin, spiramycin, nystatin [3]

|  | C12P 19/64 |
· | Preparation of S-glycosides, e.g. lincomycin [3]

|  | C12P 21/00 |
Preparation of peptides or proteins (single-cell protein Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...C12N 1/00) [3]

|  | C12P 21/02 |
· | having a known sequence of two or more amino acids, e.g. glutathione [3]

|  | C12P 21/04 |
· · | Cyclic or bridged peptides or polypeptides, e.g. bacitracin (cyclised by —S—S— bonds only Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...C12P 21/02) [3]

|  | C12P 21/06 |
· | produced by the hydrolysis of a peptide bond, e.g. hydrolysate products (preparing foodstuffs by protein hydrolysis Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...A23J 3/00) [3]

|  | C12P 23/00 |
Preparation of compounds containing a cyclohexene ring having an unsaturated side chain containing at least ten carbon atoms bound by conjugated double bonds, e.g. carotenes (containing hetero-rings Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...C12P 17/00) [3]

|  | C12P 25/00 |
Preparation of compounds containing alloxazine or isoalloxazine nucleus, e.g. riboflavin [3]

|  | C12P 27/00 |
Preparation of compounds containing a gibbane ring system, e.g. gibberellin [3]

|  | C12P 29/00 |
Preparation of compounds containing a naphthacene ring system, e.g. tetracycline (Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...C12P 19/00 takes precedence) [3]

|  | C12P 31/00 |
Preparation of compounds containing a five-membered ring having two side-chains in ortho position to each other, and having at least one oxygen atom directly bound to the ring in ortho position to one of the side-chains, one side-chain containing, not directly bound to the ring, a carbon atom having three bonds to hetero atoms with at the most one bond to halogen, and the other side-chain having at least one oxygen atom bound in gamma -position to the ring, e.g. prostaglandins [3]

|  | C12P 33/00 |
Preparation of steroids [3]

|  | C12P 33/00 |
Note(s) Attention is drawn to the definition of steroids in the note following the title of sub-class Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...C07J. [3] In groups Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...C12P 33/02-C12P 33/20, the terms "acting", "forming", "hydroxylating", "dehydroxylating", and "dehydrogenating" refer to the action of a micro-organism or enzyme rather than other chemical action. [3]

|  | C12P 33/02 |
· | Dehydrogenating; Dehydroxylating [3]

|  | C12P 33/04 |
· · | Forming an aryl ring from A ring [3]

|  | C12P 33/06 |
· | Hydroxylating [3]

|  | C12P 33/08 |
· · | at 11 position [3]

|  | C12P 33/10 |
· · · | at 11 alpha-position [3]

|  | C12P 33/12 |
· | Acting on D ring [3]

|  | C12P 33/14 |
· · | Hydroxylating at 16 position [3]

|  | C12P 33/16 |
· · | Acting at 17 position [3]

|  | C12P 33/18 |
· · · | Hydroxylating at 17 position [3]

|  | C12P 33/20 |
· | containing heterocyclic rings [3]

|  | C12P 35/00 |
Preparation of compounds having a 5-thia-1-azabicyclo [4.2.0] octane ring system, e.g. cephalosporin [3]

|  | C12P 35/02 |
· | by desacylation of the substituent in the 7 position [3]

|  | C12P 35/04 |
· | by acylation of the substituent in the 7 position [3]

|  | C12P 35/06 |
· | Cephalosporin C; Derivatives thereof [3]

|  | C12P 35/08 |
· | disubstituted in the 7 position [3]

|  | C12P 37/00 |
Preparation of compounds having a 4-thia-1-azabicyclo [3.2.0] heptane ring system, e.g. penicillin [3]

|  | C12P 37/02 |
· | in presence of phenylacetic acid or phenylacetamide or their derivatives [3]

|  | C12P 37/04 |
· | by acylation of the substituent in the 6 position [3]

|  | C12P 37/06 |
· | by desacylation of the substituent in the 6 position [3]

|  | C12P 39/00 |
Processes involving micro-organisms of different genera in the same process, simultaneously [3]