|  | F |
SECTION F — MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING

LIGHTING AND HEATING

|  | F22 |
STEAM GENERATION (chemical or physical apparatus for generating gases Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...B01J; chemical generation of gas, e.g. under pressure, Section C; generating combustion products of high pressure or high velocity Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F23R; water heaters not for steam generation Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F24H, Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F28)

|  | F22 |
Note(s) In this class, the term "steam" also covers other condensable vapours, e.g. mercury, diphenyl, diphenyl oxide.

|  | F22B |
METHODS OF STEAM GENERATION; STEAM BOILERS (steam engine plants where engine aspects predominate Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F01K; domestic central-heating systems using steam Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F24D; heat exchange or heat transfer in general Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F28; generation of vapour in the cores of nuclear reactors Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...G21)

|  | F22B |
Note(s) This sub-class includes only methods of, and apparatus for, the generation of steam under pressure for heating or power purposes.

|  | F22B 1/00 - F22B 3/00 |
General aspects of, or methods for, steam generation

|  | F22B 1/00 |
Methods of steam generation characterised by form of heating method (solar heating Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F24J; jackets or other cooling means in which steam is generated and which serve for cooling other apparatus, see the sub-classes for such apparatus)

|  | F22B 1/02 |
· | by exploitation of the heat content of hot heat carriers

|  | F22B 1/04 |
· · | the heat carrier being hot slag, hot residues, or heated blocks, e.g. iron blocks

|  | F22B 1/06 |
· · | the heat carrier being molten; Use of molten metal, e.g. zinc, as heat transfer medium

|  | F22B 1/08 |
· · | the heat carrier being steam

|  | F22B 1/10 |
· · · | released from heat accumulators

|  | F22B 1/12 |
· · · | produced by an indirect cyclic process

|  | F22B 1/14 |
· · · | coming in direct contact with water in bulk or in sprays

|  | F22B 1/16 |
· · | the heat carrier being hot liquid or hot vapour, e.g. waste liquid, waste vapour

|  | F22B 1/18 |
· · | the heat carrier being a hot gas, e.g. waste gas such as exhaust gas of internal-combustion engines (use of waste heat of combustion engines, in general, Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F02)

|  | F22B 1/20 |
· | using heat evolved in a solution absorbing steam; Soda steam boilers

|  | F22B 1/22 |
· | using combustion under pressure substantially exceeding atmospheric pressure

|  | F22B 1/24 |
· · | Pressure-fired steam boilers, e.g. using turbo air compressors actuated by hot gases from boiler furnace

|  | F22B 1/26 |
· · | Steam boilers of submerged-flame type, i.e. the flame being surrounded by, or impinging on, the water to be vaporised

|  | F22B 1/28 |
· | in boilers heated electrically

|  | F22B 1/30 |
· · | Electrode boilers

|  | F22B 3/00 |
Other methods of steam generation

|  | F22B 3/02 |
· | involving the use of working media other than water

|  | F22B 3/04 |
· | by drop in pressure of high-pressure hot water within pressure-reducing chambers, e.g. in accumulators (steam accumulators per se Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F01K 1/00)

|  | F22B 3/06 |
· | by transformation of mechanical, e.g. kinetic, energy into heat energy

|  | F22B 3/08 |
· | at critical or supercritical pressure values

|  | F22B 5/00 - F22B 31/00 |
Kinds of steam boilers

|  | F22B 5/00 |
Steam boilers of drum type, i.e. without internal furnace or fire tubes, the boiler body being contacted externally by flue gas

|  | F22B 5/02 |
· | with auxiliary water tubes outside the boiler body

|  | F22B 5/04 |
· | Component parts thereof; Accessories therefor (covers or similar closure members for pressure vessels in general Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F16J 13/00)

|  | F22B 7/00 |
Steam boilers of furnace-tube type, i.e. the combustion of fuel being performed inside one or more furnace tubes built-in in the boiler body

|  | F22B 7/02 |
· | without auxiliary water tubes

|  | F22B 7/04 |
· | with auxiliary water tubes

|  | F22B 7/06 |
· · | inside the furnace tube in transverse arrangement

|  | F22B 7/08 |
· · | inside the furnace tube in longitudinal arrangement

|  | F22B 7/10 |
· · | outside the boiler body

|  | F22B 7/12 |
· | with auxiliary fire tubes; Arrangement of header boxes providing for return diversion of flue gas flow

