G SECTION G PHYSICS G01 MEASURING (counting G06M);;TESTING G01B MEASURING LENGTH, THICKNESS, OR SIMILAR LINEAR DIMENSIONS; MEASURING ANGLES; MEASURING AREAS; MEASURING IRREGULARITIES OF SURFACES OR CONTOURS (measuring human body A41H0001000000, A43D0001020000, A61B0005100000;measuring appliances combined with walking-sticks A45B0003080000; sorting according to dimensions B07; tool-setting or drawing instruments not specially modified for measuring B23B0049000000, B23Q0015000000, B23Q0017000000, B43L; combinations of measuring devices with writing-appliances B43K0029080000; geodetical, nautical or aeronautical measuring, surveying, rangefinding G01C; measuring force G01L0001000000; investigating particle size, investigating surface area of porous material G01N; using radar, using sonar G01S; geophysical measuring G01V; measuring length or roll diameter of film in cameras or projectors G03B0001600000; combinations of measuring devices with means for controlling or regulating G05; measuring elapsed travel of recording medium in recording and playback equipment, sensing diameter of record in autochange gramophones G11B; means structurally associated with electric rotary current collectors for indicating brush wear H01R0039580000; indicating consumption of electrodes in arc lamps H05B0031340000) G01B0001000000 Measuring instruments characterised by the selection of material therefor G01B0003000000 Instruments as specified in the sub-groups and characterised by measuring mechanically the dimensions of objects or the distance between spaced objects or spaced apertures (arrangements of such instruments for measuring particular objects G01B0005000000);; G01B0003020000 Rulers or tapes with scales or marks for direct reading G01B0003040000 rigid G01B0003060000 folding G01B0003080000 extensible G01B0003100000 flexible G01B0003110000 Chains for measuring length G01B0003120000 Measuring wheels G01B0003140000 Templates for checking contours G01B0003160000 Compasses, i.e. with a pair of pivoted arms G01B0003180000 Micrometers G01B0003200000 Slide gauges G01B0003220000 Feeler-pin gauges, e.g. dial gauges (for determining profiles G01B0005200000);; G01B0003240000 with open yoke, i.e. calipers G01B0003260000 Plug gauges G01B0003280000 Depth gauges G01B0003300000 Bars, blocks, or strips in which the distance between a pair of faces is fixed, although it may be preadjustable, e.g. end measure, feeler strip G01B0003320000 Holders therefor G01B0003340000 Ring or other apertured gauges, e.g. "go/no-go" gauge G01B0003360000 for external screw threads G01B0003380000 Gauges with an open yoke and opposed faces, i.e. calipers, in which the internal distance between the faces is fixed, although it may be preadjustable G01B0003400000 for external screw threads G01B0003420000 of limit-gauge type, i.e. "go/no-go" (G01B0003400000 takes precedence);; G01B0003440000 preadjustable for wear or tolerance G01B0003460000 Plug gauges for internal dimensions with engaging surfaces which are at a fixed distance, although they may be preadjustable G01B0003480000 for internal screw threads G01B0003500000 of limit-gauge type, i.e. "go/no-go" (G01B0003480000 takes precedence);; G01B0003520000 preadjustable for wear or tolerance G01B0003560000 Gauges for measuring angles or tapers, e.g. conical calipers G01B0005000000 Measuring arrangements characterised measuring mechanically the dimensions of objects or the distance between spaced objects or spaced apertures (instruments of the kinds covered by group G01B0003000000 ;per se G01B0003000000);; G01B0005020000 for measuring length, width, or thickness (G01B0005080000 takes precedence);; G01B0005040000 specially adapted for measuring length or width of objects while moving G01B0005060000 for measuring thickness, e.g. of sheet material G01B0005080000 for measuring diameters G01B0005100000 of objects while moving, e.g. cable G01B0005120000 internal diameters G01B0005140000 for measuring distance or clearance between spaced objects or spaced apertures (G01B0005240000 takes precedence);; G01B0005160000 between a succession of regularly spaced objects or regularly spaced apertures, e.g. screw threads, stamp perforations G01B0005180000 for measuring depth G01B0005200000 for measuring contours or curvatures, e.g. determining profile G01B0005220000 Spherometers G01B0005240000 for measuring angles or tapers; for testing the alignment of axes G01B0005250000 for alignment of axes G01B0005255000 for testing wheel alignment G01B0005260000 for measuring areas, e.g. planimeter (integrators in general G06G);; G01B0005280000 for measuring roughness or irregularity of surfaces G01B0005300000 for measuring the deformation in a solid, e.g. mechanical strain gauge G01B0007000000 Measuring arrangements characterised by the use of electric or magnetic means G01B0007020000 for measuring length, width, or thickness (G01B0007120000 takes precedence);; G01B0007040000 specially adapted for measuring length or width of objects while moving G01B0007060000 for measuring thickness, e.g. of sheet material, of coating G01B0007080000 using capacitive means G01B0007100000 using magnetic means, e.g. by measuring change of reluctance G01B0007120000 for measuring diameters G01B0007140000 for measuring distance or clearance between spaced objects or spaced apertures (G01B0007300000 takes precedence);; G01B0007160000 for measuring the deformation in a solid, e.g. resistance strain gauge G01B0007180000 using change in resistance G01B0007200000 formed by printed-circuit technique G01B0007220000 using change in capacitance G01B0007240000 using change in magnetic properties G01B0007260000 for measuring depth G01B0007280000 for measuring contours or curvatures, e.g. determining profile G01B0007300000 for measuring angles or tapers; for testing the alignment of axes G01B0007310000 for alignment of axes G01B0007315000 for testing wheel alignment G01B0007320000 for measuring areas (integrators in general G06G);; G01B0007340000 for measuring roughness or irregularity of surfaces G01B0009000000 Instruments as specified in the sub-groups and characterised by measuring optically the dimensions of objects or the distance between spaced objects or spaced apertures (arrangements of such instruments for measuring particular objects G01B0011000000);; G01B0009020000 Interferometers G01B0009021000 using holographic techniques G01B0009023000 for contour producing (G01B0009025000-G01B0009029000; take precedence);; G01B0009025000 Double-exposure technique G01B0009027000 in real time G01B0009029000 by time averaging G01B0009040000 Measuring microscopes (microscopes per se G02B0021000000);; G01B0009060000 Measuring telescopes (telescopes per se G02B0023000000);; G01B0009080000 Optical projection comparators, e.g. for profile G01B0009100000 Goniometers G01B0011000000 Arrangements characterised by measuring optically the dimensions of objects or the distance between spaced objects or spaced apertures (instruments of the types covered by group G01B0009000000, ;per se G01B0009000000);; G01B0011020000 for measuring length, width, or thickness (G01B0011080000 takes precedence);; G01B0011040000 specially adapted for measuring length or width of objects while moving G01B0011060000 for measuring thickness, e.g. of sheet material G01B0011080000 for measuring diameters G01B0011100000 of objects while moving, e.g. cable G01B0011120000 internal diameters G01B0011140000 for measuring distance or clearance between spaced objects or spaced apertures (G01B0011260000 takes precedence;rangefinders per se G01C) G01B0011160000 for measuring the deformation in a solid, e.g. optical strain gauge G01B0011180000 using photoelastic elements G01B0011200000 using brittle lacquer G01B0011220000 for measuring depth G01B0011240000 for measuring contours or curvatures, e.g. determining profile G01B0011260000 for measuring angles or tapers; for testing the alignment of axes G01B0011270000 for alignment of axes G01B0011275000 for testing wheel alignment G01B0011280000 for measuring areas (integrators in general G06G);; G01B0011300000 for measuring roughness or irregularity of surfaces G01B0013000000 Measuring arrangements characterised by the use of fluids G01B0013020000 for measuring length, width, or thickness (G01B0013080000 takes precedence);; G01B0013040000 specially adapted for measuring length or width of objects while moving G01B0013060000 for measuring thickness, e.g. of sheet material G01B0013080000 for measuring diameters G01B0013100000 internal diameters G01B0013120000 for measuring distance or clearance between spaced objects or spaced apertures (G01B0013180000 takes precedence);; G01B0013140000 for measuring depth G01B0013160000 for measuring contours or curvatures, e.g. determining profile G01B0013180000 for measuring angles or tapers; for testing the alignment of axes G01B0013190000 for alignment of axes G01B0013195000 for testing wheel alignment G01B0013200000 for measuring areas, e.g. pneumatic planimeter (integrators in general G06G);; G01B0013220000 for measuring roughness or irregularity of surfaces G01B0015000000 Measuring arrangements characterised by the use of wave or particle radiation (G01B0009000000, G01B0011000000 take precedence;using reflection of electric pulses G01S; by radar technique G01S) G01B0015020000 for measuring thickness G01B0015040000 for measuring contours or curvatures, e.g. determining profile G01B0015060000 for measuring the deformation in a solid G01B0017000000 Measuring arrangements characterised by the use of subsonic, sonic, or ultrasonic vibrations (by sonar technique G01S);; G01B0017020000 for measuring thickness G01B0017040000 for measuring the deformation in a solid, e.g. by vibrating string G01B0019000000 Measuring arrangements characterised by means of measurement specified in two or more of main groups ; G01B0003000000-G01B0017000000 G01B0019020000 using electric or magnetic means G01B0019040000 for measuring length, width or thickness (G01B0019120000 takes precedence);; G01B0019060000 specially adapted for measuring length or width or objects while moving G01B0019080000 for measuring thickness, e.g. of sheet material, of coating G01B0019090000 using capacitive means G01B0019100000 using magnetic means, e.g. by measuring change of reluctance G01B0019120000 for measuring diameters G01B0019140000 for measuring distance of clearance between spaced objects or spaced apertures (G01B0019280000 takes precedence);; G01B0019160000 for measuring the deformation in a solid G01B0019180000 using change in resistance G01B0019190000 formed by printed-circuit technique G01B0019200000 using change in capacitance G01B0019220000 using change in magnetic properties G01B0019240000 for measuring depth G01B0019260000 for measuring contours or curvatures, e.g. determining profile G01B0019280000 for measuring angles or tapers; for testing the alignment of axes G01B0019290000 for alignment or axes G01B0019295000 for testing wheel alignment G01B0019300000 for measuring areas (integrators in general (G06G);; G01B0019320000 for measuring roughness or irregularity or surfaces G01B0019340000 using optical means, i.e. employing infra-red, visible, or ultra-violet light G01B0019360000 for measuring length, width or thickness (G01B0019400000 takes precedence);; G01B0019370000 specially adapted for measuring length or width of objects while moving G01B0019380000 for measuring thickness, el g. of sheet material G01B0019400000 for measuring diameters G01B0019420000 of objects while moving, e.g. cable G01B0019440000 internal diameters G01B0019460000 for measuring distance or clearance between spaced objects or spaced apertures (G01B0019560000 takes precedence, range finders ;per se G01C);; G01B0019480000 for measuring the deformation in a solid G01B0019490000 using photoelastic elements G01B0019500000 using brittle lacquer G01B0019520000 for measuring depth G01B0019540000 for measuring contours or curvatures, e.g. determining profile G01B0019560000 for measuring angles or tapers; for testing the alignment of axes G01B0019570000 for alignment of axes G01B0019575000 for testing wheel alignment G01B0019580000 for measuring areas (integration in general G06G);; G01B0019600000 for measuring roughness or irregularity of surfaces G01B0019620000 using fluid means G01B0019640000 for measuring length, width, or thickness (G01B0019700000 takes precedence);; G01B0019660000 specially adapted for measuring length or width of objects while moving G01B0019680000 for measuring thickness, e.g. of sheet material G01B0019700000 for measuring diameters G01B0019720000 internal diameters G01B0019740000 for measuring distance or clearance between spaced objects or spaced apertures (G01B0019800000 takes precedence);; G01B0019760000 for measuring depth G01B0019780000 for measuring contours or curvatures, e.g. determining profile G01B0019800000 for measuring angles or tapers; for testing the alignment of axes G01B0019810000 for alignment of axes G01B0019815000 for testing wheel alignment G01B0019820000 for measuring areas (integrators in general G06G);; G01B0019840000 for measuring roughness or irregularity or surfaces G01B0019860000 using wave or particle radiation not covered by ; G01B0019340000 G01B0019880000 for measuring thickness G01B0019900000 for measuring contours or curvatures, e.g. determining profile G01B0019920000 for measuring the deformation in a solid G01B0019940000 using sub-sonic, sonic, or ultra-sonic vibrations G01B0019960000 for measuring thickness G01B0019980000 for measuring the deformation in a solid, e.g. by vibrating string G01C MEASURING DISTANCES, LEVELS, OR BEARINGS, FOR SURVEYING OR NAVIGATION; GYROSCOPIC INSTRUMENTS; (measuring angles or linear dimensions in general G01B;measuring liquid level G01F; measuring intensity and direction of magnetic fields, other than the earth's field, in general G01R; involving the emission and reception of radio waves, other electromagnetic waves or sonic waves G01S; optical systems therefor G02B; maps, globes G09B) G01C0001000000 Measuring angles (in compasses G01C0017000000);; G01C0001020000 Theodolites G01C0001040000 combined with cameras G01C0001060000 Arrangements for reading scales (in general G01D);; G01C0001080000 Sextants G01C0001100000 including an artificial horizon (G01C0001140000 takes precedence;artificial horizons per se G01C0015140000) G01C0001120000 with a stabilised mirror (tilt compensation in general G02B);; G01C0001140000 Periscopic sextants (periscopes in general G02B0023080000);; G01C0003000000 Measuring distances in line of sight; Optical rangefinders (tapes, chains, or wheels for measuring length G01B;coupling rangefinders with operating parts of photographic apparatus G03B) G01C0003020000 Details G01C0003040000 Adaptation of rangefinders for combination with telescopes or binoculars (rangefinders G03B0013160000);; G01C0003060000 Use of electric means to obtain final indication G01C0003080000 Use of electric radiation detectors G01C0003100000 using a parallactic triangle with variable angles and a base of fixed length in the observation station, e.g. in the instrument G01C0003120000 with monocular observation at a single point, e.g. coincidence type (G01C0003200000 takes precedence);; G01C0003140000 with binocular observation at a single point, e.g. stereoscopic type (G01C0003200000 takes precedence);; G01C0003160000 Measuring marks G01C0003180000 with one observation point at each end of the base (G01C0003200000 takes precedence);; G01C0003200000 with adaptation to the measurement of the height of an object G01C0003220000 using a parallactic triangle with variable angles and a base of fixed length at, near, or formed by, the object G01C0003240000 using a parallactic triangle with fixed angles and a base of variable length in the observation station, e.g. in the instrument G01C0003260000 using a parallactic triangle with fixed angles and a base of variable length at, near, or formed by, the object G01C0003280000 with provision for reduction of the distance into the horizontal plane G01C0003300000 with adaptation to the measurement of the height of an object, e.g. tacheometers G01C0003320000 by focusing the object, e.g. on a ground glass screen G01C0005000000 Measuring height; Measuring distances transverse to line of sight; Levelling between separated points; Surveyors' levels (G01C0003200000, G01C0003300000 take precedence;tracing profiles G01C0007000000; levels indicating inclination at a single point G01C0009000000) G01C0005020000 involving automatic stabilisation of the line of sight (tilt compensation in general G12B;regulation of direction in general G05D0003000000) G01C0005040000 Hydrostatic levelling, i.e. by flexibly interconnected liquid containers at separated points G01C0005060000 by using barometric means (barometers per se G01L);; G01C0007000000 Tracing profiles (by photogrammetry G01C0011000000);; G01C0007020000 of land surfaces G01C0007040000 involving a vehicle which moves along the profile to be traced G01C0007060000 of cavities, e.g. tunnels (survey of wells E21B0047000000);; G01C0009000000 Measuring inclination, e.g. by clinometers, by levels G01C0009020000 Details G01C0009040000 Transmission means between sensing element and final indicator for giving an enlarged reading G01C0009060000 Electric or photoelectric indication or reading means G01C0009080000 Means for compensating acceleration forces due to movement of instrument G01C0009100000 by using rolling bodies G01C0009120000 by using a single pendulum (plumb lines G01C0015100000);; G01C0009140000 movable in more than one direction G01C0009160000 by using more than one pendulum G01C0009180000 by using liquids G01C0009200000 the indication being based on the inclination of the surface of a liquid relative to its container G01C0009220000 with interconnected containers in fixed relation to each other G01C0009240000 in closed containers partially filled with liquid so as to leave a gas bubble G01C0009260000 Details G01C0009280000 Mountings G01C0009300000 Means for adjusting dimensions of bubble G01C0009320000 Means for facilitating the observation of the position of the bubble, e.g. illuminating means G01C0009340000 of the tubular type, i.e. for indicating the level in one direction only G01C0009360000 of the spherical type, i.e. for indicating the level in all directions G01C0011000000 Photogrammetry; Photographic surveying (cameras combined with surveying instruments, e.g. with theodolite, G01C0001000000, G01C0003000000, G01C0005000000, G01C0009000000;surveying cameras G03B0037000000) G01C0011020000 Picture-taking arrangements specially adapted for photogrammetry or photographic surveying, e.g. controlling overlapping of pictures G01C0011040000 Interpretation of pictures G01C0011060000 by comparison of two or more pictures of the same area G01C0011080000 the pictures not being supported in the same relative position as when they were taken G01C0011100000 using computers to control the position of the pictures (computers per se G06);; G01C0011120000 the pictures being supported in the same relative position as when they were taken G01C0011140000 with optical projection (G01C0011260000 takes precedence);; G01C0011160000 in a common plane G01C0011180000 involving scanning means G01C0011200000 in separate planes G01C0011220000 with mechanical projection (G01C0011260000 takes precedence);; G01C0011240000 with optical-mechanical projection (G01C0011260000 takes precedence);; G01C0011260000 using computers to control the position of the pictures (computers per se G06);; G01C0011280000 Special adaptation for recording picture point data, e.g. for profiles G01C0011300000 by triangulation G01C0011320000 Radial triangulation G01C0011340000 Aerial triangulation G01C0013000000 Surveying specially adapted to open water, e.g. sea, lake, river, canal (liquid level metering G01F;measuring liquid velocity G01P; determining existence or flow of underground water G01V) G01C0015000000 Surveying instruments or accessories not provided for in groups ; G01C0001000000-G01C0013000000 G01C0015020000 Means for marking measuring points G01C0015040000 Permanent marks; Boundary markers G01C0015060000 Surveyors' staffs; Movable markers G01C0015080000 Plumbing or registering staffs or markers over ground marks G01C0015100000 Plumb lines G01C0015120000 Instruments for setting out fixed angles, e.g. right angles G01C0015140000 Artificial horizons (tilt compensation in general G02B);; G01C0017000000 Compasses; Devices for ascertaining true or magnetic north for navigation or surveying purposes (using gyroscopic effect G01C0019000000;for geophysical or prospecting purposes G01V0003000000) G01C0017020000 Magnetic compasses G01C0017040000 with north-seeking magnetic elements, e.g. needles G01C0017060000 Suspending magnetic elements G01C0017080000 by flotation G01C0017100000 Comparing observed direction with north indication G01C0017120000 by sighting means, e.g. for surveyors' compasses G01C0017140000 by reference marks, e.g. for ships' compasses G01C0017160000 by clinometers, e.g. for determining dip or strike of geological strata G01C0017180000 Supporting or suspending compasses, e.g. by gimbal, by flotation G01C0017200000 Observing the compass card or needle G01C0017220000 by projection G01C0017240000 Illumination G01C0017260000 using electric pick-offs for transmission to final indicator, e.g. photocell G01C0017280000 Electromagnetic compasses (with north-seeking magnetic elements and having electric pick-offs G01C0017260000);; G01C0017300000 Earth-inductor compasses G01C0017320000 Electron compasses G01C0017340000 Sun- and astro-compasses G01C0017360000 Repeaters for remote indication of readings of a master compass G01C0017380000 Testing, calibrating, or compensating of compasses G01C0019000000 Gyroscopes; Turn-sensitive devices using gyroscopic effect, e.g. using gas, using electron beam G01C0019020000 Rotary gyroscopes G01C0019040000 Details G01C0019060000 Rotors G01C0019080000 electrically driven (G01C0019140000 takes precedence;dynamo-electric machines H02K) G01C0019100000 Power supply G01C0019120000 fluid driven (G01C0019140000 takes precedence);; G01C0019140000 Fluid rotors G01C0019160000 Suspensions; Bearings (bearings in general F16C;balancing rotors G01M) G01C0019180000 providing movement of rotor with respect to its rotational axes (G01C0019200000, G01C0019240000 take precedence);; G01C0019200000 in fluid G01C0019220000 torsional G01C0019240000 using magnetic or electrostatic fields G01C0019260000 Caging, i.e. immobilising moving parts, e.g. for transport (applicable to instruments in general G01D0011200000);; G01C0019280000 Pick-offs, i.e. devices for taking off an indication of the displacement of the rotor axis G01C0019300000 Erection devices, i.e. devices for restoring rotor axis to a desired position (for instrument indicating the vertical G01C0019440000);; G01C0019320000 Indicating or recording means specially adapted for rotary gyroscopes (in general G01D);; G01C0019340000 for indicating a direction in the horizontal plane, e.g. directional gyroscopes G01C0019360000 with north-seeking action by magnetic means, e.g. gyromagnetic compasses G01C0019380000 with north-seeking action by other than magnetic means, e.g. gyrocompasses using earth's rotation G01C0019400000 for control by signals from a master compass, i.e. repeater compasses G01C0019420000 for indicating rate of turn; for integrating rate of turn G01C0019440000 for indicating the vertical G01C0019460000 Erection devices for restoring rotor axis to a desired position G01C0019480000 operating by electrical means (G01C0019540000 takes precedence);; G01C0019500000 operating by mechanical means (G01C0019540000 takes precedence);; G01C0019520000 operating by fluid means (G01C0019540000 takes precedence);; G01C0019540000 with correction for acceleration forces due to movement of instrument G01C0019560000 Turn-sensitive devices with vibrating masses, e.g. tuning fork G01C0021000000 Navigation; Navigational instruments not provided for in preceding groups (measuring distance traversed on the ground by a vehicle G01C0022000000;measuring linear or angular speed or acceleration G01P; radio navigation systems G01S) G01C0021020000 by astronomical means (G01C0021240000 takes precedence;measuring time by using position of the sun, moon, or stars G04B0049000000) G01C0021040000 by terrestrial means (G01C0021240000 takes precedence;marking of navigation route for ships B63B0051000000) G01C0021060000 involving measuring of drift angle; involving correction for drift G01C0021080000 involving use of the magnetic field of the earth G01C0021100000 by using measurement of speed or acceleration (G01C0021240000 takes precedence);; G01C0021120000 executed aboard the object being navigated; Dead reckoning G01C0021140000 by recording the course traversed by the object (G01C0021160000 takes precedence);; G01C0021160000 by integrating acceleration or speed, i.e. inertial navigation G01C0021180000 Stabilised platforms, e.g. by gyroscope G01C0021200000 Instruments for performing navigational calculations (G01C0021240000 takes precedence;computing in general G06) G01C0021220000 Plotting boards (in general B43L);; G01C0021240000 specially adapted for cosmonautical navigation G01C0022000000 Measuring distance traversed on the ground by vehicles, persons, animals, or other moving solid bodies, e.g. using odometers, using pedometers (counting mechanisms per se G06M);; G01C0022020000 by conversion into electric waveforms and subsequent integration, e.g. using tachometer generator G01C0023000000 Combined instruments indicating more than one navigational value, e.g. for aircraft; Combined measuring devices for measuring two or more variables of movement, e.g. distance, speed, acceleration G01C0025000000 Manufacturing, calibrating, cleaning, or repairing instruments and devices referred to in the preceding groups (testing, calibrating, and compensating compasses G01C0017380000);; G01D INDICATING OR RECORDING IN CONNECTION WITH MEASURING IN GENERAL; DEVICES OR INSTRUMENTS FOR MEASURING TWO OR MORE VARIABLES NOT COVERED IN A SINGLE OTHER SUB-CLASS; TARIFF METERING APPARATUS; MEASURING OR TESTING NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR (means structurally associated with lightning or other overvoltage discharging apparatus for recording the operation thereof G01R;displaying information in general G09F; recording in a way which requires playback through a transducer G11B) G01D0001000000 Indicating or recording apparatus giving results other than momentary value of variable, of general application (G01D0003000000 takes precedence;in tariff metering apparatus G01D0004000000; computing G06) G01D0001020000 giving mean values, e.g. root mean square values (measuring root mean square values of currents or voltages G01R0019020000);; G01D0001040000 giving integrated values (giving mean values G01D0001020000);; G01D0001060000 by intermittent summation G01D0001080000 over fixed periods of time G01D0001100000 giving differentiated values G01D0001120000 giving a maximum or minimum of a value G01D0001140000 giving a distribution function of a value, i.e. number of times the value comes within specified ranges of amplitude G01D0001160000 giving a value which is a function of two or more values, e.g. product, ratio G01D0003000000 Indicating or recording apparatus with provision for the special purposes referred to in the sub-groups of this group G01D0003020000 with provision for altering or correcting the law of variation G01D0003040000 with provision for compensating the effects of temperature G01D0003060000 with provision for operation by a null method G01D0003080000 with provision for safeguarding the apparatus, e.g. against abnormal operation, against breakdown G01D0003100000 with provision for switching-in of additional or auxiliary indicators or recorders G01D0004000000 Tariff metering apparatus (tariff meters for measuring the time integral of electric power or current G01R0011560000;in taximeters G07B0013080000; coin-freed mechanisms therefor G07F) G01D0004020000 Details G01D0004040000 Resetting-mechanisms, e.g. for indicating members (for mechanical counters G06M0001280000);; G01D0004060000 Arrangement of clutches between driving and indicating member, e.g. of hysteresis clutch (G01D0004040000 takes precedence);; G01D0004080000 Transfer of indication from a counter into a summing counter (mechanical counters G06M);; G01D0004100000 Maximum indicating or recording apparatus, i.e. where the tariff for a period is based on a maximum demand within that period G01D0004120000 Apparatus for indicating or recording progressive maximum G01D0004140000 Fixed-demand indicating or recording apparatus, i.e. where indication is made when a predetermined quantity has been consumed during a time interval greater or less than a predetermined time interval G01D0004160000 Apparatus for indicating or recording maximum or minimum load hours G01D0004180000 Apparatus for indicating or recording overconsumption with opposing torque which comes into effect when a predetermined level is exceeded, e.g. subtraction meters G01D0005000000 Transferring the output of the sensing member to the indicating or recording part; Means for converting the output of the sensing member into a different variable (G01D0003000000 takes precedence;specially adapted for apparatus giving results other than momentary value of variable G01D0001000000; sensing members, see the relevant sub-classes, e.g. G01, H01; specially adapted for high voltage or high current measuring arrangements G01R0015020000; self-balancing bridges G01R0017000000; arrangements not specific for indicating or recording measured values G08C; multiplex signal transmission G08C0015000000; selectively calling up a substation from a main station H04Q0009000000) G01D0005020000 characterised by mechanical transfer means G01D0005040000 by levers; by cams; by gearing (gearing in general F16);; G01D0005060000 acting through a wall or enclosure, e.g. by bellows, by magnetic coupling (in general F16);; G01D0005080000 Reducing the effects of friction, e.g. by applying vibrations G01D0005100000 Applying external forces to increase force available for operation of indicating or recording part G01D0005120000 characterised by electric or magnetic transfer means G01D0005140000 influencing the magnitude of a current or voltage G01D0005160000 by varying resistance G01D0005180000 by varying effective impedance of discharge tubes or semiconductor devices G01D0005200000 by varying inductance, e.g. by a movable armature G01D0005220000 differentially influencing two coils G01D0005240000 by varying capacitance G01D0005242000 by varying output of an electrodynamic device, e.g. of a tachodynamo G01D0005243000 influencing the phase or frequency of ac G01D0005244000 influencing characteristics of pulses or pulse trains G01D0005245000 using a variable number of pulses in a train G01D0005246000 by varying the duration of individual pulses G01D0005247000 using time shifts of pulses G01D0005248000 by varying pulse repetition frequency G01D0005249000 using pulse code G01D0005250000 Selecting one or more conductors or channels from a plurality of conductors or channels, e.g. by closing contacts G01D0005251000 one conductor or channel G01D0005252000 a combination of conductors or channels G01D0005260000 characterised by optical transfer means, i.e. using infra-red, visible or ultra-violet light G01D0005280000 with beams of light deflected by the sensing element, e.g. for direct optical indication (G01D0005400000 takes precedence);; G01D0005300000 and detected by photocells G01D0005320000 with beams of light wholly or partly obturated by sensing element (G01D0005400000 takes precedence);; G01D0005340000 and detected by photocells G01D0005360000 Forming the light into pulses G01D0005380000 by diffraction gratings G01D0005390000 Scanning a visible indication of the measured value and reproducing this indication at a remote place, e.g. on the screen of a cathode-ray tube G01D0005400000 specially adapted for use with infra-red light G01D0005420000 characterised by fluid transfer means G01D0005440000 by jets of fluid G01D0005460000 by deflecting or throttling the flow G01D0005480000 characterised by transfer means using wave or particle radiation (G01D0005260000 takes precedence);; G01D0005500000 derived from a radioactive source G01D0005520000 detected by a counter tube G01D0005540000 characterised by the combination of transfer means specified in two or more of sub-groups ; G01D0005020000, G01D0005120000, G01D0005260000, G01D0005420000, and G01D0005480000 G01D0005560000 by electric or magnetic means G01D0005580000 by optical means, i.e. using infra-red, visible or ultra-violet light G01D0005600000 by fluid means G01D0005620000 by wave or particle means not covered by ; G01D0005580000 G01D0007000000 Indicating measured values G01D0007020000 Indicating value of two or more variables simultaneously G01D0007040000 using a separate indicating element for each variable G01D0007060000 Luminous indications projected on a common screen G01D0007080000 using a common indicating element for two or more variables G01D0007100000 giving indication in co-ordinate form G01D0007120000 Audible indication of meter readings, e.g. for the blind G01D0009000000 Recording measured values G01D0009020000 Producing one or more recordings of the values of a single variable G01D0009040000 with provision for multiple or alternative recording G01D0009060000 Multiple recording, e.g. duplicating G01D0009080000 giving both graphical and numerical recording G01D0009100000 the recording element, e.g. stylus, being controlled in accordance with the variable, and the recording medium, e.g. paper roll, being controlled in accordance with time G01D0009120000 recording occurring continuously G01D0009140000 with provision for altering speed of recording medium in accordance with the magnitude of the variable to be recorded G01D0009160000 recording occurring at separated intervals, e.g. by chopper bar G01D0009180000 recording element actuated only upon change in value of variable G01D0009200000 the recording element, e.g. stylus, being controlled in accordance with time and the recording medium, e.g. paper roll, being controlled in accordance with the variable G01D0009220000 recording occurring continuously G01D0009240000 recording occurring at separated intervals, e.g. by chopper bar G01D0009260000 either the recording element, e.g. stylus, or the recording medium, e.g. paper roll, being controlled in accordance with both time and the variable G01D0009280000 Producing one or more recordings, each recording being of the values of two or more different variables (G01D0009380000, G01D0009400000 take precedence);; G01D0009300000 there being a separate recording element for each variable, e.g. multiple-pen recorder G01D0009320000 there being a common recording element for two or more variables G01D0009340000 the variables being recorded in predetermined sequence G01D0009360000 in separate columns G01D0009380000 Producing one or more recordings, each recording being produced by controlling the recording element, e.g. stylus, in accordance with one variable and controlling the recording medium, e.g. paper roll, in accordance with another variable G01D0009400000 Producing one or more recordings, each recording being produced by controlling either the recording element, e.g. stylus, or the recording medium, e.g. paper roll, in accordance with two or more variables G01D0009420000 Recording indications of measuring instruments by photographic means, e.g. of counters G01D0011000000 Component parts of indicating or recording apparatus, of general application (G01D0013000000, G01D0015000000 take precedence);; G01D0011020000 Bearings or suspensions for moving parts (bearings in general F16C);; G01D0011040000 Knive-edge bearings G01D0011060000 Strip or thread suspensions, e.g. in tension G01D0011080000 Elements for balancing moving parts G01D0011100000 Elements for damping the movement of parts G01D0011120000 using fluid damping G01D0011140000 using magnetic induction damping G01D0011160000 Elements for restraining or preventing the movement of parts, e.g. for zeroising (caging of moving parts when not in use G01D0011200000);; G01D0011180000 Springs (G01D0011060000 takes precedence);; G01D0011200000 Caging devices for moving parts when not in use G01D0011220000 automatically actuated G01D0011240000 Housings G01D0011260000 Windows; Cover glasses; Sealings therefor G01D0011280000 Structurally-combined illuminating devices G01D0011300000 Supports specially adapted for an instrument; Supports specially adapted for a set of instruments (in general F16M;specially adapted for aircraft or vehicles, see the relevant sub-classes); G01D0013000000 Component parts of indicating or recording apparatus, of general application for indication G01D0013020000 Scales; Dials G01D0013040000 Construction G01D0013060000 Moving bands (G01D0013100000 takes precedence);; G01D0013080000 Rotating drums (G01D0013100000 takes precedence);; G01D0013100000 with adjustable scales; with auxiliary scales, e.g. vernier G01D0013120000 Graduation G01D0013140000 for rotations of more than 360° G01D0013160000 with staggered markings G01D0013180000 with raised or recessed markings G01D0013200000 with luminescent markings G01D0013220000 Pointers, e.g. settable pointer G01D0013240000 for indicating a maximum or minimum G01D0013260000 adapted to perform a further operation, e.g. making electrical contact G01D0013280000 with luminescent markings G01D0015000000 Component parts of indicating or recording apparatus, of general application for recording G01D0015020000 Styli or other recording elements acting to deform the recording surface mechanically (by printing without ink G01D0015200000);; G01D0015040000 acting to punch holes in the recording surface G01D0015060000 Electric recording elements, e.g. electrolytic G01D0015080000 for spark erosion G01D0015100000 Heated recording elements acting on heat-sensitive layers G01D0015120000 Magnetic recording elements G01D0015140000 Optical recording elements; Recording elements using X- or nuclear radiation G01D0015160000 Recording elements transferring recording material, e.g. ink, to the recording surface (by printing G01D0015200000;writing appliances in general B43K) G01D0015180000 Nozzles emitting recording material G01D0015200000 Printing recording elements G01D0015220000 Chopper bars for bringing recording element into contact with recording surface G01D0015240000 Drives for recording elements and surfaces, not covered by group ; G01D0005000000 G01D0015260000 operating by clockwork (clockworks per se G04B, G04C);; G01D0015280000 Holding means for recording surfaces; Guiding means for recording surfaces; Exchanging means for recording surfaces G01D0015300000 for foldable strip charts G01D0015320000 for circular charts G01D0015340000 Recording surfaces G01D0018000000 Testing or calibrating of indicating or recording apparatus G01D0021000000 Measuring or testing not otherwise provided for G01D0021020000 Measuring two or more variables by means not covered by a single other sub-class G01D0021040000 Detecting presence of a body not otherwise provided for G01F MEASURING VOLUME, VOLUME FLOW, MASS FLOW, OR LIQUID LEVEL; METERING BY VOLUME G01F0001000000 Measuring the volume flow or mass flow of fluid or fluent solid material wherein the fluid passes through the meter in a continuous flow (measuring a proportion of the volume flow G01F0005000000;measuring speed of flow G01P0005000000; indicating presence or absence of flow G01P0013000000; regulating quantity or ratio G05D) G01F0001050000 by using mechanical effects G01F0001060000 using rotating vanes with tangential admission G01F0001070000 with mechanical coupling to the indicating device G01F0001075000 with magnetic or electromagnetic coupling to the indicating device G01F0001080000 Adjusting, correcting, or compensating means therefor G01F0001100000 using rotating vanes with axial admission G01F0001110000 with mechanical coupling to the indicating device G01F0001115000 with magnetic or electromagnetic coupling to the indicating device G01F0001120000 Adjusting, correcting, or compensating means therefor G01F0001200000 by detection of dynamic effects of the fluid flow G01F0001220000 by variable-area meters, e.g. rotameters G01F0001240000 with magnetic or electric coupling to the indicating device G01F0001260000 of the valve type G01F0001280000 by drag-force, e.g. vane type or impact flowmeter G01F0001300000 for fluent solid material G01F0001320000 by swirl flowmeter, e.g. using Karmann vortices G01F0001340000 by measuring pressure or differential pressure G01F0001360000 the pressure or differential pressure being created by the use of flow constriction G01F0001370000 the pressure or differential pressure being measured by means of communicating tubes or reservoirs with movable fluid levels, e.g. by U-tubes G01F0001380000 the pressure or differential pressure being measured by means of a movable element, e.g. diaphragm, piston, Bourdon tube or flexible capsule G01F0001400000 Details of construction of the flow constriction devices G01F0001420000 Orifices or nozzles G01F0001440000 Venturi tubes G01F0001460000 Pitot tubes G01F0001480000 the pressure or differential pressure being created by a capillary element G01F0001500000 Correcting or compensating means G01F0001520000 by measuring the height of the fluid level due to the lifting power of the fluid flow G01F0001540000 by means of chains, flexible bands, or wires introduced into, and moved by, the flow G01F0001560000 by using electric or magnetic effects (G01F0001660000 takes precedence);; G01F0001580000 by electromagnetic flowmeters G01F0001600000 Circuits therefor G01F0001620000 by electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) or nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) flowmeters G01F0001640000 by measuring electrical currents passing through the fluid flow; by measuring electrical potential generated by the fluid flow, e.g. by electrochemical, contact, or friction effects (G01F0001580000 takes precedence);; G01F0001660000 by measuring frequency, phase shift, or propagation time of electromagnetic or other waves, e.g. ultrasonic flowmeters G01F0001680000 by using thermal effects G01F0001700000 by tracer flowmeters, e.g. using radioactive tracers G01F0001720000 Devices for measuring pulsing fluid flows G01F0001740000 Devices for measuring flow of a fluid or flow of a fluent solid material in suspension in another fluid G01F0001760000 Devices for measuring mass flow of a fluid or a fluent solid material (weighing a continuous stream of material during flow G01G0011000000);; G01F0001780000 Direct mass flowmeters G01F0001800000 operating by measuring pressure, force, momentum, or frequency of a fluid flow to which a rotational movement has been imparted G01F0001820000 using a driven wheel as impeller and one or more other wheels or moving elements which are angularly restrained by a resilient member, e.g. spring member, as the measuring device G01F0001840000 Gyroscopic mass flowmeters G01F0001860000 Indirect mass flowmeters, e.g. measuring volume flow and density, temperature, or pressure G01F0001880000 with differential-pressure measurement to determine the volume flow G01F0001900000 with positive-displacement meter or turbine meter to determine the volume flow G01F0003000000 Measuring the volume flow of fluids or fluent solid material wherein the fluid passes through the meter in successive and more or less isolated quantities, the meter being driven by the flow (measuring a proportion of the volume flow G01F0005000000);; G01F0003020000 with measuring chambers which expand or contract during measurement G01F0003040000 having rigid movable walls G01F0003060000 comprising members rotating in a fluid-tight or substantially fluid-tight manner in a housing G01F0003080000 Rotary-piston or ring-piston meters G01F0003100000 Geared or lobed impeller meters G01F0003120000 Meters with nutating members, e.g. discs G01F0003140000 comprising reciprocating pistons, e.g. reciprocating in a rotating body G01F0003160000 in stationary cylinders G01F0003180000 involving two or more cylinders G01F0003200000 having flexible movable walls, e.g. diaphragms, bellows (diaphragms and bellows therefor G01F0015160000);; G01F0003220000 for gases G01F0003240000 with measuring chambers moved during operation (wet gas-meters G01F0003300000);; G01F0003260000 Tilting-trap meters G01F0003280000 on carriers rotated by the weight of the liquid in the measuring chambers G01F0003300000 Wet gas-meters G01F0003320000 comprising partitioned drums rotating or nutating in a liquid G01F0003340000 comprising bells reciprocating in a liquid G01F0003360000 with stationary measuring chambers having constant volume during measurement (with measuring chambers which expand or contract during measurement G01F0003020000);; G01F0003380000 having only one measuring chamber G01F0005000000 Measuring a proportion of the volume flow G01F0007000000 Volume-flow measuring devices with two or more measuring ranges; Compound meters G01F0009000000 Measuring volume flow relative to another variable, e.g. of