|  | F |
SECTION F — MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING

LIGHTING AND HEATING

|  | F28 |
HEAT EXCHANGE IN GENERAL

|  | F28 |
Note(s) Apparatus using heat exchange or heat transfer (as defined below) for specific purposes is classified either in sub-class Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F28B or in the appropriate sub-classes of, for example, classes Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F22, Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F24, Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F25, Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F26, or Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F27; if no such other sub-class is appropriate, such apparatus is classified in sub-clas Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F28C or Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F28D. In this class, the following terms are used with the meanings indicated: "Heat exchange" means the heating or cooling of a fluid or fluent solid by direct or indirect contact with a heated or cooled fluid or fluent solid. "Heat transfer" means the heating or cooling of a fluid or fluent solid by direct contact with a heated or cooled surface or body.

|  | F28F |
DETAILS OF HEAT-EXCHANGE AND HEAT-TRANSFER APPARATUS, OF GENERAL APPLICATION (water and air traps, air venting Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F16)

|  | F28F 1/00 |
Tubular elements; Assemblies of tubular elements (specially adapted for movement Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F28F 5/00)

|  | F28F 1/02 |
· | Tubular elements of cross-section which is non-circular (Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F28F 1/08, Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F28F 1/10 take precedence)

|  | F28F 1/04 |
· · | polygonal, e.g. rectangular

|  | F28F 1/06 |
· · | crimped or corrugated in cross-section

|  | F28F 1/08 |
· | Tubular elements crimped or corrugated in longitudinal section

|  | F28F 1/10 |
· | Tubular elements and assemblies thereof with means for increasing heat-transfer area, e.g. with fins, with projections, with recesses (crimped or corrugated elements Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F28F 1/06, Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F28F 1/08)

|  | F28F 1/12 |
· · | the means being only outside the tubular element

|  | F28F 1/14 |
· · · | and extending longitudinally (Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F28F 1/38 takes precedence)

|  | F28F 1/16 |
· · · · | the means being integral with the element, e.g. formed by extrusion (Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F28F 1/22 takes precedence)

|  | F28F 1/18 |
· · · · · | the element being built-up from finned sections

|  | F28F 1/20 |
· · · · | the means being attachable to the element (Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F28F 1/22 takes precedence)

|  | F28F 1/22 |
· · · · | the means having portions engaging further tubular elements

|  | F28F 1/24 |
· · · | and extending transversely (Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F28F 1/38 takes precedence)

|  | F28F 1/26 |
· · · · | the means being integral with the element (Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F28F 1/32 takes precedence)

|  | F28F 1/28 |
· · · · · | the element being built-up from finned sections

|  | F28F 1/30 |
· · · · | the means being attachable to the element (Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F28F 1/32 takes precedence)

|  | F28F 1/32 |
· · · · | the means having portions engaging further tubular elements

|  | F28F 1/34 |
· · · | and extending obliquely (Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F28F 1/38 takes precedence)

|  | F28F 1/36 |
· · · · | the means being helically-wound fins or wire spirals

|  | F28F 1/38 |
· · · | and being staggered to form tortuous fluid passages

|  | F28F 1/40 |
· · | the means being only inside the tubular element

|  | F28F 1/42 |
· · | the means being both outside and inside the tubular element

|  | F28F 1/44 |
· · · | and being formed of wire mesh

|  | F28F 3/00 |
Plate-like or laminated elements; Assemblies of plate-like or laminated elements (specially adapted for movement Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F28F 5/00)

|  | F28F 3/02 |
· | Elements and assemblies thereof with means for increasing heat-transfer area, e.g. with fins, with recesses, with corrugations (Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F28F 3/08 takes precedence)

|  | F28F 3/04 |
· · | the means being integral with the element

|  | F28F 3/06 |
· · | the means being attachable to the element

|  | F28F 3/08 |
· | Elements constructed for building-up into stacks, e.g. capable of being taken apart for cleaning

|  | F28F 3/10 |
· · | Arrangement for sealing the margins

|  | F28F 3/12 |
· | Elements constructed in the shape of a hollow panel, e.g. with channels

|  | F28F 3/14 |
· · | by separating portions of a pair of joined sheets to form channels, e.g. by inflation (manufacture thereof Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...B23P)

|  | F28F 5/00 |
Elements specially adapted for movement (arrangements for moving the elements, see the appropriate sub-class for the apparatus concerned)

|  | F28F 5/02 |
· | Rotary drums or rollers

|  | F28F 5/04 |
· | Hollow impellers, e.g. stirring vane

|  | F28F 5/06 |
· | Hollow screw conveyers

|  | F28F 7/00 |
Elements not covered by group Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F28F 1/00, Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F28F 3/00, or Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F28F 5/00

|  | F28F 7/02 |
· | Blocks traversed by passages for heat-exchange media

|  | F28F 9/00 |
Casings; Header boxes; Auxiliary supports for elements; Auxiliary members within casings

|  | F28F 9/02 |
· | Header boxes; End plates

|  | F28F 9/04 |
· · | Arrangements for sealing elements into header boxes or end plates (joining pipes to walls in general Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F16L 41/00)