|  | F22B 7/14 |
· | with both auxiliary water tubes and auxiliary fire tubes

|  | F22B 7/16 |
· | Component parts thereof; Accessories therefor, e.g. stay-bolt connections

|  | F22B 7/18 |
· · | Walling of flues; Flue-gas header boxes

|  | F22B 7/20 |
· · | Furnace tubes

|  | F22B 9/00 |
Steam boilers of fire-tube type, i.e. the flue gas from a combustion chamber outside the boiler body flowing through tubes built-in in the boiler body

|  | F22B 9/02 |
· | the boiler body being disposed upright, e.g. above the combustion chamber

|  | F22B 9/04 |
· · | the fire tubes being in upright arrangement

|  | F22B 9/06 |
· · · | Arrangement of header boxes providing for return diversion of flue gas flow

|  | F22B 9/08 |
· · | the fire tubes being in horizontal arrangement

|  | F22B 9/10 |
· | the boiler body being disposed substantially horizontally, e.g. at the side of the combustion chamber

|  | F22B 9/12 |
· · | the fire tubes being in substantially-horizontal arrangement

|  | F22B 9/14 |
· · · | Arrangement of header boxes providing for return diversion of flue gas flow

|  | F22B 9/16 |
· | the boiler body containing fire tubes disposed crosswise in inclined upward arrangement

|  | F22B 9/18 |
· | Component parts thereof; Accessories therefor, e.g. stay-bolt connections

|  | F22B 11/00 |
Steam boilers of combined fire-tube type and water-tube type, i. e. steam boilers of fire-tube type having auxiliary water tubes

|  | F22B 11/02 |
· | the fire tubes being in upright arrangement

|  | F22B 11/04 |
· | the fire tubes being in horizontal arrangement

|  | F22B 13/00 |
Steam boilers of fire-box type, i.e. the combustion of fuel being performed in a chamber or fire-box with subsequent flue(s) or fire tube(s), both chamber or fire-box and flues or fire tubes being built-in in the boiler body

|  | F22B 13/02 |
· | mounted in fixed position with the boiler body disposed upright

|  | F22B 13/04 |
· | mounted in fixed position with the boiler body disposed substantially horizontally

|  | F22B 13/06 |
· | Locomobile, traction-engine, steam-roller, or locomotive boilers

|  | F22B 13/08 |
· · | without auxiliary water tubes inside the fire-box

|  | F22B 13/10 |
· · | with auxiliary water tubes inside the fire-box

|  | F22B 13/12 |
· · · | the auxiliary water tubes lining the fire-box

|  | F22B 13/14 |
· | Component parts thereof; Accessories therefor

|  | F22B 13/16 |
· · | Stay-bolt connections, e.g. rigid connections

|  | F22B 13/18 |
· · · | Flexible connections, e.g. of ball-and-socket type

|  | F22B 15/00 |
Water-tube boilers of horizontal type, i.e. the water-tube sets being arranged horizontally

|  | F22B 17/00 |
Water-tube boilers of horizontally-inclined type, i.e. the water-tube sets being inclined slightly with respect to the horizontal plane

|  | F22B 17/02 |
· | built-up from water-tube sets in abutting connection with two header boxes in common for all sets, e.g. with flat header boxes

|  | F22B 17/04 |
· · | the water-tube sets being inclined in opposite directions, e.g. crosswise

|  | F22B 17/06 |
· · | the water-tube sets being bent angularly

|  | F22B 17/08 |
· · | the water-tube sets being curved

|  | F22B 17/10 |
· | built-up from water-tube sets in abutting connection with two sectional headers each for every set, i.e. with headers in a number of sections across the width or height of the boiler

|  | F22B 17/12 |
· · | the sectional headers being in vertical or substantially-vertical arrangement

|  | F22B 17/14 |
· · | the sectional headers being in horizontal or substantially-horizontal arrangement

|  | F22B 17/16 |
· | Component parts thereof; Accessories therefor

|  | F22B 17/18 |
· · | Header boxes; Sectional headers

|  | F22B 19/00 |
Water-tube boilers of combined horizontally-inclined type and vertical type, i.e. water-tube boilers of horizontally-inclined type having auxiliary water-tube sets in vertical or substantially-vertical arrangement