liquid fuel for an engine G01F0009020000 wherein the other variable is the speed of a vehicle G01F0011000000 Apparatus requiring external operation adapted at each repeated and identical operation to measure and separate a predetermined volume of fluid or fluent solid material from a supply or container, without regard to weight, and to deliver it G01F0011020000 with measuring chambers which expand or contract during measurement G01F0011040000 of the free-piston type G01F0011060000 with provision for varying the stroke of the piston G01F0011080000 of the diaphragm or bellows type (diaphragms or bellows therefor G01F0015160000);; G01F0011100000 with measuring chambers moved during operation G01F0011120000 of the valve type, i.e. the separating being effected by fluid-tight or powder-tight movements (involving the tilting or inverting of the supply vessel G01F0011260000);; G01F0011140000 wherein the measuring chamber reciprocates G01F0011160000 for liquid or semiliquid G01F0011180000 for fluent solid material G01F0011200000 wherein the measuring chamber rotates or oscillates G01F0011220000 for liquid or semiliquid G01F0011240000 for fluent solid material G01F0011260000 wherein the measuring chamber is filled and emptied by tilting or inverting the supply vessel, e.g. bottle-emptying apparatus G01F0011280000 with stationary measuring chambers having constant volume during measurement (with measuring chambers which expand or contract during measurement G01F0011020000);; G01F0011300000 with supply and discharge valves of the lift or plug-lift type G01F0011320000 for liquid or semiliquid G01F0011340000 for fluent solid material G01F0011360000 with supply and discharge valves of the rectilinearly-moved slide type G01F0011380000 for liquid or semiliquid G01F0011400000 for fluent or solid material G01F0011420000 with supply and discharge valves of the rotary or oscillatory type G01F0011440000 for liquid or semiliquid G01F0011460000 for fluent solid material G01F0013000000 Apparatus for measuring by volume and delivering fluids or fluent solid materials, not provided for in the preceding groups G01F0015000000 Details of, or accessories for, apparatus of the preceding groups insofar as such details or appliances are not adapted to particular types of such apparatus G01F0015020000 Compensating or correcting for variations in pressure, density, or temperature G01F0015040000 of gases to be measured G01F0015060000 Indicating or recording devices, e.g. for remote indication (indicating or recording in general G01D);; G01F0015070000 Integration to give total flow, e.g. using mechanically-operated integrating mechanism G01F0015075000 using electrically-operated integrating means G01F0015080000 Air or gas separators in combination with liquid meters; Liquid separators in combination with gas-meters G01F0015100000 Preventing damage by freezing or excess pressure or insufficient pressure G01F0015120000 Cleaning arrangements; Filters (filters in general B01D);; G01F0015140000 Casings, e.g. of special material G01F0015160000 Diaphragms; Bellows; Mountings therefor G01F0015180000 Supports or connecting means for meters G01F0017000000 Determining the capacity of containers or cavities; Determining the volume of solid bodies (measuring linear dimensions to determine volume G01B);; G01F0019000000 Measures of capacity, e.g. measuring-cups (in German "Messbecher"); G01F0023000000 Indicating or measuring liquid level, or level of fluent solid material, e.g. indicating in terms of volume, indicating by means of an alarm (in wells E21B0047040000;adaptation to, or mounting on, steam boilers F22B0037780000; indicating and recording in general G01D; level regulation G05D; alarm devices G08B) G01F0023020000 by gauge glasses or other apparatus involving a window or transparent tube for directly observing the level to be measured or the level of a liquid column in free communication with the main body of the liquid G01F0023040000 by dip members, e.g. dip-sticks G01F0023060000 by floats G01F0023080000 actuating indicating, recording, or alarm devices by mechanical means G01F0023100000 actuating indicating, recording, or alarm devices electrically G01F0023120000 actuating indicating, recording, or alarm devices by magnetic means G01F0023140000 by measurement of pressure (measuring pressure in general G01L);; G01F0023160000 Indicating, recording, or alarm devices being actuated by mechanical or fluid means, e.g. using gas, mercury, or a diaphragm as transmitting element, or by a column of liquid G01F0023180000 Indicating, recording, or alarm devices actuated electrically G01F0023200000 by measurement of weight, e.g. to determine the level of stored liquefied gas (weighing in general G01G);; G01F0023220000 by measurement of physical variables, other than linear dimensions, pressure, or weight, dependent on the level to be measured, e.g. by difference of heat transfer of steam or water (involving the use of floats G01F0023060000);; G01F0023240000 by measuring variations of resistance of resistors due to contact with conductor fluid G01F0023260000 by measuring variations of capacity or inductance of capacitors or inductors arising from the presence of liquid or fluent solid material in the electric or electromagnetic fields G01F0023280000 by measuring the variations of parameters of electromagnetic, sonic, or ultrasonic waves applied directly to the liquid or fluent solid material G01F0025000000 Testing or calibrating apparatus for measuring volume, volume flow, or liquid level, or for metering by volume G01G WEIGHING (sorting by weighing B07C0005160000);; G01G0001000000 Weighing apparatus involving the use of a counterweight or other counterbalancing mass G01G0001020000 Pendulum-weight apparatus G01G0001040000 the pendulum having a fixed pivot axis G01G0001060000 with a plurality of pendulums G01G0001080000 the pendulum having a moving pivot axis, e.g. a floating pendulum G01G0001100000 with a plurality of pendulums G01G0001120000 Constructional arrangements for obtaining equal indicative divisions G01G0001140000 Temperature-compensating arrangements G01G0001160000 Means for correcting for obliquity of mounting G01G0001180000 Balances involving the use of a pivoted beam, i.e. beam balances G01G0001200000 Beam balances having the pans carried below the beam, and for use with separate counterweights G01G0001220000 for precision weighing G01G0001240000 Platform-type scales, i.e. having the pans carried above the beam G01G0001260000 with associated counterweight or set of counterweights G01G0001280000 involving means for automatically lifting counterweights corresponding to the load G01G0001300000 wherein the counterweight is in the form of a chain G01G0001320000 wherein the counterweights are in the form of rider-weights G01G0001340000 involving a fixed counterweight, with poise-weights selectively added to the load side G01G0001360000 wherein the counterweights are slidable along the beam, e.g. steelyards G01G0001380000 with automatically-driven counterweight G01G0001400000 specially adapted for weighing by substitution G01G0001420000 Temperature-compensating arrangements G01G0003000000 Weighing apparatus characterised by the use of elastically-deformable members, e.g. spring balances G01G0003020000 wherein the weighing element is in the form of a helical spring G01G0003040000 using a plurality of springs G01G0003060000 wherein the weighing element is in the form of a spiral spring G01G0003080000 wherein the weighing element is in the form of a leaf spring G01G0003100000 wherein the torsional deformation of a weighing element is measured G01G0003120000 wherein the weighing element is in the form of a solid body stressed by pressure or tension during weighing G01G0003140000 measuring variations of electrical resistance G01G0003150000 measuring variations of magnetic properties G01G0003160000 measuring variations of frequency of oscillations of the body G01G0003180000 Temperature-compensating arrangements G01G0005000000 Weighing apparatus wherein the balancing is effected by fluid action G01G0005020000 with a float or other member variably immersed in liquid G01G0005040000 with means for measuring the pressure imposed by the load on a liquid (pressure gauges per se G01L);; G01G0007000000 Weighing apparatus wherein the balancing is effected by magnetic, electromagnetic, or electrostatic action, or by means not provided for in the preceding groups G01G0007020000 by electromagnetic action G01G0007040000 with means for regulating the current to solenoids G01G0007060000 by electrostatic action G01G0009000000 Methods of, or apparatus for, the determination of weight not otherwise provided for G01G0011000000 Apparatus for weighing a continuous stream of material during flow; Conveyer-belt weighers G01G0011020000 having mechanical weight-sensitive devices G01G0011040000 having electrical weight-sensitive devices G01G0011060000 having fluid weight-sensitive devices G01G0011080000 having means for controlling the rate of feed or discharge (regulation of flow of fluent material G05D);; G01G0011100000 by controlling the height of the material on the belt G01G0011120000 by controlling the speed of the belt G01G0011140000 using totalising or integrating devices (totalising or integrating devices per se G06);; G01G0013000000 Weighing apparatus with automatic feed or discharge for weighing-out batches of material (for weighing a continuous stream G01G0011000000;check-weighing G01G0015000000; for liquids G01G0017040000; apportioning by weight materials to be mixed G01G0019220000) G01G0013020000 Means for automatically loading weigh-pans or other receptacles, e.g. disposable containers, under control of the weighing mechanism G01G0013040000 involving dribble-feed means controlled by the weighing mechanism to top up the receptacle to the target weight G01G0013060000 wherein the main feed is effected by gravity from a hopper or chute G01G0013080000 wherein the main feed is effected by mechanical conveying means, e.g. by belt conveyers, by vibratory conveyers G01G0013100000 wherein the main feed is effected by pneumatic conveying means, e.g. by fluidised feed of granular material G01G0013120000 Arrangements for compensating for material suspended at cut-off, i.e. for material which is still falling from the feeder when the weigher stops the feeder G01G0013140000 Arrangements for determination of, or compensation for, the tare weight of an unloaded container, e.g. of a disposable container G01G0013160000 Means for automatically discharging weigh receptacles under control of the weighing mechanism G01G0013180000 by valves or flaps in the container bottom G01G0013200000 by screw conveyers in the weigh receptacle G01G0013220000 by tilting or rotating the receptacle G01G0013240000 Weighing mechanism control arrangements for automatic feed or discharge G01G0013260000 involving fluid-pressure systems G01G0013280000 involving variation of an electrical variable which is used to control loading or discharge of the receptacle G01G0013300000 involving limit switches or position-sensing switches G01G0013320000 involving photoelectric devices G01G0013340000 involving mechanical linkage motivated by the weighing mechanism G01G0015000000 Arrangements for check-weighing of materials dispensed into removable containers (packaging aspects B65B);; G01G0015020000 with provision for adding or removing a make-up quantity of material to obtain the desired net weight (dribble-feed means for automatic batch-weighers G01G0013040000);; G01G0015040000 with provision for adding or removing a make-up quantity of material to obtain the desired gross weight (dribble-feed means for automatic batch-weighers G01G0013040000);; G01G0017000000 Apparatus for, or methods of, weighing material of special form or property (determining weight by measuring volume G01F);; G01G0017020000 for weighing material of filamentary or sheet form G01G0017040000 for weighing fluids, e.g. gases, pastes G01G0017060000 having means for controlling the supply or discharge G01G0017080000 for weighing livestock G01G0019000000 Weighing apparatus or methods adapted for special purposes not provided for in the preceding groups G01G0019020000 for weighing wheeled or rolling bodies, e.g. vehicles G01G0019040000 for weighing railway vehicles G01G0019060000 on overhead rails G01G0019070000 for weighing aircraft G01G0019080000 for incorporation in vehicles (arrangements on vehicles B60P0005000000);; G01G0019100000 having fluid weight-sensitive devices G01G0019120000 having electrical weight-sensitive devices G01G0019140000 for weighing suspended loads (G01G0003000000 takes precedence;incorporation of weighing devices in cranes B66C0001400000, B66C0013160000) G01G0019160000 having fluid weight-sensitive devices G01G0019180000 having electrical weight-sensitive devices G01G0019200000 for weighing unbalanced loads G01G0019220000 for apportioning materials by weighing prior to mixing them (ratio regulation G05D0011000000);; G01G0019240000 using a single weighing apparatus G01G0019260000 associated with two or more counterweighted beams G01G0019280000 having fluid weight-sensitive devices G01G0019300000 having electrical weight-sensitive devices G01G0019320000 using two or more weighing apparatus G01G0019340000 with electrical control means G01G0019360000 with mechanical control means G01G0019380000 programme controlled, e.g. by perforated tape (programme control in general G05B0019000000);; G01G0019400000 with provisions for indicating, recording, or computing price or other quantities dependent on the weight (indicating means for weighing apparatus G01G0023180000;recording means for weighing apparatus G01G0023180000; computers in general G06) G01G0019410000 using mechanical computing means G01G0019413000 using electromechanical or electronic computing means G01G0019417000 with provision for checking computing part of balance G01G0019420000 for counting by weighing G01G0019440000 for weighing persons G01G0019460000 Spring balances specially adapted for this purpose G01G0019480000 Pendulum balances specially adapted for this purpose G01G0019500000 having additional measuring devices, e.g. for height G01G0019520000 Weighing appparatus combined with other objects, e.g. with furniture (with walking-sticks A45B0003080000);; G01G0019540000 combined with writing implements or paper-knives G01G0019560000 combined with handles of tools or of household implements G01G0019580000 combined with handles of suit-cases or trunks G01G0019600000 combined vith fishing equipment, e.g. with fishing rods G01G0021000000 Details of weighing apparatus G01G0021020000 Arrangements of bearings (bearings per se F16C);; G01G0021040000 of knife-edge bearings G01G0021060000 of ball or roller bearings G01G0021080000 Bearing mountings or adjusting means therefor G01G0021100000 Floating suspensions; Arrangements of shock-absorbers (shock-absorbers per se F16F);; G01G0021120000 Devices for preventing derangement G01G0021140000 Beams G01G0021160000 of composite construction; Connections between different beams G01G0021180000 Link connections between the beam and the weigh pan G01G0021200000 for precision weighing apparatus G01G0021220000 Weigh-pans or other weighing receptacles; Weighing platforms G01G0021240000 Guides or linkages for ensuring parallel motion of the weigh-pans G01G0021260000 Counterweights; Poise-weights; Sets of weights; Holders for the reception of weights G01G0021280000 Frames; Housings G01G0021300000 Means for preventing contamination by dust G01G0023000000 Auxiliary devices for weighing apparatus G01G0023020000 Relieving mechanisms; Arrestment mechanisms G01G0023040000 for precision weighing apparatus G01G0023060000 Means for damping oscillations, e.g. of weigh-beams G01G0023080000 by fluid means G01G0023100000 by electric or magnetic means G01G0023120000 specially adapted for preventing oscillations due to movement of the load G01G0023140000 Devices for determining tare weight or for cancelling out the tare by zeroising, e.g. mechanically operated (in connection with automatic loading G01G0013140000);; G01G0023160000 electrically or magnetically operated G01G0023180000 Indicating devices, e.g. for remote indication; Recording devices; Scales, e.g. graduated (indicating or recording devices in general G01D);; G01G0023200000 Indicating the weight by mechanical means G01G0023220000 combined with price indicators G01G0023240000 involving logarithmic scales G01G0023260000 Drive for the indicating member, e.g. mechanical amplifiers G01G0023280000 involving auxiliary or memory marks G01G0023300000 with means for illuminating the scale G01G0023320000 Indicating the weight by optical projection means G01G0023340000 combined with price indicators G01G0023350000 indicating the weight by photographic recording G01G0023360000 indicating the weight by electrical means, e.g. using photoelectric cells G01G0023365000 involving comparison with a reference value G01G0023370000 involving digital counting G01G0023380000 Recording or coding devices specially adapted for weighing apparatus (computers per se G06;disc converters in general G08C) G01G0023400000 mechanically operated G01G0023420000 electrically operated G01H MEASUREMENT OF MECHANICAL VIBRATIONS, e.g. OF SOUND WAVES (generation of mechanical vibrations without measurement B06B, G10, H04R;measuring position, direction or velocity of an object G01C, G01S; transducers per se, see in the relevant sub-classes, e.g. G01L, H01L, H04R; determining unbalance G01M0001140000; determining properties of materials by sonic or ultrasonic waves transmitted therethrough G01N; making geophysical measurements G01V; recording vibrations for subsequent reproduction G10L, G11B; manufacture of electromechanical resonators by processes which include measurement of frequency with consequential modification of the resonator H03H0003000000) G01H0001000000 Measuring characteristics of vibrations in solids by using direct conduction to the detector (G01H0009000000, G01H0011000000 take precedence);; G01H0001040000 of vibrations which are transverse to direction of propagation G01H0001060000 frequency G01H0001080000 amplitude G01H0001100000 of torsional vibrations G01H0003000000 Measuring characteristics of vibrations by using a detector in a fluid (G01H0007000000, G01H0009000000, G01H0011000000 take precedence);; G01H0003040000 frequency G01H0003060000 by electric means G01H0003080000 Analysing frequencies present in complex vibrations, e.g. comparing harmonics present G01H0003100000 amplitude; power G01H0003120000 by electric means (G01H0003140000 takes precedence);; G01H0003140000 Measuring mean amplitude; Measuring mean power; Measuring time integral of power G01H0005000000 Measuring propagation velocity of vibrations, e.g. of pressure waves G01H0007000000 Measuring reverberation time (measuring absorption of vibrations in a material G01N;modifying acoustic properties to change reverberation time G10K) G01H0009000000 Measuring characteristics of vibrations by using radiation-sensitive means G01H0011000000 Measuring characteristics of vibrations by detecting changes in capacitance or reluctance G01H0013000000 Measuring resonant frequency G01J MEASUREMENT OF INTENSITY, VELOCITY, SPECTRAL CONTENT, OR POLARISATION OF INFRA-RED, VISIBLE OR ULTRA-VIOLET LIGHT; COLORIMETRY; RADIATION PYROMETRY (light sources F21, H01J, H01K, H05B;investigating properties of materials by optical means G01N) G01J0001000000 Photometry, e.g. photographic exposure meter (spectrophotometry G01J0003000000;specially adapted for radiation pyrometry G01J0005000000) G01J0001020000 Details G01J0001040000 Optical or mechanical part G01J0001060000 Restricting the angle of incident light G01J0001080000 Arrangements of light sources specially adapted for photometry G01J0001100000 by comparison with reference light or electric value G01J0001120000 using wholly visual means (G01J0001200000 takes precedence);; G01J0001140000 using comparison with a surface of graded brightness G01J0001160000 using electric radiation detectors (G01J0001200000 takes precedence);; G01J0001180000 using comparison with a reference electric value G01J0001200000 intensity of the measured or reference value being varied to equalise their effects at the detector, e.g. by varying incidence angle G01J0001220000 using a variable element in the light-path, e.g. filter, polarising means (G01J0001340000 takes precedence);; G01J0001240000 using electric radiation detectors G01J0001260000 adapted for automatic variation of the measured or reference value (regulation of light intensity G05D0025000000);; G01J0001280000 using variation of intensity or distance of source (G01J0001340000 takes precedence);; G01J0001300000 using electric radiation detectors G01J0001320000 adapted for automatic variation of the measured or reference value (regulation of light intensity G05D0025000000);; G01J0001340000 using separate light-paths used alternately or sequentially, e.g. flicker G01J0001360000 using electric radiation detectors G01J0001380000 using wholly visual means (G01J0001100000 takes precedence);; G01J0001400000 using limit of visibility or extinction effect G01J0001420000 using electric radiation detectors (optical or mechanical part G01J0001040000;by comparison with a reference light or electric value G01J0001100000) G01J0001440000 Electric circuits G01J0001460000 using a capacitor G01J0001480000 using chemical effects G01J0001500000 using change in colour of an indicator, e.g. actinometer G01J0001520000 using photographic effects G01J0001540000 by observing photo-reactions between gases G01J0001560000 using radiation pressure or radiometer effect G01J0001580000 using luminescence generated by light G01J0001600000 by measuring the pupil of the eye G01J0003000000 Spectrometry; Spectrophotometry; Monochromators; Measuring colour; Colorimeters (specially adapted for radiation pyrometry G01J0005000000);; G01J0003020000 Details G01J0003040000 Slit arrangements G01J0003060000 Scanning arrangements G01J0003080000 Beam-switching arrangements G01J0003100000 Arrangements of light sources specially adapted for spectrometry or colorimetry G01J0003120000 Generating the spectrum; Monochromators G01J0003140000 using refracting elements, e.g. prism (G01J0003180000, G01J0003260000 take precedence);; G01J0003160000 with autocollimation G01J0003180000 using diffraction elements, e.g. grating (gratings per se G02B);; G01J0003200000 Rowland circle spectrometers G01J0003220000 Littrow mirror spectrometers G01J0003240000 using gratings profiled to favour a specific order G01J0003260000 using multiple reflection, e.g. Fabry-Perot interferometer G01J0003280000 Investigating the spectrum (using colour filters G01J0003480000);; G01J0003300000 Measuring the intensity of spectral lines directly on the spectrum itself (G01J0003420000, G01J0003440000 take precedence);; G01J0003320000 Investigating bands of a spectrum in sequence by a single detector G01J0003340000 using electric radiation detectors G01J0003360000 Investigating two or more bands of a spectrum by separate detectors G01J0003380000 using electric radiation detectors G01J0003400000 Measuring the intensity of spectral lines by determining density of a photograph of the spectrum (G01J0003420000, G01J0003440000 take precedence);; G01J0003420000 Absorption spectrometry; Double-beam spectrometry; Flicker spectrometry (beam-switching arrangements G01J0003080000);; G01J0003440000 Raman spectrometry G01J0003460000 Measurement of colour; Colorimeters (measuring colour temperature G01J0005600000);; G01J0003480000 using colour filters G01J0003500000 using electric radiation detectors G01J0003520000 using colour charts G01J0004000000 Measuring polarisation of light (investigating or analyzing materials by measuring rotation of plane of polarised light G01N0021400000);; G01J0004020000 Polarimeters of separated-field type; Polarimeters of half-shadow type G01J0004040000 Polarimeters using electric detection means (G01J0004020000 takes precedence);; G01J0005000000 Radiation pyrometry (photometry in general G01J0001000000;spectrometry in general G01J0003000000) G01J0005020000 Details G01J0005040000 Casings G01J0005060000 Arrangements for eliminating effects of disturbing radiation G01J0005080000 Optical features G01J0005100000 using electric radiation detectors G01J0005120000 using thermoelectric elements, e.g. thermocouples (thermoelectric elements per se H01L0035000000, H01L0037000000);; G01J0005140000 Electrical features G01J0005160000 Arrangements with respect to the cold junction; Compensating influence of ambient temperature or other variables G01J0005180000 Special adaptation for indicating or recording (indicating or recording measured values in general G01D);; G01J0005200000 using resistors, thermistors, or semiconductors sensitive to radiation G01J0005220000 Electrical features G01J0005240000 Use of a specially-adapted circuit, e.g. bridge circuit G01J0005260000 Special adaptation for indicating or recording (indicating or recording measured values in general G01D);; G01J0005280000 using photo-emissive, photo-conductive, or photo-voltaic cells G01J0005300000 Electrical features G01J0005320000 Special adaptation for indicating or recording (indicating or recording measured values in general G01D);; G01J0005340000 using capacitors G01J0005360000 using ionisation of gases G01J0005380000 using extension or expansion of solids or fluids G01J0005400000 using bimetallic elements G01J0005420000 using Golay cells G01J0005440000 using change of resonant frequency, e.g. of piezo-electric crystal G01J0005460000 using radiation pressure or radiometer effect G01J0005480000 using wholly visual means G01J0005500000 using techniques specified in the sub-groups below G01J0005520000 using comparison with reference sources, e.g. disappearing-filament pyrometer G01J0005540000 Optical features G01J0005560000 Electrical features G01J0005580000 using absorption; using polarisation; using extinction effect G01J0005600000 using determination of colour temperature G01J0005620000 using means for chopping the light G01J0007000000 Measuring velocity of light G01K MEASURING TEMPERATURE; MEASURING QUANTITY OF HEAT; THERMALLY-SENSITIVE ELEMENTS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR (sensing temperature changes for compensating measurements of other variables or for compensating readings of instruments for variation in temperature, see G01D or relevant sub-class for variable measured;radiation pyrometry G01J; testing or determining physical or chemical properties of materials by measuring temperatures G01N; compound sensitive elements, e.g. bimetallic, G12B0001020000) G01K0001000000 Details of thermometers G01K0001020000 Special applications of indicating or recording means, e.g. for remote indications (indicating or recording measurements in general G01D);; G01K0001040000 Scales G01K0001060000 Arrangements for facilitating reading, e.g. illumination, magnifying glass G01K0001080000 Protective devices, e.g. casings G01K0001100000 for preventing chemical attack G01K0001120000 for preventing damage due to heat overloading G01K0001140000 Supports; Fastening devices; Mounting thermometers in particular locations G01K0001160000 Special arrangements for conducting heat from the object to the sensitive element G01K0001180000 for reducing thermal inertia G01K0001200000 Compensating for effects of temperature changes other than those to be measured, e.g. changes in ambient temperature G01K0001220000 by means of fluid contained in a hollow body having parts which are deformable or displaceable under the pressure developed by the fluid G01K0001240000 by means of compounded strips or plates, e.g. bimetallic strips G01K0001260000 Compensating for effects of pressure changes G01K0003000000 Thermometers giving results other than momentary value of temperature G01K0003020000 giving mean values; giving integrated values G01K0003040000 in respect of time G01K0003060000 in respect of space G01K0003080000 giving differences of values (using thermo-electric elements G01K0007020000);;giving differentiated values G01K0003100000 in respect of time, e.g. reacting only to a quick change of temperature G01K0003120000 based upon expansion or contraction of materials G01K0003140000 in respect of space G01K0005000000 Thermometers based on the expansion or contraction of a material (G01K0009000000 takes precedence;giving other than momentary value of temperature G01K0003000000; of vapour arising from a liquid G01K0011020000; thermally-actuated switches H01H) G01K0005020000 the material being a liquid (contained in a hollow body having parts which are deformable or displaceable under the pressure developed by the material G01K0005320000);; G01K0005040000 Details G01K0005060000 Arrangements for driving back the liquid column G01K0005080000 Capillary tubes G01K0005100000 Containers for the liquid G01K0005120000 Selection of liquid compositions G01K0005140000 the liquid displacing a further liquid column or a solid body (for maximum or minimum indication G01K0005200000);; G01K0005160000 with electric contacts G01K0005180000 with electric conversion means for final indication G01K0005200000 with means for indicating a maximum or a minimum or both (G01K0005220000 takes precedence);; G01K0005220000 with provision for expansion indicating over not more than a few degrees, e.g. clinical thermometer G01K0005240000 with provision for measuring the difference between two temperatures G01K0005260000 with provision for adjusting zero point of scale, e.g. Beckmann thermometer G01K0005280000 the material being a gas (contained in a hollow body having parts which are deformable or displaceable under the pressure developed by the material G01K0005320000);; G01K0005300000 the gas displacing a liquid column G01K0005320000 the material being a fluid contained in a hollow body having parts which are deformable or displaceable under the pressure developed by the material (under pressure developed by evaporation G01K0011040000;pressure-measuring devices in general G01L) G01K0005340000 the body being a capsule (G01K0005360000, G01K0005420000 take precedence);; G01K0005360000 the body being a tubular spring, e.g. Bourdon tube G01K0005380000 of spiral formation G01K0005400000 of helical formation G01K0005420000 the body being a bellows G01K0005440000 the body being a cylinder and piston G01K0005460000 with electric conversion means for final indication G01K0005480000 the material being a solid G01K0005500000 arranged for free expansion or contraction G01K0005520000 with electrical conversion means for final indication G01K0005540000 consisting of pivotally-connected elements G01K0005560000 constrained so that expansion or contraction causes a deformation of the solid G01K0005580000 the solid body being constrained at more than one point, e.g. rod, plate, diaphragm (G01K0005620000 takes precedence);; G01K0005600000 the body being a flexible wire or ribbon G01K0005620000 the solid body being formed of compounded strips or plates, e.g. bimetallic strip G01K0005640000 Details of the compound system G01K0005660000 Selection of composition of the components of the system G01K0005680000 Shape of the system G01K0005700000 specially adapted for indicating or recording G01K0005720000 with electric transmission means for final indication G01K0007000000 Thermometers based on the use of electric or magnetic elements directly sensitive to heat (giving results other than momentary value of temperature G01K0003000000;measuring electric or magnetic variables G01R) G01K0007020000 using thermo-electric elements, e.g. thermo-couples (thermo-electric or thermo-magnetic devices per se H01L0035000000, H01L0037000000);; G01K0007040000 the object to be measured not forming one of the thermo-electric materials G01K0007060000 the thermo-electric materials being arranged one within the other with the junction at one end exposed to the object, e.g. sheathed type G01K0007080000 the object to be measured forming one of the thermo-electric materials, e.g. pointed type G01K0007100000 Arrangements for compensating for auxiliary variables, e.g. length of lead G01K0007120000 Arrangements with respect to the cold junction, e.g. preventing influence of temperature of surrounding air G01K0007140000 Arrangements for modifying the output characteristic G01K0007160000 using resistive elements (resistive elements per se H01C, H01L);; G01K0007180000 the element being a linear resistance, e.g. platinum resistance thermometer (G01K0007260000 takes precedence);; G01K0007200000 in a specially-adapted circuit, e.g. bridge circuit G01K0007220000 the element being a non-linear resistance, e.g. thermistor (G01K0007260000 takes precedence);; G01K0007240000 in a specially-adapted circuit, e.g. bridge circuit G01K0007260000 the element being an electrolyte G01K0007280000 in a specially-adapted circuit, e.g. bridge circuit G01K0007300000 using thermal noise of resistances or conductors G01K0007320000 using change of resonant frequency of a crystal G01K0007340000 using capacitative elements (capacitors per se H01G);; G01K0007360000 using magnetic elements, e.g. magnets, coils (magnetic elements per se H01F);; G01K0007380000 the variations of temperature influencing the magnetic permeability G01K0007400000 using ionisation of gases G01K0009000000 Thermometers based upon movements caused by redistribution of weight, e.g. tilting thermometer (not giving momentary value of temperature G01K0003000000);; G01K0011000000 Thermometers based upon physical or chemical changes not covered by group ; G01K0003000000, G01K0005000000, G01K0007000000, or G01K0009000000 G01K0011020000 using evaporation or sublimation, e.g. by observing boiling G01K0011040000 from material contained in a hollow body having parts which are deformable or displaceable under the pressure developed by the vapour G01K0011060000 using melting, freezing, or softening G01K0011080000 of disposable test bodies, e.g. cone G01K0011100000 using sintering G01K0011120000 using change of colour or translucency (heat-sensitive sheets for use in thermography B41M0005000000);; G01K0011140000 of inorganic materials G01K0011160000 of organic materials G01K0011180000 of materials which change translucency G01K0011200000 using thermoluminescent materials G01K0011220000 using measurement of acoustic effects G01K0011240000 of the velocity of propagation of sound G01K0011260000 of resonant frequencies G01K0011280000 using measurements of density (measuring density in general G01N);; G01K0013000000 Adaptations of thermometers for specific purposes G01K0013020000 for measuring temperature of moving fluids and granular materials capable of flow G01K0013040000 for measuring temperature of moving solid bodies G01K0013060000 in linear movement G01K0013080000 in rotary movement G01K0013100000 for measuring temperature within piled or stacked materials (by special arrangements for conducting heat from the object to the sensitive element G01K0001160000);; G01K0013120000 combined with sampling devices for measuring temperatures of samples of material G01K0015000000 Testing or calibrating of thermometers G01K0017000000 Measuring quantity of heat (measuring temperature by calorimetry G01K0003000000-G01K0011000000; specially adapted for measuring thermal properties of materials, e.g. specific heat, heat of combustion, G01N) G01K0017020000 Calorimeters using transport of an indicating substance, e.g. evaporation calorimeters G01K0017040000 Calorimeters using compensation methods G01K0017060000 Measuring quantity of heat conveyed by flowing medium, e.g. in heating systems (G01K0017020000, G01K0017040000 take precedence);; G01K0017080000 based upon measurement of temperature difference G01K0017100000 between an inlet and an outlet point, combined with measurement of rate of flow of the medium G01K0017120000 Indicating product of flow and temperature difference directly G01K0017140000 using mechnical means for both measurements G01K0017160000 using electrical means for both measurements G01K0017180000 using electrical means for one measurement and mechanical means for the other G01K0017200000 across a radiating surface, combined with ascertainment of the heat-transmission coefficient G01K0019000000 Testing or calibrating calorimeters G01L MEASURING FORCE, TORQUE, WORK, MECHANICAL POWER, MECHANICAL EFFICIENCY, OR FLUID PRESSURE (sensing pressure changes for compensating measurements of other variables or for compensating readings of instruments for variations in pressure G01D or relevant sub-class for the variable measured;weighing G01G) G01L0001000000 Measuring force in general (measuring force due to impact G01L0005000000;measuring deformation of bodies as a result of stress by using gauges G01B) G01L0001020000 by hydraulic or pneumatic means G01L0001040000 by measuring elastic deformation of gauges, e.g. of springs G01L0001060000 by measuring the permanent deformation of gauges, e.g. of compressed bodies G01L0001080000 by the use of counterbalancing forces G01L0001100000 by measuring variations of frequency of stressed vibrating elements, e.g. of stressed strings (using resistance strain gauges G01L0001220000);; G01L0001120000 by measuring variations in the magnetic properties of materials resulting from the application of stress G01L0001140000 by measuring variations in capacitance or inductance of electrical elements, e.g. by measuring variations of frequency of electrical oscillators G01L0001160000 using properties of piezo-electric devices G01L0001180000 using properties of peizo-resistive materials, i.e. materials of which the ohmic resistance varies according to changes in magnitude or direction of force applied to the material (resistance strain gauges for measuring linear expansion or contraction G01B);; G01L0001200000 by measuring variations in ohmic resistance of solid materials or of electrically-conductive fluids (of piezo-resistive materials G01L0001180000);;by making use of electrokinetic cells, i.e. liquid-containing cells wherein an electrical potential is produced or varied upon the application of stress G01L0001220000 using resistance strain gauges (resistance strain gauges for measuring linear expansion or contraction G01B);; G01L0001240000 by measuring variations of optical properties of material when it is stressed, e.g. by photoelastic stress analysis G01L0001260000 Auxiliary measures taken, or devices used, in connection with the measurement of force, e.g. for preventing influence of transverse components of force, for preventing overload G01L0003000000 Measuring torque, work, mechanical power, or mechanical efficiency, in general G01L0003020000 Rotary-transmission dynamometers G01L0003040000 wherein the torque-transmitting element comprises a torsionally-flexible shaft G01L0003060000 involving mechanical means for indicating G01L0003080000 involving optical means for indicating G01L0003100000 involving electric or magnetic means for indicating G01L0003120000 involving photoelectric means G01L0003140000 wherein the torque-transmitting element is other than a torsionally-flexible shaft G01L0003160000 Rotary-absorption dynamometers, e.g. of brake type G01L0003180000 mechanically actuated G01L0003200000 fluid actuated G01L0003220000 electrically or magnetically actuated G01L0003240000 Devices for determining the value of power, e.g. by measuring and simultaneously multiplying the values of torque and revolutions per unit of time, by multiplying the values of tractive or propulsive force and velocity (measuring velocity per se G01P);; G01L0003260000 Devices for measuring efficiency, i.e. the ratio of power output to power input G01L0005000000 Apparatus for, or methods of, measuring force, e.g. due to impact, work, mechanical power, or torque, adapted for special purposes (measuring pressure of a fluent medium G01L0007000000-G01L0021000000; measuring rapid changes of pressure in steam, gas, or liquid G01L0023000000) G01L0005020000 for measuring muscular strength or the force of a muscular blow, e.g. in games or sports (measuring the force applied to control members, e.g. of vehicles, G01L0005220000);; G01L0005030000 for measuring release force of ski safety bindings G01L0005040000 for measuring tension in ropes, cables, wires, threads, belts, bands, or like flexible members G01L0005060000 using mechanical means G01L0005080000 using fluid means G01L0005100000 using electric means G01L0005120000 for measuring axial thrust in a rotary shaft, e.g. of propulsion plants G01L0005130000 for measuring the tractive or propulsive power of vehicles G01L0005140000 for measuring the force of explosions; for measuring the energy of projectiles G01L0005160000 for measuring several components of force G01L0005180000 for measuring ratios of force G01L0005200000 for measuring wheel side-thrust (in balancing G01M);; G01L0005220000 for measuring the force applied to control members, e.g. control members of vehicles, triggers G01L0005240000 for determining value of torque or twisting moment for tightening a nut or other member which is similarly stressed (arrangements in wrenches or screwdrivers B25B0023140000);; G01L0005260000 for determining the characteristic of torque in relation to revolutions per unit of time G01L0005280000 for testing brakes G01L0007000000 Measuring the steady or quasi-steady pressure of a fluid or a fluent solid material by mechanical or fluid pressure-sensitive elements (transmitting or indicating the displacement of mechanical pressure-sensitive elements by electric or magnetic means G01L0009000000;measuring differences of two or more pressure values G01L0013000000; measuring two or more pressure values simultaneously G01L0015000000; measuring tyre pressure or the pressure of other inflated bodies G01L0017000000; vacuum gauges G01L0021000000; hollow bodies deformable or displaceable under internal pressure per se G12B0001040000) G01L0007020000 in the form of elastically-deformable gauges G01L0007040000 in the form of flexible, deformable tubes, e.g. Bourdon gauges G01L0007060000 of the bellows type G01L0007080000 of the flexible-diaphragm type G01L0007100000 of the capsule type G01L0007120000 with exhausted chamber; Aneroid barometers G01L0007140000 with zero-setting means G01L0007160000 in the form of pistons G01L0007180000 using liquid as the pressure-sensitive medium, e.g. liquid-column gauges G01L0007200000 involving a closed chamber above the liquid level, the chamber being exhausted or housing low-pressure gas; Liquid barometers G01L0007220000 involving floats, e.g. floating bells G01L0007240000 involving balances in the form of rings partly filled with liquid G01L0009000000 Measuring steady or quasi-steady pressure of a fluid or a fluent solid material by electric or magnetic pressure-sensitive elements; Transmitting or indicating the displacement of mechanical pressure-sensitive elements, used to measure the steady or quasi-steady pressure of a fluid or fluent solid material, by electric or magnetic means (measuring differences of two or more pressure values G01L0013000000;measuring two or more pressure values simultaneously G01L0015000000; vacuum gauges G01L0021000000; transferring the output of the sensing member to the indicating or recording part, in general, G01D0005000000) G01L0009020000 by making use of variations in ohmic resistance, e.g. of potentiometers G01L0009040000 of resistance strain gauges G01L0009060000 of piezo-resistive devices G01L0009080000 by making use of piezo-electric devices G01L0009100000 by making use of variations in inductance G01L0009120000 by making use of variations in capacitance G01L0009140000 involving the displacement of magnets, e.g. electromagnets G01L0009160000 by making use of variations in the magnetic properties of material resulting from the application of stress G01L0009180000 by making use of electrokinetic cells, i.e. liquid-containing cells wherein an electric potential is produced or varied upon the application of stress G01L0011000000 Measuring steady or quasi-steady pressure of a fluid or a fluent solid material by means not provided for in group ; G01L0007000000; or G01L0009000000, e.g. by acoustical means G01L0013000000 Devices or apparatus for measuring differences of two or more pressure values G01L0013020000 using elastically-deformable members or pistons as sensing elements G01L0013040000 using floats or liquids as sensing elements G01L0013060000 using electric or magnetic pressure-sensitive elements G01L0015000000 Devices or apparatus for measuring two or more pressure values simultaneously G01L0017000000 Devices or apparatus for measuring tyre pressure or the pressure in other inflated bodies (specially adapted for mounting on vehicles or tyres B60C0023000000);; G01L0019000000 Details of, or accessories for, apparatus for measuring steady or quasi-steady pressure of a fluent medium insofar as such details or accessories are not special to particular types of pressure gauges G01L0019020000 Arrangements for preventing, or for compensating for, effects of inclination or acceleration of the measuring device; Zero-setting means (for aneroid barometers G01L0007140000);; G01L0019040000 Means for compensating for effects of changes of temperature