|  | B |
SECTION B — PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING

SHAPING

|  | B21 |
MECHANICAL METAL-WORKING WITHOUT ESSENTIALLY REMOVING MATERIAL; PUNCHING METAL (casting, powder metallurgy Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...B22; shearing Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...B23D; soldering, welding, flame-cutting Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...B23K; miscellaneous metal-working Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...B23P; punching sheet material in general Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...B26F; processes for changing of physical properties of metals Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...C21D, Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...C22F; electroforming Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...C25D 1/00)

|  | B21 |
Note(s) Combinations of operations covered by different sub-classes of class Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...B21 are dealt with in Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...B23P. Combinations of operations covered by any particular sub-class with operations covered by other classes, e.g. with operations involving removal of material, are also dealt with in Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...B23P, except that if the operations covered by the other classes are subsidiary to the operations properly covered in a single sub-class of Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...B21 the combination is classified in that sub-class. Processes of a kind covered by this class but applied to non-metallic materials may be classified here if they are applicable to metal and cannot be classified fully in one other class.

|  | B21B |
ROLLING OF METAL (auxiliary operations used in connection with metal-working operations covered in Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...B21, see Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...B21C; bending by rolling Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...B21D; manufacture of particular objects, e.g. screws, wheels, rings, barrels, balls, by rolling Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...B21H; pressure welding by means of a rolling mill Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...B23K 20/04)

|  | B21B |
Note(s) In this sub-class, the term "rolling" is understood to refer to rolling operations in which plastic deformations occur. The term "continuous process" as used in this sub-class means one employing a mill train designed to have the workpiece enter one pair of rolls before leaving the preceding pair. [2]

|  | B21B 1/00 |
Metal rolling methods or mills for making semi-finished products of solid or profiled cross-section (Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...B21B 17/00-B21B 23/00 take precedence; with respect to composition of material to be rolled Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...B21B 3/00; extending closed shapes of metal bands by simultaneous rolling at two or more zones Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...B21B 5/00; metal-rolling stands as units Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...B21B 13/00; continuous casting into moulds having walls formed by moving rolls Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...B22D 11/06); Sequence of operations in milling trains; Layout of rolling-mill plant, e.g. grouping of stands; Succession of passes or of sectional pass alternations

|  | B21B 1/02 |
· | for rolling heavy work, e.g. ingots, slabs, billets, in which the cross-sectional form is unimportant

|  | B21B 1/04 |
· · | in a continuous process

|  | B21B 1/06 |
· · | in a non-continuous process

|  | B21B 1/08 |
· | for rolling work of special cross-section, e.g. rails, I-beams, U-irons, angle steel (rolling metal of indefinite length in repetitive shapes specially designed for the manufacture of particular objects Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...B21H 8/00)

|  | B21B 1/10 |
· · | in a single two-high or universal rolling mill

|  | B21B 1/12 |
· · | in a continuous process

|  | B21B 1/14 |
· · | in a non-continuous process

|  | B21B 1/16 |
· | for rolling wire or material of like small cross-section

|  | B21B 1/18 |
· · | in a continuous process

|  | B21B 1/20 |
· · | in a non-continuous process

|  | B21B 1/22 |
· | for rolling bands or sheets of indefinite length (Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...B21B 1/42 takes precedence)

|  | B21B 1/24 |
· · | in a continuous process

|  | B21B 1/26 |
· · · | by hot-rolling

|  | B21B 1/28 |
· · · | by cold-rolling

|  | B21B 1/30 |
· · | in a non-continuous process

|  | B21B 1/32 |
· · · | in reversing mills, e.g. with intermediate storage reels for accumulating work

|  | B21B 1/34 |
· · · · | by hot-rolling

|  | B21B 1/36 |
· · · · | by cold-rolling

|  | B21B 1/38 |
· | for rolling sheets of limited length, e.g. folded sheets, superimposed sheets (Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...B21B 1/40 takes precedence; folding sheets before, or separating layers after, rolling Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...B21B 47/00) [2]

|  | B21B 1/40 |
· | for rolling foils which present special problems, e.g. because of thinness

|  | B21B 1/42 |
· | for step-by-step or planetary rolling (making tubes by pilgrim-step rolling Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...B21B 21/00)

|  | B21B 1/46 |
· | for rolling metal immediately subsequent to continuous casting (metal-rolling stands Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...B21B 13/22; continuous casting Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...B22D 11/00, e.g. into moulds with rolls Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...B22D 11/06) [3]

|  | B21B 3/00 |
Rolling materials of special alloys so far as the composition of the alloy requires or permits special rolling methods or sequences (altering special metallurgical properties of alloys, other than structure consolidation or mechanical properties resulting therefrom Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...C21D, Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...C22F)

|  | B21B 3/02 |
· | Rolling special iron alloys

|  | B21B 5/00 |
Extending closed shapes of metal bands by rolling (manufacture of circular shapes, e.g. wheel rims, Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...B21H 1/06)