|  | F22B 21/00 |
Water-tube boilers of vertical or steeply-inclined type, i.e. the water-tube sets being arranged vertically or substantially vertically

|  | F22B 21/02 |
· | built-up from substantially-straight water tubes

|  | F22B 21/04 |
· · | involving a single upper drum and a single lower drum, e.g. the drums being arranged transversely

|  | F22B 21/06 |
· · · | the water tubes being arranged annularly in sets, e.g. in abutting connection with drums of annular shape

|  | F22B 21/08 |
· · · | the water tubes being arranged sectionally in groups or in banks, e.g. bent over at their ends

|  | F22B 21/10 |
· · · | the water tubes being arranged in staggered rows

|  | F22B 21/12 |
· · | involving two or more upper drums and two or more lower drums, e.g. with crosswise-arranged water-tube sets in abutting connection with drums

|  | F22B 21/14 |
· · | involving a single upper drum and two or more lower drums

|  | F22B 21/16 |
· · · | the lower drums being interconnected by further water tubes

|  | F22B 21/18 |
· · | involving two or more upper drums and a single lower drum

|  | F22B 21/20 |
· · | involving sectional or subdivided headers in separate arrangement for each water-tube set

|  | F22B 21/22 |
· | built-up from water tubes of form other than straight or substantially straight

|  | F22B 21/24 |
· · | bent in serpentine or sinuous form

|  | F22B 21/26 |
· · | bent helically, i.e. coiled

|  | F22B 21/28 |
· · | bent spirally

|  | F22B 21/30 |
· · | bent in U-loop form

|  | F22B 21/32 |
· · · | disposed horizontally in abutting connection with upright headers or rising water mains

|  | F22B 21/34 |
· | built-up from water tubes grouped in panel form surrounding the combustion chamber, i.e. radiation boilers

|  | F22B 21/36 |
· · | involving an upper drum or headers mounted at the top of the combustion chamber

|  | F22B 21/38 |
· · | Component parts thereof, e.g. prefabricated panels

|  | F22B 21/40 |
· | built-up from water tubes arranged in a comparatively long vertical shaft, i.e. tower boilers

|  | F22B 23/00 |
Water-tube boilers built-up from sets of spaced double-walled water tubes of return type in unilaterial abutting connection with a boiler drum or with a header box, i.e. built-up from Field water tubes comprising an inner tube arranged within an outer unilaterally-closed tube

|  | F22B 23/02 |
· | the water-tube, i.e. Field-tube, sets being horizontal or substantially horizontal

|  | F22B 23/04 |
· | the water-tube, i.e. Field-tube, sets being vertical or substantially vertical

|  | F22B 23/06 |
· | Component parts thereof, e.g. Field water tubes (heat-exchange tubes in general Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F28F)

|  | F22B 25/00 |
Water-tube boilers built-up from sets of water tubes with internally-arranged flue tubes, or fire tubes, extending through the water tubes

|  | F22B 27/00 |
Instantaneous or flash steam boilers

|  | F22B 27/02 |
· | built-up from fire tubes

|  | F22B 27/04 |
· | built-up from water tubes (Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F22B 27/12-F22B 27/16 take precedence)

|  | F22B 27/06 |
· · | bent in serpentine or sinuous form

|  | F22B 27/08 |
· · | bent helically, i.e. coiled

|  | F22B 27/10 |
· · | bent spirally

|  | F22B 27/12 |
· | built-up from rotary heat-exchange elements, e.g. from tube assemblies

|  | F22B 27/14 |
· | built-up from heat-exchange elements arranged within a confined chamber having heat-retaining walls

|  | F22B 27/16 |
· | involving spray nozzles for sprinkling or injecting water particles on to or into hot heat-exchange elements, e.g. into tubes

|  | F22B 29/00 |
Steam boilers of forced-flow type

|  | F22B 29/02 |
· | of forced-circulation type

|  | F22B 29/04 |
· | of combined-circulation type, i.e. in which convection circulation due to the difference in specific gravity between cold and hot water is promoted by additional measures, e.g. by injecting pressure-water temporarily