G01L0019060000 Means for preventing overload or deleterious influence of the measured medium on the measuring device or ; vice versa G01L0019080000 Means for indicating or recording, e.g. for remote indication (indicating or recording in general G01D);; G01L0019100000 mechanical G01L0019120000 Alarms or signals G01L0019140000 Housings G01L0019160000 Dials; Mounting of dials G01L0021000000 Vacuum gauges G01L0021020000 having a compression chamber in which gas, whose pressure is to be measured, is compressed G01L0021040000 wherein the chamber is closed by liquid; Vacuum gauges of the McLeod type G01L0021060000 actuated by rotating or inverting the measuring device G01L0021080000 by measuring variations in the transmission of acoustic waves through the medium, the pressure of which is to be measured G01L0021100000 by measuring variations in the heat conductivity of the medium, the pressure of which is to be measured G01L0021120000 measuring changes in electric resistance of measuring members, e.g. of filaments; Vacuum gauges of the Pirani type G01L0021140000 using thermocouples G01L0021160000 by measuring variation of frictional resistance of gases G01L0021180000 using a pendulum G01L0021200000 using members oscillating about a vertical axis G01L0021220000 using resonance effects of a vibrating body; Vacuum gauges of the Klumb type G01L0021240000 using rotating members; Vacuum gauges of the Langmuir type G01L0021260000 by making use of radiometer action, i.e. of the pressure caused by the momentum of molecules passing from a hotter to a cooler member; Vacuum gauges of the Knudsen type G01L0021280000 using torsional rotary measuring members G01L0021300000 by making use of ionisation effects (tubes therefor H01J0041020000);; G01L0021320000 using electric discharge tubes with thermionic cathodes G01L0021340000 using electric discharge tubes with cold cathodes G01L0021360000 using radioactive substances G01L0023000000 Devices or apparatus for measuring or indicating or recording rapid changes, such as oscillations, in the pressure of steam, gas, or liquid; Indicators for determining work or energy of steam, internal-combustion, or other fluid-pressure engines from the condition of the working fluid G01L0023020000 mechanically indicating or recording and involving loaded or return springs G01L0023040000 involving means subjected to known counteracting pressure G01L0023060000 Indicating or recording by optical means G01L0023080000 operated electrically G01L0023100000 by pressure-sensitive members of the piezo-electric type G01L0023120000 by changing capacitance or inductance G01L0023140000 by electromagnetic elements G01L0023160000 by photoelectric means G01L0023180000 by resistance strain gauges G01L0023200000 combined with planimeters or integrators G01L0023220000 for detecting or indicating knocks in internal-combustion engines; Units comprising pressure-sensitive members combined with ignitors for firing internal-combustion engines G01L0023240000 for measuring pressure in inlet or exhaust ducts of internal-combustion engines G01L0023260000 Details or accessories G01L0023280000 Cooling means G01L0023300000 Means for indicating consecutively positions of pistons or cranks of internal-combustion engines in combination with pressure indicators G01L0023320000 Apparatus specially adapted for recording pressure changes measured by indicators (apparatus for recording steady or quasi-steady pressure G01L0019080000;apparatus for recording measurement in general G01D) G01L0025000000 Testing or calibrating of apparatus for measuring force, torque, work, mechanical power, or mechanical efficiency G01L0027000000 Testing or calibrating of apparatus for measuring fluid pressure G01L0027020000 of indicators G01M TESTING STATIC OR DYNAMIC BALANCE OF MACHINES OR STRUCTURES; TESTING STRUCTURES OR APPARATUS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR G01M0001000000 Testing static or dynamic balance of machines or structures (balancing rotary bowls of centrifuges B04B0009140000;determining stability factors of ships B63B; stabilising of aircraft B64C0017000000; control systems for balancing automatically in operation G05; balancing rotors of dynamo-electric machines H02K0015160000) G01M0001020000 Details of balancing machines or devices G01M0001040000 Adaptation of bearing support assemblies for receiving the body to be tested G01M0001060000 Adaptation of drive assemblies for the body to be tested G01M0001080000 Instruments for indicating directly the magnitude and phase of the unbalance (measuring electrical variables in general G01R);; G01M0001100000 Determining the moment of inertia G01M0001120000 Static balancing; Determining position of centre of gravity (by determining unbalance G01M0001140000);; G01M0001140000 Determining unbalance (G01M0001300000, G01M0001380000 take precedence);; G01M0001160000 by oscillating or rotating the body to be tested G01M0001180000 and running the body down from a speed greater than normal G01M0001200000 and applying external forces compensating forces due to unbalance G01M0001220000 and converting vibrations due to unbalance into electric variables (measuring vibrations in general G01H;transducers per se H04R) G01M0001240000 Performing balancing on elastic shafts, e.g. for crankshafts G01M0001260000 with special adaptations for marking, e.g. by drilling G01M0001280000 with special adaptations for determining unbalance of the body ; in situ, e.g. of vehicle wheels G01M0001300000 Compensating unbalance (G01M0001380000 takes precedence;counterweights F16F0015280000) G01M0001320000 by adding material to the body to be tested, e.g. by correcting-weights (correcting-weights per se F16F0015320000);; G01M0001340000 by removing material from the body to be tested, e.g. from the tread of tyres G01M0001360000 by adjusting position of masses built-in the body to be tested G01M0001380000 Combined machines or devices for both determining and correcting unbalance G01M0003000000 Investigating fluid-tightness of structures (investigating permeability of porous material, investigating the presence of flaws in general G01N);; G01M0003020000 by using fluid or vacuum G01M0003040000 by detecting the presence of fluid at the leakage point G01M0003060000 by observing bubbles in a liquid pool G01M0003080000 for pipes, cables, or tubes; for pipe joints or seals; for valves G01M0003100000 for containers, e.g. radiators G01M0003120000 by observing elastic covers or coatings, e.g. soapy water G01M0003140000 for pipes, cables, or tubes; for pipe joints or seals; for valves G01M0003160000 using electric detection means (G01M0003060000, G01M0003120000, G01M0003200000, G01M0003240000, G01M0003260000 take precedence);; G01M0003180000 for pipes, cables, or tubes; for pipe joints or seals; for valves G01M0003200000 using special tracer materials, e.g. dye, fluorescent material, radioactive material G01M0003220000 for pipes, cables, or tubes; for pipe joints or seals; for valves G01M0003240000 using infrasonic, sonic, or ultrasonic vibrations G01M0003260000 by measuring rate of loss or gain of fluid, e.g. by pressure-responsive devices, by flow detectors G01M0003280000 for pipes, cables, or tubes; for pipe joints or seals; for valves G01M0003300000 using progressive displacement of one fluid by another G01M0003320000 for containers, e.g. radiators G01M0003340000 by testing the possibility of maintaining the vacuum in containers, e.g. in can-testing machines G01M0003360000 by detecting change in dimensions of the structure being tested G01M0003380000 by using light (G01M0003020000 takes precedence);; G01M0003400000 by using electric means, e.g. by observing electric discharges G01M0005000000 Investigating the elasticity of structures, e.g. deflection of bridges, aircraft wings (G01M0009000000 takes precedence;strain gauges G01B) G01M0007000000 Vibration-testing of structures; Shock-testing of structures (G01M0009000000 takes precedence);; G01M0009000000 Aerodynamic testing; Arrangements in or on wind tunnels (building aspects Section Einvestigating properties of materials in general G01N) G01M0010000000 Hydrodynamic testing; Arrangements in or on ship-testing tanks or water tunnels (building aspects Section Einvestigating properties of materials in general G01N) G01M0011000000 Testing of optical apparatus; Testing structures by optical methods not otherwise provided for G01M0011020000 Testing of optical properties G01M0011040000 Optical benches G01M0011060000 Testing of alignment of vehicle head-light devices G01M0011080000 Testing of mechanical properties G01M0013000000 Testing of machine parts (investigating the cutting power of tools G01N, e.g. G01N0003580000);; G01M0013020000 Testing of gearing or of transmission mechanisms (measuring efficiency G01L);; G01M0013040000 Testing of bearings G01M0015000000 Testing of engines (testing of internal-combustion engine ignition, e.g. timing, F02P0017000000);; G01M0017000000 Testing of vehicles (G01M0015000000 takes precedence;testing tightness G01M0003000000; testing elastic properties of bodies or chassis, e.g. torsion-testing, G01M0005000000; testing alignment of vehicle head-lighting devices G01M0011060000; detecting or indicating knocks in internal-combustion engines G01L0023220000) G01M0017020000 Testing of tyre performance (tyre tread patterns B60C0011000000);; G01M0017040000 Testing of suspension or of damping G01M0017060000 Testing of steering behaviour; Testing of rolling behaviour (measuring steering angles G01B;measuring steering forces G01L) G01M0019000000 Testing of structures or of apparatus, not provided for in the preceding groups G01M0019020000 Testing of sparking-plugs (testing electric properties G01R0031000000);; G01N INVESTIGATING CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF MATERIALS (apparatus fully provided for in a single other sub-class, see the relevant sub-class;separating components of materials in general B01D, B01J, B01K, B03, B07; sensing humidity changes for compensating measurements of other variables or for compensating readings of instruments for variations in humidity, see G01D; or relevant sub-class for variable measuredtesting or determining the properties of structures G01M; measuring or investigating electric or magnetic properties of materials G01R; determining sensitivity, graininess, or density of photographic materials G03C0005020000; testing component parts of nuclear reactors G21C0017000000) G01N0001000000 Sampling; Preparing specimens for investigation G01N0001020000 Devices for withdrawing samples (for medical or veterinary purposes A61;for deep drilling E21B0049000000) G01N0001040000 in the solid state, e.g. by cutting G01N0001060000 providing a thin slice, e.g. microtome G01N0001080000 involving an extracting tool, e.g. core bit G01N0001100000 in the liquid or fluent state G01N0001120000 Dippers; Dredgers G01N0001140000 Suction devices, e.g. pumps; Ejector devices G01N0001160000 with provision for intake at several levels (G01N0001120000, G01N0001140000 take precedence);; G01N0001180000 with provision for splitting samples into portions (G01N0001120000, G01N0001140000 take precedence;fraction-collection apparatus for chromatography B01D0015080000) G01N0001200000 for flowing or falling materials (G01N0001120000, G01N0001140000 take precedence);; G01N0001220000 in the gaseous state G01N0001240000 Suction devices G01N0001260000 with provision for intake from several spaces G01N0001280000 Preparing specimens for investigation (mounting specimens on microscopic slides G02B0021340000;means for supporting the objects or the materials to be analysed in electron microscopes H01J0037200000) G01N0001300000 Staining; Impregnating G01N0001320000 Polishing; Etching G01N0001340000 Purifying; Cleaning G01N0003000000 Investigating strength properties of solid materials by application of mechanical stress (strain-gauging G01B;measuring stress in general G01L) G01N0003020000 Details G01N0003040000 Chucks G01N0003060000 Special adaptations of indicating or recording means (indicating or recording means for measuring in general G01D);; G01N0003080000 by applying steady tensile or compressive forces (G01N0003280000 takes precedence);; G01N0003100000 generated by pneumatic or hydraulic pressure (G01N0003180000 takes precedence);; G01N0003120000 Pressure-testing (testing fluid-tightness G01M0003000000);; G01N0003140000 generated by dead weight, e.g. pendulum; generated by spring tension (G01N0003180000 takes precedence);; G01N0003160000 applied through gearing (G01N0003180000 takes precedence);; G01N0003180000 Performing tests at high or low temperatures G01N0003200000 by applying steady bending forces (G01N0003260000, G01N0003280000 take precedence);; G01N0003220000 by applying steady torsional forces (G01N0003260000, G01N0003280000 take precedence);; G01N0003240000 by applying steady shearing forces (G01N0003260000, G01N0003280000 take precedence);; G01N0003260000 Investigating twisting or coiling properties G01N0003280000 Investigating ductility, e.g. suitability of sheet metal for deep-drawing or spinning G01N0003300000 by applying a single impulsive force, e.g. by falling weight G01N0003320000 by applying repeated or pulsating forces (generation of such forces in general, see such classes or sub-classes as B06, G10, H04R);; G01N0003340000 generated by mechanical means, e.g. hammer blows G01N0003360000 generated by pneumatic or hydraulic means G01N0003380000 generated by electromagnetic means G01N0003400000 Investigating hardness or rebound hardness G01N0003420000 by performing impressions under a steady load by indentors, e.g. sphere, pyramid (G01N0003540000 takes precedence);; G01N0003440000 the indentors being put under a minor load and a subsequent major load, i.e. Rockwell system G01N0003460000 the indentors performing a scratching movement G01N0003480000 by performing impressions under impulsive load by indentors, e.g. falling ball (G01N0003540000 takes precedence);; G01N0003500000 by measuring rolling friction, e.g. by rocking pendulum (G01N0003540000 takes precedence);; G01N0003520000 by measuring extent of rebound of a striking body (G01N0003540000 takes precedence);; G01N0003540000 Performing tests at high or low temperatures G01N0003560000 Investigating resistance to wear or abrasion G01N0003580000 Investigating machinability by cutting tools; Investigating the cutting ability of tools G01N0003600000 Investigating resistance of materials, e.g. refractory materials, to rapid heat changes G01N0003620000 Manufacturing, calibrating, or repairing devices used in investigations covered by the preceding sub-groups G01N0005000000 Analysing materials by weighing, e.g. weighing small particles separated from a gas or liquid (G01N0009000000 takes precedence);; G01N0005020000 by absorbing or adsorbing components of a material and determining change of weight of the adsorbent, e.g. determining moisture content G01N0005040000 by removing a component, e.g. by evaporation, and weighing the remainder G01N0007000000 Analysing materials by measuring the pressure or volume of a gas or vapour G01N0007020000 by absorption, adsorption, or combustion of components and measurement of the change in pressure or volume of the remainder G01N0007040000 by absorption or adsorption alone G01N0007060000 by combustion alone G01N0007080000 by combustion followed by absorption or adsorption of the combustion products G01N0007100000 by allowing diffusion of components through a porous wall and measuring a pressure or volume difference G01N0007120000 the diffusion being followed by combustion or catalytic oxidation G01N0007140000 by allowing the material to emit a gas or vapour, e.g. water vapour, and measuring a pressure or volume difference G01N0007160000 by heating the material G01N0007180000 by allowing the material to react G01N0007200000 the reaction being fermentation G01N0007220000 of dough G01N0009000000 Investigating density or specific gravity of materials; Analysing materials by determining density or specific gravity (weighing apparatus per se G01G);; G01N0009020000 by measuring weight of a known volume G01N0009040000 of fluids G01N0009060000 with continuous circulation through a pivotally-supported member G01N0009080000 by measuring buoyant force of solid materials by weighing both in air and in a liquid G01N0009100000 by observing bodies wholly or partially immersed in fluid materials G01N0009120000 by observing the depth of immersion of the bodies, e.g. hydrometers G01N0009140000 the body being built into a container G01N0009160000 the body being pivoted G01N0009180000 Special adaptations for indicating, recording, or control G01N0009200000 by balancing the weight of the bodies G01N0009220000 with continuous circulation of the fluid G01N0009240000 by observing the transmission of wave or particle radiation through the material G01N0009260000 by measuring pressure differences G01N0009280000 by measuring the blowing pressure of gas bubbles escaping from nozzles at different depths in a liquid G01N0009300000 by using centrifugal effects G01N0009320000 by using flow properties of fluids, e.g. flow through tubes or apertures G01N0009340000 by using elements moving through the fluid, e.g. vane G01N0009360000 Analysing materials by measuring the density or specific gravity, e.g. determining quantity of moisture (methods of measurement in general G01N0009020000-G01N0009320000); G01N0011000000 Investigating flow properties of materials, e.g. viscosity, plasticity; Analysing materials by determining flow properties G01N0011020000 by measuring flow of the material G01N0011040000 through a restricted passage, e.g. tube, aperture G01N0011060000 by timing the outflow of a known quantity G01N0011080000 by measuring pressure required to produce a known flow G01N0011100000 by moving a body within the material G01N0011120000 by measuring rising or falling speed of the body; by measuring penetration of wedged gauges (G01N0011160000 takes precedence);; G01N0011140000 by using rotary bodies, e.g. vane (G01N0011160000 takes precedence);; G01N0011160000 by measuring damping effect upon oscillatory body G01N0013000000 Investigating surface or boundary effects, e.g. wetting power; Investigating diffusion effects; Analysing materials by determining surface, boundary, or diffusion effects G01N0013020000 Investigating surface tension of liquids G01N0013040000 Investigating osmotic effects G01N0015000000 Investigating particle size or concentration; Investigating permeability, pore-volume, or surface-area of porous materials; Analysing materials by determining these properties G01N0015020000 Investigating particle size or size distribution (by sedimentation G01N0015040000 by filtering B01D;by sifting B07B) G01N0015040000 Investigating sedimentation of particle suspensions G01N0015060000 Investigating concentration of particle suspensions (by sedimentation G01N0015040000;by weighing G01N0005000000) G01N0015080000 Investigating permeability, pore volume, or surface area of porous materials G01N0017000000 Investigating resistance of materials to the weather, to corrosion, or to light G01N0019000000 Investigating materials by mechanical methods (G01N0003000000-G01N0017000000; take precedence);; G01N0019020000 Measuring coefficient of friction between materials G01N0019040000 Measuring adhesive force between materials, e.g. of sealing tape, of coating G01N0019060000 Investigating by removing material, e.g. spark-testing G01N0019080000 Detecting presence of flaws or irregularities (measuring roughness or irregularity of surfaces G01B0005280000);; G01N0019100000 Measuring moisture content, e.g. by measuring change in length of hygroscopic filament; Hygrometers G01N0021000000 Investigating or analysing materials by the use of optical means, i.e. using infra-red, visible, or ultra-violet light (G01N0003000000-G01N0019000000; take precedence;by investigating a spectrum G01J0003000000; optical elements of measuring instruments G02B) G01N0021020000 by investigating colour or absorption of light (G01N0021540000 takes precedence;candling eggs G01N0033080000; measuring colour or intensity of light in general G01J) G01N0021040000 using direct observation by the eye G01N0021060000 for observing occurrence of a colour or density change, e.g. of an indicator (G01N0021200000 takes precedence);; G01N0021080000 Investigating pH values (G01N0021180000 takes precedence);; G01N0021100000 Investigating moisture content (G01N0021180000 takes precedence);; G01N0021120000 Investigating presence of specific gases or aerosols, e.g. smoke (G01N0021080000, G01N0021100000, G01N0021180000 take precedence;indicating the presence of smoke for fire-fighting A62C0039020000) G01N0021140000 of dangerous gases G01N0021160000 Investigating the presence of flaws, e.g. by using ink, by using fluorescent paint (using magnetic powder or magnetic ink G01N0027840000);; G01N0021180000 Specially adapted for continuous indication, e.g. with moving strip (G01N0021160000 takes precedence);; G01N0021200000 for comparing with one or more standard colours or densities; for observing extinction G01N0021220000 using electric detection means G01N0021240000 the material being confined in a container, e.g. bottle G01N0021260000 the material being a flowing fluid or a flowing granular solid G01N0021280000 Specially adapted for controlling or monitoring operations or for signalling (measuring electric values G01R;regulating G05D; signalling G08C) G01N0021300000 the material being a moving sheet (G01N0021320000 takes precedence);; G01N0021320000 Investigating the presence of flaws G01N0021340000 using means sensitive to infra-red or ultra-violet light (G01N0021220000 takes precedence);; G01N0021360000 using the change in temperature, volume, or pressure, of a confined gas G01N0021380000 using fluorescent materials G01N0021400000 by measuring rotation of plane of polarized light, e.g. saccharimeter (photo-elastic strain gauging G01B;measuring polarization of light G01J0004000000; polarizing elements per se G02B0005300000) G01N0021460000 by measuring refractive index; by interferometry G01N0021480000 by measuring reflectance G01N0021500000 for determining dew-point G01N0021520000 Investigating the fluorescent properties of materials G01N0021540000 by investigating flames produced by combustion or catalytic oxidation, e.g. shape of flame G01N0021560000 by observing colour or intensity of light emitted G01N0021580000 using photoelectric means G01N0021600000 by using microscopes (preparing specimens for examination G01N0001280000;microscopes per se G02B0021000000) G01N0023000000 Investigating or analysing materials by the use of wave or particle radiation not covered by G01N0021000000, e.g. X-rays, neutrons(G01N0003000000-G01N0017000000; take precedence;using radar or sonar methods G01S; measurement of nuclear or X-radiation G01T; introducing objects or materials into nuclear reactors, or removing them therefrom, or storing them after treatment therein G21C; construction or operation of X-ray apparatus or circuits therefor H05G) G01N0023020000 by transmitting the radiation through the material (G01N0023240000 takes precedence);; G01N0023040000 and forming a picture (electron microscopes per se H01J);; G01N0023060000 and measuring the absorption G01N0023080000 using electric detection means G01N0023100000 the material being confined in a container G01N0023120000 the material being a flowing fluid or a flowing granular solid G01N0023140000 specially adapted for controlling or monitoring operations or for signalling G01N0023160000 the material being a moving sheet (G01N0023180000 takes precedence);; G01N0023180000 Investigating the presence of flaws G01N0023200000 by using diffraction of the radiation, e.g. for investigating crystal structure; by using reflection of the radiation G01N0023201000 by measuring small-angle scattering G01N0023203000 by measuring back scattering G01N0023205000 by means of diffraction cameras (G01N0023201000 takes precedence);; G01N0023207000 by means of diffractometry using detectors, e.g. using an analyzing crystal or a crystal to be analyzed in a central position and one or more displaceable detectors in circumferential positions (G01N0023201000 takes precedence;spectrometry of detected or measured radiation intensity G01T0001360000) G01N0023220000 by measuring secondary emission G01N0023221000 by activation analysis G01N0023223000 by irradiating the sample with X-rays and by measuring X-ray fluorescence G01N0023225000 using electron or ion microprobe (electron or ion-beam tubes for microprobe analysis H01J0037000000);; G01N0023227000 by measuring photoelectric effect, e.g. Auger electrons G01N0023240000 by using micro-waves G01N0025000000 Investigating or analysing materials by the use of thermal means (G01N0003000000-G01N0023000000; take precedence);; G01N0025020000 by investigating changes of state or changes of phase; by investigating sintering G01N0025040000 of melting point; of freezing point; of softening point G01N0025060000 Analysis by measuring change of freezing point G01N0025080000 of boiling point G01N0025100000 Analysis by measuring change of boiling point G01N0025120000 of critical point; of other phase change G01N0025140000 by using distillation, extraction, sublimation, condensation, freezing, or crystallisation (G01N0025020000 takes precedence);; G01N0025160000 by investigating thermal coefficient of expansion G01N0025180000 by investigating thermal conductivity (by calorimetry G01N0025200000;by measuring change of resistance of an electrically-heated body G01N0027180000) G01N0025200000 by investigating the development of heat, i.e. calorimetry, e.g. by measuring specific heat, by measuring thermal conductivity (calorimeters per se G01K);; G01N0025220000 on combustion or catalytic oxidation, e.g. of components of gas mixtures G01N0025240000 using combustion tubes, e.g. for micro-analysis G01N0025260000 using combustion with oxygen under pressure, e.g. in bomb calorimeter G01N0025280000 the rise in temperature of the gases resulting from combustion being measured directly G01N0025300000 using electric temperature-responsive elements G01N0025320000 using thermoelectric elements G01N0025340000 using mechanical temperature-responsive elements, e.g. bimetallic (bimetallic elements per se G12B0001020000);; G01N0025360000 for investigating the composition of gas mixtures G01N0025380000 using the melting or combustion of a solid G01N0025400000 the heat developed being transferred to a flowing fluid G01N0025420000 continuously G01N0025440000 the heat developed being transferred to a fixed quantity of fluid G01N0025460000 for investigating the composition of gas mixtures G01N0025480000 on solution, sorption, or a chemical reaction not involving combustion or catalytic oxidation G01N0025500000 by investigating flash-point; by investigating explosibility G01N0025520000 by determining flash-point of liquids G01N0025540000 by determining explosibility G01N0025560000 by investigating moisture content G01N0025580000 by measuring changes of properties of the material due to heat, cold, or expansion G01N0025600000 for determining the wetness of steam G01N0025620000 by psychometric means, e.g. wet-and-dry-bulb thermometers G01N0025640000 using electric temperature-responsive elements G01N0025660000 by investigating dew-point G01N0025680000 by varying the temperature of a condensing surface G01N0025700000 by varying the temperature of the material, e.g. by compression, by expansion G01N0025720000 Investigating presence of flaws (by investigating thermal conductivity G01N0025180000);; G01N0027000000 Investigating or analysing materials by the use of electric, electro-chemical, or magnetic means (G01N0003000000-G01N0025000000; take precedence;measurement or testing of electric or magnetic variables or of electric or magnetic properties of materials G01R) G01N0027020000 by investigating impedance G01N0027040000 by investigating resistance G01N0027060000 of a liquid (involving electrolysis G01N0027260000, involving polarography G01N0027480000;measuring electric resistance of fluids G01R0027220000) G01N0027070000 Construction of measuring vessels; Electrodes therefor G01N0027080000 which is flowing continuously G01N0027100000 Investigation or analysis specially adapted for controlling or monitoring operations or for signalling (regulating G05D);; G01N0027120000 of a solid body in dependence upon absorption of a fluid; of a solid body in dependence upon reaction with a fluid G01N0027140000 of an electrically-heated body in dependence upon change of temperature G01N0027160000 caused by burning or catalytic oxidation of a surrounding material to be tested, e.g. of gas G01N0027180000 caused by changes in the thermal conductivity of a surrounding material to be tested (G01N0027200000 takes precedence);; G01N0027200000 Investigating the presence of flaws G01N0027220000 by investigating capacitance G01N0027240000 Investigating the presence of flaws G01N0027260000 by investigating electrochemical variables; by using electrolysis or electrophoresis (using chromatography G01N0031080000;electrochemical processes or apparatus in general B01K; standard cells H01M0006280000) G01N0027280000 Details, e.g. containers G01N0027300000 Electrodes, e.g. testing electrodes G01N0027320000 Calomel electrodes G01N0027340000 Dropping-mercury electrodes G01N0027360000 Glass electrodes G01N0027380000 Cleaning of electrodes G01N0027400000 Semi-permeable membranes or partitions G01N0027420000 by measuring deposition or liberation of materials from an electrolyte; Coulometry, i.e. measuring coulomb-equivalent of material in an electrolyte G01N0027440000 using electrolysis to generate a reagent, e.g. for titration G01N0027460000 by measuring currents or voltages in voltaic cells (G01N0027020000 takes precedence);; G01N0027480000 Polarography, i.e. measuring changes in current under a slowly-varying voltage G01N0027500000 due to effect at an electrode (G01N0027480000 takes precedence);; G01N0027520000 using oxidation of an electrode; using oxidation-reduction effects G01N0027540000 using depolarisation at an electrode G01N0027560000 due to effect in the electrolyte, e.g. for pH measurement (G01N0027480000 takes precedence);; G01N0027580000 Concentration cells G01N0027600000 by investigating electrostatic variables, e.g. electrographic flaw testing (by investigating capacitance G01N0027220000);; G01N0027620000 by investigating the ionisation of gases; by investigating electric discharges, e.g. emission of cathode (particle spectrometers per se H01J0039340000);; G01N0027640000 using wave or particle radiation to ionise a gas, e.g. in an ionisation chamber G01N0027660000 and measuring current or voltage G01N0027680000 using electric discharge to ionise a gas G01N0027700000 and measuring current or voltage G01N0027720000 by investigating magnetic variables G01N0027740000 of fluids (G01N0027780000 takes precedence);; G01N0027760000 by investigating susceptibility G01N0027780000 using nuclear or electron magnetic resonance; using spin effects G01N0027800000 for investigating mechanical hardness, e.g. by investigating saturation or remanence of ferromagnetic material G01N0027820000 for investigating the presence of flaws G01N0027840000 by applying magnetic powder or magnetic ink G01N0027860000 by using inductive methods, e.g. by eddy currents G01N0027880000 the magnetic field being produced by passing a current through the material G01N0029000000 Investigating or analysing materials by the use of sonic or ultrasonic vibrations (G01N0003000000-G01N0027000000; take precedence);; G01N0029020000 for analysing fluids G01N0029040000 for investigating presence of flaws G01N0031000000 Investigating or analysing materials by the use of the chemical methods specified in the sub-groups; Apparatus specially adapted for such methods (chromatographic separation processes per se B01D);; G01N0031020000 using precipitation G01N0031040000 using ion-exchange G01N0031060000 using absorption or adsorption G01N0031080000 using chromatography (G01N0031040000, G01N0031060000 take precedence);; G01N0031100000 using catalysis G01N0031120000 using combustion (G01N0025200000 takes precedence);; G01N0031140000 using enzyme reactions G01N0031160000 using titration G01N0031180000 Burettes specially adapted for titration (burettes in general B01L0003020000);; G01N0031200000 using micro-analysis, e.g. drop reaction G01N0031220000 using chemical indicators (G01N0031020000 takes precedence);; G01N0033000000 Investigating or analysing materials by specific methods not covered by the preceding groups (microbiological research C12K);; G01N0033020000 food G01N0033040000 dairy products G01N0033060000 Determining fat content, e.g. by butyrometer G01N0033080000 eggs, e.g. by candling G01N0033100000 starch-containing substances, e.g. dough G01N0033120000 meat; fish G01N0033140000 beverages G01N0033160000 biological material, e.g. blood, urine (G01N0033020000-G01N0033140000; take precedence;determining the germinating capacity of seeds A01C0001020000) G01N0033180000 water G01N0033200000 metals G01N0033220000 fuels; explosives G01N0033240000 earth materials (G01N0033420000 takes precedence);; G01N0033260000 oils; viscous liquids; paints; inks (G01N0033220000 takes precedence);; G01N0033280000 oils G01N0033300000 for lubricating properties G01N0033320000 paints; inks G01N0033340000 paper G01N0033360000 textiles G01N0033380000 concrete; ceramics; glass; bricks G01N0033400000 grinding-materials G01N0033420000 road-making materials (G01N0033380000 takes precedence);; G01N0033440000 resins; rubber; leather G01N0033460000 wood G01P MEASURING LINEAR OR ANGULAR SPEED, ACCELERATION, DECELERATION, OR SHOCK; INDICATING PRESENCE, ABSENCE, OR DIRECTION, OF MOVEMENT (monitoring speed or deceleration of electrically-propelled vehicles B60L0003000000;vehicle lighting systems adapted to indicate speed B60Q0001540000; determining position or course in navigation, measuring ground distance in geodesy or surveying G01C; combined measuring devices for measuring two or more variables of movement G01C0023000000; measuring velocity of sound G01H; measuring velocity of light G01J0007000000; by reception or emission of radio waves, other electromagnetic waves, and based on propagation time G01S; measuring speed of nuclear radiation G01T; measuring acceleration of gravity G01V) G01P0001000000 Details of instruments G01P0001020000 Housings G01P0001040000 Special adaptations of driving means G01P0001060000 Indicating or recording devices, e.g. for remote indication (indicating or recording in general G01D;registering or indicating working conditions of vehicles G07C0005000000) G01P0001080000 Arrangements of scales, pointers, lamps, or acoustic indicators, e.g. in automobile speedometers G01P0001100000 for indicating predetermined speeds G01P0003000000 Measuring linear and angular speed; Measuring differences of linear and angular speeds (G01P0005000000-G01P0011000000; take precedence;counting mechanisms G06M) G01P0003020000 Devices characterised by the use of mechanical means G01P0003040000 by comparing two speeds G01P0003060000 using a friction gear G01P0003080000 using differential gearing G01P0003100000 by actuating an indicating element, e.g. pointer, for a fixed time G01P0003120000 by making use of a system excited by impact G01P0003140000 by exciting one or more mechanical resonance systems G01P0003160000 by using centrifugal forces of solid masses (governors G05D0013000000);; G01P0003180000 transferred to the indicator by mechanical means G01P0003200000 transferred to the indicator by fluid means G01P0003220000 transferred to the indicator by electric or magnetic means G01P0003240000 by using friction effects (G01P0003060000 takes precedence);; G01P0003260000 Devices characterised by the use of fluids G01P0003280000 by using pumps G01P0003300000 by using centrifugal forces of fluids G01P0003320000 in a rotary container communicating with a fixed container G01P0003340000 by using friction effects G01P0003360000 Devices characterised by the use of optical means, e.g. using infra-red, visible, or ultra-violet light (G01P0003680000 takes precedence);; G01P0003380000 using photographic means G01P0003400000 using stroboscopic means G01P0003420000 Devices characterised by the use of electric or magnetic means (G01P0003660000 takes precedence;measuring electric or magnetic values in general G01R) G01P0003440000 for measuring angular speed (G01P0003560000 takes precedence);; G01P0003460000 by measuring amplitude of generated current or voltage G01P0003480000 by measuring frequency of generated current or voltage G01P0003490000 using eddy currents G01P0003500000 for measuring linear speed (G01P0003560000 takes precedence);; G01P0003520000 by measuring amplitude of generated current or voltage G01P0003540000 by measuring frequency of generated current or voltage G01P0003560000 for comparing two speeds G01P0003580000 by measuring or comparing amplitudes of generated currents or voltages G01P0003600000 by measuring or comparing frequency of generated currents or voltages G01P0003620000 Devices characterised by the determination of the variation of atmospheric pressure with height to measure the vertical components of speed (measuring pressure in general G01L);; G01P0003640000 Devices characterised by the determination of the time taken to traverse a fixed distance G01P0003660000 using electric or magnetic means (measuring short time intervals G04F);; G01P0003680000 using optical means, i.e. using infra-red, visible, or ultra-violet light (by reflection of waves G01S0009620000);; G01P0003700000 Devices characterised by the combination of measuring means specified in two or more of sub-groups ; G01P0003020000, G01P0003260000, G01P0003360000, G01P0003420000 and G01P0003620000 G01P0003720000 using fluid means G01P0003740000 using optical means, i.e. using infra-red, visible, or ultra-violet light G01P0003760000 using electric or magnetic means G01P0003780000 using the variation of atmospheric pressure with height to measure the vertical component of speed G01P0005000000 Measuring speed of fluids, e.g. of air stream; Measuring speed of bodies relative to fluids, e.g. of ship, of aircraft (application of speed-measuring devices for measuring volume of fluids G01F);; G01P0005020000 by measuring forces exerted by the fluid on solid bodies, e.g. anemometer G01P0005040000 using deflection of baffle-plates G01P0005060000 using rotation of vanes (measuring speed of rotating shafts G01P0003000000);; G01P0005080000 by measuring variation of an electric variable directly affected by the flow, e.g. by using dynamo-electric effect G01P0005100000 by measuring thermal variables G01P0005120000 using variation of resistance of a heated conductor G01P0005140000 by measuring differences of pressure in the fluid G01P0005160000 using Pitot tubes, e.g. Machmeter G01P0005180000 by measuring the time taken to traverse a fixed distance G01P0005200000 using particles entrained by a fluid stream G01P0007000000 Measuring speed by integrating acceleration (measuring travelled distance by double integration of acceleration G01C0021160000);; G01P0009000000 Measuring speed by using gyroscopic effect, e.g. using gas, using electron beam (gyroscopes or turn-sensitive devices per se G01C0019000000);; G01P0009020000 using rotary gyroscopes G01P0009040000 using turn-sensitive devices with vibrating masses, e.g. tuning-fork G01P0011000000 Measuring average value of speed (by determining time taken to traverse a fixed distance G01P0003640000, G01P0005180000);; G01P0011020000 Measuring average speed of a number of bodies, e.g. of vehicles for traffic control G01P0013000000 Indicating or recording presence, absence, or direction, of movement (counting moving objects G06M0007000000;electric switches H01H) G01P0013020000 Indicating direction only, e.g. by weather vane G01P0015000000 Measuring acceleration; Measuring deceleration; Measuring shock, i.e. sudden change of acceleration G01P0015020000 by making use of inertia forces (G01P0015140000 takes precedence);; G01P0015040000 for indicating maximum value G01P0015060000 using members subjected to a permanent deformation G01P0015080000 with conversion into electric or magnetic values G01P0015100000 by vibratory strings G01P0015120000 by alteration of electrical resistance G01P0015140000 by making use of gyroscopes (gyroscopes per se G01C0019000000);; G01P0021000000 Testing or calibrating of apparatus or devices covered by the preceding groups G01P0021020000 of speedometers G01R MEASURING ELECTRIC VARIABLES; MEASURING MAGNETIC VARIABLES (measuring physical variables of any kind by conversion into electric variables, see Note (4) following the title of class G01;measuring diffusion of ions in an electric field, e.g. electrophoresis, electro-osmosis, G01N; investigating non-electric or non-magnetic properties of materials by using electric or magnetic methods G01N; indicating correct tuning of resonant circuits H03J0003120000; monitoring electronic pulse counters H03K0021340000; monitoring operation of communication systems H04) G01R0001000000 Details of instruments of the types included in groups ; G01R0005000000, G01R0007000000, G01R0009000000 G01R0001020000 General constructional details (details of a kind applicable to indicating instruments in general G01D);; G01R0001040000 Housings; Supporting members; Arrangements of terminals (terminals H01R;terminal strips or boards H02B; housings for electrical apparatus H05K) G01R0001060000 Measuring loads; Measuring probes (end pieces for leads H01R0011000000);; G01R0001080000 Pointers; Scales, Scale illumination G01R0001100000 Arrangements of bearings (bearings in general F16C);; G01R0001120000 of strip or wire bearings G01R0001140000 Braking arrangements; Damping arrangements G01R0001160000 Magnets (in general H01F);; G01R0001180000 Screening arrangements against electric or magnetic fields, e.g. against earth's field G01R0001200000 Modifications of basic electric elements for use in electric measuring instruments; Structural combinations of such elements with such instruments (instrument transformers per se H01F0040000000);; G01R0001220000 Tong testers acting as secondary windings of current transformers G01R0001240000 Transmission-line, e.g. waveguide, measuring sections, e.g. slotted section G01R0001260000 with linear movement of probe G01R0001280000 Provision in measuring instruments for reference values, e.g. standard voltage, standard waveform G01R0001300000 Structural combination of electric measuring instruments with basic electronic circuits, e.g. with amplifier G01R0001360000 Overload-protection arrangements or circuits for electric measuring instruments (in general H02H);; G01R0001380000 Arrangements for altering the indicating characteristic, e.g. by modifying the air gap (circuits G01R0015100000);; G01R0001400000 Modifications of instruments to indicate the maximum reached in a time interval, e.g. by maximum indicator pointer G01R0001420000 thermally operated G01R0001440000 Modifications of instruments for temperature compensation G01R0003000000 Apparatus or processes specially adapted for the manufacture of measuring instruments G01R0005000000 Instruments for converting a single current or a single voltage into a mechanical displacement (vibration galvanometers G01R0009020000);; G01R0005020000 Moving-coil instruments G01R0005040000 with magnet external to the coil G01R0005060000 with core magnet G01R0005080000 specially adapted for wide angle deflection; with eccentrically-pivoted moving coil G01R0005100000 String galvanometers G01R0005120000 Loop galvanometers G01R0005140000 Moving-iron instruments G01R0005160000 with pivoting magnet G01R0005180000 with pivoting soft iron, e.g. needle galvanometer G01R0005200000 Induction instruments e.g. Ferraris instruments G01R0005220000 Thermoelectric instruments (thermocouple instruments G01R0019240000);; G01R0005240000 operated by elongation of a strip or wire or by expansion of a gas or fluid G01R0005260000 operated by deformation of a bimetallic element G01R0005280000 Electrostatic instruments (combined with radiation detector G01T);; G01R0005300000 Leaf electrometers G01R0005320000 Wire electrometers; Needle electrometers G01R0005340000 Quadrant electrometers G01R0007000000 Instruments capable of converting two or more currents or voltages into a single mechanical displacement (G01R0009000000 takes precedence);; G01R0007020000 for forming a sum or a difference G01R0007040000 for forming a quotient (for measuring resistance G01R0027080000);; G01R0007060000 moving-iron type G01R0007080000 moving-coil type, e.g. crossed-coil type G01R0007100000 having more than two moving coils G01R0007120000 for forming product G01R0007140000 moving-iron type G01R0007160000 having both fixed and moving coils, i.e. dynamometers G01R0007180000 with iron core magnetically coupling fixed and moving coils G01R0009000000 Instruments employing mechanical resonance G01R0009020000 Vibration galvanometers, e.g. for measuring current G01R0009040000 using vibrating reeds, e.g. for measuring frequency G01R0009060000 magnetically driven G01R0009080000 piezo-electrically driven G01R0011000000 Instruments for measuring