|  | B21B 9/00 |
Measures for carrying out rolling operations under special conditions, e.g. in vacuum or inert atmosphere to prevent oxidation of work; Special measures for removing fumes from rolling mills

|  | B21B 11/00 |
Subsidising the rolling processes by subjecting rollers or work to vibrations

|  | B21B 13/00 |
Metal-rolling stands, i.e. an assembly composed of a stand frame, rolls, and accessories (Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...B21B 17/00-B21B 23/00 take precedence; details, component parts, accessories, auxiliary means, procedures in connection with metal rolling, see the relevant groups)

|  | B21B 13/02 |
· | with axes of rolls arranged horizontally

|  | B21B 13/04 |
· · | Three-high arrangement

|  | B21B 13/06 |
· | with axes of rolls arranged vertically

|  | B21B 13/08 |
· | with differently-directed roll axes, e.g. for the so-called "universal" rolling process

|  | B21B 13/10 |
· · | all axes being arranged in one plane

|  | B21B 13/12 |
· · | axes being arranged in different planes

|  | B21B 13/14 |
· | having counter-pressure devices acting on rolls to inhibit deflection of same under load (counter-pressure devices as such Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...B21B 29/00)

|  | B21B 13/16 |
· | with alternatively operative rolls

|  | B21B 13/18 |
· | for step-by-step or planetary rolling (methods Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...B21B 1/42; making tubes by pilgrim-step rolling Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...B21B 21/00)

|  | B21B 13/20 |
· · | for planetary rolling

|  | B21B 13/22 |
· | for rolling metal immediately subsequent to continuous casting (methods therefor Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...B21B 1/46; continuous casting Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...B22D 11/00, e.g. into moulds with rolls Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...B22D 11/06)

|  | B21B 15/00 |
Arrangements for performing additional metal-working operations specially combined with or arranged in, or specially adapted for use in connection with, metal-rolling mills

|  | B21B 15/02 |
· | in which work is subjected to permanent internal twisting, e.g. for producing reinforcement bars for concrete

|  | B21B 17/00 - B21B 25/00 |
Rolling methods or mills specially designed for making or processing tubes

|  | B21B 17/00 |
Tube-rolling by rollers of which the axes are arranged essentially perpendicular to the axis of the work, e.g. "axial" tube-rolling

|  | B21B 17/02 |
· | with mandrel (Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...B21B 17/08 takes precedence) [2]

|  | B21B 17/04 |
· · | in a continuous process

|  | B21B 17/06 |
· · | in a discontinuous process

|  | B21B 17/08 |
· | with mandrel having one or more protrusions [2]

|  | B21B 17/10 |
· · | in a continuous process

|  | B21B 17/12 |
· · | in a discontinuous process

|  | B21B 17/14 |
· | without mandrel

|  | B21B 19/00 |
Tube-rolling by rollers arranged outside the work and having their axes not perpendicular to the axis of the work (straightening by rollers Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...B21D)

|  | B21B 19/02 |
· | the axes of the rollers being arranged essentially diagonally to the axis of the work, e.g. "cross" tube-rolling

|  | B21B 19/04 |
· · | Rolling basic material of solid, i.e. non-hollow, structure; Piercing

|  | B21B 19/06 |
· · | Rolling hollow basic material (Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...B21B 19/04 takes precedence; separating work from mandrel Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...B21C 45/00)

|  | B21B 19/08 |
· · · | Enlarging tube diameter

|  | B21B 19/10 |
· · · | Finishing, e.g. smoothing, sizing

|  | B21B 19/12 |
· | the axes of the rollers being arranged essentially parallel to the axis of the work

|  | B21B 19/14 |
· · | Rolling tubes by means of additional rollers arranged inside the tubes

|  | B21B 19/16 |
· · | Rolling tubes without additional rollers arranged inside the tubes

|  | B21B 21/00 |
Pilgrim-step tube-rolling

|  | B21B 21/02 |
· | Rollers therefor

|  | B21B 21/04 |
· | Pilgrim-step feeding mechanisms (Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...B21B 21/06 takes precedence)

|  | B21B 21/06 |
· | Devices for revolving work between the steps

|  | B21B 23/00 |
Tube-rolling not restricted to methods mentioned in only one of groups Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...B21B 17/00-B21B 21/00, e.g. combined processes (Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...B21B 25/00 takes precedence)

|  | B21B 25/00 |
Mandrels for metal tube rolling mills, e.g. mandrels of the types used in the methods covered by group Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...B21B 17/00; Accessories or auxiliary means therefor

|  | B21B 25/02 |
· | Guides, supports, or abutments for mandrels, e.g. carriages; Adjusting devices for mandrels

|  | B21B 25/04 |
· | Cooling or lubricating mandrels during operation [2]