|  | F22B 29/06 |
· | of once-through type, i.e. built-up from tubes receiving water at one end and delivering superheated steam at the other end of the tubes (Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F22B 33/00 takes precedence)

|  | F22B 29/08 |
· · | operating with fixed point of final state of complete evaporation

|  | F22B 29/10 |
· · | operating with sliding point of final state of complete evaporation

|  | F22B 29/12 |
· · | operating with superimposed recirculation during starting and low-load periods, e.g. composite boilers

|  | F22B 31/00 |
Modifications of boiler construction, or of tube systems, dependent on installation of combustion apparatus; Arrangements or dispositions of combustion apparatus (steam generation characterised by heating method Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F22B 1/00; combustion apparatus per se Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F23)

|  | F22B 31/02 |
· | Installation of water-tube boilers in chimneys, e.g. in converter chimneys

|  | F22B 31/04 |
· | Heat supply by installation of two or more combustion apparatus, e.g. of separate combustion apparatus for the boiler and the superheater respectively

|  | F22B 31/06 |
· · | Installation of emergency heat supply

|  | F22B 31/08 |
· | Installation of heat-exchange apparatus or of means in boilers for heating air supplied for combustion

|  | F22B 33/00 - F22B 35/00 |
Steam-generation plants; Control systems

|  | F22B 33/00 |
Steam-generation plants, e.g. comprising steam boilers of different types in mutual association (arrangements or dispositions of steam-generation plants in marine vessels Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...B63H 21/00)

|  | F22B 33/02 |
· | Combinations of boilers having a single combustion apparatus in common

|  | F22B 33/04 |
· · | of boilers of furnace-tube type with boilers of water-tube type

|  | F22B 33/06 |
· · | of boilers of furnace-tube type with boilers of fire-tube type

|  | F22B 33/08 |
· · | of boilers of water-tube type with boilers of fire-tube type

|  | F22B 33/10 |
· · | of two or more superposed boilers with separate water volumes and operating with two or more separate water levels

|  | F22B 33/12 |
· | Self-contained steam boilers, i.e. comprising as a unit the steam boiler, the combustion apparatus, the fuel storage, accessory machines, and equipment

|  | F22B 33/14 |
· | Combinations of low- and high-pressure boilers

|  | F22B 33/16 |
· · | of forced-flow type

|  | F22B 33/18 |
· | Combinations of steam boilers with other apparatus

|  | F22B 35/00 |
Control systems for steam boilers (regulation or control of steam power plants Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F01K 7/00; for regulating feed-water supply Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F22D; for controlling superheat temperature Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F22G 5/00; control of combustion Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F23N; regulating or controlling in general Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...G05)

|  | F22B 35/02 |
· | for steam boilers with natural convection circulation

|  | F22B 35/04 |
· · | during starting-up periods, i.e. during the periods between the lighting of the furnaces and the attainment of the normal operating temperature of the steam boilers

|  | F22B 35/06 |
· | for steam boilers of forced-flow type

|  | F22B 35/08 |
· · | of forced-circulation type

|  | F22B 35/10 |
· · | of once-through type

|  | F22B 35/12 |
· · · | operating at critical or supercritical pressure

|  | F22B 35/14 |
· · | during the starting-up periods, i.e. during the periods between the lighting of the furnaces and the attainment of the normal operating temperature of the steam boilers

|  | F22B 35/16 |
· · | responsive to the percentage of steam in the mixture of steam and water

|  | F22B 35/18 |
· | Applications of computers to steam-boiler control

|  | F22B 37/00 |
Component parts or details of steam boilers (venting devices Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F16K 24/00; steam traps or like apparatus Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F16T)

|  | F22B 37/02 |
· | applicable to more than one kind or type of steam boiler

|  | F22B 37/04 |
· · | and characterised by material, e.g. use of special steel alloy

|  | F22B 37/06 |
· · | Flue or fire tubes; Accessories therefor, e.g. fire-tube inserts

|  | F22B 37/08 |
· · · | Fittings preventing burning-off of the tube edges

|  | F22B 37/10 |
· · | Water tubes; Accessories therefor (working of metal tubes Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...B21D; pipes in general Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F16L; repairing leaks in water tubes Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F16L 55/16, Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F28F 11/00; baffles, screens, or deflectors formed of water tubes Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F23M 9/10; cleaning internal or external surfaces of water tubes Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F28G)