the time integral of electric power or current G01R0011020000 Constructional details (applicable to electric measuring instruments in general G01R0001000000);; G01R0011040000 Housings; Supporting racks; Arrangements of terminals G01R0011060000 Magnetic circuits of induction meters G01R0011067000 Coils therefor G01R0011073000 Armatures therefor G01R0011090000 Disc armatures G01R0011100000 Braking magnets; Damping arrangements G01R0011120000 Arrangements of bearings (bearings in general F16C);; G01R0011140000 with magnetic relief G01R0011160000 Adaptations of counters to electricity meters (counters per se G06M);; G01R0011170000 Compensating for errors; Adjusting or regulating means therefor G01R0011180000 Compensating for variations in ambient conditions G01R0011185000 Temperature compensation G01R0011190000 Compensating for errors caused by disturbing torque, e.g. rotating-field errors of polyphase meters G01R0011200000 Compensating for phase errors in induction meters G01R0011210000 Compensating for errors caused by damping effects of the current, e.g. adjustment in the overload range G01R0011220000 Adjusting torque, e.g. adjusting starting torque, adjusting of polyphase meters for obtaining equal torques G01R0011230000 Compensating for errors caused by friction, e.g. adjustment in the light-load range G01R0011240000 Arrangements for avoiding or indicating fraudulent use G01R0011250000 Fault-indicating or -signalling devices in electricity meters G01R0011300000 Dynamo-electric motor meters G01R0011320000 Watt-hour meters G01R0011340000 Ampère-hour meters G01R0011360000 Induction meters, e.g. Ferraris meters (Ferraris instruments G01R0005200000);; G01R0011380000 for single-phase operation G01R0011400000 for polyphase operation G01R0011420000 Circuitry therefor G01R0011440000 Electrolytic meters; Calorimetric meters G01R0011460000 Electrically-operated clockwork meters; Oscillatory meters; Pendulum meters G01R0011480000 Meters specially adapted for measuring real or reactive components; Meters specially adapted for measuring apparent energy G01R0011500000 for measuring real component G01R0011520000 for measuring reactive component G01R0011540000 for measuring simultaneously at least two of the following three variables: real component, reactive component, apparent energy G01R0011560000 Special tariff meters (tariff metering in general G01D0004000000);; G01R0011570000 Multi-rate meters (G01R0011630000 takes precedence);; G01R0011580000 Tariff-switching devices therefor G01R0011600000 Subtraction meters; Meters measuring maximum- or minimum-load hours G01R0011630000 Over-consumption meters, e.g. measuring consumption while a predetermined level of power is exceeded G01R0011640000 Maximum meters, e.g. tariff for a period is based on maximum demand within that period G01R0011660000 Circuitry G01R0013000000 Instruments for displaying electric variables or waveforms (display by mechanical displacement only G01R0005000000, G01R0007000000, G01R0009000000;recording frequency spectrum G01R0023180000; indicating or recording measured values in general G01D) G01R0013020000 Instruments for displaying measured electric variables in digital form (counters G06M;analogue/digital conversion H03K0013020000) G01R0013040000 Arrangements for producing permanent records of electric variables or waveforms G01R0013060000 Modifications for recording transient disturbances, e.g. by starting or accelerating a recording medium G01R0013080000 Electromechanical recording system using a mechanical direct-writing method G01R0013100000 with intermittent recording by representing the variable by the length of a stroke or by the position of a dot G01R0013120000 Chemical recording, e.g. clydonographs (G01R0013140000 takes precedence);; G01R0013140000 Recording on a light-sensitive material G01R0013160000 Recording on a magnetic medium G01R0013180000 using boundary displacement G01R0013200000 Cathode-ray oscilloscopes (cathode-ray tubes H01J0031000000);; G01R0013220000 Circuits therefor (generating pulses, e.g. sawtooth waveforms H03K0003000000);; G01R0013240000 Time-base deflection circuits G01R0013260000 Circuits for controlling the intensity of the electron beam (brilliance control H01J0029980000);; G01R0013280000 Circuits for simultaneous or sequential presentation of more than one variable (electronic switches H03K0017000000);; G01R0013300000 Circuits for inserting reference markers, e.g. for timing, for calibrating, for frequency marking G01R0013320000 Circuits for displaying non-recurrent functions such as transients; Circuits for triggering; Circuits for synchronisation; Circuits for time-base expansion G01R0013340000 Circuits for representing a single waveform by sampling, e.g. for very high frequencies (sample-and-hold arrangements G11C0027020000);; G01R0013360000 Instruments using length of glow discharge, e.g. glowlight oscilloscopes (discharge tubes H01J);; G01R0013380000 Instruments using the steady or oscillatory displacement of a light beam by an electromechanical measuring system (such measuring systems per se G01R0005000000, G01R0007000000, G01R0009000000);; G01R0013400000 Instruments using modulation of a light beam otherwise than by mechanical displacement, e.g. by Kerr effect G01R0013420000 Instruments using length of spark discharge, e.g. by measuring maximum separation of electrodes to produce spark G01R0015000000 Details of measuring arrangements (details of instruments G01R0001000000;overload protection arrangements or circuits G01R0001360000) G01R0015020000 Adaptation for high-voltage networks; Adaptation for high-current networks (instrument transformers H01F0040000000);; G01R0015040000 using voltage dividers G01R0015060000 having reactive components G01R0015070000 using modulation of electromagnetic waves, e.g. light beams (modulation of light per se G02F0001000000);; G01R0015080000 Circuits for altering the measuring range G01R0015100000 Circuits for altering the indicating characteristic, e.g. making it non-linear G01R0015120000 Circuits for multi-testers, e.g. for measuring voltage, current, or impedance at will G01R0017000000 Measuring arrangements involving comparison with a reference value, e.g. bridge G01R0017020000 Arrangements in which the value to be measured is automatically compared with a reference value G01R0017040000 in which the reference value is continuously or periodically swept over the range of values to be measured G01R0017060000 Automatic balancing arrangements G01R0017080000 in which a force or torque representing the measured value is balanced by a force or torque representing the reference value G01R0017100000 ac or dc measuring bridges (automatic comparison or re-balancing arrangements G01R0017020000);; G01R0017120000 using comparison of currents, e.g. bridges with differential current output G01R0017140000 with indication of measured value by calibrated null indicator, e.g. percent bridge, tolerance bridge (G01R0017120000, G01R0017160000 take precedence);; G01R0017160000 with discharge tubes or semiconductor devices in one or more arms of the bridge, e.g. voltmeter using a difference amplifier G01R0017180000 with more than four branches G01R0017200000 ac or dc potentiometric measuring arrangements (automatic comparison or re-balancing arrangements G01R0017020000);; G01R0017220000 with indication of measured value by calibrated null indicator G01R0019000000 Arrangements for measuring currents or voltages or for indicating presence or sign thereof (for measuring bio-electric currents or voltages A61B0005040000);; G01R0019020000 Measuring effective values, i.e. root-mean-square values G01R0019040000 Measuring peak values of ac or of pulses G01R0019060000 Measuring real component; Measuring reactive component G01R0019080000 Measuring current density G01R0019100000 Measuring sum, difference, or ratio G01R0019120000 Measuring rate of change G01R0019140000 Indicating direction of current; Indicating polarity of voltage G01R0019160000 Indicating presence of current; Indicating presence of voltage; Indicating current or voltage in excess of a predetermined level (tubes therefor H01J0017400000;indicating presence of electrostatic charges H05F0003000000) G01R0019180000 using conversion of ac into dc, e.g. with choppers G01R0019200000 using transductors G01R0019220000 using conversion of ac into dc G01R0019240000 using thermocouples G01R0019260000 using conversion of current or voltage into frequency or pulse characteristic, e.g. digital voltmeters (transferring the output of the sensing member to the indicating or recording part G01D0005000000;signal transmission systems G08C; analogue /digital conversion per se H03K0013020000) G01R0019280000 adapted for measuring in circuits having distributed constants G01R0019300000 Measuring the maximum value of current or voltage reached in a time interval (G01R0019040000 takes precedence;modifications of instruments to indicate the maximum value reached in a time interval G01R0001400000) G01R0019320000 Compensating for temperature change G01R0021000000 Arrangements for measuring electric power, power factor, or energy (monitoring power consumption of electrically-propelled vehicles B60L0003000000);; G01R0021010000 in circuits having distributed constants (G01R0021040000, G01R0021070000, G01R0021090000, G01R0021120000 take precedence);; G01R0021020000 by thermal methods, e.g. calorimetric G01R0021040000 in circuits having distributed constants G01R0021060000 by measuring current and voltage G01R0021070000 in circuits having distributed constants (G01R0021090000 takes precedence);; G01R0021080000 by using galvanomagnetic-effect devices, e.g. Hall-effect devices (such devices per se H01L);; G01R0021090000 in circuits having distributed constants G01R0021100000 by using square-law characteristics of circuit elements, e.g. diodes, to measure power absorbed by loads of known impedance (G01R0021020000 takes precedence);; G01R0021120000 in circuits having distributed constants G01R0021140000 Compensating for temperature change G01R0023000000 Arrangements for measuring frequencies; Arrangements for analysing frequency spectra (frequency discriminators H03D);; G01R0023020000 Arrangements for measuring frequency, e.g. pulse repetition rate; Arrangements for measuring period of current or voltage (measuring short time intervals G04F);; G01R0023040000 adapted for measuring in circuits having distributed constants G01R0023060000 by converting frequency into an amplitude of current or voltage G01R0023070000 using response of circuits tuned on resonance, e.g. grid-drip meter G01R0023080000 using response of circuits tuned off resonance G01R0023090000 using analogue integrators, e.g. capacitors establishing a mean value by balance of input signals and defined discharge signals or leakage (radiation-measuring instruments in which pulses generated by a radiation detector are integrated G01T0001150000);; G01R0023100000 by converting frequency into a train of pulses, which are then counted (counters per se G06M, H03K);; G01R0023120000 by converting frequency into phase shift G01R0023140000 by heterodyning; by beat-frequency comparison (generation of oscillations by beating unmodulated signals of different frequencies H03B0021000000);; G01R0023160000 Arrangements for analysing the harmonic contents of currents or voltages G01R0023180000 with provision for recording frequency spectrum G01R0023200000 Measurement of non-linear distortion G01R0025000000 Arrangements for measuring phase angle between a voltage and a current or between voltages or currents (measuring power factor G01R0021000000;measuring position of individual pulses in a pulse train G01R0029020000; phase discriminators H03D) G01R0025020000 in circuits having distributed constants G01R0025040000 involving adjustment of a phase shifter to produce a predetermined phase difference, e.g. zero difference G01R0025060000 employing quotient instrument G01R0025080000 by counting of standard pulses (measuring time intervals G04F);; G01R0027000000 Arrangements for measuring resistance, reactance, impedance, or characteristics derived therefrom G01R0027020000 Measuring real or complex resistance, reactance, impedance, or other two-pole characteristics derived therefrom, e.g. time constant (by measuring phase angle only G01R0025000000);; G01R0027040000 in circuits having distributed constants G01R0027060000 Measuring reflection coefficients; Measuring standing-wave ratio G01R0027080000 Measuring resistance by measuring both voltage and current G01R0027100000 using two-coil or crossed-coil instruments forming quotient G01R0027120000 using hand generators, e.g. meggers G01R0027140000 Measuring resistance by measuring current or voltage obtained from a reference source (G01R0027160000, G01R0027200000, G01R0027220000 take precedence);; G01R0027160000 Measuring impedance of element or network through which a current is passing from another source, e.g. cable, power line G01R0027180000 Measuring resistance to earth G01R0027200000 Measuring earth resistance; Measuring contact resistance of earth connections, e.g. plates G01R0027220000 Measuring resistance of fluids (measuring vessels, electrodes therefor G01N0027070000);; G01R0027260000 Measuring inductance or capacitance; Measuring quality factor, e.g. by using the resonance method; Measuring loss factor; Measuring dielectric constants G01R0027280000 Measuring attenuation, gain, phase shift, or derived characteristics of electric four-pole networks, i.e. two-port networks; Measuring transient response (in line transmission systems H04B0003460000);; G01R0027300000 with provision for recording characteristics, e.g. by plotting Nyquist diagram G01R0027320000 in circuits having distributed constants G01R0029000000 Arrangements for measuring or indicating electric quantities not covered by groups ; G01R0019000000-G01R0027000000 G01R0029020000 Measuring pulse characteristics e.g. deviation from pulse flatness, rise time, duration (of amplitude G01R0019000000;of repetition rate G01R0023000000; phase difference of two cyclic pulse trains G01R0025000000; monitoring pulses H03K0005180000) G01R0029040000 Measuring form factor, i.e. quotient of root-mean-square value and arithmetic mean of instantaneous value; Measuring peak factor, i.e. quotient of maximum value and root-mean-square value G01R0029060000 Measuring depth of modulation G01R0029080000 Measuring electromagnetic field characteristics G01R0029100000 Radiation diagrams of aerials G01R0029120000 Measuring electrostatic fields G01R0029140000 Measuring field distribution G01R0029160000 Measuring asymmetry of polyphase networks G01R0029180000 Indicating phase sequence; Indicating synchronism G01R0029200000 Measuring number of turns; Measuring transformation ratio or coupling factor of windings (calibrating instrument transformers G01R0035020000);; G01R0029220000 Measuring piezo-electric properties G01R0029240000 Arrangements for measuring quantities of charge (electrostatic instruments G01R0005280000;electrolytic meters, calorimetric meters for measuring the time integral of electric current G01R0011440000; indicating presence of current G01R0019160000) G01R0029260000 Measuring noise figure; Measuring signal-to-noise ratio G01R0031000000 Arrangements for testing electric properties; Arrangements for locating electric faults (detecting the presence of an arc or discharge in switches H01H0009500000, H01H0033260000;indicating electrical condition of switchgear or protective devices H01H0071040000, H01H0073120000, H02B0011100000, H02H0003040000; indicating condition of fuses H01H0085300000; testing line transmission systems H04B0003460000) G01R0031020000 Testing of electric apparatus, lines, and components for short-circuits, discontinuities, leakage, or incorrect line connection G01R0031040000 Testing connections, e.g. of plugs, of non-disconnectable joints G01R0031060000 Testing of electric windings, e.g. for polarity (measuring number of turns, transformation ratio, or coupling factor G01R0029200000);; G01R0031080000 Locating faults in cables, transmission lines, or networks G01R0031100000 by increasing destruction at fault, e.g. burning-in by using a pulse generator operating a special programme G01R0031110000 using pulse-reflection methods G01R0031120000 Testing of articles or specimens of solids or fluids for dielectric strength or breakdown voltage G01R0031140000 Circuits therefor G01R0031160000 Construction of testing vessels; Electrodes therefor G01R0031180000 Subjecting similar articles in turn to test, e.g. go/no-go tests in mass production G01R0031200000 Preparation of articles or specimens to facilitate testing G01R0031240000 Testing of discharge tubes (during manufacture H01J0009420000);; G01R0031250000 Testing of vacuum tubes G01R0031260000 Testing of individual semiconductor devices (measurement of impurity content of materials G01N);; G01R0031280000 Testing of electronic circuits, e.g. by signal tracer (checking computers G06F0011000000;checking static stores for correct operation G11C0029000000) G01R0031300000 Marginal testing, e.g. by varying supply voltage (marginal testing of computers G06);; G01R0031320000 Testing of the switching capacity of high-voltage circuit-breakers (means for detecting the presence of an arc or discharge in switching devices H01H0009500000, H01H0033260000);; G01R0033000000 Arrangements or instruments for measuring magnetic variables G01R0033020000 Measuring direction or magnitude of magnetic fields or magnetic flux (measuring direction or magnitude of the earth's field for navigation or surveying G01C;for prospecting G01V0003000000) G01R0033040000 using the flux-gate principle G01R0033060000 using Hall effect devices G01R0033080000 using gyromagnetic resonance G01R0033100000 Plotting field distribution G01R0033120000 Measuring magnetic properties of articles or specimens of solids or fluids G01R0033140000 Measuring or plotting hysteresis curves G01R0033160000 Measuring susceptibility G01R0033180000 Measuring magnetostrictive properties G01R0035000000 Testing or calibrating of apparatus covered by the preceding groups G01R0035020000 of auxiliary devices, e.g. of instrument transformers according to prescribed transformation ratio, phase angle, or wattage rating G01R0035040000 of instruments for measuring time integral of power or current G01R0035060000 by stroboscopic methods G01S RADIO DIRECTION-FINDING, LOCATING, DISTANCE OR VELOCITY MEASURING; RADIO NAVIGATION SYSTEMS; ANALOGOUS SYSTEMS EMPLOYING OTHER WAVES (navigation in general G01C;measuring infrasonic, sonic, or ultrasonic vibrations G01H; measuring infra-red, visible, or ultra-violet radiations G01J; testing or measuring electric values G01R; aerials H01Q; electromechanical transducers H04R) G01S0001000000 Beacons or beacon systems transmitting signals having a characteristic or characteristics capable of being detected by non-directional receivers and defining directions, positions, or position lines fixed relatively to the beacon transmitters; Receivers co-operating therewith (position-fixing by co-ordinating a plurality of determinations of direction or position lines G01S0005000000);; G01S0001020000 using radio waves G01S0001040000 Details G01S0001060000 Means for providing multiple indication, e.g. coarse and fine indications G01S0001080000 Systems for determining direction or position line G01S0001100000 using amplitude comparison of signals transmitted sequentially from aerials or aerial systems having differently-oriented overlapping directivity-characteristics, e.g. equi-signal A-N type G01S0001120000 the signals being transmitted sequentially from an aerial or aerial system having the orientation of its directivity characteristic periodically varied, e.g. by means of sequentially effective reflectors G01S0001140000 using amplitude comparison of signals transmitted simultaneously from aerials or aerial systems having differently-oriented overlapping directivity-characteristics G01S0001160000 Azimuthal guidance systems, e.g. system for defining aircraft approach path, localiser system G01S0001180000 Elevational guidance systems, e.g. system for defining aircraft glide path G01S0001200000 using a comparison of transit time of synchronised signals transmitted from non-directional aerials or aerial systems spaced apart, i.e. path-difference systems G01S0001220000 the synchronised signals being frequency modulations on carrier waves and the transit times being compared by measuring difference of instantaneous frequencies of received carrier waves G01S0001240000 the synchronised signals being pulses or equivalent modulations on carrier waves and the transit times being compared by measuring the difference in arrival time of a significant part of the modulations G01S0001260000 Systems in which pulses or time-base signals are generated locally at the receiver and brought into predetermined time-relationship with received signals, e.g. pulse duration coincides with time interval between arrival of significant part of modulation of signals received from first and second aerials or aerial systems G01S0001280000 wherein the predetermined time-relationship is maintained automatically G01S0001300000 the synchronised signals being continuous waves or intermittent trains of continuous waves, the intermittency not being for the purpose of determining direction or position line and the transit times being compared by measuring the phase difference G01S0001320000 Systems in which the signals received, with or without amplification, or signals derived therefrom, are compared in phase directly G01S0001340000 Systems in which first and second synchronised signals are transmitted from both aerials or aerial systems and a beat frequency, obtained by heterodyning the first signals with each other is compared in phase with a beat frequency obtained by heterodyning the second signals with each other G01S0001360000 Systems in which a beat frequency, obtained by heterodyning the synchronised signals, is compared in phase with a reference signal having a phase substantially independent of direction G01S0001380000 using comparison of (1) the phase of the envelope of the change of frequency, due to Doppler effect, of the signal transmitted by an aerial moving, or appearing to move, in a cyclic path with (2) the phase of a reference signal, the frequency of this reference signal being synchronised with that of the cyclic movement, or apparent cyclic movement, of the aerial G01S0001400000 the apparent movement of the aerial being produced by cyclic sequential energisation of fixed aerials G01S0001420000 Conical-scan beam beacons transmitting signals which indicate at a mobile receiver any displacement of the receiver from the conical-scan axis, e.g. for "beam-riding" missile control G01S0001440000 Rotating or oscillating beam beacons defining directions in the plane of rotation or oscillation G01S0001460000 Broad-beam systems producing at a receiver a substantially continuous sinusoidal envelope signal of the carrier wave of the beam, the phase angle of which is dependent upon the angle between the direction of the receiver from the beacon and a reference direction from the beacon, e.g. cardioid system G01S0001480000 wherein the phase angle of the direction-dependent envelope signal is a multiple of the direction angle, e.g. for "fine" bearing indication, for resolving phase ambiguities G01S0001500000 wherein the phase angle of the direction-dependent envelope signal is compared with a non-direction-dependent reference signal G01S0001520000 wherein the phase angles of a plurality of direction-dependent envelope signals produced by a plurality of beams rotating at different speeds or in different directions are compared G01S0001540000 Narrow-beam systems producing at a receiver a pulse-type envelope signal of the carrier wave of the beam, the timing of which is dependent upon the angle between the direction of the receiver from the beacon and a reference direction from the beacon; Overlapping broad beam systems defining a narrow zone and producing at a receiver a pulse-type envelope signal of the carrier wave of the beam, the timing of which is dependent upon the angle between the direction of the receiver from the beacon and a reference direction from the beacon G01S0001560000 Timing the pulse-type envelope signals derived by reception of beam G01S0001580000 wherein a characteristic of the beam transmitted or of an auxiliary signal is varied in time synchronously with rotation or oscillation of the beam G01S0001600000 Varying frequency of beam signal or of auxiliary signal G01S0001620000 Varying phase-relationship between beam and auxiliary signals G01S0001640000 Varying pulse timing, e.g. varying interval between pulses radiated in pairs G01S0001660000 Superimposing direction-indicating intelligence signals, e.g. speech, Morse G01S0001680000 Marker, boundary, call-sign, and like beacons transmitting signals not carrying directional information G01S0001690000 using subatomic particles G01S0001700000 using electromagnetic waves other than radio waves G01S0001720000 using ultrasonic, sonic, or infrasonic waves (signalling devices G08B);; G01S0003000000 Direction-finders for determining the direction from which infrasonic, sonic, ultrasonic, or electromagnetic waves, or particle emission, not having a directional significance, are being received (position-fixing by co-ordinating a plurality of determinations of direction or position lines G01S0005000000;for geophysical measurement G01C; telescope mountings G02B) G01S0003020000 using radio waves G01S0003040000 Details G01S0003060000 Means for increasing effective directivity, e.g. by combining signals having differently-oriented directivity characteristics, by sharpening the envelope waveform of the signal desired from a rotating or oscillating beam aerial (comparing amplitude of signals having differently-oriented directivity characteristics to determine direction G01S0003160000, G01S0003280000;modifications of aerials or aerial systems H01Q) G01S0003080000 Means for reducing polarisation errors, e.g. by use of Adcock or spaced loop aerial systems G01S0003100000 Means for reducing or compensating for quadrantal, site, or like errors G01S0003120000 Means for determining sense of direction, e.g. by combining signals from directional aerial or goniometer search coil with those from non-directional aerial (determining direction by amplitude comparison of signals derived by combining directional and non-directional signals G01S0003240000, G01S0003340000);; G01S0003140000 Systems for determining direction or deviation from predetermined direction G01S0003160000 using amplitude comparison of signals derived sequentially from receiving aerials or aerial systems having differently-oriented directivity characteristics or from an aerial system having periodically-varied orientation of directivity characteristic G01S0003180000 derived directly from separate directional aerials G01S0003200000 derived by sampling signal received by an aerial system having periodically-varied orientation of directivity characteristic G01S0003220000 derived from different combinations of signals from separate aerials, e.g. comparing sum with difference G01S0003240000 the separate aerials comprising one directional aerial and one non-directional aerial, e.g. combination of loop and open aerials producing a reversed cardioid directivity characteristic G01S0003260000 the separate aerials having differently- oriented directivity characteristics G01S0003280000 using amplitude comparison of signals derived simultaneously from receiving aerials or aerial systems having differently-oriented directivity characteristics G01S0003300000 derived directly from separate directional systems G01S0003320000 derived from different combinations of signals from separate aerials, e.g. comparing sum with difference G01S0003340000 the separate aerials comprising one directional aerial and one non-directional aerial, e.g. combination of loop and open aerials producing a reversed cardioid directivity characteristic G01S0003360000 the separate aerials having differently- oriented directivity characteristics G01S0003380000 using adjustment of real or effective orientation of directivity characteristic of an aerial or an aerial system to give a desired condition of signal derived from that aerial or aerial system, e.g. to give a maximum or minimum signal (G01S0003160000, G01S0003280000 take precedence);; G01S0003400000 adjusting orientation of a single directivity characteristic to produce maximum or minimum signal, e.g. rotatable loop aerial, equivalent goniometer system G01S0003420000 the desired condition being maintained automatically G01S0003440000 the adjustment being varied periodically or continuously until it is halted automatically when the desired condition is attained G01S0003460000 using aerials spaced apart and measuring phase or time difference between signals therefrom, i.e. path-difference systems G01S0003480000 the waves arriving at the aerials being continuous or intermittent and the phase difference of signals derived therefrom being measured G01S0003500000 the waves arriving at the aerials being pulse modulated and the time difference of their arrival being measured G01S0003520000 using a receiving aerial moving, or appearing to move, in a cyclic path to produce a Doppler variation of frequency of the received signal G01S0003540000 the apparent movement of the aerial being produced by coupling the receiver cyclically and sequentially to each of several fixed spaced aerials G01S0003560000 Conical-scan beam systems using signals indicative of the deviation of the direction of reception from the scan axis G01S0003580000 Rotating or oscillating beam systems using continuous analysis of received signal for determining direction in the plane of rotation or oscillation or for determining deviation from a predetermined direction in such a plane (G01S0003140000 takes precedence);; G01S0003600000 Broad-beam systems producing in the receiver a substantially-sinusoidal envelope signal of the carrier wave of the beam, the phase angle of which is dependent upon the angle between the direction of the transmitter from the receiver and a reference direction from the receiver, e.g. cardioid system G01S0003620000 wherein the phase angle of the signal is indicated by a cathode-ray tube G01S0003640000 wherein the phase angle of the signal is determined by phase comparison with a reference alternating signal varying in synchronism with the directivity variation G01S0003660000 Narrow-beam systems producing in the receiver a pulse-type envelope signal of the carrier wave of the beam, the timing of which is dependent upon the angle between the direction of the transmitter from the receiver and a reference direction from the receiver; Overlapping broad-beam systems defining in the receiver a narrow zone and producing a pulse-type envelope signal of the carrier wave of the beam, the timing of which is dependent upon the angle between the direction of the transmitter from the receiver and a reference direction from the receiver G01S0003680000 wherein the timing of the pulse-type envelope signal is indicated by cathode-ray tube (radar cathode-ray tube indicators providing co-ordinated display of distance and direction G01S0007100000);; G01S0003700000 wherein the timing of the pulse-type envelope signal is determined by bringing a locally-generated pulse-type signal into coincidence or other predetermined time-relationship with the envelope signal G01S0003720000 Diversity systems specially adapted for direction-finding G01S0003740000 Multi-channel systems specially adapted for direction-finding, i.e. having a single aerial system capable of giving simultaneous indications of the directions of different signals (systems in which the directions of different signals are determined sequentially and displayed simultaneously G01S0003040000, G01S0003140000);; G01S0003760000 using subatomic particles G01S0003780000 using electromagnetic waves other than radio waves G01S0003800000 using ultrasonic, sonic, or infrasonic waves G01S0003820000 with means for adjusting phase or compensating for time-lag errors G01S0003840000 with indication presented on cathode-ray tubes G01S0003860000 with means for eliminating undesired waves, e.g. disturbing noises G01S0005000000 Position-fixing by co-ordinating two or more direction or position-line determinations; Position-fixing by co-ordinating two or more distance determinations G01S0005020000 using radio waves G01S0005040000 Position of source determined by a plurality of spaced direction-finders G01S0005060000 co-ordinating a plurality of position lines defined by path-difference direction-finding systems G01S0005080000 Position of single direction-finder fixed by determining direction of a plurality of spaced sources of known location G01S0005100000 by co-ordinating a plurality of position lines defined by path-difference beacon systems G01S0005120000 by co-ordinating position lines of different shape, e.g. hyperbolic, circular, elliptical, radial (radar indicators providing co-ordinated display of direction and distance G01S0007100000);; G01S0005140000 Determining absolute distances from plurality of spaced points of known location G01S0005150000 using subatomic particles G01S0005160000 using electromagnetic waves other than radio waves G01S0005180000 using ultrasonic, sonic, or infrasonic waves G01S0007000000 Details of systems according to group ; G01S0009000000 G01S0007020000 of radio-wave systems G01S0007040000 Display arrangements G01S0007060000 Cathode-ray tube displays G01S0007080000 with vernier indication of distance, e.g. using two cathode-ray tubes G01S0007100000 Providing two-dimensional co-ordinated display of distance and direction G01S0007120000 Plan-position indicators, i.e. P. P. I. G01S0007140000 Sector, off-centre, or expanded- angle display G01S0007160000 Signals displayed as intensity modulation with rectangular co-ordinates representing distance and bearing, e.g. type B G01S0007180000 Distance-height displays; Distance-elevation displays, e.g. type RHI, type E G01S0007200000 Stereoscopic displays; Three-dimensional displays; Pseudo-three-dimensional displays G01S0007220000 Producing cursor lines and indicia by electronic means G01S0007240000 the display being orientated or displaced in accordance with movement of object carrying the transmitting and receiving apparatus, e.g. true-motion radar G01S0007260000 Displays using electroluminescent panels G01S0007280000 Details of pulse systems G01S0007300000 Employing storage or delay devices which preserve the pulse form of the echo signal, e.g. for comparing and combining echoes received during different periods G01S0007320000 Shaping echo pulse signals; Deriving non-pulse signals from echo pulse signals G01S0007340000 Gain of receiver varied automatically during pulse-recurrence period, e.g. anti-clutter gain control G01S0007360000 Means for anti-jamming (in general H04K0003000000);; G01S0007380000 Jamming means, e.g. producing false echoes (in general H04K0003000000);; G01S0007400000 Means for monitoring or calibrating G01S0007420000 Diversity systems specially adapted for radar G01S0007440000 Means for transforming co-ordinates or for evaluating data, e.g. using computers G01S0007460000 Means for tracking by using numerical data G01S0007480000 of electromagnetic-wave systems other than radio-wave systems G01S0007500000 of infra-red systems G01S0007520000 of ultrasonic, sonic, or infrasonic systems G01S0007540000 with receivers spaced apart G01S0007560000 Display arrangements G01S0007580000 for providing variable ranges G01S0007600000 for providing a permanent recording G01S0007620000 Cathode-ray tube displays G01S0007640000 Luminous indications (G01S0007620000 takes precedence);; G01S0007660000 with means for eliminating undesired waves, e.g. disturbing noises G01S0009000000 Radar systems; Analogous systems (locating faults in transmission lines G01R0031110000);; G01S0009020000 Radar systems G01S0009040000 Distance-determination systems (distance indicated by display arrangements G01S0007040000);; G01S0009060000 using transmission of interrupted pulse-modulated waves G01S0009080000 wherein the pulse-recurrence frequency is varied to provide a desired time relationship between the transmission of a pulse and the receipt of the echo of a preceding pulse G01S0009100000 wherein the pulse-recurrence frequency is controlled automatically G01S0009120000 wherein a locally-generated strobe pulse or other signal is brought into coincidence or other predetermined time relationship with the echo pulse G01S0009140000 the predetermined time relationship being maintained automatically, i.e. automatic range tracking G01S0009160000 with continuous variation of timing of locally-generated signal terminated automatically when predetermined time relationship attained, i.e. automatic range search with lock-on G01S0009180000 with timing of locally-generated signal maintained for limited "memory" period, if echo signal fails, in accordance with timing immediately prior to failure of echo signal G01S0009200000 wherein a voltage or current pulse is initiated and terminated in accordance respectively with the pulse transmission and echo-reception, e.g. by initiating and terminating the charging of a capacitor G01S0009220000 wherein distance elevation, and azimuth information are all derived from a common transmitted pulse, e.g. monopulse radar G01S0009230000 wherein the pulses transmitted use a frequency- or phase-modulated carrier wave (determining distance by comparison of frequencies of transmitted and received frequency-modulated waves G01S0009240000);; G01S0009233000 with time compression of the received pulses G01S0009240000 using transmission of frequency-modulated waves and the received signal, or a signal derived therefrom, being heterodyned with a locally-generated heterodyne signal related to the contemporaneous transmitting signal to give a beat-frequency G01S0009260000 wherein the rate of change of transmitted frequency is adjusted to give a beat of predetermined constant frequency, e.g. by adjusting the amplitude or frequency of the frequency-modulating signal G01S0009280000 wherein the rate of change of transmitted frequency is varied cyclically such that the time at which the instantaneous frequency of the beat-frequency signal is equal to a predetermined value is a measure of the distance G01S0009300000 with cyclic variation of rate of change of transmitted frequency effected by cyclic variation of amplitude or frequency of the frequency of the frequency modulating signal G01S0009320000 wherein the rate of change of frequency of the local heterodyne signal has a difference from that of transmitted frequency such that the time at which the instantaneous frequency of the beat-frequency signal is equal to a predetermined value is a measure of the distance (G01S0009340000, G01S0009360000 take precedence);; G01S0009340000 wherein the frequency of locally-generated heterodyne signal is displaced from that of the transmitted wave by a constant amount, i.e. same frequency variation G01S0009360000 wherein the received sihnal is heterodyned with constant-frequency signal before heterodyning with locally-generated heterodyne signal related to transmitted signal G01S0009370000 using transmission of continuous unmodulated waves, or amplitude-, frequency- or phase-modulated waves (G01S0009240000 and G01S0009560000 take precedence);; G01S0009380000 with phase comparison between the received signal and the contemporaneously transmitted signal G01S0009390000 wherein more than one modulation frequency is used G01S0009400000 wherein the frequency of the transmitted signal is adjusted to give a predetermined phase relationship G01S0009420000 Discriminating between fixed and moving objects or between objects moving at different speeds G01S0009440000 Velocity determination systems; Sense-of-movement determination systems G01S0009460000 wherein the transmitter and receiver are mounted on the moving object, e.g. for determining ground speed of aircraft G01S0009480000 Determining both velocity and drift angle of object G01S0009500000 Determining sense of movement G01S0009520000 Determining drift angle or ground track of moving object by radar mounted on the object (determining both drift angle and velocity G01S0009480000);; G01S0009560000 Interrogator-responder systems, e.g. I.F.F.D.M.E. G01S0009580000 wherein the signal transmitted from the interrogator and the contemporaneously received signal from the responder are of different frequency and are heterodyned to give a beat-frequency signal which is compared in phase with another signal of like frequency G01S0009600000 Obtaining meteorological information G01S0009620000 Systems employing electromagnetic waves other than radio waves G01S0009640000 employing infra-red waves G01S0009660000 Systems employing ultrasonic, sonic, or infrasonic waves G01S0009680000 Distance determination systems G01S0009700000 specially adapted for locating fish G01S0011000000 Systems for determining distance or velocity not using reflection or reradiation (direction-finders G01S0003000000;position-fixing by co-ordinating two or more distance determinations G01S0005000000) G01T MEASUREMENT OF NUCLEAR OR X-RADIATION (radiation analysis of materials, mass spectrometry G01N;counters per se G06M, H03K; electric discharge tubes for analysing radiation or particles H01J0039000000) G01T0001000000 Measuring X-radiation, gamma radiation, corpuscular radiation, or cosmic radiation (G01T0003000000, G01T0005000000 take precedence);; G01T0001020000 Dosimeters (G01T0001150000 takes precedence;measuring exposure time to X-rays H05G0001280000) G01T0001040000 Chemical dosimeters (G01T0001060000, G01T0001080000 take precedence);; G01T0001060000 Glass dosimeters G01T0001080000 Photographic dosimeters (sensitive materials, processing thereof G03C);; G01T0001100000 Luminescent dosimeters G01T0001105000 Read-out devices (G01T0001115000 takes precedence);; G01T0001110000 Thermo-luminescent dosimeters G01T0001115000 Read-out devices G01T0001120000 Calorimetric dosimeters G01T0001140000 Electrostatic dosimeters (construction of ionisation chambers H01J0039280000);; G01T0001142000 Charging devices; Read-out devices G01T0001150000 Instruments in which pulses generated by a radiation detector are integrated, e.g. by a diode pump circuit (pulse rate meters in general G01R0023020000);; G01T0001160000 Measuring radiation intensity (G01T0001290000 takes precedence);; G01T0001161000 Applications in the field of nuclear medicine, e.g. ; in vivo counting G01T0001163000 Whole-body counters G01T0001164000 Scintigraphy (radio isotopes G21G0004000000;tracers G21H0005000000) G01T0001166000 involving relative movement between detector and subject G01T0001167000 Measuring radioactive content of objects, e.g. contamination (whole-body counters G01T0001163000);; G01T0001169000 Exploration, location of contaminated surface areas (prospecting by the use of nuclear radiation, natural or induced G01V0005000000);; G01T0001170000 Circuit arrangements not adapted to a particular type of detector G01T0001172000 with coincidence circuit arrangements (G01T0001178000 takes precedence);; G01T0001175000 Power supply circuits (power supply circuits per se H02J;converters H02M) G01T0001178000 for measuring specific activity in the presence of other radioactive substances, e.g. natural, in the air or in liquids such as rain-water G01T0001180000 with counting-tube arrangements, e.g. with Geiger counters (tubes H01J0039260000);; G01T0001185000 with ionisation-chamber arrangements (construction of ionisation chambers H01J0039280000);; G01T0001200000 with scintillation detectors G01T0001202000 the detector being a crystal G01T0001203000 the detector being made of plastics G01T0001204000 the detector being a liquid G01T0001205000 the detector being a gas G01T0001208000 Circuits specially adapted for scintillation detectors, e.g. for the photo-multiplier section G01T0001220000 with Cerenkov detectors G01T0001240000 with semiconductor detectors (semiconductor detectors per se H01L0031000000);; G01T0001260000 with resistance detectors G01T0001280000 with secondary-emission detectors (secondary-electron-emitting electrodes in general H01J0001320000);; G01T0001290000 Measurement performed on radiation beams, e.g. position or section of the beam; Measurement of spatial distribution of radiation (scintigraphy G01T0001164000;mass-spectrometers H01J0039340000) G01T0001300000 Measuring half-life of a radioactive substance G01T0001320000 Measuring polarisation of particles G01T0001340000 Measuring cross-section, e.g. absorption cross-section of particles G01T0001360000 Measuring spectral distribution of X-rays or of nuclear radiation G01T0001380000 Particle discrimination and measurement of relative mass, e.g. by measurement of loss of energy with distance (dE/dx) G01T0001400000 Stabilisation of spectrometers G01T0003000000 Measuring neutron radiation (G01T0005000000 takes precedence);; G01T0003020000 by shielding other radiation G01T0003040000 using calorimetric devices G01T0003060000 with scintillation