|  | B21B 25/06 |
· | Interchanging mandrels

|  | B21B 27/00 |
Rolls (shape of working surfaces required by special processes Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...B21B 1/00); Lubricating, cooling or heating rolls while in use

|  | B21B 27/02 |
· | Shape or construction of rolls (for rolling metal of indefinite length in repetitive shapes specially designed for the manufacture of particular objects Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...B21H 8/02)

|  | B21B 27/06 |
· | Lubricating, cooling, or heating rolls

|  | B21B 27/08 |
· · | internally

|  | B21B 27/10 |
· · | externally

|  | B21B 28/00 |
Maintaining rolls or rolling equipment in effective condition (lubricating, cooling or heating rolls while in use Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...B21B 27/06) [2]

|  | B21B 28/02 |
· | Maintaining rolls in effective condition, e.g. reconditioning [2]

|  | B21B 28/04 |
· · | while in use, e.g. polishing [2]

|  | B21B 29/00 |
Counter-pressure devices acting on rolls to inhibit deflection of same under load, e.g. backing rolls (control or regulating devices responsive to deflection of rolls Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...B21B 37/08)

|  | B21B 31/00 |
Rolling stand structures; Mounting, adjusting, or interchanging rolls, roll mountings, or stand frames

|  | B21B 31/02 |
· | Rolling stand frames; Roll mountings

|  | B21B 31/04 |
· · | with tie rods, e.g. prestressed tie rods

|  | B21B 31/06 |
· · | Fastening stands or frames to foundation, e.g. to the sole plate (in general Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F16M)

|  | B21B 31/07 |
· | Adaptation of roll bearings (bearings in general Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F16C) [2]

|  | B21B 31/08 |
· | Interchanging rolls, roll mountings, or stand frames [2]

|  | B21B 31/10 |
· · | by horizontally displacing

|  | B21B 31/12 |
· · | by vertically displacing

|  | B21B 31/14 |
· · | by pivotally displacing

|  | B21B 31/16 |
· | Adjusting rolls (control devices Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...B21B 37/00)

|  | B21B 31/18 |
· · | by moving rolls axially

|  | B21B 31/20 |
· · | by moving rolls perpendicularly to roll axis

|  | B21B 31/22 |
· · · | mechanically

|  | B21B 31/24 |
· · · · | by screws

|  | B21B 31/26 |
· · · · | Adjusting eccentrically-mounted roll bearings

|  | B21B 31/28 |
· · · · | by toggle-lever mechanisms

|  | B21B 31/30 |
· · · · | by wedges or their equivalent

|  | B21B 31/32 |
· · · | by liquid pressure

|  | B21B 31/34 |
· | Pass indicators, i.e. indicating gap between rolls (control or regulating devices responsive to roll gap Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...B21B 37/08)

|  | B21B 33/00 |
Safety devices not otherwise provided for (safety devices in general Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F16P); Breaker blocks; Devices for freeing jammed rolls [2]

|  | B21B 33/02 |
· | Preventing fracture of rolls [2]

|  | B21B 35/00 |
Drives for metal-rolling mills

|  | B21B 35/02 |
· | for continuously-operating mills (Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...B21B 35/10, Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...B21B 35/12 take precedence)

|  | B21B 35/04 |
· · | each stand having its own motor or motors

|  | B21B 35/06 |
· | for non-continuously-operating mills or for single stands (Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...B21B 35/10, Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...B21B 35/12 take precedence)

|  | B21B 35/08 |
· · | for reversing rolling mills

|  | B21B 35/10 |
· | Driving arrangements for rolls which have only a low-power drive; Driving arrangements for rolls which receive power from the shaft of another roll [2]

|  | B21B 35/12 |
· | Toothed-wheel gearings specially adapted for metal-rolling mills; Housings or mountings therefor

|  | B21B 35/14 |
· | Couplings, driving spindles, or spindle carriers specially adapted for or specially arranged in metal-rolling mills (couplings or shafts in general Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F16)

|  | B21B 37/00 |
Control or regulating devices for metal-rolling mills as far as specially adapted for such mills

|  | B21B 37/02 |
· | responsive to thickness of material

|  | B21B 37/04 |
· | responsive to slack or deflection of the material (arrangements for control specially associated with devices for guiding or accumulating easily-flexible work in loops or curves Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...B21B 41/12)

|  | B21B 37/06 |
· | responsive to tension of the material (Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...B21B 37/04 takes precedence)

|  | B21B 37/08 |
· | responsive to rolling pressure, roll gap or deflection of rolls [2]

|  | B21B 37/10 |
· | responsive to temperature, e.g. of the material

|  | B21B 37/12 |
· | for maintaining automatically constant thickness of product, not fully provided for in one of the groups Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...B21B 37/02-B21B 37/10