|  | F22B 37/12 |
· · · | Forms of water tubes, e.g. of varying cross-section

|  | F22B 37/14 |
· · · | Supply mains, e.g. rising mains, down-comers, in connection with water tubes

|  | F22B 37/16 |
· · · | Return bends

|  | F22B 37/18 |
· · · | Inserts, e.g. for receiving deposits from water

|  | F22B 37/20 |
· · · | Supporting arrangements, e.g. for securing water-tube sets (construction of tube walls of furnaces including boiler furnaces Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F23M 5/08)

|  | F22B 37/22 |
· · | Drums; Headers; Accessories therefor (making boilers from sheet metal Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...B21D 51/24; pressure vessels in general Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F16J 12/00; covers or similar closure members for pressure vessels in general Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F16J 13/00)

|  | F22B 37/24 |
· · | Supporting, suspending, or setting arrangements, e.g. heat shielding (frames, engine beds Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F16M)

|  | F22B 37/26 |
· · | Steam-separating arrangements (vapour-liquid separators, e.g. for drying steam, Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...B01D, Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...B04)

|  | F22B 37/28 |
· · · | involving reversal of direction of flow

|  | F22B 37/30 |
· · · | using impingement against baffle separators

|  | F22B 37/32 |
· · · | using centrifugal force

|  | F22B 37/34 |
· · | Adaptations of boilers for promoting water circulation (auxiliary apparatus Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F22D 7/00)

|  | F22B 37/36 |
· · | Arrangements for sheathing or casing boilers

|  | F22B 37/38 |
· · | Determining or indicating operating conditions in steam boilers, e.g. monitoring direction or rate of water flow through water tubes (measuring or indicating instruments per se Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...G01)

|  | F22B 37/40 |
· · | Arrangements of partition walls in flues of steam boilers, e.g. built-up from baffles (in flues or chimneys Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F23J 13/00)

|  | F22B 37/42 |
· · | Applications, arrangements, or dispositions of alarm or automatic safety devices (for feed-water heaters Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F22D 1/14)

|  | F22B 37/44 |
· · · | of safety valves (safety valves per se Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F16K)

|  | F22B 37/46 |
· · · | responsive to low or high water level, e.g. for checking, suppressing, extinguishing combustion in boilers (fire-fighting, fire extinction in general Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...A62)

|  | F22B 37/47 |
· · · | responsive to abnormal temperature, e.g. actuated by fusible plugs (such alarms or devices per se Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...G08B)

|  | F22B 37/48 |
· · | Devices for removing water, salt, or sludge from boilers (cleaning internal or external surfaces of water tubes Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F28G); Arrangements of cleaning apparatus in boilers (cleaning external surfaces of tubes by soot blowers Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F23J); Combinations thereof with boilers

|  | F22B 37/50 |
· · · | for draining or expelling water

|  | F22B 37/52 |
· · · | Washing-out devices

|  | F22B 37/54 |
· · · | De-sludging or blow-down devices

|  | F22B 37/56 |
· · | Boiler-cleaning control devices, e.g. for ascertaining proper duration of boiler blow-down

|  | F22B 37/58 |
· · | Removing tubes from headers or drums; Extracting tools

|  | F22B 37/60 |
· | specially adapted for steam boilers of instantaneous or flash type

|  | F22B 37/62 |
· | specially adapted for steam boilers of forced-flow type

|  | F22B 37/64 |
· · | Mounting of, or supporting arrangements for, tube units (construction of tube walls of furnaces, e.g. boiler furnaces Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F23M 5/08)

|  | F22B 37/66 |
· · · | involving vertically-disposed water tubes

|  | F22B 37/68 |
· · · | involving horizontally-disposed water tubes

|  | F22B 37/70 |
· · | Arrangements for distributing water into water tubes

|  | F22B 37/72 |
· · · | involving injection devices

|  | F22B 37/74 |
· · · | Throttling arrangements for tubes or sets of tubes

|  | F22B 37/76 |
· | Adaptations or mounting of devices for observing existence or direction of fluid flow (devices per se Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...G01P)

|  | F22B 37/78 |
· | Adaptations or mounting of level indicators (level indicators per se Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...G01F)