detectors G01T0003080000 with semiconductor detectors (semiconductor detectors per se H01L0031000000);; G01T0005000000 Recording of movements or tracks of particles (spark chambers H01J0039260000);;Processing or analysis of such tracks G01T0005020000 Processing of tracks; Analysis of tracks G01T0005040000 Cloud chambers, e.g. Wilson chamber G01T0005060000 Bubble chambers G01T0005080000 Scintillation chambers (discharge tubes H01J0039000000;semiconductor devices H01L) G01T0005100000 Plates or blocks in which tracks of nuclear particles are made visible by after-treatment, e.g. using photographic emulsion, using mica G01T0005120000 Circuit arrangements with multi-wire or parallel-plate chambers, e.g. spark chambers (tubes per se H01J0039260000);; G01T0007000000 Details of radiation-measuring instruments G01T0007020000 Collecting-means for receiving or storing samples to be investigated G01T0007040000 by filtration G01T0007060000 by electrostatic precipitation (G01T0007040000 takes precedence);; G01T0007080000 Means for conveying samples received G01T0007100000 using turntables G01T0007120000 Provision for actuation of an alarm G01V GEOPHYSICS; DETECTING HIDDEN MASSES (measuring chemical or physical properties of earth materials G01N;measuring electric or magnetic quantities in general, other than direction or magnitude of the earth's field G01R; involving both the emission and reception of radio waves, other electromagnetic waves, or sonic waves G01S) G01V0001000000 Seismology; Seismic prospecting; Acoustic prospecting G01V0001020000 Generating seismic energy (blasting in general F42;nuclear explosives G21J) G01V0001040000 Details G01V0001060000 Ignition devices G01V0001080000 involving time-delay devices G01V0001100000 by using single explosive charge G01V0001120000 by using more than one explosive charge G01V0001130000 Arrangements or disposition of charges to produce a desired pattern in space or time G01V0001140000 by repeated or continuous agitation of the ground, without the use of explosive charges G01V0001160000 Receiving elements for seismic signals (electromechanical transducers H04R);;Arrangements or adaptations of receiving elements G01V0001180000 Receiving elements, e.g. seismometer, geophone G01V0001200000 Arrangements of receiving elements, e.g. geophone pattern G01V0001220000 Transmitting seismic signals to recording or processing apparatus (signal-transmitting systems in general G08C;electric transmission systems H04B) G01V0001240000 Recording seismic data (transforming one recording into another G01V0001320000;recording measured values in general G01D) G01V0001260000 Reference-signal-transmitting devices, e.g. indicating moment of firing of shot G01V0001280000 Processing seismic data, e.g. analysis, for interpretation, for correction (computing in general G06);; G01V0001300000 Analysis G01V0001320000 Transforming one recording into another G01V0001340000 Displaying seismic recordings G01V0001360000 Effecting static or dynamic corrections on records, e.g. correcting spread; Correlating seismic signals; Eliminating effects of unwanted energy G01V0001380000 specially adapted for water-covered areas (G01V0001280000 takes precedence);; G01V0001400000 specially adapted for well-logging G01V0003000000 Electric or magnetic prospecting; Measuring the magnetic field of the earth, e.g. declination, deviation (for navigation, for surveying G01C;measuring direction or magnitude of magnetic fields in general G01R0033020000) G01V0003020000 operating with propagation of electric current G01V0003040000 using direct current G01V0003060000 using alternating current G01V0003080000 operating with magnetic or electric fields produced or modified either by the object or the detecting device (with electromagnetic waves G01V0003120000);; G01V0003100000 using induction coils G01V0003120000 operating with electromagnetic waves G01V0003140000 operating with electron or nuclear magnetic resonance G01V0003160000 specially adapted for use from aircraft G01V0003180000 specially adapted for well-logging G01V0005000000 Prospecting by the use of nuclear radiation, e.g. of natural or induced radioactivity (determining the properties of materials G01N;measuring nuclear radiation G01T) G01V0007000000 Measuring gravitational field of the earth; Gravimetric prospecting G01V0007020000 Details G01V0007040000 Electric, photoelectric, or magnetic indicating or recording means G01V0007060000 Analysis or interpretation of gravimetric records G01V0007080000 using balances (balances in general G01G);; G01V0007100000 using torsion balances, e.g. Eötvös balance G01V0007120000 using pendulums G01V0007140000 using free-fall time G01V0007160000 specially adapted for use on moving platforms, e.g. ship, aircraft G01V0009000000 Prospecting by methods not provided for in groups ; G01V0001000000-G01V0007000000 G01V0009020000 Determining existence or flow of underground water G01V0011000000 Prospecting by methods combining techniques covered by two or more of main groups ; G01V0001000000-G01V0009000000 G01V0013000000 Manufacturing, calibrating, cleaning, or repairing instruments or devices covered by the preceding groups G01W METEOROLOGY (influencing weather conditions A01G0015000000;dispersing fog E01H0013000000; instruments for measuring single variables in general, see the appropriate sub-class of class G01, e.g. G01K, G01L; obtaining meteorological information by radar G01S0009600000) G01W0001000000 Meteorology G01W0001020000 Instruments for indicating weather conditions by measuring two or more variables, e.g. humidity, pressure, temperature, cloud cover, wind speed (G01W0001100000 takes precedence);; G01W0001040000 giving only separate indications of the variables measured G01W0001060000 giving a combined indication of weather conditions (catathermometers for measuring "cooling value" related either to weather conditions or to comfort of other human environment G01W0001170000;computers per se G06) G01W0001080000 Adaptations of balloons, missiles, or aircraft for meteorological purposes; Radiosondes (transmission of measurements G01D;transmitting circuits H04B) G01W0001100000 Devices for predicting weather conditions (computers per se G06;display devices G09) G01W0001110000 Weather houses or other ornaments for indicating humidity G01W0001120000 Sunshine-duration recorders (measuring intensity of sunshine G01J);; G01W0001140000 Rainfall or precipitation gauges (measuring volume in general G01F);; G01W0001160000 Measuring atmospheric potential differences, e.g. due to electrical charges in clouds (measuring potentials in general G01R);; G01W0001170000 Catathermometers for measuring "cooling value" related either to weather conditions or to comfort of other human environment G01W0001180000 Testing or calibrating meteorological apparatus G02 OPTICS (making optical elements or apparatus B24B, B29D, C03, or other appropriate sub-classes or classes);; G02B OPTICAL ELEMENTS, SYSTEMS, OR APPARATUS (G02F takes precedence;measuring-instruments, see the relevant sub-class of class G01, e.g. optical rangefinders G01C; testing of optical elements, systems, or apparatus G01M0011000000; spectacles G02C; sound lenses G10K0011060000; electron and ion "optics" H01J; X-ray "optics" H01J, H05G0001000000; optical elements structurally combined with electric discharge tubes H01J0005160000, H01J0029890000, H01J0037220000; microwave "optics" H01Q; combination of optical elements with television receivers H04N0005720000) G02B0001000000 Optical elements characterised by the material of which they are made (compositions of optical glasses C03C0003000000;cements for glass C03C0027000000) G02B0001020000 made of crystals, e.g. rock-salt, semiconductors (G02B0001080000 takes precedence);; G02B0001040000 made of organic materials, e.g. plastics (G02B0001080000 takes precedence);; G02B0001060000 made of fluids in transparent cells G02B0001080000 made of polarising materials G02B0001100000 Coatings produced by application to, or surface treatment of, optical elements, e.g. anti-reflection coatings (G02B0001080000 takes precedence;coating of glass in general C03C0017000000) G02B0001120000 by surface treatment, e.g. by irradiation G02B0003000000 Simple or compound lenses (artificial eyes A61F0001160000;spectacle lenses or contact lenses for the eyes G02C; watch or clock glasses G04B0039000000) G02B0003020000 with non-spherical faces (G02B0003100000 takes precedence);; G02B0003040000 with continuous faces that are rotationally symmetrical but deviate from a true sphere, e.g. so-called "aspheric" lens G02B0003060000 with cylindrical or toric faces G02B0003080000 with discontinuous faces, e.g. Fresnel lens G02B0003100000 Bifocal lenses; Multifocal lenses G02B0003120000 Fluid-filled or evacuated lenses G02B0003140000 of variable focal length G02B0005000000 Optical elements other than lenses (optical logic elements G02F0003000000);; G02B0005020000 Diffusing elements; Afocal elements G02B0005040000 Prisms G02B0005060000 Fluid-filled or evacuated prisms G02B0005080000 Mirrors G02B0005100000 with curved faces G02B0005120000 Reflex reflectors G02B0005122000 cube corner, trihedral or triple reflector type G02B0005124000 plural reflecting elements forming part of a unitary plate or sheet G02B0005126000 including curved refracting surface G02B0005128000 transparent spheres being embedded in matrix G02B0005130000 plural curved refracting elements forming part of a unitary body G02B0005132000 with individual reflector mounting means G02B0005134000 including a threaded mounting member G02B0005136000 plural reflecting elements forming part of a unitary body (G02B0005124000 takes precedence);; G02B0005140000 Light guides (electrical waveguides H01P0003000000);; G02B0005160000 formed by bundles of fibres G02B0005170000 using coherent light, e.g. transporting images G02B0005180000 Diffracting gratings G02B0005200000 Filters (polarising elements G02B0005300000);; G02B0005220000 Absorbing filters G02B0005230000 Photochromic filters G02B0005240000 Liquid filters (G02B0005230000 takes precedence);; G02B0005260000 Reflecting filters (G02B0005280000 takes precedence);; G02B0005280000 Interference filters G02B0005300000 Polarising elements (light-modulating devices G02F0001000000);; G02B0005320000 Holograms used as optical elements (processes or apparatus for producing holograms G03H);; G02B0007000000 Mountings, adjusting means, or light-tight connections, for optical elements G02B0007020000 for lenses G02B0007040000 with mechanism for focusing or varying magnification (G02B0007110000 takes precedence;focusing aids for cameras G03B0013180000) G02B0007060000 Focusing binocular pairs G02B0007080000 adapted to co-operate with a remote control mechanism G02B0007100000 by relative axial movement of several lenses, e.g. of varifocal objective lens G02B0007110000 with mechanism for automatically focusing or varying magnification G02B0007120000 Adjusting pupillary distance of binocular pairs G02B0007140000 adapted to interchange lenses G02B0007160000 Rotatable turrets G02B0007180000 for prisms; for mirrors G02B0007200000 Light-tight connections for movable optical elements G02B0007220000 Extensible connections, e.g. bellows G02B0007240000 Pivoted connections G02B0009000000 Optical objectives characterised both by the number of the components and their arrangements according to their sign, i.e. + or - (G02B0013000000, G02B0015000000 take precedence);; G02B0009020000 having one + component only (simple lenses G02B0003000000);; G02B0009040000 having two components only G02B0009060000 two + components G02B0009080000 arranged about a stop G02B0009100000 one + and one - component G02B0009120000 having three components only G02B0009140000 arranged + - + G02B0009160000 all the components being simple G02B0009180000 only one component having a compound lens (G02B0009300000 takes precedence);; G02B0009200000 the rear component having the compound G02B0009220000 the middle component having the compound G02B0009240000 two of the components having compound lenses (G02B0009300000 takes precedence);; G02B0009260000 the front and rear components having compound lenses G02B0009280000 the middle and rear components having compound lenses G02B0009300000 the middle component being a - compound meniscus having a + lens G02B0009320000 the + lens being a meniscus G02B0009340000 having four components only G02B0009360000 arranged + - - + G02B0009380000 both - components being meniscus G02B0009400000 one - component being compound G02B0009420000 two - components being compound G02B0009440000 both - components being biconcave G02B0009460000 one - component being compound G02B0009480000 two - components being compound G02B0009500000 both + components being meniscus G02B0009520000 the rear + component being compound G02B0009540000 the front + component being compound G02B0009560000 all components being simple lenses G02B0009580000 arranged - + + - G02B0009600000 having five components only G02B0009620000 having six components only G02B0009640000 having more than six components G02B0011000000 Optical objectives characterised by the total number of simple and compound lenses forming the objective and their arrangement (G02B0009000000 takes precedence;having only one simple lens G02B0003000000) G02B0011020000 having two lenses only G02B0011040000 arranged C C G02B0011060000 having three lenses only G02B0011080000 arranged L L L G02B0011100000 arranged L C L G02B0011120000 arranged L L C G02B0011140000 arranged C L C G02B0011160000 arranged C C L G02B0011180000 arranged C C C G02B0011200000 having four lenses only G02B0011220000 arranged L L L L G02B0011240000 arranged C L L C G02B0011260000 arranged L C C L G02B0011280000 arranged C C C C G02B0011300000 having five lenses only G02B0011320000 having six lenses only G02B0011340000 having more than six lenses G02B0013000000 Optical objectives specially designed for the purposes specified below (with variable magnification G02B0015000000);; G02B0013020000 Telephoto objectives, i.e. systems of the type + in which the distance from the front vertex to the image plane is less than the equivalent focal length G02B0013040000 Reversed telephoto objectives G02B0013060000 Panoramic objectives; So-called "sky lenses" G02B0013080000 Anamorphotic objectives G02B0013100000 involving prisms (G02B0013120000 takes precedence);; G02B0013120000 with variable magnification G02B0013140000 for use with infra-red or ultra-violet radiation (G02B0013160000 takes precedence);; G02B0013160000 for use in conjunction with image converters or intensifiers G02B0013180000 with lenses having one or more non-spherical faces, e.g. for reducing geometrical aberration G02B0013200000 Soft-focus objectives (diffusing elements in general G02B0005020000);; G02B0013220000 Telecentric objectives or lens systems G02B0013240000 for reproducing or copying at short object distances G02B0015000000 Optical objectives with means for varying the magnification (anamorphotic objectives G02B0013080000);; G02B0015020000 by changing, adding, or subtracting a part of the objective, e.g. convertible objective G02B0015040000 by changing a part G02B0015060000 by changing the front part G02B0015080000 by changing the rear part G02B0015100000 by adding a part, e.g. close-up attachment G02B0015120000 by adding telescopic attachments (G02B0015140000 takes precedence);; G02B0015140000 by relative movement of the parts to vary the equivalent focal length of the objective continuously G02B0015160000 having two parts with different and coupled movements relative to the image plane G02B0015180000 with a further part movable for focusing G02B0017000000 Systems with reflecting surfaces, with or without refracting elements (microscopes G02B0021000000;telescopes, periscopes G02B0023000000; for beam splitting or combining G02B0027100000; for optical projection G02B0027180000) G02B0017020000 Catoptric systems, e.g. image erecting and reversing system G02B0017040000 using prisms only G02B0017060000 using mirrors only G02B0017080000 Catadioptric systems G02B0019000000 Condensers (for microscopes G02B0021080000);; G02B0021000000 Microscopes (eyepieces G02B0025000000;polarising systems G02B0027280000; microtomes G01N0001060000) G02B0021020000 Objectives G02B0021040000 involving mirrors G02B0021060000 Means for illuminating specimen G02B0021080000 Condensers G02B0021100000 affording dark-field illumination (G02B0021140000 takes precedence);; G02B0021120000 affording bright-field illumination (G02B0021140000 takes precedence);; G02B0021140000 affording illumination for phase-contrast observation G02B0021160000 adapted for ultra-violet illumination G02B0021180000 Arrangements with more than one light-path, e.g. for comparing two specimens G02B0021200000 Binocular arrangements G02B0021220000 Stereoscopic arrangements G02B0021240000 Base structure G02B0021260000 Stages; Adjusting means therefor G02B0021280000 with cooling device G02B0021300000 with heating device G02B0021320000 Micromanipulators structurally combined with microscopes G02B0021340000 Microscope slides, e.g. mounting specimens on microscopic slides (preparing specimens for investigation G01N0001280000;means for supporting the objects or the materials to be analysed in electron microscopes H01J0037200000) G02B0021360000 arranged for photographic purposes or projection purposes (G02B0021180000 takes precedence);; G02B0023000000 Telescopes, e.g. binoculars; Periscopes; Instruments for viewing the inside of hollow bodies (diagnostic instruments A61B);;Viewfinders (objectives G02B0009000000, G02B0011000000, G02B0015000000, G02B0017000000;eyepieces G02B0025000000) G02B0023020000 involving prisms or mirrors (G02B0023140000 takes precedence);; G02B0023040000 for the purpose of beam splitting or combining, e.g. fitted with eyepieces for more than one observer (G02B0023100000 takes precedence);; G02B0023060000 having a focusing action, e.g. parabolic mirror G02B0023080000 Periscopes G02B0023100000 reflecting into the field of view additional indications, e.g. from collimator (collimators in general G02B0027300000;graticules G02B0027340000) G02B0023120000 with means for image conversion or intensification (objectives for image conversion or intensification G02B0013160000;electrical image converters with optical input and optical output H01J0031500000) G02B0023140000 Viewfinders (for photographic apparatus G03B0013020000);; G02B0023160000 Housings; Caps; Mountings; Supports, e.g. with counterweight (cases or receptacles A45C);; G02B0023180000 for binocular arrangements G02B0023200000 Collapsible housings (G02B0023180000 takes precedence);; G02B0023220000 Underwater equipments, e.g. for submarine periscope G02B0025000000 Eyepieces; Magnifying glasses (simple lenses G02B0003000000);; G02B0025020000 with means for illuminating object viewed G02B0025040000 affording a wide-angle view, e.g. through a spy-hole G02B0027000000 Other optical systems; Other optical apparatus (means for bringing-about special optical effects in shop-windows, show-cases A47F, e.g. A47F0011060000;optical toys A63H0033220000; designs or pictures characterised by special light effects B44F0001000000) G02B0027020000 Viewing or reading apparatus (stereoscopic systems per se G02B0027220000;of the projection type G03B; slide-changing apparatus G03B) G02B0027040000 having collapsible parts G02B0027060000 with moving-picture effect G02B0027080000 Kaleidoscopes G02B0027100000 beam splitting or combining systems (polarising systems G02B0027280000);; G02B0027120000 operating by refraction only G02B0027140000 operating by reflection only G02B0027160000 used as aids for focusing G02B0027170000 Optical-mechanical scanning systems (applications of optical scanning systems, see the relevant sub-classes, e.g. G01N0021300000, G03B0027320000, G03F0003080000, G03G0015040000, H04N;electro-, magneto-, or acousto-optical deflection G02F) G02B0027180000 for optical projection, e.g. combination of mirror and condenser and objective G02B0027200000 for imaging minute objects, e.g. light-pointer G02B0027220000 for producing stereoscopic or other three-dimensional effects (in microscopes G02B0021220000;viewing apparatus G02B0027020000) G02B0027240000 involving reflecting prisms and mirrors only G02B0027260000 involving polarising means G02B0027280000 for polarising (used in stereoscopes G02B0027260000);; G02B0027300000 Collimators G02B0027320000 Fiducial marks and measuring scales within the optical system G02B0027340000 illuminated G02B0027360000 adjustable G02B0027380000 Diffraction grating systems; Schlieren-optical systems; Systems using moiré fringes (holography G03H);; G02B0027400000 Optical focusing aids (beam splitting or combining systems G02B0027100000);; G02C SPECTACLES; SUNGLASSES OR GOGGLES INSOFAR AS THEY HAVE THE SAME FEATURES AS SPECTACLES (trial frames for opticians' use A61B0003040000;goggles or eyeshields not having the same features as spectacles A61F0009000000) G02C0001000000 Assemblies of lenses with bridges or browbars G02C0001020000 Bridge or browbar secured to lenses without the use of rims G02C0001040000 Bridge or browbar secured to, or integral with, partial rims, e.g. with partially-flexible rim for holding the lens G02C0001060000 Bridge or browbar secured to, or integral with, closed rigid rims for the lenses G02C0001080000 the rims being transversely-split and provided with securing means G02C0003000000 Special supporting arrangement for lens assemblies or monocles (lenses therefor G02C0007000000);; G02C0003020000 Arrangements for supporting by headgear G02C0003040000 Arrangements for supporting by hand, e.g. lorgnette; Arrangements for supporting by articles (by walking-sticks A45B0003000000);; G02C0005000000 Constructions of non-optical parts G02C0005020000 Bridges; Browbars; Intermediate bars (nose-engaging surfaces G02C0005120000);; G02C0005040000 with adjustable means G02C0005060000 with resilient means G02C0005080000 foldable G02C0005100000 Intermediate bar or bars between bridge and side-members G02C0005120000 Nose-pads; Nose-engaging surfaces of bridges or rims G02C0005140000 Side-members G02C0005160000 resilient or with resilient parts G02C0005180000 reinforced G02C0005200000 adjustable, e.g. telescopic G02C0005220000 Hinges (pivotal connection in general F16C0011000000);; G02C0007000000 Optical parts (characterised by the material G02B0001000000);; G02C0007020000 Lenses; Lens systems G02C0007040000 Contact lenses for the eyes G02C0007060000 bifocal; multifocal G02C0007080000 Auxiliary lenses; Arrangements for varying focal length G02C0007100000 Filters, e.g. for facilitating adaptation of the eyes to the dark; Sunglasses G02C0007120000 Polarisers G02C0007140000 Mirrors; Prisms G02C0007160000 Shades, shields; Obturators, e.g. with pinhole, with slot G02C0009000000 Attaching auxiliary optical parts (auxiliary optical parts per se G02C0007080000-G02C0007160000); G02C0009020000 by hinging G02C0009040000 by fitting over or clamping on G02C0011000000 Non-optical adjuncts; Attachment thereof (G02C0007160000 takes precedence;cases A45C0011040000) G02C0011020000 Ornaments, e.g. exchangeable G02C0011040000 Illuminating means G02C0011060000 Hearing aids (construction of hearing aids H04R0025000000);; G02C0011080000 Anti-misting means, e.g. ventilating, heating; Wipers G02C0013000000 Assembling (producing spectacle frames from plastics B29D0012020000);;Repairing; Cleaning G02F CONTROLLING THE INTENSITY, COLOUR, PHASE, POLARISATION, OR DIRECTION OF LIGHT BEAMS, e.g. SWITCHING, GATING, MODULATING, OR DEMODULATING; FREQUENCY-CHANGING; NON-LINEAR OPTICS; OPTICAL LOGIC ELEMENTS; OPTICAL ANALOGUE/DIGITAL CONVERTERS (optical transfer means between sensing member and indicating or recording part in connection with measuring G01D0005260000;devices in which mathematical operations are carried out with optical elements G06G0009000000; electrical signal transmission systems using optical means to convert the input signal G08C0019360000; information-recording by electric or magnetic means and reproducing by sensing optical properties G11B0011000000; static stores using optical elements G11C0013040000; transmission systems employing electromagnetic waves other than radio waves, e.g. light, infra-red radiation, H04B0009000000; television H04N) G02F0001000000 Controlling the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light beams arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulating; Non-linear optics (light sources per se F21, H01J0061000000-H01J0065000000, H01K, H01L0033000000, H01S0003000000, H05B0031000000-H05B0035000000; optical-mechanical scanning systems G02B0027170000; control of position or direction of light sources G05D0003020000; control of light intensity in general G05D0025000000; control of light sources H01S0003100000, H05B0037000000-H05B0043000000) G02F0001010000 Controlling the intensity, phase, polarisation or colour (G02F0001290000 takes precedence);; G02F0001030000 by using electro-optical crystals, e.g. by Pockels or Kerr effect G02F0001050000 with ferro-electric properties (static storages per se G11C);; G02F0001070000 by using electro-optical liquids exhibiting Kerr effect G02F0001090000 by using magneto-optical devices, e.g. by Faraday effect G02F0001110000 by using acousto-optical devices, e.g. using diffraction by sound or like mechanical waves (acousto-optical deflection G02F0001330000);; G02F0001130000 by using liquid crystals G02F0001170000 by using variable absorption devices (G02F0001030000-G02F0001130000; take precedence);; G02F0001190000 by using variable reflection or refraction (G02F0001030000-G02F0001130000; take precedence);; G02F0001210000 by interference G02F0001230000 Controlling colour (G02F0001030000-G02F0001210000; take precedence);; G02F0001250000 as to hue or predominant wavelength G02F0001290000 Controlling the position or the direction of light beams, i.e. deflection (optical-mechanical scanning in general G02B0027170000;display panels G09F0009000000; static stores with electric or magnetic read-in and optical read-out G11C; lasers provided with means to change the location from which, or the direction in which, laser radiation is emitted H01S0003100000) G02F0001310000 Digital deflection (G02F0001330000 takes precedence);; G02F0001330000 Acousto-optical deflection G02F0001350000 Non-linear optics (lasers using stimulated Brillouin or Raman effect H01S0003300000);; G02F0001370000 for second-harmonic generation G02F0001390000 for parametric generation or amplification of light, infra-red, or ultra-violet waves (electrical parametric amplifiers H03F0007000000);; G02F0002000000 Demodulating light; Transferring the modulation of modulated light; Frequency-changing of light (G02F0001350000 takes precedence;photoelectric detecting or measuring devices G01J, H01J0039000000, H01L0031000000; demodulating laser arrangements H01S0003100000; demodulation or transference of modulation of modulated electromagnetic waves in general H03D0009000000) G02F0002020000 Frequency-changing of light, e.g. by quantum counters (luminescent materials C09K0011000000);; G02F0003000000 Optical logic elements (electro-optical circuits H03K0019140000);; G02F0007000000 Optical analogue/digital converters G03 PHOTOGRAPHY; CINEMATOGRAPHY; ELECTROGRAPHY; HOLOGRAPHY G03B APPARATUS OR ARRANGEMENTS FOR TAKING PHOTOGRAPHS OR FOR PROJECTING OR VIEWING THEM; ACCESSORIES THEREFOR (optical parts of such apparatus G02B;preparing or processing photosensitive material G03C, G03D) G03B0001000000 Film-strip handling G03B0001020000 Moving film strip by pull on end thereof G03B0001040000 Pull exerted by take-up spool G03B0001060000 rotated by lever-operated ratchet and pawl G03B0001080000 rotated by band, chain, rack, or other linear reciprocating operation G03B0001100000 rotated by knob through gearing G03B0001120000 rotated by motor, e.g. spring G03B0001140000 Special arrangements to ensure constant length of movement of film G03B0001160000 by film-arresting pins G03B0001180000 Moving film strip by means which act on the film between the ends thereof G03B0001200000 Acting means G03B0001220000 Claws or pins engaging holes in the film G03B0001240000 Sprockets engaging holes in the film G03B0001260000 Spiked wheels or pins not penetrating the film G03B0001280000 Shuttle feed G03B0001300000 Belt feed G03B0001320000 Friction grippers or rollers G03B0001340000 Beaters G03B0001360000 Pneumatic acting means G03B0001380000 embodying Geneva motion, e.g. Maltese-cross gearing G03B0001400000 embodying frictional coupling or clutches G03B0001420000 Guiding, framing, or constraining film in desired position relative to lens system G03B0001440000 Guides engaging edge of film (gates G03B0001480000);; G03B0001460000 Rollers engaging face of film, e.g. barrel, waisted, conical (gates G03B0001480000);; G03B0001480000 Gates or pressure devices, e.g. plate G03B0001500000 adjustable or interchangeable, e.g. for different film widths G03B0001520000 Pneumatic pressure devices G03B0001540000 Tensioning or loop-maintaining devices G03B0001560000 Threading; Loop forming G03B0001580000 automatic G03B0001600000 Measuring or indicating length of the used or unused film; Counting number of exposures (measuring length in general G01B);; G03B0001620000 involving locking or stop-motion devices G03B0001640000 by means which ascertain the radius of the film coiled on a spool G03B0001660000 Counting number of exposures (counting mechanisms per se G06M);; G03B0003000000 Focusing arrangements (focusing aids G03B0013000000;objectives incorporating focusing arrangements G02B) G03B0003020000 moving lens along baseboard G03B0003040000 adjusting position of image plane without moving lens G03B0003060000 using movable reflectors to alter length of light-path G03B0003080000 indicating depth of field G03B0003100000 Power-operated focusing G03B0003120000 adapted for remote control (control systems in general G05);; G03B0005000000 Adjustment of optical system relative to image or object surface other than for focusing G03B0005020000 Lateral adjustment of lens G03B0005040000 Vertical adjustment of lens; Rising fronts G03B0005060000 Swinging lens about normal to the optical axis G03B0005080000 Swing backs G03B0007000000 Control of exposure by setting shutters, diaphragms, or filters separately or conjointly (measuring intensity of light G01J;control systems in general G05) G03B0007020000 Control effected by setting a graduated member on the camera in accordance with indication or reading afforded by a light meter, which may be either separate from, or built into, camera body G03B0007040000 Control effected by hand adjustment of a member that senses indication of a pointer of a built-in light-sensitive device, e.g. by restoring point to a fixed associated reference mark G03B0007060000 by a follow-up movement of an associated reference mark to the pointer G03B0007080000 Control effected solely by response to built-in light-sensitive device to the intensity of light received by the camera G03B0007100000 a servo-motor providing energy to move the setting member G03B0007120000 a hand-actuated member moved from one position to another providing the energy to move the setting member, e.g. depression of shutter release button causes a stepped feeler to co-operate with the pointer of the light-sensitive device to set the diaphragm and thereafter release the shutter G03B0007140000 setting of both shutter and diaphragm aperture being effected so as to give the optimum compromise between depth of field and shortness of exposure G03B0007160000 in accordance with both the intensity of the flash source and the distance of the flash source from object, e.g. in accordance with "guide number" of flash bulb and the focusing of the camera G03B0007180000 in accordance with light-reducing "factor" of filter or other obturator used with or on the lens of the camera G03B0007200000 in accordance with change of lens G03B0007220000 in accordance with temperature or height, e.g. in aircraft G03B0009000000 Exposure-making shutters; Diaphragms G03B0009020000 Diaphragms G03B0009040000 Single movable plate with two or more apertures of graded size, e.g. sliding plate, pivoting plate G03B0009060000 Two or more co-operating pivoted blades e.g. iris type (shutters functioning as diaphragms by limiting extent of opening movement G03B0009080000);; G03B0009070000 with means for presetting the diaphragm G03B0009080000 Shutters (electro-, magneto-, or acousto-optical shutters G02F0001000000);; G03B0009100000 Blade or disc rotating or pivoting about axis normal to its plane G03B0009120000 Two relatively-adjustable aperture-defining members moving as a unit G03B0009140000 Two separate members moving in opposite directions G03B0009160000 Two separate members moving in the same direction G03B0009180000 More than two members G03B0009200000 each moving in a single direction first to open and then to reclose G03B0009220000 each moving in one direction to open and then in opposite direction to close, e.g. iris type G03B0009240000 Adjusting size of aperture formed by members when fully open so as to constitute a virtual diaphragm that is adjustable G03B0009260000 incorporating cover blade or blades G03B0009280000 Roller blind or flexible plate G03B0009300000 Single blind with multiple slots or other aperture G03B0009320000 Double blind G03B0009340000 with adjustable slot; with mechanism controlling relative movement of blinds to form slot G03B0009360000 Sliding rigid plate G03B0009380000 Single rigid plate with multiple slots or other apertures G03B0009400000 Double plate G03B0009420000 with adjustable slot; with mechanism controlling relative movement of plates to form slot G03B0009440000 Curved track and plate G03B0009460000 Flap shutters pivoting about axis in plane of flap G03B0009480000 Double flap G03B0009500000 Louvre type G03B0009520000 Barrel shutters G03B0009540000 Conical shutters; Rotating plate with axis of rotation inclined to optical axis of shutter G03B0009580000 Means for varying duration of "open" period of shutter G03B0009600000 by varying speed of movement of obturating members G03B0009620000 by varying interval of time between end of opening movement and beginning of closing movement G03B0009640000 Mechanism for delaying opening of shutter (separate from shutter G03B0017380000);; G03B0009660000 Means for cocking shutter separate from means for releasing shutter G03B0009680000 Cocking effected by movement of film G03B0009700000 with flash-synchronising contacts G03B0011000000 Filters or other obturators specially adapted for photographic purposes (filters per se G02B);; G03B0011020000 Sky masks G03B0011040000 Hoods or caps for eliminating unwanted light from lenses, view-finders, or focusing aids G03B0011060000 Lens caps for exposure making G03B0013000000 View-finders; Focusing aids (hoods, caps G03B0011040000;reflex camera arrangements G03B0019120000, G03B0019140000; rangefinders per se G01C0003000000) G03B0013020000 Viewfinders G03B0013040000 of direct-vision type, e.g. frame, sighting mark G03B0013060000 with lenses with or without reflectors G03B0013080000 with reflected image of frame G03B0013100000 adjusting view-finder field G03B0013120000 to compensate for change of camera lens or size of picture G03B0013140000 to compensate for parallax due to short range G03B0013160000 combined with focusing aids G03B0013180000 Focusing aids G03B0013200000 Rangefinders coupled with focusing arrangements, e.g. adjustment of rangefinder automatically focusing camera G03B0013220000 coupling providing for compensation upon change of camera lens G03B0013240000 Focusing screens G03B0013260000 with magnifiers for inspecting image formed on screen G03B0013280000 Image-splitting devices G03B0015000000 Special procedures for taking photographs; Apparatus therefor G03B0015020000 Illuminating scene G03B0015030000 Combinations of cameras with lighting apparatus; Flash units G03B0015035000 Combinations of cameras with incandescent lamps G03B0015040000 Combinations of cameras with non-electronic flash apparatus; Non-electronic flash units (light sources using a charge of combustible material F21K0005000000;ignition circuits H05B0043020000) G03B0015050000 Combinations of cameras with electronic flash apparatus; Electronic flash units (discharge lamps per se H01J;circuit arrangements H05B0041000000) G03B0015060000 Special arrangements of screening, diffusing, or reflecting devices, e.g. in studio G03B0015070000 Arrangements of lamps in studios G03B0015080000 Trick photography G03B0015100000 using back-projection, i.e. blending artificial background with real foreground G03B0015120000 using mirrors G03B0015140000 for taking photographs during medical operations G03B0015160000 for photographing the track of moving objects (high-speed photography G03B0039000000;recording tracks of nuclear particles G01T0005000000) G03B0017000000 Details of cameras or camera bodies; Accessories therefor (lens hoods or caps G03B0011040000);; G03B0017020000 Bodies G03B0017040000 Collapsible, foldable, or extensible, e.g. book type (bellows for instruments in general G12B);; G03B0017060000 with exposure meters or other indicators built into body but not connected to other camera members G03B0017080000 Waterproof bodies or housings G03B0017100000 Soundproof bodies G03B0017120000 with means for supporting objectives, supplementary lenses, filters, masks, or turrets G03B0017140000 interchangeably G03B0017160000 for containing both motion-picture camera and still-picture camera G03B0017170000 with reflectors arranged in beam forming the photographic image, e.g. for reducing dimensions of camera G03B0017180000 Signals indicating condition of a camera member or suitability of light (indicating depth of field G03B0003080000);; G03B0017200000 visible in viewfinder G03B0017220000 with means for cutting-off film G03B0017240000 with means for separately producing marks on the film, e.g. title, time of exposure G03B0017260000 Holders for containing light-sensitive material and adapted to be inserted within the camera (holders for X-ray films G03B0041180000);; G03B0017280000 Locating light-sensitive material within camera G03B0017300000 Locating spools or other rotatable holders of coiled film G03B0017320000 Locating plates or cut films G03B0017340000 Changing plates or cut films G03B0017360000 Counting number of exposures (of film strips G03B0001660000;counting mechanisms per se G06M) G03B0017380000 Releasing-devices separate from shutter (integral with shutter G03B0009080000);; G03B0017400000 with delayed or timed action G03B0017420000 Interlocking between shutter operation and advance of film or change of plate or cut-film G03B0017440000 Means for exchanging focusing screen and light-sensitive material G03B0017460000 Means for exposing single frames in motion-picture camera G03B0017480000 adapted for combination with other photographic or optical apparatus (with microscopes, with telescopes G02B);; G03B0017500000 with both developing and finishing apparatus (processing apparatus G03D);; G03B0017520000 of the Land type G03B0017530000 for automatically delivering a finished picture after a signal causing exposure has been given, e.g. by pushing a button, by inserting a coin G03B0017540000 with projector G03B0017550000 with provision for heating or cooling, e.g. in aircraft G03B0017560000 Accessories (carrying-cases A45C);; G03B0017580000 Attachments for converting cameras into reflex cameras G03B0019000000 Cameras (details G03B0017000000);; G03B0019020000 Still-picture cameras G03B0019040000 Roll-film cameras G03B0019060000 adapted to be loaded with more than one film, e.g. with exposure of one or the other at will (G03B0019070000 takes precedence);; G03B0019070000 having more than one objective G03B0019080000 with provision for alternative use with plates or cut-films G03B0019100000 Plate or cut-film cameras (with provision for alternative use with roll film G03B0019080000);; G03B0019120000 Reflex cameras with single objective and a movable reflector or a partly-transmitting mirror G03B0019140000 with paired lenses, one of which forms image on photographic material and the other forms a corresponding image on a focusing screen G03B0019160000 Pin-hole cameras G03B0019180000 Motion-picture cameras (with non-intermittently running film G03B0041020000);; G03B0019200000 Reflex cameras G03B0019220000 Double cameras G03B0019240000 adapted to be loaded with more than one film, e.g. with exposure of one or the other at will G03B0021000000 Projectors or projection-type viewers; Accessories therefor (devices for changing pictures G03B0023000000;zoetropes G03B0025000000; photographic printing apparatus G03B0027000000; arrangements for obtaining special effects on stages or in circuses or in arenas F21P0005020000; optical projection comparators G01B0009080000; projection microscopes G02B0021360000) G03B0021020000 Multiple-film apparatus G03B0021040000 Picture "juke-boxes" G03B0021060000 affording only episcopic projection G03B0021080000 affording epidiascopic projection G03B0021100000 Projectors with built-in or built-on screen (projection screens in general G03B0021560000);; G03B0021110000 for microfilm reading G03B0021120000 adapted for projection of either still pictures or motion pictures (prolonged exhibition of single frame G03B0021380000);; G03B0021130000 Projectors for producing special effects at the edges of picture, e.g. blurring G03B0021132000 Overhead projectors, i.e. capable of projecting hand-writing or drawing during action (epidiascopic projectors G03B0021080000);; G03B0021134000 Projectors combined with typing apparatus or with printing apparatus G03B0021140000 Details G03B0021160000 Cooling; Preventing overheating G03B0021180000 Fire preventing or extinguishing G03B0021200000 Lamp houses (condensers per se G02B);; G03B0021220000 Soundproof bodies G03B0021260000 Projecting separately subsidiary matter simultaneously with main image (light pointers G02B0027200000);; G03B0021280000 Reflectors in projection beam G03B0021300000 adapted to collapse or fold, e.g. for portability G03B0021320000 Details specially adapted for motion-picture projection (with film moving continuously through the gate G03B0041020000);; G03B0021340000 Change-over arrangements G03B0021360000 Fades, dissolves, or wipes G03B0021380000 Prolonged exhibition of single frame G03B0021400000 Eliminating or reducing effect of flicker G03B0021420000 Preventing damage to film due to abnormal operation of projector G03B0021430000 Driving mechanisms G03B0021440000 Mechanisms transmitting motion to film-strip feed; Mechanical linking of shutter and intermittent feed (film-strip feed per se G03B0001000000);; G03B0021460000 affording adjustment for framing G03B0021480000 for altering frame speed; for regulating constancy of film speed G03B0021500000 Control devices operated by the film strip during the run (controlling or regulating speed G03B0021480000);; G03B0021520000 by prepared film G03B0021540000 Accessories G03B0021560000 Projection screens G03B0021580000 collapsible, e.g. foldable; of variable area G03B0021600000 characterised by the nature of the surface, e.g. lenticular, fluid G03B0021620000 translucent G03B0021640000 Means for mounting individual pictures to be projected, e.g. frame for transparency G03B0023000000 Devices for changing pictures in viewing apparatus or projectors (film-strip handling G03B0001000000;direct viewers per se G02B) G03B0023020000 in which a picture is removed from a stock and returned to the same stock or another one; Magazines therefor G03B0023040000 with linear movement G03B0023060000 with rotary movement G03B0023080000 in which pictures are attached to a movable carrier G03B0023100000 drum or disc carrier G03B0023120000 linear strip carrier G03B0023140000 Carriers operable to move pictures into, and out of, the projection or viewing position and carrying one or two pictures only in a removable manner G03B0023160000 with fade-in and fade-out effects G03B0025000000 Viewers, other than projection viewers, giving motion-picture effects by persistence of vision, e.g. zoetrope (high-speed photography G03B0039000000);; G03B0025020000 with interposed lenticular or line screen G03B0027000000 Photographic printing apparatus (film-strip handling G03B0001000000;printing processes G03C0005080000, G03C0005100000; processing exposed copies G03D) G03B0027020000 Exposure apparatus for contact printing G03B0027040000 Copying apparatus without a relative movement between the original and the light source during exposure, e.g. printing frame, printing box G03B0027060000 for automatic repeated copying of the same original G03B0027080000 for automatic copying of several originals one after the other, e.g. for copying cinematograph film G03B0027100000 Copying apparatus with a relative movement between the original and the light source during exposure G03B0027120000 for automatic repeated copying of the same original G03B0027140000 Details G03B0027160000 Illumination arrangements, e.g. positioning of lamps, positioning of reflectors (controlling the exposure G03B0027720000);; G03B0027180000 Maintaining or producing contact pressure between original and light-sensitive material G03B0027200000 by using a vacuum or fluid pressure G03B0027220000 by