|  | B21B 37/14 |
· | for automatically varying thickness of product according to a predetermined programme

|  | B21B 39/00 |
Arrangements for moving, supporting, or positioning work, or controlling its movement, combined with or arranged in, or specially adapted for use in connection with, metal-rolling mills (guiding, conveying, or accumulating easily-flexible work in loops or curves Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...B21B 41/00; specially associated with cooling-beds Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...B21B 43/00; conveying or transporting in general Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...B65G)

|  | B21B 39/02 |
· | Feeding or supporting work; Braking or tensioning arrangements

|  | B21B 39/04 |
· · | Lifting or lowering work for conveying purposes, e.g. tilting tables arranged immediately in front of or behind the pass (turn-over or like manipulating means as such Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...B21B 39/20)

|  | B21B 39/06 |
· · | Pushing or forcing work into pass

|  | B21B 39/08 |
· · | Braking or tensioning arrangements

|  | B21B 39/10 |
· · | Arrangement or installation of feeding rollers in rolling stands

|  | B21B 39/12 |
· · | Arrangement or installation of roller tables in relation to a roll stand

|  | B21B 39/14 |
· | Guiding, positioning or aligning work (Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...B21B 43/12 takes precedence; guides in which work is subjected to permanent internal twisting Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...B21B 15/02)

|  | B21B 39/16 |
· · | immediately before entering or after leaving the pass

|  | B21B 39/18 |
· · | Switches for directing work in metal-rolling mills or trains

|  | B21B 39/20 |
· | Revolving, turning-over, or like manipulation of work (guides in which work is subjected to permanent internal twisting Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...B21B 15/02)

|  | B21B 39/22 |
· · | by tipping, e.g. by lifting one side by levers or wedges (Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...B21B 39/26, Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...B21B 39/28 take precedence)

|  | B21B 39/24 |
· · | by tongs or grippers

|  | B21B 39/26 |
· · | by members, e.g. grooved, engaging opposite sides of the work and moved relatively to each other to revolve the work

|  | B21B 39/28 |
· · | by means of guide members shaped to revolve the work during its passage

|  | B21B 39/30 |
· · | by lodging it in a rotating ring manipulator or ring segment manipulator

|  | B21B 39/32 |
· · | Devices specially adapted for turning sheets

|  | B21B 39/34 |
· | Arrangements or constructional combinations specifically designed to perform functions covered by more than one of groups Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...B21B 39/02, Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...B21B 39/14, Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...B21B 39/20

|  | B21B 41/00 |
Guiding, conveying, or accumulating easily-flexible work, e.g. wire, sheet metal bands, in loops or curves; Loop lifters

|  | B21B 41/02 |
· | Returning work to repeat the pass or passes

|  | B21B 41/04 |
· · | above or underneath the rolling stand or rolls

|  | B21B 41/06 |
· | in which the direction of movement of the work is turned through approximately 180°

|  | B21B 41/08 |
· | without overall change in the general direction of movement of the work

|  | B21B 41/10 |
· · | Loop deflectors

|  | B21B 41/12 |
· | Arrangements of interest only with respect to provision for indicating or controlling operations

|  | B21B 43/00 |
Cooling beds, whether stationary or moving; Means specially associated with cooling beds, e.g. for braking work or for transferring it to or from the bed (conveying means in general Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...B65G)

|  | B21B 43/02 |
· | Cooling beds comprising rakes or bars (Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...B21B 43/10 takes precedence) [2]

|  | B21B 43/04 |
· | Cooling beds comprising rolls or worms

|  | B21B 43/06 |
· | Cooling beds comprising carriages (Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...B21B 43/08 takes precedence)

|  | B21B 43/08 |
· | Cooling beds comprising revolving drums or recycling chains

|  | B21B 43/10 |
· | Cooling beds with other work-shifting elements projecting through the bed

|  | B21B 43/12 |
· | Devices for positioning workpieces "flushed", i.e. with all their axial ends arranged in line on cooling beds or on co-operating conveyers [2]

|  | B21B 45/00 |
Devices for surface treatment of work, specially combined with or arranged in, or specially adapted for use in connection with, metal-rolling mills (Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...B21B 15/00 takes precedence; technical features of scaling-off devices Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...B21C 43/00)

|  | B21B 45/02 |
· | for lubricating, cooling, or cleaning

|  | B21B 45/04 |
· | for de-scaling

|  | B21B 45/06 |
· · | of strip material (Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...B21B 45/08 takes precedence)

|  | B21B 45/08 |
· · | hydraulically

|  | B21B 47/00 |
Auxiliary arrangements, devices or methods in connection with rolling of multi-layer sheets of metal (soaking pits Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...C21D 9/70) [2]

|  | B21B 47/02 |
· | for folding sheets before rolling

|  | B21B 47/04 |
· | for separating layers after rolling