|  | F28F 9/06 |
· · · | by dismountable joints

|  | F28F 9/08 |
· · · · | by wedge-type connections, e.g. taper ferrule

|  | F28F 9/10 |
· · · · | by screw-type connections, e.g. gland

|  | F28F 9/12 |
· · · · | by flange-type connections

|  | F28F 9/14 |
· · · · | by force-joining

|  | F28F 9/16 |
· · · | by permanent joints, e.g. by rolling (metal-working procedures in general Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...B21, Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...B23, particularly Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...B21D 39/06, Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...B23K)

|  | F28F 9/18 |
· · · · | by welding

|  | F28F 9/20 |
· | Arrangements of heat reflectors, e.g. separately-insertible reflecting walls

|  | F28F 9/22 |
· | Arrangements for directing heat-exchange media into successive compartments, e.g. arrangements of guide plates

|  | F28F 9/24 |
· | Arrangements for promoting turbulent flow of heat-exchange media, e.g. by plates (Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F28F 1/38 takes precedence; in general Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F15D)

|  | F28F 9/26 |
· | Arrangements for connecting different sections of heat-exchange elements, e.g. of radiators (connecting different sections in water heaters Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F24H 9/14)

|  | F28F 11/00 |
Arrangements for sealing leaky tubes and conduits (stopping flow from or in pipes in general Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F16L 55/10)

|  | F28F 11/02 |
· | using obturating elements, e.g. washers, inserted and operated independently of each other (Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F28F 11/06 takes precedence)

|  | F28F 11/04 |
· | using pairs of obturating elements, e.g. washers, mounted upon central operating rods (Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F28F 11/06 takes precedence)

|  | F28F 11/06 |
· | using automatic tube-obturating appliances

|  | F28F 13/00 |
Arrangements for modifying heat transfer, e.g. increasing, decreasing (Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F28F 1/00-F28F 11/00 take precedence)

|  | F28F 13/02 |
· | by influencing fluid boundary (boundary-layer control in general Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F15D)

|  | F28F 13/04 |
· | by preventing the formation of continuous films of condensate on heat-exchange surfaces, e.g. by promoting droplet formation

|  | F28F 13/06 |
· | by affecting the pattern of flow of the heat-exchange media

|  | F28F 13/08 |
· · | by varying the cross-section of the flow channels

|  | F28F 13/10 |
· · | by imparting a pulsating motion to the flow, e.g. by sonic vibration

|  | F28F 13/12 |
· · | by creating turbulence, e.g. by stirring, by increasing the force of circulation (Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F28F 13/08 takes precedence)

|  | F28F 13/14 |
· | by endowing the walls of conduits with zones of different degrees of conduction of heat

|  | F28F 13/16 |
· | by applying an electrostatic field to the body of the heat-exchange medium

|  | F28F 13/18 |
· | by applying coatings, e.g. radiation-absorbing, radiation-reflecting; by surface treatment, e.g. polishing

|  | F28F 17/00 |
Removing ice or water from heat-exchange apparatus

|  | F28F 19/00 |
Preventing the formation of deposits or corrosion, e.g. by using filters

|  | F28F 19/02 |
· | by using coatings, e.g. vitreous or enamel coatings

|  | F28F 19/04 |
· · | of rubber; of plastics material; of varnish

|  | F28F 19/06 |
· · | of metal

|  | F28F 21/00 |
Constructions of heat-exchange apparatus characterised by the selection of particular materials

|  | F28F 21/02 |
· | of carbon, e.g. graphite

|  | F28F 21/04 |
· | of ceramic; of concrete; of natural stone

|  | F28F 21/06 |
· | of plastics material

|  | F28F 21/08 |
· | of metal

|  | F28F 23/00 |
Features relating to the use of intermediate heat-exchange materials, e.g. selection of compositions

|  | F28F 23/02 |
· | Arrangements for obtaining or maintaining same in a liquid state

|  | F28F 25/00 |
Component parts of trickle coolers (arrangements for increasing heat transfer Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F28F 13/00; controlling arrangements Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F28F 27/00)

|  | F28F 25/02 |
· | for distributing, circulating, and accumulating liquid (spraying or atomising in general Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...B05B, Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...B05D)

|  | F28F 25/04 |
· · | Distributing or accumulator troughs

|  | F28F 25/06 |
· · | Spray nozzles or spray pipes

|  | F28F 25/08 |
· · | Splashing boards or grids, e.g. for converting liquid sprays into liquid films; Filter elements or beds for increasing the area of the contact surface

|  | F28F 25/10 |
· | for feeding gas or vapour

|  | F28F 25/12 |
· · | Ducts; Guide vanes, e.g. for carrying currents to distinct zones

|  | F28F 27/00 |
Control arrangements specially adapted for heat-exchange and heat-transfer apparatus (control arrangements in general Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...G05)

|  | F28F 27/02 |
· | for controlling the distribution of heat-exchange media between different channels (arrangements of guide plates or guide vanes Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F28F 9/22, Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F28F 25/12)