stretching over a curved surface G03B0027240000 Separating the original from the print G03B0027260000 Cooling G03B0027280000 Edge-masking devices G03B0027300000 adapted to be combined with processing apparatus (processing apparatus per se G03D);; G03B0027320000 Projection printing apparatus, e.g. enlarger, copying camera G03B0027340000 with means for automatic focusing when varying the image size G03B0027360000 by mechanical connections, e.g. by cam, by linkage G03B0027380000 embodying screws with non-uniform pitch G03B0027400000 adapted for use with lenses of different focal length G03B0027420000 for automatic repeated copying of the same original G03B0027440000 for making several prints of the same original at the same time G03B0027460000 for automatic copying of several originals one after the other, e.g. for copying cinematograph film G03B0027480000 with original in the form of a film strip moving continuously and compensation for consequent image movement G03B0027500000 with slit or like diaphragm moving over original for progressive exposure G03B0027520000 Details G03B0027540000 Lamp housings; Illuminating means (controlling the exposure G03B0027720000);; G03B0027560000 Mounting enlarger head on column G03B0027580000 Baseboards, masking frames, or other holders for the sensitive material G03B0027600000 using a vacuum or fluid pressure G03B0027620000 Holders for the original G03B0027640000 using a vacuum or fluid pressure G03B0027660000 specially adapted for holding half-tone screens G03B0027680000 Introducing or correcting distortion, e.g. in connection with oblique projection G03B0027700000 Reflectors in printing beam G03B0027720000 Controlling exposure in photographic printing apparatus (exposure meters per se G01J);; G03B0027740000 Positioning exposure meters in the apparatus G03B0027760000 Controlling or varying light intensity, spectral composition, or exposure time (control of light intensity in general G05D0025000000);; G03B0027780000 fully automatically G03B0029000000 Combinations of cameras, projectors, or photographic printing apparatus with non-photographic non-optical apparatus, e.g. clocks, weapons; Cameras having the shape of other objects (combinations with flash apparatus G03B0015030000;combinations with instruments for medical examination A61B0001040000, A61B0003140000; combinations with surveying instruments G01C; combinations with core or moderator structure of nuclear reactors G21C0017080000; structural combinations with electric discharge tubes H01J0005160000, H01J0029890000, H01J0037220000) G03B0031000000 Associated working of cameras or projectors with sound-recording or -reproducing means G03B0031020000 in which sound track is on a moving-picture film G03B0031040000 in which sound track is not on, but is synchronised with, a moving-picture film G03B0031060000 in which sound track is associated with successively-shown still pictures G03B0033000000 Colour photography, other than mere exposure or projection of a colour film (printing apparatus G03B0027000000;stereoscopic colour photography G03B0035000000) G03B0033020000 by two-colour separation records, e.g. red-aspect and white complete records; using Land effect G03B0033040000 by four or more separation records G03B0033060000 by additive-colour projection apparatus G03B0033080000 Sequential recording or projection (G03B0033020000, G03B0033040000, G03B0033060000 take precedence);; G03B0033100000 Simultaneous recording or projection (G03B0033020000, G03B0033040000, G03B0033060000 take precedence);; G03B0033120000 using beam-splitting or beam-combining systems, e.g. dichroic mirrors G03B0033140000 using lenticular screens (integral with film G03C);; G03B0033160000 using colour-pattern screens (integral with film G03C);; G03B0035000000 Stereoscopic photography (panoramic or wide-screen systems G03B0037000000;photogrammetry G01C) G03B0035020000 by sequential recording G03B0035040000 with movement of beam-selecting members in a system defining two or more viewpoints G03B0035060000 with axial movement of lens or gate between exposures G03B0035080000 by simultaneous recording G03B0035100000 having single camera with stereoscopic-base-defining system G03B0035120000 involving recording of different viewpoint images in different colours on a colour film G03B0035140000 Printing apparatus specially adapted for conversion between different types of record G03B0035160000 by sequential viewing G03B0035180000 by simultaneous viewing G03B0035200000 using two or more projectors G03B0035220000 using single projector with stereoscopic-base-defining system G03B0035240000 using apertured or refractive resolving means on screen or between screen and eye G03B0035260000 using polarised or coloured light for separating different viewpoint images G03B0037000000 Panoramic or wide-screen photography; Photographing extended surfaces, e.g. for surveying; Photographing internal surfaces, e.g. of pipe G03B0037020000 with scanning movement of lens or camera G03B0037040000 with cameras or projectors providing touching or overlapping fields of view G03B0037060000 involving anamorphosis (G03B0037020000, G03B0037040000 take precedence);; G03B0039000000 High-speed photography G03B0039020000 using stationary plate or film (G03B0039060000 takes precedence);; G03B0039040000 using moving plate or film (G03B0039060000 takes precedence);; G03B0039060000 using light-guides for transferring image frame or elements thereof into different array, e.g. into a line G03B0041000000 Special techniques not covered by groups ; G03B0031000000-G03B0039000000; Apparatus therefor G03B0041020000 using non-intermittently-running film G03B0041040000 with optical compensator G03B0041060000 with rotating reflecting member G03B0041080000 with rotating transmitting member G03B0041100000 with oscillating reflecting member G03B0041120000 with oscillating transmitting member G03B0041140000 Overcoming image movement by brief flashes of light G03B0041160000 Apparatus for taking X-ray photographs (X-ray apparatus, circuits therefor H05G0001000000);; G03B0041180000 Holders fox X-ray films G03B0043000000 Testing correct operation of photographic apparatus or parts thereof (measuring specific variables G01);; G03B0043020000 Testing shutters (measuring time intervals G04F);; G03C PHOTOSENSITIVE COMPOSITIONS OR BASES CARRYING THEM; PHOTOGRAPHIC PROCESSES, e.g. CINE, X-RAY, COLOUR, STEREO-PHOTOGRAPHIC PROCESSES; AUXILIARY PROCESSES IN PHOTOGRAPHY (photographic processes characterised by the use or manipulation of apparatus classifiable per se in G03B;electrography, electrophotography, magnetography G03G) G03C0001000000 Photosensitive compositions, e.g. emulsions; Base materials carrying them (photosensitive materials for multicolour processes G03C0007000000;photosensitive glass C03C0003260000) G03C0001020000 with silver salts as the only photosensitive material (G03C0001495000 takes precedence);; G03C0001030000 Binder-free material G03C0001040000 containing special layer-forming substances G03C0001050000 the emulsion being prepared by flocculation G03C0001060000 containing additives G03C0001080000 Photosensitivity-increasing substances G03C0001100000 Organic substances G03C0001120000 Methine and polymethine dyes G03C0001140000 with an odd number of CH groups G03C0001160000 with one CH group G03C0001180000 with three CH groups G03C0001190000 Cyanine compounds G03C0001200000 with more than three CH groups G03C0001220000 with an even number of CH groups G03C0001240000 Styryl dyes G03C0001260000 Polymethine chain forming part of a heterocyclic ring G03C0001280000 together with supersensitising substances G03C0001300000 Hardeners G03C0001310000 Plasticisers G03C0001320000 Matting agents G03C0001330000 Spot-preventing agents G03C0001340000 Fog-inhibitors G03C0001350000 Antiplumming agents, i.e. antibronzing agents G03C0001360000 Desensitisers G03C0001370000 Antiseptic agents G03C0001380000 Agents to facilitate spreading G03C0001400000 Dyestuffs not otherwise covered in ; G03C0001080000-G03C0001440000; inclusive G03C0001420000 Developers G03C0001440000 Precious-metal toning salts G03C0001460000 having more than one photosensitive layer G03C0001480000 Photosensitive material carrying developer separately from the photosensitive layer G03C0001485000 Direct positive material G03C0001490000 Print-out and photodevelopable material G03C0001495000 Photosoluble material (G03C0001710000 takes precedence);; G03C0001500000 with precious-metal salts, other than silver salts, as photosensitive material G03C0001520000 with diazo compounds as photosensitive material (G03C0001640000 takes precedence);; G03C0001540000 diazonium salts or diazo anhydrides G03C0001560000 diazo sulphonates G03C0001580000 with special coupling substances G03C0001600000 with additives G03C0001620000 metal compounds reducible to metal G03C0001640000 with iron compounds, with or without other photosensitive compounds, as photosensitive material G03C0001660000 with cromates G03C0001680000 with photo-polymerisable substances G03C0001700000 containing nitrogen G03C0001710000 Photo-crosslinkable substances, e.g. substances without ethylenically unsaturated groups G03C0001720000 Other photosensitive compositions G03C0001727000 containing photolytically radical-generating substances G03C0001733000 containing photochromic substances G03C0001740000 Applying photosensitive layers to base materials; Drying processes therefor (coating processes, devices, or machines for photomechanical printing surfaces G03F0007160000);; G03C0001760000 Photosensitive materials characterised by the base G03C0001780000 Transparent bases G03C0001800000 Bases carrying subbing layers G03C0001820000 Antistatic bases G03C0001840000 having anti-halation or colour-filtering means G03C0001860000 Non-transparent paper bases (G03C0001870000 takes precedence);; G03C0001870000 Varnished, coated, or impregnated paper bases G03C0001880000 Bases having anti-coiling means G03C0001900000 Bases with stripping layers G03C0001920000 Bases with fluorescent layers (luminescent or tenebrescent material C09K0009000000, C09K0011000000);; G03C0001940000 Metal bases G03C0001960000 Shape of bases, e.g. arrangement of perforations, jags G03C0003000000 Packages of films for inserting into cameras, e.g. roll-films, film-packs; Wrapping materials for light-sensitive plates, films, or papers, e.g. materials characterised by the use of special dyes, printing inks, adhesives (wrapping materials in general B65D);; G03C0003020000 Photographic roll-films with paper strips G03C0005000000 Photographic processes (multicolour processes G03C0007000000;stereo-photographic processes G03C0009000000) G03C0005020000 Sensitometric processes, e.g. determining sensitivity, colour sensitivity, gradation, graininess, density; Making sensitometric wedges G03C0005040000 Photo-taking processes G03C0005060000 Travelling-mask processes G03C0005080000 Photoprinting G03C0005100000 Reflex-printing G03C0005120000 Cinematographic processes of taking pictures or printing G03C0005140000 combined with sound-recording (sound-recording in general G11B);; G03C0005160000 X-ray, infra-red, or ultra-violet ray processes G03C0005170000 using screens to intensify X-ray images G03C0005180000 Diazotypy processes e.g. for developing diazo-layers G03C0005200000 Reflex-printing G03C0005220000 Direct chromate processes, i.e. without preceding silver picture G03C0005240000 Developing processes; Developers (direct chromate processes G03C0005220000);; G03C0005260000 for silver layers G03C0005280000 Cinematographic-film processes G03C0005300000 Developers G03C0005320000 Latensification; Desensitisation G03C0005340000 for diazotypy layers (G03C0001580000 takes precedence);; G03C0005360000 Hardening (direct chromate processes G03C0005220000);; G03C0005380000 Fixing; Developing-fixing; Hardening-fixing; Bleach-fixing G03C0005390000 Stabilising, i.e. fixing without washing out G03C0005400000 Chemical transforming of photographic images (G03C0005500000 takes precedence);; G03C0005420000 Reducing; Intensifying G03C0005440000 Bleaching G03C0005460000 Toning G03C0005480000 Mordanting G03C0005500000 Reversal processes G03C0005520000 Silver dye-bleaching processes G03C0005540000 Diffusion transfer processes G03C0007000000 Multicolour photographic processes; Photosensitive material for multicolour processes G03C0007020000 Bleaching-out processes (reversal processes G03C0005500000);; G03C0007040000 Preparing or chemical treatment of bases with colour screens G03C0007060000 Manufacture of colour screens G03C0007080000 from diversely-coloured grains irregularly distributed G03C0007100000 with regular areas of colour, e.g. bands, lines, dots G03C0007120000 by photo-exposure G03C0007140000 Preparing or chemical treatment of bases with lenticular screens G03C0007160000 Preparing or chemical treatment of bases with superposed colour components for subtractive colour photography G03C0007180000 Special processes for correction of the colour image in subtractive colour photography G03C0007200000 Multilayer plates or films G03C0007220000 Colouring or chemical treatment of film for colour cinematography G03C0007240000 combined with sound-recording (sound-recording in general G11B);; G03C0007260000 Emulsions for colour photography G03C0007280000 containing compounds which are bleached out by exposure G03C0007300000 Colour developing; Developers G03C0007320000 Colour-coupling substances G03C0007340000 with phenols G03C0007360000 with compounds containing active methylene groups G03C0007380000 in the ring of a cyclic compound G03C0007400000 After-treatment of the colour image G03C0009000000 Stereo-photographic or similar processes G03C0009020000 parallax-stereogram G03C0009040000 vectographic-image G03C0009060000 anaglyph G03C0009080000 producing three-dimensional images G03C0011000000 Auxiliary processes in photography (characterised by apparatus used G03D0015000000);; G03C0011020000 Marking or applying of text G03C0011040000 Retouching G03C0011060000 Smoothing; Renovating; Roughening; Matting G03C0011080000 Varnishing photographs G03C0011100000 for protection from ultra-violet light G03C0011120000 Stripping or transferring intact photographic layers G03C0011140000 Pasting; Mounting G03C0011160000 Drying G03C0011180000 Colouring G03C0011200000 with powdered or molten colours G03C0011220000 Preparing plates or films for the manufacture of photographic negatives by non-photographic processes G03C0011240000 Removing emulsion from waste photographic material G03D APPARATUS FOR PROCESSING EXPOSED PHOTOGRAPHIC MATERIALS; ACCESSORIES THEREFOR (chemical processes for photographic materials G03C;electrographic, electrophotographic, or magnetographic methods or apparatus G03G) G03D0003000000 Liquid processing apparatus involving immersion; Washing apparatus involving immersion (G03D0009000000, G03D0011000000 take precedence);; G03D0003020000 Details of liquid circulation G03D0003040000 Liquid agitators (in general B01F);; G03D0003060000 Liquid supply; Liquid circulation outside tanks G03D0003080000 having progressive mechanical movement of exposed material G03D0003100000 for plates, films, or prints held individually G03D0003120000 for plates, films, or prints spread onto belt conveyers G03D0003130000 for long films or prints in the shape of strips, e.g. fed by roller assembly G03D0003140000 with means for taking into account of elongation or contraction of films G03D0003160000 Treating exposed material in original holder G03D0005000000 Liquid processing apparatus in which no immersion is effected (G03D0009000000, G03D0011000000 take precedence);;Washing apparatus in which no immersion is effected G03D0005020000 using rupturable ampoules of liquid G03D0005040000 using liquid sprays (liquid sprayers per se B05B);; G03D0005060000 Applicator pads, rollers, or strips G03D0007000000 Gas processing apparatus G03D0009000000 Diffusion development apparatus G03D0009020000 using rupturable ampoules of liquid G03D0011000000 Reversal processing apparatus G03D0013000000 Processing apparatus or accessories therefor, not covered by groups ; G03D0003000000-G03D0011000000 G03D0013020000 Containers; Holding-devices G03D0013040000 Trays; Dishes; Tanks G03D0013060000 Light-tight tanks with provision for loading in daylight G03D0013080000 Devices for holding exposed material; Devices for supporting exposed material G03D0013100000 Clips (G03D0013140000 takes precedence);; G03D0013120000 Frames (G03D0013140000 takes precedence);; G03D0013140000 for holding films in spaced convolutions G03D0015000000 Apparatus for treating processed material G03D0015020000 Drying; Glazing (combined with processing apparatus G03D0003000000-G03D0013000000; drying in general F26B) G03D0015040000 Cutting; Splicing G03D0015060000 Applying varnish or other coating G03D0015080000 Flattening prints G03D0015100000 Mounting, e.g. of transparency in a frame G03D0017000000 Dark-room arrangements not provided for in the preceding groups; Portable dark-rooms G03F PHOTOMECHANICAL PRODUCTION OF PRINTING SURFACES; ORIGINALS THEREFOR (phototype composing apparatus B41B;electrography, sensitive layers or processes therefor G03G) G03F0001000000 Preparation, not elsewhere provided for, of originals for the photo-mechanical production of printing surfaces G03F0001020000 by photographic processes for production of originals simulating relief G03F0001040000 by montage processes G03F0003000000 Colour separation; Correction of tonal value (photographic copying apparatus in general G03B);; G03F0003020000 by retouching G03F0003040000 by photographic means G03F0003060000 by masking G03F0003080000 by photoelectric means G03F0003100000 Checking the colour or tonal value of separation negatives or positives G03F0005000000 Screening processes; Screens therefor G03F0005020000 by projecting methods (cameras G03B);; G03F0005040000 changing the screen effect G03F0005060000 changing the diaphragm effect G03F0005080000 using line screens G03F0005100000 using cross-line screens G03F0005120000 using other screens, e.g. granulated screen G03F0005140000 by contact methods G03F0005160000 using grey half-tone screeens G03F0005180000 using colour half-tone screens G03F0005200000 using screens for gravure printing G03F0005220000 combining several screens; Elimination of moiré G03F0005240000 by multiple exposure, e.g. combined processes for line photo and screen G03F0007000000 Photo-mechanical production of printing surfaces G03F0007020000 for relief printing, planographic printing or photogravure, e.g. intaglio printing G03F0007040000 using chromate layers G03F0007060000 using silver layers G03F0007080000 using layers containing nitrogen G03F0007100000 using other layers G03F0007120000 for silkscreen printing or similar processes, e.g. stencil printing G03F0007140000 for collotype G03F0007160000 Coating processes; Devices or machines therefor (applying coatings to base materials in general B05;applying photosensitive layers to base material G03C0001740000) G03F0007180000 Coating curved printing surfaces G03F0007200000 Exposing coated printing surfaces; Devices therefor (photographic copying apparatus in general G03B);; G03F0007220000 Copying the same negative or positive several times at different positions on the same printing surface G03F0007240000 Curved surface G03F0009000000 Mounting originals, masks, screens, photographic sheets, or printed surfaces in register (photographic cameras with such means therefor G03B);; G03G ELECTROGRAPHY; ELECTROPHOTOGRAPHY; MAGNETOGRAPHY (thermoplastic recording of information G11B, G11C;thermoplastic recording of television signals H04N0005820000) G03G0005000000 Recording-members for original recording by exposure e.g. to light, to heat, to electrons; Manufacture thereof; Selection of materials therefor (recording surfaces for measuring apparatus G01D0015340000;photosensitive compositions G03C) G03G0005020000 Charge-receiving layers G03G0005022000 Thermoplastic layers G03G0005024000 Photoelectret layers G03G0005026000 Layers in which during the irradiation a chemical reaction occurs whereby electrically conductive patterns are formed in the layers, e.g. for chemixerography G03G0005028000 Layers in which after being exposed to heat patterns electrically conductive patterns are formed in the layers, e.g. for thermoxerography G03G0005040000 Photoconductive layers; Binding thereof; Sensitisors or activators for the photoconductive material G03G0005050000 Organic bonding materials; Methods for coating a substrate with a photoconductive layer; Inert supplements for use in photoconductive layers G03G0005060000 the photoconductive material being organic G03G0005070000 Polymeric photoconductive materials G03G0005080000 the photoconductive material being inorganic G03G0005082000 and not being incorporated in a bonding material, e.g. vacuum deposited G03G0005085000 and being incorporated in an inorganic bonding material, e.g. glass-like layers G03G0005087000 and being incorporated in an organic bonding material G03G0005090000 Sensitisors or activators, e.g. dyestuffs, (G03G0005120000 takes precedence);; G03G0005100000 Carriers for charge-receiving or other layers G03G0005120000 Recording members for multicolour processes G03G0005140000 Intermediate or cover layers for charge-receiving layers G03G0007000000 Selection of materials for use in image-receiving members, i.e. for reversal by physical contact; Manufacture thereof (photosensitive compositions G03C);; G03G0008000000 Layers covering the final reproduction, e.g. for protecting, for writing thereon G03G0009000000 Selection of substances for use as developers G03G0009060000 the developer being electrolytic G03G0009080000 using toner particles G03G0009100000 in mixture with a particulate carrier (G03G0009140000 takes precedence);; G03G0009120000 suspended or dispersed in a liquid G03G0009140000 with magnetic brush or other brush carrier G03G0009160000 Developers not provided for in groups ; G03G0009060000-G03G0009140000, e.g. solutions, aerosols G03G0009180000 Differentially-wetting liquid developers G03G0011000000 Selection of substances for use as fixing agents G03G0013000000 Electrographic processes using a charge pattern (G03G0015000000, G03G0016000000 take precedence);; G03G0013010000 for multicoloured copies G03G0013020000 Sensitising, i.e. laying-down a uniform charge (devices for corona discharge per se H01T0019000000);; G03G0013040000 Exposing, i.e. transmitting the information given by the original image to the recording material G03G0013044000 by charge transfer on to the recording material in accordance with the image G03G0013048000 with a charge pattern on the recording material G03G0013052000 by charging or discharging after sensitising G03G0013056000 by internal polarisation G03G0013060000 Developing G03G0013080000 using a solid developer, e.g. powder developer G03G0013090000 using magnetic brush G03G0013100000 using a liquid developer G03G0013120000 Warming G03G0013140000 Transferring a pattern to a second base G03G0013160000 of a toner pattern, e.g. a powder pattern G03G0013180000 of a charge pattern G03G0013200000 Fixing G03G0013220000 Processes involving the combination of more than one step according to groups G03G0013020000-G03G0013200000; (G03G0013010000 takes precedence);; G03G0013240000 whereby at least two steps are performed simultaneously G03G0013260000 for the production of printing plates for non-xerographic printing processes G03G0013280000 Planographic printing plates G03G0013300000 Hectographic masters G03G0013320000 Relief printing plates G03G0015000000 Apparatus for electrographic processes using a charge pattern (G03G0016000000 takes precedence);; G03G0015010000 for producing multicoloured copies G03G0015020000 for sensitising, i.e. laying-down a uniform charge (devices providing for corona discharge per se H01T0019000000);; G03G0015040000 for exposing, i.e. transmitting the information given by the original image to the recording material G03G0015044000 by charge transfer on to the recording material in accordance with the image G03G0015048000 with a charge pattern on the recording material G03G0015052000 by charging or discharging after sensitising G03G0015056000 by internal polarisation G03G0015060000 for developing G03G0015080000 using a solid developer, e.g. powder developer G03G0015090000 using magnetic brush G03G0015100000 using a liquid developer G03G0015120000 for warming G03G0015140000 for transferring a pattern to a second base G03G0015160000 of a toner pattern, e.g. a powder pattern G03G0015180000 of a charge pattern G03G0015200000 for fixing G03G0015220000 involving the combination of more than one step according to groups G03G0013020000-G03G0013200000; (G03G0015010000 takes precedence);; G03G0015240000 whereby at least two steps are performed simultaneously G03G0015260000 in which the charge pattern is obtained by projection of the entire image, i.e. whole-frame projection G03G0015280000 in which projection is obtained by line scanning G03G0015300000 in which projection is formed on a drum G03G0015320000 in which the charge pattern is formed dotwise G03G0016000000 Electrographic processes using deformation of thermoplastic layers (thermoplastic layers G03G0005022000);; G03G0017000000 Electrographic processes using patterns other than charge patterns; Apparatus essentially involving a single such process G03G0017020000 with electrolytic development G03G0017040000 using photoelectrophoresis G03G0019000000 Processes using magnetic patterns; Apparatus therefor G03G0021000000 Processes or apparatus not provided for by groups ; G03G0013000000-G03G0019000000, e.g. cleaning, elimination of residual charge G03H HOLOGRAPHIC PROCESSES OR APPARATUS (holograms, e.g. point holograms, used as ordinary optical elements G02B0005320000;producing stereoscopic or other three-dimensional effects G02B0027220000; diffraction-grating systems, Schlieren-optical systems, systems using moiré fringes G02B0027380000; optical logic elements G02F0003000000; stereo-photography G03B0035000000, G03C0009000000; analogue computers performing mathematical operations with the aid of optical elements G06G0009000000; holographic digital storage G11C0017000000) G03H0001000000 Holographic processes or apparatus using light, infra-red, or ultra-violet waves for obtaining holograms or for obtaining an image from them; Details peculiar thereto G03H0001020000 Details (record carriers in general G03C, G11);; G03H0001040000 Processes or apparatus for producing holograms (G03H0001260000 takes precedence);; G03H0001060000 using incoherent light G03H0001080000 Synthesising holograms (using electric digital computers G06F;using optical analogue computers G06G0009000000) G03H0001100000 using modulated reference beam G03H0001120000 Spatial modulation, e.g. ghost imaging G03H0001140000 Temporal modulation, e.g. extending depth of field or phase compensation for object motion G03H0001160000 using Fourier transform (G03H0001120000, G03H0001140000 take precedence;analogue computers G06G, e.g. G06G0007190000, G06G0009000000) G03H0001180000 Particular processing of hologram record carriers, e.g. for obtaining blazed holograms (photographic processing in general G03C, G03D);; G03H0001200000 Copying holograms by holographic means G03H0001220000 Processes or apparatus for obtaining an optical image from holograms (G03H0001260000-G03H0001340000; take precedence);; G03H0001240000 using white light G03H0001260000 Processes or apparatus specially adapted to produce multiple holograms or to obtain images from them, e.g. multicolour technique G03H0001280000 superimposed holograms only G03H0001300000 discrete holograms only G03H0001320000 Systems for obtaining speckle elimination G03H0001340000 Systems for reducing the space-spatial bandwidth product G03H0003000000 Holographic processes or apparatus using ultrasonic, sonic, or infrasonic waves for obtaining holograms; Processes or apparatus for obtaining an optical image from them (G03H0001220000 takes precedence);; G03H0005000000 Holographic processes or apparatus using other electromagnetic waves or subatomic particles for obtaining holograms; Processes or apparatus for obtaining an optical image from them (G03H0001220000 takes precedence;construction of electron microscopes H01J0037260000) G04 HOROLOGY G04B MECHANICALLY-DRIVEN CLOCKS OR WATCHES; MECHANICAL PARTS OF CLOCKS OR WATCHES IN GENERAL; TIME-PIECES USING THE POSITION OF THE SUN, MOON, OR STARS (spring- or weight-driven mechanisms in general F03G;electric parts of clocks or watches G04C; clocks or clock mechanisms with attached or built-in means operating of any device at a preselected time or after predetermined time intervals G04C0023000000; clocks or watches with stop devices G04F0007080000) G04B0001000000 Driving mechanisms G04B0001020000 with driving weight G04B0001040000 Mechanisms in which the clockwork acts as the driving weight G04B0001060000 with several weights G04B0001080000 Driving weights; Chains; Chain wheels; Arbors for chain wheels G04B0001100000 with mainspring G04B0001120000 with several mainsprings G04B0001140000 Mainsprings; Bridles therefor (mainsprings with bridles G04B0001180000;alloys C22C; springs in general F16F) G04B0001160000 Barrels; Arbors; Barrel axles (arrangements facilitating the removal of the mainspring G04B0033140000);; G04B0001180000 Constructions for connecting the ends of mainsprings with the barrel or the arbor G04B0001200000 Protecting arrangements against rupture or overwinding of the mainspring located in the barrel or attached to the barrel (in connection with keys or the like G04B0003060000, G04B0003100000;in connection with automatic winding devices G04B0005240000) G04B0001220000 Compensation of changes in the motive power of the mainspring (by mechanical shaping of the mainspring G04B0001140000);; G04B0001240000 with both mainsprings and driving weights G04B0001260000 driven by liquids or gases; Liquid or gaseous drives for mechanically-controlled secondary clocks G04B0003000000 Normal winding of clockworks by hand or mechanically; Winding-up several mainsprings or driving weights simultaneously G04B0003020000 Removably-mounted keys or the like G04B0003040000 Rigidly-mounted keys, knobs, or crowns (divided winding stems G04B0037060000);; G04B0003060000 Keys or the like with means preventing overwinding (protecting devices arranged in, or attached to, the barrel G04B0001200000;in connection with automatic winding devices G04B0005240000) G04B0003080000 by parts of the cases G04B0003100000 Protecting means preventing overwinding (arranged in, or attached to, the barrel G04B0001200000;in connection with keys G04B0003060000; in connection with automatic winding devices G04B0005240000) G04B0003120000 by mechanical means, e.g. pneumatic motor (winding-up with electric or electromechanical means G04C);; G04B0005000000 Automatic winding-up G04B0005020000 by self-winding caused by movement of the watches G04B0005040000 by oscillating weights the movement of which is limited G04B0005060000 acting in one direction only G04B0005080000 acting in both directions G04B0005100000 by oscillating weights the movement of which is not limited G04B0005120000 acting in one direction only G04B0005140000 acting in both directions G04B0005160000 Construction of the weights G04B0005180000 Supports, suspensions, or guide arrangements, for oscillating weights G04B0005200000 by movements of other objects, e.g. by opening hand-bag, by opening case, by opening door; Winding-up by wind power G04B0005220000 by thermometric, barometric, or like effects or alterations G04B0005240000 Protecting means preventing overwinding (arranged in, or attached to, the barrel G04B0001200000;in connection with keys or the like G04B0003060000; in connection with parts of the cases G04B0003100000) G04B0007000000 Combined normal and automatic winding-up G04B0009000000 Supervision of the state of winding, e.g. indicating the amount of winding G04B0009020000 Devices controlled by such state, e.g. device affording protection against overwinding (protecting means preventing overwinding arranged in or on the barrel G04B0001200000;protecting means in connection with keys or the like G04B0003060000; in connection with parts of the cases G04B0003100000; in connection with automatic winding devices G04B0005240000) G04B0011000000 Click devices; Stop clicks; Clutches G04B0013000000 Gearwork G04B0013020000 Wheels; Pinions; Spindles; Pivots (bearings G04B0031000000);; G04B0015000000 Escapements (electric or electro-magnetic G04C0005000000);; G04B0015020000 permanently in contact with the regulating mechanism G04B0015040000 Cylinder escapements G04B0015060000 Free escapements G04B0015080000 Lever escapements G04B0015100000 with constant impulses for the regulating mechanism G04B0015120000 Adjusting (tools therefor G04D0001020000);;Restricting the amplitude of the lever or the like G04B0015140000 Component parts or constructional details, e.g. construction of the lever or the escape wheel G04B0017000000 Regulating mechanisms (electric or electromagnetic G04C0005000000;controlling angular speed in general G05D0013000000) G04B0017020000 Oscillators acting by gravity, e.g. pendulum swinging in a plane G04B0017040000 Oscillators acting by spring tension G04B0017060000 Oscillators with hairsprings, e.g. balance G04B0017080000 Oscillators with coil springs stretched and unstretched axially G04B0017100000 Oscillators with torsion strips or with springs acting in the same manner as torsion strips, e.g. weight oscillating in a horizontal plane G04B0017120000 Setting the frequency G04B0017140000 Index assemblies, i.e. regulator assemblies G04B0017160000 Adjusting the beat of the pendulum, balance, or the like G04B0017180000 by setting the collet or the stud of the hairspring G04B0017200000 Compensation of regulating mechanisms G04B0017220000 for the effect of variations of temperature (alloys independent of variations of temperature C22C);; G04B0017240000 for the effect of variations of atmospheric pressure G04B0017260000 for the effect of variations of the impulses G04B0017280000 for the effect of unbalance of the weights, e.g. tourbillon G04B0017300000 Rotating regulators, e.g. centrifugal regulator, fan governors (for striking mechanism G04B0021060000);; G04B0017320000 Component parts or constructional details, e.g. collet, stud G04B0019000000 Indicating by visual means (by electric lamps G04C0017020000;display arrangements in general G09) G04B0019020000 Back-gearing arrangements between gear train and hands G04B0019040000 Hands; Discs with a single mark or the like G04B0019060000 Dials (for time-pieces without clockwork G04B0049040000);; G04B0019080000 Geometrical arrangement of the graduations G04B0019100000 Ornamental shape of the graduations or the surface of the dial; Attachment of graduations to the dial G04B0019120000 Selection of materials for dials or graduations G04B0019140000 Fastening the dials to the clock or the watch plates G04B0019160000 Shiftable dials, e.g. indicating alternately from 1 to 12 and from 13 to 24 G04B0019180000 Graduations on the crystal or glass, on the bezel, or on the rim G04B0019200000 Indicating by numbered bands, drums, discs, or sheets G04B0019220000 Arrangements for indicating different local apparent times; Universal time-pieces G04B0019240000 Clocks or watches with date indicators; Clockwork calendars G04B0019260000 Clocks or watches with indicators for tides, for the phases of the moon, or the like G04B0019280000 Adjustable guide marks or pointers for indicating determined points of time G04B0019300000 Illumination of dials or hands G04B0019320000 by luminescent substances G04B0019340000 Position of the hands projected optically G04B0021000000 Indicating by acoustic means (at preselected times G04B0023000000;by electro-acoustic means G04C0021040000; sound-producing apparatus per se G10) G04B0021020000 Regular striking mechanisms giving the full hour, half hour, or quarter hour G04B0021040000 Hour wheels; Racks or rakes; Snails or similar control mechanisms G04B0021060000 Details of striking mechanisms, e.g. hammer, fan governor G04B0021080000 Sounding bodies; Whistles; Musical apparatus (with electro-acoustic transmitters G04C0021000000);; G04B0021100000 Releasing or locking the regular stroke, e.g. for silence during the night G04B0021120000 Reiterating watches or clocks G04B0021140000 Winding-up the striking mechanism by the clockwork; Winding-up the clockwork by the striking mechanisms G04B0023000000 Arrangements producing acoustic signals at preselected times (metronomes G04F0005020000;sound-producing apparatus per se G10) G04B0023020000 Alarm clocks (electrically-released alarm signals G04C0021000000, G04C0023000000);; G04B0023040000 with coarse and fine setting of the preselected time G04B0023060000 adjustable for several preselected times with automatic stopping of the signal G04B0023080000 operating on successive days without resetting; operating only once in each 24 hours G04B0023100000 with presignal; with repeated signal; with changeable intensity of sound G04B0023120000 Alarm watches to be worn in pockets or on the wrist (giving signals by stimulating the skin G04B0025040000);; G04B0025000000 Indicating the time by other means or by combined means (electric or electromechanical indicating G04C);; G04B0025020000 by feeling; Clocks or watches for blind persons G04B0025040000 Alarm clocks or watches with devices stimulating the skin G04B0025060000 by moving figures, e.g. cuckoo-clock, trumpet clock G04B0027000000 Setting the hands G04B0027020000 by making use of the winding means G04B0027040000 with clutch wheel G04B0027060000 with rocking bar G04B0027080000 by using parts of the case G04B0029000000 Frameworks G04B0029020000 Plates; Bridges; Cocks G04B0029040000 Connecting or supporting parts G04B0031000000 Bearings; Point suspensions or counter-point suspensions; Pivot bearings; Single parts therefor (bearings in general F16C);; G04B0031020000 Shock-damping bearings G04B0033000000 Calibers G04B0033020000 Circular calibers G04B0033040000 Non-circular calibers G04B0033060000 of extremely flat shape G04B0033080000 in which the gear train is arranged in different planes, e.g. parallel or inclined to each other (G04B0033100000 takes precedence);; G04B0033100000 with seconds hand arranged in the centre of the dial G04B0033120000 for extremely-long running times G04B0033140000 Calibers of which the mainsprings or barrels are easily removable (mainsprings G04B0001140000;barrels, arbors G04B0001160000) G04B0033160000 with arrangements affording protection of the clockwork against damage as a consequence of a rupture of the mainspring G04B0035000000 Adjusting the gear train, e.g. the backlash of the arbors, depth of meshing of the gears G04B0037000000 Cases G04B0037020000 Evacuated cases; Cases filled with gases or liquids; Cases containing substances for absorbing or binding moisture or dust G04B0037040000 Mounting the clockwork in the case; Shock-absorbing mountings G04B0037060000 Forming the passage for the winding stem through the case; Divided winding stems G04B0037080000 Hermetic sealing of openings, joints, passages, or slits G04B0037100000 of winding stems G04B0037120000 Cases for special purposes, e.g. watch combined with ring, watch combined with button (watch guards or protectors A45C0011100000, A45C0011120000;watches combined with cosmetic powder containers A45D0033300000) G04B0037140000 Suspending devices, supports, or stands for time-pieces in so far as they form part of the case (wrist-watch straps, fastening means therefor A44C0005000000);; G04B0039000000 Watch crystals; Fastening or sealing crystals; Clock glasses G04B0041000000 Locking or holding devices for pendulums, chimes, etc., for use during transport G04B0043000000 Protecting clockworks by shields or other means against external influences, e.g. magnetic fields G04B0045000000 Time-pieces of which the indicating means or cases provoke special effects, e.g. aesthetic effect (ornamental shaping of dials G04B0019100000);; G04B0045020000 Time-pieces of which the clockwork is visible partly or wholly G04B0045040000 Time-pieces with invisible drive, e.g. with hands attached to rotating glass disc G04B0047000000 TIME-PIECES COMBINED WITH OTHER articles which do not interfere with the running or the time-keeping of the time-piece (G04B0037120000 takes precedence;combined with cameras, projectors, or photographic printing apparatus G03B0029000000) G04B0047020000 Installations within mirrors, pictures, furniture, or other household articles (combinations with vehicle mirror assemblies B60R0001120000);; G04B0047040000 with attached ornaments or amusement apparatus G04B0047060000 with attached measuring instruments, e.g. pedometer, barometer, thermometer, compasses G04B0049000000 Time-pieces using the position of the sun, moon, or stars G04B0049020000 Sundials G04B0049040000 Graduation or shaping of dials G04C ELECTRIC CLOCKS OR WATCHES (mechanical parts of clocks or watches in general G04B);; G04C0001000000 Winding mechanical clocks electrically (winding mechanically G04B0003000000);; G04C0001020000 by electromagnets G04C0001040000 by electric motors with rotating or with reciprocating movement G04C0001060000 winding-up springs G04C0001080000 raising weights G04C0001100000 Protection against overwinding (in mechanical clocks or watches G04B0001200000, G04B0003060000, G04B0003100000);; G04C0001120000 of the spring G04C0001140000 of the weights G04C0003000000 Electromechanical clocks or watches independent of other time-pieces and in which the movement is maintained by electric means G04C0003020000 acting on a pendulum G04C0003040000 acting on a balance G04C0005000000 Electric or electromagnetic escapements or regulating mechanisms (mechanical escapements or regulating mechanisms G04B0015000000, G04B0017000000);; G04C0009000000 Electrically-actuated devices for setting the hands (manual hand-setting devices for mechanical time pieces G04B0027000000);; G04C0009020000 brought into action by radio transmission G04C0011000000 Synchronisation of independently-driven clocks G04C0011020000 by radio G04C0011040000 over a line (transmitting time signals over telephone networks H04M0011060000);; G04C0013000000 Driving mechanisms for clocks by master clocks G04C0013020000 Circuit arrangements; Electric clock installations G04C0013040000 Master clocks G04C0013060000 Contact devices G04C0013080000 Slave clocks actuated intermittently G04C0013100000 by electromechanical step-advancing mechanisms G04C0013120000 by electromotors G04C0013140000 by electrically-released mechanical driving mechanisms G04C0015000000 Clocks driven by synchronous motors G04C0017000000 Continuously indicating the time optically by electric means (by mechanical means G04B0019000000, G04B0019200000);; G04C0017020000 by electric lamps G04C0019000000 Producing optical time signals at prefixed times by electric means G04C0019020000 by electric lamps G04C0019040000 by indicating members moved electrically, e.g. flap, band G04C0021000000 Producing acoustic time signals by electrical means G04C0021020000 Constructional details (G04C0021040000, G04C0021160000 take precedence);; G04C0021040000 Indicating the time of the day (acoustic indication of time G04B0021000000);; G04C0021060000 by striking mechanism G04C0021080000 with snail G04C0021100000 with locking plate G04C0021120000 by electro-acoustic means G04C0021140000 Electro-acoustic time announcement, i.e. spoken G04C0021160000 producing the signals at adjustable fixed times G04C0021180000 by mechanically unlocking an electromechanical vibrator, e.g. actuated by the leakage flux of the electric driving means G04C0021200000 by closing a contact to ring an electromechanical alarm G04C0021220000 put into action by the arbor of a mechanical alarm work G04C0021240000 put into action by the spring of a mechanical alarm work G04C0021260000 put into action by the vibrations caused by the operation of a mechanical alarm work G04C0021280000 by closing a contact to put into action electro-acoustic means, e.g. awakening by music G04C0021300000 with provision for a number of operations at different times, e.g. ringing the bells in a school G04C0021320000 giving indications at a number of places, each at a different time, e.g. system of alarms in a hotel G04C0021340000 Devices on watches or similar portable time-pieces G04C0021360000 Signal-repeating devices G04C0021380000 Adjusting the duration of signals G04C0023000000 Clocks or clock mechanisms with attached or built-in means operating any device at a preselected time or after a predetermined time intervals (if restricted to producing acoustic time signals by electrical means G04C0021000000;mechanical alarm clocks G04B0023020000; apparatus which can be set and started to measure-off predetermined intervals G04F0003060000; electric time or time-programme switches H01H0043000000) G04C0023020000 Constructional details G04C0023040000 Housings, supports, shielding, or similar stationary parts G04C0023060000 Driving or regulating means G04C0023080000 Programming means G04C0023100000 for actuating any element which operates, or initiates the operation of, the device concerned G04C0023120000 Electric circuitry G04C0023140000 Mechanisms continuously running to relate the operation(s) to the time of day G04C0023160000 acting only at one preselected time or during one adjustable time interval G04C0023180000 for operating one device at a number of different times G04C0023200000 with contacts operated, or formed, by clock hands or elements of similar form G04C0023220000 with the actuating element carried by a disc G04C0023240000 the actuating element controlling another element mechanically G04C0023260000 for operating a number of devices at different times G04C0023280000 with contacts operated, or formed, by clock hands or elements of similar form G04C0023300000 with the actuating element carried by a disc G04C0023320000 the actuating element controlling another element mechanically G04C0023340000 with provision for automatic modification of the programme, e.g. on Sunday G04C0023360000 by external influences G04C0023380000 Mechanisms measuring a chosen time interval independently of the time of day at which the interval starts G04C0023400000 using continuously-running mechanism G04C0023420000 acting only at the end of a single time interval G04C0023440000 with provision for selection from a number of preset intervals G04C0023460000 with provision for adjustment of the interval (G04C0023440000 takes precedence);; G04C0023480000 acting at the ends of successive time intervals G04C0023500000 with provision for modification of the interval(s) by external influences G04D APPARATUS OR TOOLS SPECIALLY DESIGNED FOR MAKING OR MAINTAINING CLOCKS OR WATCHES (machine tools in general B23, B24;hand tools in general B25) G04D0001000000 Gripping, holding, or supporting devices G04D0001020000 Tweezers; Vice clamps or other special hand tools for watchmakers G04D0001040000 Tools for setting springs G04D0001060000 Supporting devices for clockworks or parts of time-pieces G04D0001080000 Tools for setting or removing hands G04D0001100000 Devices for opening or closing watch bottoms or covers G04D0003000000 Watchmakers' or watch-repairers' machines or tools for working materials G04D0003020000 Lathes, with one or more supports; Burnishing machines, with one or more supports G04D0003040000 Devices for placing bearing jewels, bearing sleeves, or the like in position G04D0003060000 Devices for shaping or setting watch glasses G04D0003080000 Machines or apparatus for cleaning G04D0005000000 Oiling devices; Special lubricant containers for watchmakers G04D0007000000 Measuring, counting, calibrating, testing, or regulating apparatus G04D0007020000 for mainsprings G04D0007040000 for gearwork G04D0007060000 for escapements G04D0007080000 for balance wheels G04D0007100000 for hairsprings G04D0007120000 Timing devices for clocks or watches for comparing the rate of the oscillating member with a standard G04D0009000000 Demagnetising devices (demagnetising in general H01F0013000000);; G04F TIME-INTERVAL MEASURING (measuring pulse characteristics G01R, e.g. G01R0029020000;in radar or like systems G01S; masers H01S0001000000; generation of oscillations H03B; generation or counting of pulses, frequency dividing, analogue/digital conversion H03K) G04F0001000000 Apparatus which can be set and started to measure-off predetermined or adjustably-fixed time intervals without driving mechanisms, e.g. egg timer (electric time or time-programme switches H01H0043000000);; G04F0001020000 by consuming prefixed quantities of materials, e.g. by burning candle G04F0001040000 by movement or acceleration due to gravity G04F0001060000 by flowing-away of a prefixed quantity of fine-granular or liquid materials, e.g. sand-glass, water-clock G04F0001080000 by a body falling a prefixed distance in air or in a viscous material G04F0003000000 Apparatus which can be set and started to measure-off predetermined or adjustably-fixed time intervals with driving mechanisms, e.g. dosimeter with clockwork (electric time or time-programme switches H01H0043000000);; G04F0003020000 with mechanical driving mechanisms G04F0003040000 Additional arrangements in connection with ordinary non-electric clocks for this purpose G04F0003060000 with electric driving mechanisms G04F0003080000 Additional arrangements in connection with ordinary electric clocks for this purpose G04F0005000000 Apparatus for producing preselected time intervals for use as timing standards (generating clock signals for electric digital computers G06F0001040000;regulating frequency in general H03B0003000000) G04F0005020000 Metronomes G04F0005040000 using oscillators with electromechanical resonators G04F0005060000 using piezo-electric resonators G04F0005080000 using magnetostrictive resonators G04F0005100000 using electric or eletronic resonators (G04F0005140000 takes precedence);; G04F0005120000 using fluidic devices G04F0005140000 using atomic clocks G04F0005160000 using pulses produced by radio-isotopes G04F0007000000 Apparatus for measuring unknown time intervals G04F0007020000 by measuring the distance of fall or the final velocity of a falling body G04F0007040000 using a mechanical oscillator G04F0007060000 running only during the time interval to be measured, e.g. stop-watch G04F0007080000 Watches or clocks with stop devices, e.g. chronograph G04F0007100000 Means used apart from the time-piece for starting or stopping same G04F0008000000 Apparatus for measuring unknown time intervals by electromechanical means G04F0008020000 using an electromechanical oscillator G04F0008040000 using a piezo-electric oscillator G04F0008060000 using a magnetostrictive oscillator G04F0008080000 Means used apart from the time-piece for starting or stopping same G04F0010000000 Apparatus for measuring unknown time intervals by electric means G04F0010020000 using oscillators with passive electric resonator, e.g. lumped LC G04F0010040000 by counting pulses or half-cycles of an ac G04F0010060000 by measuring phase G04F0010080000 using pulses produced by radio-isotopes G04F0010100000 by measuring electric or magnetic quantities changing in proportion to time G04F0013000000 Apparatus for measuring unknown time intervals by means not provided for in groups ; G04F0005000000-G04F0010000000 G04F0013020000 using optical means G04F0013040000 using electrochemical means G04F0013060000 using fluidic means G05 CONTROLLING; REGULATING (specially adapted to a particular field of use, see the relevant sub-class, e.g. B23Q);; G05B CONTROL OR REGULATING SYSTEMS IN GENERAL; FUNCTIONAL ELEMENTS OF SUCH SYSTEMS; MONITORING OR TESTING ARRANGEMENTS FOR SUCH SYSTEMS OR ELEMENTS (fluid-pressure actuators or systems acting by means of fluids in general F15B;valves per se F16K; characterised by mechanical features only G05G; sensitive elements, see the appropriate sub-classes, e.g. G12B, sub-classes of G01, H01; correcting units, see the appropriate sub-classes, e.g. H02K) G05B0001000000 Comparing elements, i.e. elements for effecting comparison directly or indirectly between a desired value and existing or anticipated values (comparing phase or frequency of two electric signals H03D0013000000);; G05B0001010000 electric G05B0001020000 for comparing analogue signals G05B0001030000 for comparing digital signals G05B0001040000 with sensing of the position of the pointer of a measuring instrument G05B0001060000 continuous sensing G05B0001080000 stepwise sensing G05B0001110000 fluidic G05B0005000000 Anti-hunting arrangements G05B0005010000 electric G05B0005040000 fluidic G05B0006000000 Internal feedback arrangements for obtaining particular characteristics, e.g. proportional, integral, differential (in automatic controllers G05B0011000000);; G05B0006020000 electric G05B0006050000 fluidic G05B0007000000 Arrangements for obtaining smooth engagement or disengagement of automatic control G05B0007020000 electric G05B0007040000 fluidic G05B0009000000 Safety arrangements (G05B0007000000 takes precedence;safety valves F16K0017000000; emergency protective circuit arrangements in general H02H) G05B0009020000 electric G05B0009030000 with multiple-channel loop, i.e. redundant control systems G05B0009050000 fluidic G05B0011000000 Automatic controllers (G05B0013000000 takes precedence);; G05B0011010000 electric G05B0011060000 in which the output signal represents a continuous function of the deviation from the desired value, i.e. continuous controllers (G05B0011260000 takes precedence);; G05B0011100000 the signal transmitted being dc G05B0011120000 the signal transmitted being modulated on an ac carrier G05B0011140000 in which the output signal represents a discontinuous function of the deviation from the desired value, i.e. discontinuous controllers (G05B0011260000 takes precedence);; G05B0011160000 Two-step controllers, e.g. with on/off action G05B0011180000 Multi-step controllers G05B0011260000 in which the output signal is a pulse-train G05B0011280000 using pulse-height modulation; using pulse-width modulation G05B0011300000 using pulse-frequency modulation G05B0011320000 with inputs from more than one sensing element; with outputs to more than one correcting element G05B0011360000 with provision for obtaining particular characteristics, e.g. proportional, integral, differential G05B0011380000 for obtaining a proportional characteristic G05B0011400000 for obtaining an integral characteristic G05B0011420000 for obtaining a characteristic which is both proportional and time-dependent, e.g. P. I., P. I. D. G05B0011440000 pneumatic only G05B0011460000 without auxiliary power G05B0011480000 with auxiliary power G05B0011500000 in which the output signal represents a continuous function of the deviation from the desired value, i.e. continuous controllers G05B0011520000 in which the output signal represents a discontinuous function of the deviation from the desired value, i.e. discontinuous controllers G05B0011540000 Two-step controllers, e.g. with on/off action G05B0011560000 Multi-step controllers G05B0011580000 with inputs from more than one sensing element; with outputs to more than one correcting element G05B0011600000 hydraulic only G05B0013000000 Adaptive control systems, i.e. systems automatically adjusting themselves to have a performance which is optimum according to some preassigned criterion (details of the computer G06F0015180000);; G05B0013020000 electric G05B0015000000 Systems controlled by a computer (G05B0013000000 take precedence;automatic controllers with particular characteristics G05B0011000000; computers per se G06) G05B0015020000 electric G05B0017000000 Systems involving the use of models or simulators of said systems (G05B0013000000, G05B0015000000 take precedence;analogue computers for simulating specific processes, systems or devices, G06G0007480000) G05B0017020000 electric G05B0019000000 Programme-control systems (G05B0013000000, G05B0015000000, G05B0017000000 take precedence, specific applications, see the relevant sub-classes, e.g. A47L0015460000;clocks or clock mechanisms with attached or built-in means operating any device at a preselected time interval G04C0023000000; marking or sensing record carriers with digital information G06K; information storage G11; time or time-programme switches H01H0043000000) G05B0019020000 electric G05B0019040000 Programme-control other than numerical, i.e. with the programme-storing device delivering other than numerical signals G05B0019060000 using cams, discs, rods, drums, or the like (mechanical programme-control apparatus G05G0021000000);; G05B0019080000 using plugboards, cross-bar distributors, matrix switches, or the like G05B0019100000 using selector switches G05B0019120000 using record carriers G05B0019140000 using punched cards or tapes G05B0019160000 using magnetic record carriers G05B0019180000 Numerical programme-control, i.e. with the programme-storing device delivering numerical signals G05B0019200000 using incremental-digital measuring or comparing devices G05B0019220000 in which an incremental-comparing device delivers coincidence signals, e.g. for point-to point control G05B0019240000 in which an incremental-comparing device delivers signals continuously to a regulating device, e.g. for continuous-path control G05B0019260000 using absolute-digital measuring or comparing devices G05B0019280000 in which an digital-comparing device delivers coincidence signals, e.g. for point-to point control G05B0019300000 in which an digital-comparing device delivers signals continuously to a regulating device, e.g. for continuous-path control G05B0019320000 using analogue measuring or comparing devices G05B0019340000 in which an analogue-comparing device delivers coincidence signals, e.g. for point-to point control G05B0019360000 in which an analogue-comparing device delivers signals continuously to a regulating device, e.g. for continuous-path control G05B0019380000 using a combination of the means covered by at least two of the preceding sub-groups ; G05B0019200000, G05B0019260000, and G05B0019320000) G05B0019400000 Numerical programme control not using a measuring device, e.g. using stepping motor G05B0019420000 Recording and playback systems, i.e. in which the programme is recorded from a cycle of operations, e.g. the cycle of operations being manually controlled, after which this record is played back on the same machine G05B0019440000 pneumatic only G05B0021000000 Systems involving sampling of the variable controlled (G05B0013000000-G05B0019000000; take precedence;signal transmission systems per se G08C; electronic switching or gating per se H03K0017000000) G05B0021020000 electric G05B0022000000 Time-dependent open loop systems G05B0022020000 electric G05B0022040000 fluid G05B0023000000 Testing or monitoring of control systems or parts thereof G05B0023020000 Electric testing or monitoring G05B0024000000 Open-loop automatic control systems not otherwise provided for G05B0024020000 electric G05B0024040000 fluidic G05D SYSTEMS FOR CONTROLLING OR REGULATING NON-ELECTRIC VARIABLES (valves in general F16K;sensing non-electric variables, see the relevant sub-classes of G01; for regulating electric or magnetic variables G05F) G05D0001000000 Control of position, course, or attitude of land, water, air, or space vehicles, e.g. automatic pilot (steering applicable only to other than land-borne vehicles, e.g. three-dimensional steering applicable to both aircraft, and submarines, B60K;construction or disposition of steering means on land vehicles B62, on waterborne vessels B63; manual or automatic control of aircraft, e.g. using automatic pilot or radiated signals, B64C; radio navigation systems or analogous systems using other waves G01S) G05D0001020000 Control of position or course in two dimensions G05D0001030000 using near-field transmission systems, e.g. inductive-loop type G05D0001040000 Control of altitude or depth G05D0001060000 Rate of change of altitude or depth G05D0001080000 Control of attitude, i.e. control of roll, pitch, or yaw G05D0001100000 Simultaneous control of position or course in three dimensions (G05D0001120000 takes precedence);; G05D0001120000 Target-seeking control G05D0003000000 Control of position or direction (G05D0001000000 takes precedence);; G05D0003020000 of light beam or light spot generating device (structural association of search light with its directing gear F21M, e.g. F21M0003000000;optical-mechanical light scanning systems G02B0027170000; electro-, magneto- or acousto-optical control of the position or direction of light beams, i.e. deflection, G02F0001290000) G05D0003040000 of a member relative to a body being worked on or tested by the member (controlling machine tools B23Q;testing arrangements in general G01) G05D0003060000 of moving web or strip (of conveyers B65G0043000000;of webs B65H, e.g. B65H0025000000) G05D0003080000 of bodies moving along a fixed track (on conveyers B65G);; G05D0005000000 Control of dimensions of material G05D0005020000 of thickness, e.g. of rolled material (of specific materials B21B, B29C, B32B, C03B, D21F);; G05D0005030000 characterised by the use of electric means G05D0005040000 of the size of items, e.g. of particles G05D0005060000 characterised by the use of electric means G05D0007000000 Control of flow (level control G05D0009000000;ratio control G05D0011000000; weighing apparatus G01G) G05D0007010000 without auxiliary power G05D0007030000 with auxiliary non-electric power G05D0007060000 characterised by the use of electric means G05D0009000000 Level control, e.g. controlling quantity of material stored in vessel (controlling level of liquid-pool electrode in electric discharge tubes and lamps H01J0001100000, H01J0013140000);; G05D0009020000 without auxiliary power G05D0009040000 with auxiliary non-electric power G05D0009120000 characterised by the use of electric means G05D0011000000 Ratio control (humidity control G05D0022000000);; G05D0011020000 Controlling ratio of two or more flows of fluid or fluent material G05D0011030000 without auxiliary power G05D0011035000 with auxiliary non-electric power G05D0011040000 by sensing weight of individual components, e.g. gravimetric procedure G05D0011060000 by sensing density of mixture, e.g. using aerometer G05D0011080000 by sensing concentration of mixture, e.g. measuring pH-value G05D0011100000 by sensing moisture of non-aqueous liquids G05D0011120000 by sensing viscosity of mixture G05D0011130000 characterised by the use of electric means G05D0011160000 Controlling mixing ratio of fluids having different temperatures, e.g. by sensing the temperature of a mixture of fluids having different viscosities G05D0013000000 Control of linear speed; Control of angular speed; Control of acceleration or deceleration, e.g. of a prime mover (of dynamo-electric machines H02P;synchronising telegraph receiver and transmitter H04L0007000000, H04N0001360000) G05D0013020000 Details G05D0013040000 providing for emergency tripping of an engine in case of exceeding maximum speed G05D0013060000 providing for damping of erratic vibrations in governors G05D0013080000 without auxiliary power G05D0013100000 Centrifugal governors with fly-weights G05D0013120000 Details G05D0013140000 Fly-weights; Mountings thereof; Adjusting equipment for limits, e.g. temporarily G05D0013160000 Risers; Transmission gear therefor; Restoring mechanisms therefor G05D0013180000 counterbalanced by spider springs acting immediately upon the fly-weights G05D0013200000 counterbalanced by spider springs acting upon the articulated riser G05D0013220000 counterbalanced by fluid pressure acting upon the articulated riser G05D0013240000 counterbalanced by two or more different appliances acting simultaneously upon the riser, e.g. with both spring force and fluid pressure, with both spring force and electromagnetic force G05D0013260000 with provision for modulating the degree of non-uniformity of speed G05D0013280000 with provision for performing braking effects in case of increased speed G05D0013300000 Governors characterised by fluid features in which the speed of a shaft is converted into fluid pressure (transducers converting variations of physical quantities into fluid-pressure variations F15B0005000000);; G05D0013320000 using a pump G05D0013340000 with auxiliary non-electric power (fluid-pressure converters F15B0003000000);; G05D0013360000 using regulating devices with proportional band, i.e. P. regulating devices G05D0013380000 involving centrifugal governors of fly-weight type G05D0013400000 involving fluid governors of pump type G05D0013420000 involving fluid governors of flow-controller type, i.e. the width of liquid flow being controlled by fly-weights G05D0013440000 involving fluid governors of jet type G05D0013460000 using regulating devices with proportional band and integral action, i.e. P.I. regulating devices G05D0013480000 involving resilient restoring mechanisms G05D0013500000 involving connecting means for superimposing a proportional regulating device and an integral regulating device G05D0013520000 using regulating devices with proportional band and derivative action, i.e. P.D. regulating devices G05D0013540000 involving centrifugal governors of fly-weight type exerting an acceleratory effect G05D0013560000 involving restoring mechanisms exerting a delay effect G05D0013580000 involving means for connecting a speed-regulating device and an acceleration-regulating device G05D0013600000 using regulating devices with proportional band, derivative, and integral action, i.e. P.I.D. regulating devices G05D0013620000 characterised by the use of electric means, e.g. use of a tachometric dynamo, use of a transducer converting an electric value into a displacement G05D0013640000 Compensating the speed difference between engines meshing by a differential gearing or the speed difference between a controlling shaft and a controlled shaft G05D0013660000 Governor units providing for co-operation with control dependent upon a variable other than speed G05D0015000000 Control of mechanical force or stress; Control of mechanical pressure G05D0015010000 characterised by the use of electric means G05D0016000000 Control of fluid pressure (control of pressure in electric discharge tubes or lamps H01J, e.g. H01J0007140000;control of pressure in electric incandescent lamps H01K0001520000) G05D0016020000 Modifications to reduce the effects of instability, e.g. due to vibrations, friction, abnormal temperature, overloading, unbalance (vibration-dampers F16F0007000000);; G05D0016040000 without auxiliary power G05D0016060000 the sensing element being a flexible member yielding to pressure, e.g. diaphragm, bellows, capsule G05D0016080000 Control of liquid pressure G05D0016100000 the sensing element being a piston or plunger G05D0016120000 the sensing element being a float G05D0016140000 with auxiliary non-electric power G05D0016160000 derived from the controlled fluid G05D0016180000 derived from an external source G05D0016200000 characterised by the use of electric means G05D0017000000 Control of torque; Control of mechanical power G05D0017020000 characterised by the use of electric means G05D0019000000 Control of mechanical oscillations, e.g. of amplitude, of frequency, of phase (generating or transmitting mechanical vibrations B06B;control of electric motors H02P) G05D0019020000 characterised by the use of electric means G05D0021000000 Control of chemical or physico-chemical variables, e.g. pH-value (by control of ratio G05D0011000000);; G05D0021020000 characterised by the use of electric means G05D0022000000 Control of humidity (of tobacco products A24B0009000000;air conditioning F24F) G05D0022020000 characterised by the use of electric means G05D0023000000 Control of temperature (automatic switching arrangements for electric heating apparatus H05B0001020000;controlling, induction heating H05B0005040000; regulating temperature of anode of X-ray tube H05G0001360000) G05D0023010000 without auxiliary power G05D0023020000 with sensing element expanding and contracting in response to changes of temperature (G05D0023130000 takes precedence);; G05D0023080000 with bimetallic element (valve arrangements adapted for mixing F16K0019000000);; G05D0023100000 with snap-action elements (for valves F16K0031560000);; G05D0023120000 with sensing element responsive to pressure or volume changes in a confined fluid G05D0023130000 by varying the mixing ratio of two fluids having different temperatures G05D0023185000 with auxiliary non-electric power G05D0023190000 characterised by the use of electric means G05D0023200000 with sensing elements having variation of electric or magnetic properties with change of temperature (G05D0023130000 takes precedence);; G05D0023220000 the sensing element being a thermocouple G05D0023240000 the sensing element having a resistance varying with temperature, e.g. thermistor G05D0023260000 the sensing element having a permeability varying with temperature G05D0023270000 with sensing element responsive to radiation G05D0023275000 with sensing element expanding, contracting, or fusing in response to changes of temperature G05D0023300000 Automatic controllers with an auxiliary heating device affecting the sensing element, e.g. for anticipating change of temperature (automatic controllers in general and not restricted to control of temperature G05B);; G05D0023320000 with provision for adjustment of the effect of the auxiliary heating device, e.g. as a function of time G05D0024000000 Control of viscosity G05D0024020000 characterised by the use of electric means G05D0025000000 Control of light intensity (control of light by electro-, magneto-, or acousto-optical devices or control of light by electromagnetic waves or by electrons or other elementary particles G02F0001000000;circuit arrangements for controlling light sources H01S0003100000, H05B0033080000, H05B0035000000-H05B0043000000) G05D0025020000 characterised by the use of electric means G05D0027000000 Simultaneous control of variables covered by two or more of the preceding main groups G05D0027020000 characterised by the use of electric means G05D0029000000 Simultaneous control of electric and non-electric variables G05F SYSTEMS FOR REGULATING ELECTRIC OR MAGNETIC VARIABLES (regulating the timing or recurrence frequency of pulses in radar or radio navigation systems G01S;closed-loop systems for regulating non-electric variables by electric means G05D; regulating current supply in networks H02J; regulating the charging of batteries H02J0007000000; regulating motor current H02N, H02P; regulating frequency response, gain, maximum output, amplitude, or bandwidth of amplifiers H03G; regulating tuning of resonant circuits H03J; regulating characteristics of transmission lines H04B; electric control of X-ray apparatus H05G0001300000) G05F0001000000 Automatic systems in which deviations of an electric quantity from one or more predetermined values are detected at the output of the system and fed back to a device within the system to restore the detected quantity to its predetermined value or values, i.e. retroactive systems G05F0001020000 Regulating electric characteristics of arcs (arrangements for feeding electrodes B23K0009120000, H05B0007109000, H05B0031180000;automatic control of power for heating by discharge H05B0007148000) G05F0001040000 by means of saturable magnetic devices G05F0001060000 by means of discharge tubes G05F0001080000 by means of semiconductor devices G05F0001100000 Regulating voltage or current (G05F0001020000 takes precedence;for electric railways B60M0003020000) G05F0001120000 wherein the variable is ac G05F0001140000 using tap transformers or variable inductors as final control devices G05F0001160000 combined with discharge tubes or semiconductor devices G05F0001180000 discharge tubes only G05F0001200000 semiconductor devices only G05F0001220000 combined with separate magnetic control devices having a controllable degree of saturation G05F0001240000 using bucking or boosting transformers as final control devices G05F0001260000 combined with discharge tubes or semiconductor devices G05F0001280000 discharge tubes only G05F0001300000 semiconductor devices only G05F0001320000 using magnetic devices having a controllable degree of saturation as final control devices G05F0001340000 combined with discharge tubes or semiconductor devices G05F0001360000 discharge tubes only G05F0001380000 semiconductor devices only G05F0001400000 using discharge tubes or semiconductor devices as final control devices G05F0001420000 discharge tubes only G05F0001440000 semiconductor devices only G05F0001460000 wherein the variable is dc G05F0001480000 using variable impedances as final control devices G05F0001500000 in series with the load G05F0001520000 being discharge tubes G05F0001540000 additionally controlled by the unregulated supply G05F0001560000 being semiconductor devices G05F0001580000 combined with overload protection; combined with temperature compensation G05F0001600000 in parallel with the load G05F0001620000 using bucking or boosting dc sources G05F0001640000 wherein the variable is dc and there is conversion between the unregulated supply and the regulated output to the load (regulating converters H02P);; G05F0001660000 Regulating electric power G05F0001680000 Regulating power factor; Regulating reactive current G05F0003000000 Non-retroactive systems for regulating electric variables by using an uncontrolled having self-regulating properties G05F0003020000 Regulating voltage or current G05F0003040000 wherein the variable is ac G05F0003060000 using combinations of saturated and unsaturated inductive devices, e g. combined with resonant circuit G05F0003080000 wherein the variable is ac G05F0003100000 using non-linear resistors G05F0003120000 glow discharge tubes G05F0003140000 zener diodes; uncontrolled semiconductor devices G05F0005000000 Systems for regulating electric variables by detecting deviations in the electric input to the system and thereby controlling a device within the system to obtain a regulated output G05F0007000000 Regulating magnetic variables G05G CONTROL DEVICES OR SYSTEMS INSOFAR AS CHARACTERISED BY MECHANICAL FEATURES ONLY ("Bowden" or like mechanisms F16C0001100000;gearings or mechanisms not peculiar to this purpose F16H; systems peculiar to the control of particular machines or apparatus classified in a single other class, see the class for such machines or apparatus); G05G0001000000 Controlling members; Assemblies or arrangements thereof; Indicating position of controlling members (means for holding or locking them in position G05G0005000000;specially for programme control G05G0021000000; steering wheels for motor vehicles B62D; handle-bars for cycles B62K; for steering ships B63B; for valves F16K0033000000) G05G0001020000 Knobs or the like for actuation by pushing, pulling, or sliding movement; Assemblies thereof, e.g. keyboard (G05G0001100000 takes precedence);; G05G0001040000 Levers for actuation by swinging movement (G05G0009120000 takes precedence);;Assemblies thereof, e.g. keyboard G05G0001060000 Details of their grip parts (G05G0001100000 takes precedence);; G05G0001080000 Rotatable controlling members, e.g. hand wheel; Assemblies thereof G05G0001100000 Details of the members themselves, e.g. of disc, knob, wheel, handle G05G0001120000 Means for securing the members on rotatable spindles or the like G05G0001140000 Controlling members for foot-actuation, e.g. pedal; Foot rests or foot guides G05G0001160000 Non-slip treads therefor; Pedal extension or like attachments G05G0001180000 Foot rests or foot guides, not on the pedal G05G0001200000 Controlling members specially adapted for actuation by other parts of the human body than hand or foot G05G0001220000 Controlling members specially adapted for actuation by keys, screwdrivers, or other tools G05G0001240000 Arrangements of a number of controlling members with respect to one another G05G0003000000 Controlled members, e.g. gear-shifter yoke; Assemblies or arrangements thereof (interlocking of controlled members G05G0005080000);; G05G0005000000 Means for preventing or limiting movement of parts of a control mechanism, e.g. locking controlling member (G05G0017000000 takes precedence;preventing actuation of speed-changing or reversing mechanism in unfavourable conditions F16H0057060000) G05G0005020000 Means preventing undesired movements of a controlling member which can be moved in two or more separate steps or ways, e.g. restricting to a stepwise movement or to a particular sequence of movements G05G0005040000 Stops for limiting movement of members, e.g. adjustable stop G05G0005060000 for holding members in one or a limited number of definite positions only G05G0005080000 Interlocking of members, e.g. locking a member in a particular position before or during the movement of another member G05G0005100000 the members being the shifter members of a gear-box G05G0005120000 for holding members in an indefinite number of positions, e.g. by a toothed quadrant G05G0005140000 by locking a member with respect to a fixed quadrant, rod, or the like G05G0005160000 by friction G05G0005180000 by positive interengagement, e.g. by a pawl G05G0005200000 by locking a quadrant, rod, or the like carried by the member G05G0005220000 by friction G05G0005240000 by positive interengagement, e.g. by a pawl G05G0005260000 by other means than a quadrant, rod, or the like G05G0007000000 Manually-actuated control mechanisms provided with one single controlling member co-operating with one single controlled member; Details thereof (controlling members G05G0001000000);; G05G0007020000 characterised by special provisions for conveying or converting motion, or for acting at a distance G05G0007040000 altering the ratio of motion or force between controlling member and controlled member as a function of the position of the controlling member G05G0007060000 in which repeated movement of the controlling member produces increments of movement of the controlled member (G05G0007080000 takes precedence);; G05G0007080000 in which repeated movement of the controlling member moves the controlled member through a cycle of distinct positions G05G0007100000 specially adapted for remote control (G05G0007040000-G05G0007080000; take precedence);; G05G0007120000 specially adapted for actuating a member on a system in motion with respect to the controlling member, e.g. on a rotating shaft (adjustable cranks or eccentrics F16C0003280000);; G05G0007140000 characterised by the use of a retarding mechanism, e.g. an inertia-responsive time-delay device G05G0007160000 Special provisions for reducing the effect of slight relative movement between supports of the mechanism, e.g. resulting from resilient mounting of a controlled mechanism G05G0009000000 Manually-actuated control mechanisms provided with one single controlling member co-operating with two or more controlled members, e.g. selectively, simultaneously G05G0009020000 the controlling member being movable in different independent ways, movement in each individual way actuating one controlled member only G05G0009040000 in which movement in two or more ways can occur simultaneously G05G0009060000 the controlled members being actuated successively by repeated movement of the controlling member G05G0009080000 the controlled members being actuated successively by progressive movement of the controlling member G05G0009100000 with preselection and subsequent movement of each controlled member by movement of the controlling member in two different ways, e.g. guided by a shift gate G05G0009120000 for shifting change-speed gearings G05G0009140000 the controlling shift lever directly engaging the shift members, e.g. the shifter yoke G05G0009160000 with a linkage, outside the gear housing, between shift lever and shift members G05G0009180000 with a single linkage for both preselection and shifting G05G0011000000 Manually-actuated control mechanisms provided with two or more controlling members co-operating with one single controlled member G05G0013000000 Manually-actuated control mechanisms provided with two or more controlling members and also two or more controlled members (interlocking G05G0005080000);; G05G0013020000 with separate controlling members for preselection and shifting of controlled members G05G0013040000 for change-speed gearings G05G0015000000 Mechanical devices for initiating a movement automatically due to a specific cause (automatic clutches F16D0043000000;automatic control of gearings F16H, e.g. F16H0005400000; stopping machines in case a body part of a person is in a danger zone F16P0003120000; stopping machines on occurrence of dangerous conditions therein F16P0007020000; forming part of electric switches, time switches H01H) G05G0015020000 due to alteration of the sense of movement of a member G05G0015040000 due to distance or angle travelled by a member G05G0015060000 due to the speed of rotation or of bodily movement of a member, e.g. passing an upper or lower limit thereof (speedometers G01P);; G05G0015080000 due to the load or torque on a member, e.g. if exceeding a predetermined value thereof G05G0017000000 Mechanical devices for moving a member after being released; Trip or release mechanisms characterised thereby G05G0019000000 Servo-mechanisms with follow-up action, e.g. occurring in steps G05G0021000000 Mechanical apparatus for control of a series of operations, i.e. programme control, e.g. involving a set of cams (G05G0005020000 takes precedence);; G05G0023000000 Means for ensuring the correct positioning of parts of control mechanisms, e.g. for taking-up play G05G0023020000 self-adjusting G05G0025000000 Other details or appurtenances of control mechanisms, e.g. supporting intermediate members elastically G06 COMPUTING; CALCULATING; COUNTING (score computers for games A63B0071060000, A63D0015200000, A63F0001180000;combinations of writing appliances with computing devices B43K0029080000) G06C DIGITAL COMPUTERS IN WHICH ALL THE COMPUTATION IS EFFECTED MECHANICALLY (score computers for card games A63F0001180000;construction of keys, printing mechanisms, or other parts of general application to the typewriting or printing art B41; keys or printing mechanisms for special applications, see the relevant sub-classes, e.g. G05G, G06K) G06C0001000000 Computing aids in which the computing members form at least part of the displayed result and are manipulated directly by hand, e.g. abacus, pocket adding device G06C0003000000 Arrangements for table look-up, e.g. menstruation table G06C0005000000 Non-functional elements G06C0005020000 Housings; Frameworks G06C0007000000 Input mechanisms (pin carriage G06C0013020000);; G06C0007020000 Keyboards G06C0007040000 Interlocking devices, e.g. between keys (interlocking devices covered by this sub-class, per se G06C0025000000);; G06C0007060000 with one set of keys for each denomination G06C0007080000 with one set of keys for all denominations, e.g. ten-key board G06C0007090000 Transfer of data from record carrier to computing mechanisms (sensing record carriers G06K0007000000);; G06C0007100000 Transfer mechanisms, e.g. transfer of a figure from a ten-key keyboard into the pin carriage G06C0007120000 Resetting devices, e.g. for the keyboard G06C0009000000 Transfer mechanisms, e.g. for transmitting figures from the input mechanism into the computing mechanism (G06C0007100000, G06C0011000000, G06C0015000000 take precedence);; G06C0009020000 Back-transfer arrangements, e.g. to transfer a value accumulated in a register back into the selection mechanism G06C0011000000 Output mechanisms (marking record carriers in general, visual presentation in general of results of the mathematical operations G06K);; G06C0011020000 with visual indication, e.g. counter drum G06C0011040000 with printing mechanisms, e.g. for character-at-a-time or line-at-a-time printing G06C0011060000 having type hammers G06C0011080000 with punching mechanism G06C0011100000 Arrangements for feeding single sheets or continuous web or tape, e.g. ejection device (conveying record carriers G06K0013000000);;Line-spacing devices G06C0011120000 for feeding tape G06C0013000000 Storage mechanisms (mechanical counters with input only to the lowest order G06M;information storage in general G11) G06C0013020000 Operand stores, e.g. pin carriage (input mechanisms G06C0007000000);; G06C0013040000 Print buffer stores G06C0015000000 Computing mechanisms; Actuating devices therefor (mechanisms for operating automatically upon more than two numbers otherwise than by repeated addition or subtraction G06C0021000000);; G06C0015020000 operating on the binary scale G06C0015040000 Adding or subtracting devices (G06C0015080000 takes precedence);; G06C0015060000 having balance totalising; Obtaining sub-total G06C0015080000 Multiplying or dividing devices; Devices for computing the exponent or root G06C0015100000 having more than one denominational set of keys operating directly on computing mechanism G06C0015120000 having pin carriage G06C0015140000 having pin wheel, e.g. Odhner type G06C0015160000 having stepped-toothed actuating drums, e.g. Thomas type G06C0015180000 having multiplication table for forming partial products G06C0015200000 adapted for short-cut multiplication or division G06C0015220000 Arrangements for two or more computing devices; Arrangements for subdivision into two or more computing mechanisms, e.g. splitting G06C0015240000 Devices for counting the cycles of operation in division or multiplication (item-counting devices G06C0025020000);; G06C0015260000 Devices for transfer between orders, e.g. tens-transfer device G06C0015280000 where transfer is effected in one step G06C0015300000 where transfer is effected in two steps G06C0015320000 with provision for simultaneous transfer between all orders G06C0015340000 where transfer is effected by planet gear, i.e. crawl type G06C0015360000 with aligning means G06C0015380000 for pin-wheel computing mechanisms G06C0015400000 for stepped-toothed-drum computing mechanism G06C0015420000 Devices for resetting to zero or other datum G06C0015440000 Devices for comparing numerical values, e.g. zero check G06C0015460000 Arrangements for rounding-off G06C0015480000 Arrangements for selection of one out of several counting registers (arrangements for controlling subsequent operating functions G06C0021040000;item counters G06C0025020000) G06C0017000000 Mechanisms for converting from one notational system to another, i.e. radix conversion G06C0019000000 Decimal-point mechanisms; Analogous mechanisms for non-decimal notations G06C0019020000 Devices for indicating the point G06C0019040000 Devices for printing the point G06C0021000000 Programming-mechanisms for determining the steps to be performed by the computing machine, e.g. when a key or certain keys are depressed (mechanisms merely for producing multiplication by repeated addition G06C0015080000);; G06C0021020000 in which the operation of the mechanism is determined by the position of the carriage G06C0021040000 Conditional arrangements for controlling subsequent operating functions, e.g. control arrangement triggered by a function key and depending on the condition of the register (arrangements for selection of one out of several counting registers G06C0015480000);; G06C0023000000 Driving mechanisms for functional elements (G06C0023080000 takes precedence over G06C0023020000-G06C0023060000); G06C0023020000 of main shaft G06C0023040000 of pin carriage, e.g. for step-by-step movement G06C0023060000 of tabulation devices, e.g. of carriage skip G06C0023080000 Hydraulic or pneumatic actuation G06C0025000000 Auxiliary functional arrangements, e.g. interlocks (interlocks in keyboards G06C0007040000);; G06C0025020000 Item-counting devices (devices for counting the cycles of operation in division or multiplication G06C0015240000);; G06C0027000000 Computing machines characterised by the structural interrelation of their functional units, e.g. invoicing machines G06C0027020000 Cash registers (without computing mechanism G07G);; G06C0029000000 Combinations of computing machines with other machines, e.g. with typewriter, with money-changing apparatus G06D DIGITAL FLUID-PRESSURE COMPUTING DEVICES G06D0001000000 Details, e.g. functional units (individual logic elements F15C;valves F16K) G06D0001020000 having at least one moving part, e.g. spool valve G06D0001040000 Adding; Subtracting G06D0001060000 Multiplying; Dividing G06D0001080000 having no moving parts G06D0001100000 Adding; Subtracting G06D0001120000 Multiplying; Dividing G06D0003000000 Computing devices characterised by the interrelationship of the functional units and having at least one moving part G06D0005000000 Computing devices characterised by the interrelationship of the functional units and having no moving parts G06D0007000000 Computing devices characterised by the combination of hydraulic or pneumatic functional elements with at least one other type of functional element G06F DIGITAL COMPUTERS IN WHICH AT LEAST PART OF THE COMPUTATION IS EFFECTED ELECTRICALLY; ARRANGEMENTS FOR HANDLING DIGITAL DATA (computers in which a part of the computation is effected hydraulically or pneumatically G06D;self-contained input or output peripheral equipment G06K) G06F0001000000 Details of data-processing equipment not covered by groups ; G06F0003000000-G06F0013000000 G06F0001020000 Digital function generators G06F0001040000 Generating or distributing clock signals or signals derived directly therefrom G06F0003000000 Input arrangements for transferring data to be processed into a form capable of being handled by the computer; Output arrangements for transferring data from processing unit to output unit, e.g. interface arrangements (typewriters B41J;conversion of physical variables F15B0005000000, G01; coding or decoding in general H03K0013000000; data transmission H04L) G06F0003020000 Manual input, e.g. key, switch, dial G06F0003040000 Digital input from, or digital output to, one or more distant stations (transmission H04L);; G06F0003050000 Digital input using the sampling of an analogue quantity at regular intervals of time (sample-and-hold arrangements G11C0027020000;analogue/digital conversion per se H03K0013020000; sampling per se H03K0017000000) G06F0003060000 Digital input from, or digital output to, record carriers G06F0003080000 from or to individual record carriers, e.g. punched card G06F0003100000 Digital input from or digital output to electric typewriter G06F0003120000 Digital output to print unit (print units per se G06K0015000000);; G06F0003140000 Digital output to display device, e.g. cathode-ray tube (output equipment with visual indication without printing G06K0015180000);; G06F0003160000 Sound input; Sound output (conversion of speech into digital information or vice versa G10L0001080000);; G06F0005000000 Methods or arrangements for data conversion without changing the order or content of the data handled (by coding or decoding H03K0013000000);; G06F0005020000 for converting multi-digit numbers from one notational system to another, e.g. decimal to four-line binary G06F0005040000 for series/parallel conversion or ; vice versa and adapted for conjoint operation with a processing unit G06F0005060000 for changing the speed of data flow, i.e. speed regularising G06F0007000000 Methods or arrangements for processing data by operating upon the order or content of the data handled (logic circuits H03K0019000000);; G06F0007020000 Comparing digital values (G06F0007060000, G06F0007220000, G06F0007380000 take precedence;comparison of characteristics of individual pulses H03K0005200000) G06F0007040000 Identity comparison, i.e. for like or unlike values G06F0007060000 Arrangements for sorting, selecting, merging, or comparing data on individual record carriers (sorting of postal letters B07C;conveying record carriers from one station to another G06K0013020000) G06F0007080000 Sorting, i.e. grouping record carriers in numerical or other ordered sequence according to the classification of at least some of the information they carry (by merging two or more sets of carriers in ordered sequence G06F0007160000);; G06F0007100000 Selecting, i.e. obtaining data of one kind from those record carriers which are identifiable by data of a second kind from a mass of ordered or randomly-distributed record carriers G06F0007120000 with provision for printing-out a list of selected items G06F0007140000 Merging, i.e. combining at least two sets of record carriers each arranged in the same ordered sequence to produce a single set having the same ordered sequence G06F0007160000 Combined merging and sorting G06F0007200000 Comparing separate sets of record carriers arranged in the same sequence to determine whether at least some of the data in one set is identical with that in the other set or sets G06F0007220000 Arrangements for sorting, selecting, merging, or comparing data on continuous record carriers, e.g. tape, drum, disc G06F0007240000 Sorting, i.e. extracting data from one or more carriers, re-arranging the data in numerical or other ordered sequence, and re-recording the sorted data on the original carrier or on a different carrier or set of carriers (G06F0007360000 takes precedence);; G06F0007260000 the sorted data being recorded on the original record carrier within the same space in which the data had been recorded prior to their sorting, without using intermediate storage G06F0007280000 Selecting, i.e. choosing digital data of a predetermined kind from a record carrier which has two or more kinds of digital data (special purpose computers for information retrieval, for compiling abstracts G06F0015400000);; G06F0007300000 with provisions for printing-out a list of selected items G06F0007320000 Merging, i.e. combining data contained in ordered sequence on at least two record carriers to produce a single carrier or set of carriers having all the original data in the ordered sequence (G06F0007360000 takes precedence);; G06F0007340000 Comparing separate record carriers with data arranged in the same sequence to determine whether at least one of the data on one carrier is identical with that on the other G06F0007360000 Combined merging and sorting G06F0007380000 Methods or arrangements for performing computations, e.g. arithmetic unit (conversion of radix G06F0005020000);; G06F0007385000 for addition or subtraction (G06F0007400000-G06F0007560000; take precedence);; G06F0007390000 for multiplication or division (G06F0007400000-G06F0007560000; take precedence);; G06F0007395000 using column-shifting G06F0007400000 using contact-making devices, e.g. electromagnetic relay (G06F0007460000 takes precedence);; G06F0007420000 Adding; Subtracting G06F0007440000 Multiplying; Dividing G06F0007460000 using electromechanical counter-type accumulators G06F0007480000 using non-contact-making devices, e.g. tube, solid state device (G06F0007560000 takes precedence);; G06F0007500000 Adding; Subtracting G06F0007520000 Multiplying; Dividing G06F0007540000 using column-shifting G06F0007560000 using electro-optical devices G06F0009000000 Arrangements for programme control, e.g. control unit (in regulating or control systems G05B);; G06F0009020000 using wired connections, e.g. plugboard G06F0009040000 using record carriers containing only programme instructions (G06F0009060000 takes precedence);; G06F0009060000 using stored programme, i.e. using internal store of processing equipment to receive and retain programme G06F0009080000 Single-address programming (G06F0009180000, G06F0009200000 take precedence);; G06F0009100000 Multiple-address programming (G06F0009180000, G06F0009200000 take precedence);; G06F0009120000 Sub-routine arrangements G06F0009140000 Wired-in micro-programmes G06F0009160000 Stored micro-programmes G06F0009180000 Handling two or more programmes simultaneously or with time-sharing, e.g. priority arrangement, programme-interrupting arrangement G06F0009190000 with provision for programme modification, e.g. as a result of time-shared operation G06F0009200000 with provision for address modifications G06F0011000000 Error detection; Error correction; Monitoring (marginal checking G01R0031300000;methods or arrangements for verifying the correctness of marking on a record carrier G06K0005000000; in data transmission systems H04L) G06F0011020000 by computation, i.e. performing a computation of which the result is known, e.g. nines check G06F0011040000 by check programme, e.g. diagnostic routine G06F0011060000 by providing signals indicative of the functioning of the machine, e.g. whistling whilst multiplying G06F0011080000 by redundancy check G06F0011100000 Adding special bits or symbols to the coded information, e.g. parity check, casting out nines or elevens G06F0011120000 using self-checking codes G06F0013000000 Interconnection of storage devices with the functional units of the data-processing equipment G06F0013020000 the storage device being of the transit-time type, e.g. delay line G06F0013040000 the storage device requiring relative movement with respect to the recording or sensing element G06F0013060000 the storage device being a random-access store G06F0013080000 being a magnetic store G06F0015000000 Data-processing equipment characterised by the combination of functions covered by group ; G06F0007000000 and at least one other main group G06F0015020000 manually operated with input through keyboard and computation using a built-in programme, e.g. desk calculator G06F0015040000 programmed simultaneously with the introduction of data to be processed, e.g. on the same record carrier G06F0015060000 with a store which receives a complete set of programme steps before the individual data to be processed are introduced G06F0015080000 using a plugboard for programming G06F0015100000 Tabulators G06F0015120000 having provision for both printed and punched output G06F0015140000 Calculating-punches G06F0015160000 Combinations of two or more digital computers each having at least an arithmetic unit, a programme unit and a register, e.g. for a simultaneous processing of several programmes G06F0015180000 in which a programme is changed according to experience gained by the computer itself during a complete run; Learning machines (adaptive control systems G05B0013000000);; G06F0015200000 characterised by a specific application so far as the design or construction of the computing part is concerned G06F0015220000 for invoicing G06F0015240000 for inventory purposes; for order filling G06F0015260000 for seat reservation G06F0015280000 for betting on the outcome of an event, e.g. a race, an election; Totalisators G06F0015300000 for band or analogous accounting; for calculating earned income G06F0015320000 for solving equations G06F0015340000 for synthesis or analysis of complex mathematical functions, e.g. Fourier analysis, computing or correlation functions G06F0015360000 for evaluating statistical data G06F0015380000 for language translation G06F0015400000 for information retrieval; for compiling abstracts (selecting predetermined digital data from a record carrier G06F0007280000);; G06F0015420000 for medical purposes; for biological purposes G06F0015440000 for game playing G06F0015460000 for process control, e.g. quality or quantity control G06F0015480000 for traffic control G06F0015500000 for guiding a vehicle or missile along a prescribed course, e.g. carried on vehicle or missile G06F0015520000 for computing processes in nuclear physics or nuclear engineering G06F0015540000 for meteorology, e.g. for weather prediction G06F0015560000 for distribution networks, e.g. electrical network G06F0015580000 for gunlaying; for bomb aiming G06G ANALOGUE COMPUTERS G06G0001000000 Hand-manipulated computing devices (planimeters G01B0005260000);; G06G0001020000 Devices in which computing is effected by adding, subtracting, or comparing lengths of parallel or concentric graduated scales G06G0001040000 characterised by construction (G06G0001100000 takes precedence);; G06G0001060000 with rectilinear scales, e.g. slide rule G06G0001080000 with circular or helical scales G06G0001100000 characterised by the graduation G06G0001120000 logarithmic graduations, e.g. for multiplication G06G0001140000 in which a straight or curved line has to be drawn from given points on one or more input scales to one or more points on a result scale G06G0001160000 in which a straight or curved line has to be drawn through related points on one or more families of curves G06G0003000000 Devices in which the computing operation is performed mechanically (G06G0001000000 takes precedence);; G06G0003020000 for performing additions or subtractions, e.g. differential gearing G06G0003040000 for performing multiplications or divisions, e.g. variable-ratio gearing G06G0003060000 for evaluating functions by using cams and cam followers G06G0003080000 for integrating or differentiating, e.g. by wheel and disc G06G0003100000 for simulating specific processes, systems, or devices G06G0005000000 Devices in which the computing operation is performed by means of fluid-pressure elements (such elements in general F15C);; G06G0007000000 Devices in which the computing operation is performed by varying electric or magnetic quantities G06G0007020000 Details not covered by ; G06G0007040000-G06G0007100000 G06G0007040000 input or output devices (graphs readers G06K0011000000;function plotters, co-ordinate plotters G06K0015220000) G06G0007060000 Programming arrangements, e.g. plugboard for interconnecting functional units of the computer; Digital programming G06G0007100000 Power supply arrangements G06G0007120000 Arrangements for performing computing operations, e.g. operational amplifier (amplifiers in general H03F);; G06G0007122000 for optimisation, e.g. least square fitting, linear programming, critical path analysis, gradient method G06G0007140000 for addition or subtraction (of vector quantities G06G0007220000);; G06G0007160000 for multiplication or division G06G0007161000 with pulse modulation, e.g. modulation of amplitude, width, frequency, phase, or form G06G0007162000 using galvano-magnetic effects, e.g. Hall effect; using similar magnetic effects G06G0007163000 using a variable impedance controlled by one of the input signals, variable amplification or transfer function G06G0007164000 Quarter square multipliers G06G0007180000 for integration or differentiation; for forming intervals G06G0007190000 for forming Fourier integrals; for forming Laplace integrals; for forming correlation integrals G06G0007200000 for evaluating powers, roots G06G0007220000 for evaluating trigonometric functions; for conversion of co-ordinates; for computations involving vector quantities (trigonometric computations using simultaneous equations G06G0007340000);; G06G0007240000 for evaluating logarithmic or exponential functions, e.g. hyperbolic functions G06G0007250000 for discontinuous functions, e.g. backlash, dead zone, limiting, absolute value, or peak value G06G0007260000 Arbitrary function generators G06G0007280000 for synthesising functions by piecewise approximation G06G0007300000 for interpolation or extrapolation (G06G0007122000 takes precedence);; G06G0007320000 for solving of equations G06G0007340000 of simultaneous equations (G06G0007122000 takes precedence);; G06G0007360000 of single equations of quadratic or higher degree (G06G0007220000, G06G0007240000 take precedence);; G06G0007380000 of differential or integral equations G06G0007400000 of partial differential equations (simulating specific devices G06G0007480000);; G06G0007420000 using electrolytic tank G06G0007440000 using continuous medium, current-sensitive paper G06G0007460000 using discontinuous medium, e.g. resistance network G06G0007480000 Analogue computers for specific processes, systems, or devices, e.g. simulators G06G0007500000 for distribution networks, e.g. for fluids (G06G0007620000 takes precedence);; G06G0007520000 for economic systems; for statistics G06G0007540000 for nuclear physics, e.g. nuclear reactors, radioactive fallout G06G0007560000 for heat flow (G06G0007580000 takes precedence);; G06G0007570000 for fluid flow (G06G0007500000 takes precedence);; G06G0007580000 for chemical processes (G06G0007750000 takes precedence);; G06G0007600000 for living beings, e.g. their nervous systems G06G0007620000 for electric systems or apparatus, e.g. motors G06G0007625000 for filters; for delay lines G06G0007630000 for power apparatus, or supply distribution networks G06G0007635000 for determining the most economical distribution in power systems G06G0007640000 for non-electric machines, e.g. turbine G06G0007660000 for control systems G06G0007680000 for civil-engineering structures, e.g. beam, strut, girder G06G0007700000 for vehicles, e.g. to determine permissible loading of ships G06G0007720000 Flight simulator (link trainers G09B0009080000);; G06G0007750000 for component analysis, e.g. of mixtures, of colours (G06G0007122000 takes precedence);; G06G0007760000 for traffic G06G0007780000 for direction-finding, locating, distance or velocity measuring, or navigation systems G06G0007800000 for gunlaying; for bomb aiming; for guiding missiles G06G0009000000 Devices in which mathematical operations are carried out with the aid of optical or electro-optical elements (optical elements per se G02B;electro-optical elements per se H01L) G06J HYBRID COMPUTING ARRANGEMENTS (analogue/digital conversion or vice versa H03K0013000000);; G06J0001000000 Hybrid computing arrangements (digitally-programmed analogue computers G06G0007060000);; G06J0001020000 Digital-differential analysers G06J0003000000 Systems for conjoint operation of complete digital and complete analogue computers G06K RECOGNITION OF DATA; PRESENTATION OF DATA; RECORD CARRIERS; HANDLING RECORD CARRIERS (postal sorting B07C);; G06K0001000000 Methods or arrangements for marking the record carrier in digital fashion (interpreting G06K0003020000);; G06K0001020000 by punching (punching in general B26F);; G06K0001040000 controlled by sensing markings on the record carrier being punched (sensing of record carriers G06K0007000000);; G06K0001050000 High-speed punches, e.g. controlled by electric computer G06K0001060000 Manually-controlled devices G06K0001080000 Card punches G06K0001100000 Tape punches (specially adapted for a particular purpose, see the relevant sub-class, e.g. for telegraphy H04L);; G06K0001120000 otherwise than by punching (printing in general B41, e.g. B41J);; G06K0001140000 by transferring data from a similar or dissimilar record carrier G06K0001160000 by reproducing data from one punched card on to one or more punched cards without the code representation, i.e. duplicating G06K0001180000 by transferring data from one type of record carrier on to another type of record carrier, e.g. from magnetic tape to punched card G06K0001200000 Simultaneous marking of record carrier and printing-out of data, e.g. printing-punch G06K0001220000 Simultaneous marking and printing on different record carriers, e.g. on different types of record carrier G06K0003000000 Methods or arrangements for printing of data in the shape of alphanumeric or other characters from a record carrier, e.g. interpreting, printing-out from a magnetic tape G06K0003020000 Translating markings on a record carrier into printed data on the same record carrier, i.e. interpreting G06K0005000000 Methods or arrangements for verifying the correctness of markings on a record carrier; Column-detection devices G06K0005020000 the verifying forming a part of the marking action G06K0005040000 verifying the alignment of markings G06K0007000000 Methods or arrangements for sensing record carriers (G06K0009000000 takes precedence);; G06K0007010000 Details G06K0007015000 Aligning or centring of the sensing device with respect to the record carrier (in general G11B);; G06K0007016000 Synchronisation of sensing process (in general G11B);; G06K0007020000 by pneumatic or hydraulic means, e.g. sensing punched holes with compressed air; by sonic means G06K0007040000 by mechanical means, e.g. by pins operating electric contacts G06K0007060000 by means which conduct current when a mark is sensed or absent, e.g. contact brush for a conductive mark G06K0007080000 by means detecting the change of an electrostatic or magnetic field, e.g. by detecting change of capacitance between electrodes G06K0007100000 by electromagnetic radiation, e.g. optical sensing; by corpuscular radiation G06K0007120000 using a selected wavelength, e.g. to sense red marks and ignore blue marks G06K0007140000 using light without selection of wavelength, e.g. sensing reflected white light G06K0009000000 Methods or arrangements for reading or recognising printed or written characters or geometric figures G06K0009020000 Details G06K0009040000 Aligning or centring sensing device relative to the character carriers G06K0009060000 Circuitry, e.g. logic circuits for identifying one out of sixty-four possible characters G06K0009080000 using reference characters, e.g. superimposed on the image of characters top be read or compared G06K0009100000 using dissection of the character area G06K0009120000 using two-dimensional dissection, e.g. by rastering, by a mosaic arrangement of the scanned elements G06K0009130000 using a slot moved over the character to be recognised and thereby obtaining a waveform the instantaneous amplitude of which corresponds to the degree of blackness of the part of the character under the slot at that instant G06K0009140000 using testing probes (G06K0009100000 takes precedence);; G06K0009160000 using contour-following means, e.g. cathode ray G06K0009180000 using printed characters having additional code marks or containing code marks, e.g. the character being composed of individual strokes of different shape, each representing a different code value G06K0011000000 Methods or arrangements for graph-reading (combined with character recognition G06K0009160000);; G06K0011020000 Curve followers G06K0011040000 using an auxiliary scanning pattern G06K0013000000 Conveying record carriers from one station to another, e.g. from stack to punching position G06K0013020000 the record carrier having longitudinal dimension comparable with transverse dimension, e.g. punched card G06K0013040000 Details, e.g. flaps in card-sorting apparatus G06K0013050000 Capstans; Pinch rollers G06K0013060000 Guiding cards; Checking correct operation of card-conveying mechanisms G06K0013063000 Aligning cards G06K0013067000 Checking presence, absence, correct position, or moving status of cards G06K0013070000 Transporting of cards between stations G06K0013073000 with continuous movement G06K0013077000 with intermittent movement; Braking or stopping movement G06K0013080000 Feeding or discharging cards G06K0013100000 from magazine to conveying arrangement G06K0013103000 using mechanical means G06K0013107000 using pneumatic means G06K0013120000 from conveying arrangement to magazine G06K0013140000 Card magazines, e.g. pocket, hopper (card magazines in general B42F);; G06K0013160000 Handling flexible sheets, e.g. cheque G06K0013180000 the record carrier being longitudinally extended, e.g. punched tape (features of interest apart from data processing G11B;magnetic-tape drive G11B0015000000) G06K0013200000 Details G06K0013220000 Capstans; Pinch rollers G06K0013240000 Guiding of record carriers; Recognising end of record carrier G06K0013260000 Winding-up or unwinding of record carriers; Driving of record carriers G06K0013280000 continuously G06K0013300000 intermittently G06K0015000000 Arrangements for the visual presentation of the output data (marking record carriers G06K0001000000;selective printers per se B41J; in general G02, G03G, H04L) G06K0015020000 involving the printing of alphanumeric characters G06K0015040000 by rack-type printers G06K0015060000 by type-wheel printers G06K0015070000 by continuously-rotating-type-wheel printers, e.g. rotating-type-drum printers G06K0015080000 by flight printing with type font moving in the direction of the printed line, e.g. chain printers G06K0015100000 by matrix printers G06K0015120000 by photographic printing G06K0015140000 by electrographic printing, e.g. xerography; by magnetographic printing G06K0015160000 Means for paper feeding or form feeding G06K0015180000 Arrangements giving a visual indication without printing characters G06K0015200000 with transitory presentation on cathode ray tube, e.g. analogue display unit G06K0015220000 Producing permanent record, e.g. on graph paper (recording measured values G01D);; G06K0017000000 Methods or arrangements for effecting co-operative working between equipments covered by two or more of the preceding main groups, e.g. automatic card files incorporating conveying and reading operations G06K0019000000 Record carriers for use with machines and with at least a part designed to carry digital markings (record carriers adapted for controlling specific machines, see the appropriate sub-class for the machine, e.g. B23Q, D03C, G10F, H04L;form printing B41; file cards B42F0019000000; record carriers in general G11) G06K0019020000 characterised by the selection of materials, e.g. to avoid wear during transport through the machine G06K0019040000 characterised by the shape G06K0019060000 characterised by the kind of the digital marking, e.g. shape, nature G06K0019080000 using markings of different kinds in the same record carrier, e.g. one marking being sensed by optical and the other by magnetic means G06K0021000000 Punched cards for information retrieval designed for manual use or handling by machine (G06K0019000000 takes precedence);;Apparatus for handling such cards G06K0021020000 in which coincidence of markings is sensed mechanically, e.g. by needle G06K0021040000 in which coincidence of markings is sensed optically, e.g. peek-a-boo system G06K0021060000 Apparatus or tools adapted for slotting or otherwise marking information-retrieval cards (tools for perforating in general B26F);; G06K0021080000 Apparatus or tools for correcting punching or slotting errors G06M COUNTING MECHANISMS; COUNTING OF OBJECTS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR (counting by measuring volume or weight of articles to be counted G01F, G01G;computers G06C, G06J; counting electric pulses H03K) G06M0001000000 Design features of general application G06M0001020000 Housing (for measuring instructions in general G01D);; G06M0001040000 for driving the stage of lowest order (with variable ratio of drive G06M0001380000);; G06M0001060000 producing continuous revolution of the stage, e.g. with gear train G06M0001080000 for actuating the drive G06M0001100000 by electric or magnetic means G06M0001120000 by fluid means G06M0001140000 for transferring a condition from one stage to a higher stage (with variable ratio of transfer G06M0001380000);; G06M0001160000 self-operating, e.g. by Geneva mechanism G06M0001180000 requiring external operation, e.g. by electromagnetic force G06M0001200000 specially adapted for denominations with unequal numbers in each stage, e.g. degrees and minutes of angle G06M0001220000 for visual indication of the result of count on counting mechanisms, e.g. by window with magnifying lens G06M0001240000 Drums; Dials; Pointers (for measuring instruments in general G01D);; G06M0001260000 Aligning means G06M0001270000 for representing the result of count in the form of electric signals, e.g. by sensing markings on the counter drum G06M0001272000 using photoelectric means G06M0001274000 using magnetic means; using Hall-effect devices G06M0001276000 using mechanically-actuated contacts G06M0001280000 for zeroising or setting to a particular value G06M0001300000 using heart-shaped or similar cams; using levers G06M0001320000 Actuating means, e.g. magnet, spring, weight G06M0001340000 using reset shafts G06M0001360000 Actuating means, e.g. magnet, spring, weight G06M0001380000 for varying ratio of drive or transfer mechanism, e.g. by using alternative counting trains G06M0003000000 Counters with additional facilities (generating electric pulses at random intervals H03K0003840000);; G06M0003020000 for performing an operation at a predetermined value of the count, e.g. arresting a machine G06M0003040000 with an additional counter train operating in the reverse direction G06M0003060000 for printing or separately displaying result of count (display systems G09);; G06M0003080000 for counting the input from several sources; for counting inputs of different amounts G06M0003100000 for counting denominations with unequal numbers in each stage, e.g. degrees and minutes of angle (transfer mechanism therefor G06M0001200000);; G06M0003120000 for preventing incorrect actuation, e.g. for preventing falsification G06M0003140000 for registering difference of positive and negative actuations G06M0007000000 Counting of objects carried by a conveyer G06M0007020000 wherein objects ahead of the sensing element are separated to produce a distinct gap between successive objects G06M0007040000 Counting of piece goods, e.g. of boxes G06M0007060000 Counting of flat articles, e.g. of sheets of paper G06M0007080000 wherein the direction of movement of the objects is changed at the station where they are sensed G06M0007100000 Counting of flat overlapped articles, e.g. of cards G06M0009000000 Counting of objects in a stack thereof G06M0009020000 by using a rotating separator incorporating pneumatic suction nozzles G06M0011000000 Counting of objects distributed at random, e.g. on a surface G06M0011020000 using an electron beam scanning a surface line by line, e.g. of blood cells on a substrate G06M0011040000 with provision for distinguishing between different sizes of objects (investigating particle size in general G01N0015000000);; G07 CHECKING-DEVICES G07B TICKET-ISSUING APPARATUS; FARE-REGISTERING APPARATUS; FRANKING APPARATUS G07B0001000000 Machines for printing and issuing tickets (printing mechanisms per se B41;output mechanisms of digital computers G06C0011000000) G07B0001020000 employing selectable printing plates G07B0001040000 wherein the plates are inserted G07B0001060000 without selectable printing plates G07B0001080000 portable G07B0003000000 Machines for issuing preprinted tickets G07B0003020000 from stock in wound strip form G07B0003040000 from a stack G07B0005000000 Details of, or auxiliary devices for, ticket-issuing machines (for validating inserted tickets G07B0011020000);; G07B0005020000 for cutting-off or separating tickets G07B0005040000 for recording or registering tickets issued G07B0005060000 for preventing fraudulent operation G07B0005080000 for avoiding incorrect action of the machine G07B0005100000 indicating when ticket supply is exhausted G07B0005120000 allowing manual writing on the tickets G07B0007000000 Holders providing direct manual access to the tickets G07B0009000000 Ticket punches (perforating pliers B26F0001360000;marking record carriers in digital fashion by punching G06K0001020000) G07B0009020000 Toy ticket-punches G07B0011000000 Apparatus for validating or cancelling issued tickets G07B0011020000 for validating inserted tickets G07B0011030000 by printing G07B0011050000 by perforating G07B0011070000 by separating part of ticket G07B0011090000 combined with receptacle for separated part of ticket (refuse receptacles in general B65F0001000000);; G07B0011110000 for cancelling tickets G07B0013000000 Taximeters (measuring distance travelled G01C;measuring time G04) G07B0013020000 Details; Accessories G07B0013040000 for indicating fare or state of hire G07B0013060000 Driving arrangements G07B0013080000 Tariff-changing arrangements G07B0013100000 automatically actuated G07B0015000000 Arrangements or apparatus for collecting fares, tolls, or entrance fees at a control point (coin-handling aspects G07D;vending or hiring apparatus actuated by tokens or tickets G07F0007000000, G07F0017000000) G07B0015020000 with provision for taking into account a variable factor such as distance or time, e.g. for passenger transport G07B0015040000 comprising devices to free a barrier, turnstile, or the like (coin-freed turnstiles per se G07C0009000000);; G07B0017000000 Franking apparatus (printing aspects B41);; G07B0017020000 with means for computing or counting G07B0017040000 with means for avoiding misuse G07C TIME OR ATTENDANCE REGISTERS; REGISTERING OR INDICATING THE WORKING OF MACHINES; GENERATING RANDOM NUMBERS; VOTING OR LOTTERY APPARATUS; ARRANGEMENTS, SYSTEMS, OR APPARATUS FOR CHECKING NOT PROVIDED FOR ELSEWHERE (finger-printing A61B0005100000;indicating or recording apparatus for measuring in general, analogous apparatus but in which the input is not a variable to be measured, e.g. a hand operation, G01D; clocks, clock mechanisms G04B, G04C; time-interval measuring G04F; counting mechanisms per se G06M) G07C0001000000 Registering, indicating, or recording the time of events or elapsed time, e.g. time-recorders for work people (registering or indicating the working of machines or vehicles G07C0003000000, G07C0005000000);; G07C0001020000 not involving the registering, indicating, or recording of other data G07C0001040000 wherein the time is indicated in figures G07C0001060000 with apparatus adapted for use with individual cards G07C0001080000 wherein the time is indicated by marking an element, e.g. a card or tape, in a position determined by the time G07C0001100000 together with the recording, indicating, or registering of other data, e.g. of signs of identity (together with the recording of a continuously-varying variable G01D or the appropriate other sub-class of class G01, dependent on the variable);; G07C0001120000 wherein the time is indicated in figures G07C0001140000 with apparatus adapted for use with individual cards G07C0001160000 wherein the time is indicated by marking an element, e.g. a card or tape, in a position determined by the time G07C0001180000 with apparatus adapted for use with individual cards G07C0001200000 Checking timed patrols, e.g. of watchman G07C0001220000 in connection with sports or games G07C0001240000 Race time-recorders (race-finish cameras G03B0041000000);; G07C0001260000 Pigeon-timing or like equipment G07C0001280000 Indicating playing time G07C0001300000 Parking meters (registering or indicating waiting time of vehicles by means driven by the vehicle G07C0005020000;coin-freed parking meters G07F0017240000) G07C0001320000 Time-recording locks (locks giving indication of unauthorised unlocking E05B0039000000);; G07C0003000000 Registering or indicating the condition or the working of machines or other apparatus, other than vehicles (engine indicators G01L;testing apparatus incident to its manufacture G01M; signalling arrangements per se, indicating undesired or abnormal working conditions G08B) G07C0003020000 Registering or indicating working or idle time only G07C0003040000 using counting means or digital clocks G07C0003060000 in graphical form G07C0003080000 Registering or indicating the production of the machine either with or without registering working or idle time G07C0003100000 using counting means (counting mechanisms per se G06M);; G07C0003120000 in graphical form G07C0003140000 Quality control systems G07C0005000000 Registering or indicating the working of vehicles (for measuring distance travelled or combinations of speed and distance G01C;engine indicators G01L; devices for measuring speed or acceleration G01P) G07C0005020000 Registering or indicating driving, working, idle, or waiting time only (apparatus forming part of taximeters G07B);; G07C0005040000 using counting means or digital clocks G07C0005060000 in graphical form G07C0005080000 Registering or indicating performance data other than driving, working, idle, or waiting time, with or without registering driving, working, idle, or waiting time G07C0005100000 using counting means or digital clocks G07C0005120000 in graphical form G07C0007000000 Details or accessories common to the registering or indicating apparatus of groups ; G07C0003000000 and G07C0005000000 G07C0009000000 Individual entry or exit registers G07C0009020000 Turnstiles with registering means (turnstiles per se E04H;coin-freed aspects G07F) G07C0011000000 Arrangements, systems, or apparatus for checking, e.g. the occurrence of a condition, not provided for elsewhere (signalling or alarm arrangements G08B);; G07C0013000000 Voting apparatus G07C0013020000 Ballot boxes G07C0015000000 Generating random numbers; Lottery apparatus (generating electric pulses at random intervals H03K0003840000);; G07D SORTING, TESTING, CHANGING, DELIVERING, OR OTHERWISE HANDLING COINS; TESTING OR CHANGING PAPER CURRENCY; TESTING SECURITIES, BONDS, OR SIMILAR VALUABLE PAPERS (sorting in general B07C);; G07D0001000000 Coin deliverers G07D0001020000 giving change (coin-actuated mechanisms per se G07F);; G07D0001040000 dispensing change equal to a sum deposited G07D0001060000 dispensing the difference between a sum paid and a sum charged G07D0001080000 hand actuated G07D0003000000 Apparatus separating a mixed bulk of currency into its denominations (sorting by means of coin weight G01G);; G07D0003020000 Sorting by means of graded apertures G07D0003040000 arranged on an inclined rail G07D0003060000 arranged along a circular path G07D0003080000 arranged on a helix G07D0003100000 provided by sieves arranged in series G07D0003120000 Sorting by means of stepped deflectors G07D0003140000 driven under control of coin-sensing elements G07D0003160000 combined with coin-counting apparatus G07D0005000000 Apparatus for use apart from coin-freed apparatus for testing of coins, e.g. for segregating coins which are unacceptable or alien to a currency (apparatus separating a mixed bulk of currency into its denominations G07D0003000000);; G07D0007000000 Testing paper currency, securities, bonds, or similar valuable papers for genuineness (methods or arrangements for verifying the correctness of markings on a record carrier G06K0005000000;methods or arrangements for reading or recognising printed or written characters or geometric figures G06K0009000000) G07D0009000000 Miscellaneous devices for facilitating the handling of coins (of paper currency B65H);;Devices for counting coins (counting by weighing G01G;counting paper currency G06M) G07D0009020000 Change trays G07D0009040000 Hand- or motor-driven devices for counting coins (counting mechanisms per se G06M);; G07D0009060000 Devices for stacking or otherwise arranging coins on a support, e.g. apertured plate for use in counting coins G07F COIN-FREED AND LIKE APPARATUS G07F0001000000 Coin inlet arrangements; Coins specially adapted to operate coin-freed mechanisms (coins in general A44C);; G07F0001020000 Coin slots G07F0001040000 Coin chutes G07F0001060000 Coins specially adapted to operate coin-freed mechanisms G07F0003000000 Coin testing or sorting means or arrangements for coin-freed apparatus (apparatus for testing coins for use apart from coin-freed apparatus G07D);; G07F0003020000 for testing coins G07F0003040000 for sorting coins G07F0005000000 Coin-actuated mechanisms; Interlocks G07F0005020000 actuated mechanically by coins, e.g. by a single coin G07F0005040000 wherein two or more coins of the same denomination are required for each transaction G07F0005060000 wherein two or more coins of different denominations are required for each transaction G07F0005080000 wherein the use of two or more coins or an equivalent single coin is optional for each transaction; wherein the use of two or more coins or an alternative equivalent combination of coins is optional for each transaction G07F0005100000 actuated electrically by the coin, e.g. by a single coin G07F0005120000 wherein two or more coins of the same denomination are required for each transaction G07F0005140000 wherein two or more coins of different denominations are required for each transaction G07F0005160000 wherein the use of two or more coins or an equivalent single coin is optional for each transaction; wherein the use of two or more coins or an alternative equivalent combination of coins is optional for each transaction G07F0005180000 specially adapted for controlling several coin-freed apparatus from one place (interlocks per se G07F0005260000);; G07F0005200000 specially adapted for registering coins as credit, e.g. mechanically actuated G07F0005220000 electrically actuated G07F0005240000 with change-giving (coin-changing mechanisms per se G07D);; G07F0005260000 Interlocks, e.g. for locking the doors of compartments other than that to be used G07F0007000000 Mechanisms actuated by objects other than coins to free or to actuate vending, hiring, coin or paper currency dispensing or refunding apparatus G07F0007020000 by keys or other credit registering devices (for producing a coded signal for use together with coded identity cards G07F0007100000);; G07F0007040000 by paper currency G07F0007060000 by returnable containers, e.g. bottles G07F0007080000 by coded identity or credit card G07F0007100000 together with a coded signal G07F0009000000 Details other than those peculiar to special kinds or types of apparatus (coin inlet arrangements G07F0001000000;coin testing arrangements G07F0003000000; coin-actuated mechanisms, interlocks G07F0005000000) G07F0009020000 Devices for alarm or indication, e.g. when empty; Advertising arrangements in coin-freed apparatus (alarms or warning devices indicating the interruption of flow to be metered G07F0015100000);; G07F0009040000 Means for returning surplus or unused coins G07F0009060000 Coin boxes G07F0009080000 Counting total of coins inserted G07F0009100000 Casings, e.g. with means for heating or cooling G07F0011000000 Coin-freed apparatus for dispensing, or the like, discrete articles G07F0011020000 from non-movable magazines G07F0011040000 in which magazines the articles are stored one vertically above the other G07F0011060000 supported individually on pivotally-mounted flaps or shelves G07F0011080000 arranged in two columns in staggered relationship G07F0011100000 two or more magazines having a common delivery chute G07F0011120000 with means for automatically changing to reserve stacks G07F0011140000 with means for raising the stack of articles to permit delivery of the topmost G07F0011160000 Delivery means G07F0011180000 Recessed drawers G07F0011200000 Pushers actuated directly by hand G07F0011220000 Pushers actuated indirectly by hand, e.g. through cranks or levers G07F0011240000 Rotary or oscillatory members G07F0011260000 Endless bands G07F0011280000 in which the magazines are inclined G07F0011300000 two or more magazines having independent delivery G07F0011320000 two or more magazines having a common delivery chute G07F0011340000 in which the magazines are of zig-zag form G07F0011360000 in which the magazines are of helical or spiral form G07F0011380000 in which the magazines are horizontal G07F0011400000 the articles being delivered by hand-operated means G07F0011420000 the articles being delivered by motor-driven means G07F0011440000 in which magazines the articles are stored in bulk G07F0011460000 from movable storage containers or supports G07F0011480000 the storage containers or supports, e.g. magazine, being pivotally mounted (articles supported on pivotally-mounted flaps or shelves in magazines G07F0011060000);; G07F0011500000 the storage containers or supports being rotatably mounted G07F0011520000 about horizontal axes G07F0011540000 about vertical axes G07F0011560000 the storage containers or supports both rotating and moving axially G07F0011580000 the articles being supported on or by endless belts or like conveyers G07F0011600000 the storage containers or supports being rectilinearly movable (endless belts or like conveyers G07F0011580000);; G07F0011620000 in which the articles are stored in compartments in fixed receptacles G07F0011640000 in which the articles are individually suspended from stationary supports G07F0011660000 in which the articles are dispensed by cutting from a mass G07F0011680000 in which the articles are torn or severed from strips or sheets G07F0011700000 in which the articles are formed in the apparatus from components, blanks, or material constituents G07F0011720000 Auxiliary equipments, e.g. for lighting cigars, opening bottles G07F0013000000 Coin-freed apparatus for controlling dispensing of fluids, semiliquids or granular material from reservoirs G07F0013020000 by volume G07F0013040000 by weight G07F0013060000 with selective dispensing of different fluids or materials or mixtures thereof G07F0013080000 in the form of a spray G07F0013100000 with associated dispensing of containers, e.g. cups or other articles (dispensing discrete articles per se G07F0011000000);; G07F0015000000 Coin-freed apparatus with meter-controlled dispensing of liquid, gas, or electricity (tariff-metering apparatus in general G01D0004000000);; G07F0015020000 in which the quantity mechanism is set forward by hand after insertion of a coin G07F0015040000 in which the quantity mechanism is set forward automatically by the insertion of a coin G07F0015060000 with means for prepaying basic charges, e.g. rent for meters G07F0015080000 with means for varying the tariff or changing the price G07F0015100000 with alarm or warning devices, e.g. indicating the interrupting of the supply G07F0015120000 in which metering is on a time basis G07F0017000000 Coin-freed apparatus for hiring articles; Coin-freed facilities or services (picture juke-boxes G03B;prepayment telephone systems H04M0017000000) G07F0017020000 for optical devices, e.g. telescopes G07F0017040000 for anthropometrical measurements such as weight, height, strength G07F0017060000 for inflating-pumps G07F0017080000 for seats or footstools G07F0017100000 for means for safe-keeping of property, left temporarily, e.g. by fastening the property G07F0017120000 comprising lockable containers, e.g. for accepting clothes to be cleaned G07F0017140000 for fastenings for doors (of containers for safe-keeping G07F0017120000);;for turnstiles G07F0017160000 for devices exhibiting advertisements, announcements, pictures, or the like G07F0017180000 for washing or drying persons G07F0017200000 for washing or drying articles, e.g. clothes, motor cars G07F0017220000 for cleaning and polishing boots or shoes G07F0017240000 for parking meters (devices for checking parking time G07C0001300000);; G07F0017260000 for printing, stamping, franking, typing, or teleprinting apparatus (ticket printing or like apparatus G07F0017420000);; G07F0017280000 for radio apparatus (television subscription systems H04N0007160000);; G07F0017300000 for musical instruments (recording or playback apparatus G11B);; G07F0017320000 for games, toys, sports, or amusements G07F0017340000 depending on the stopping of moving members, e.g. "fruit" machines G07F0017360000 age, character, or fortune telling apparatus G07F0017380000 ball games; shooting apparatus G07F0017400000 for devices for accepting orders, advertisements, or the like G07F0017420000 for ticket printing or like apparatus G07G REGISTERING THE RECEIPT OF CASH, VALUABLES, OR TOKENS (apparatus comprising computing mechanisms G06C);; G07G0001000000 Cash registers (alarm indicators G07G0003000000);; G07G0001020000 with provision for the noting of money to be paid G07G0001040000 with rotating drums which display the money entered G07G0003000000 Alarm indicators, e.g. bells G07G0005000000 Receipt-giving machines (cash registers giving receipts G07G0001000000);; G08 SIGNALLING (indicating or display devices per se G09F;transmission of pictures H04N; arrangements for selective calling from one station to another H04Q0009000000) G08B SIGNALLING OR CALLING ARRANGEMENTS; ALARM ARRANGEMENTS (signalling arrangements on vehicles B60Q, B62D0041000000;railway signalling systems or devices B61L; on cycles B62J0003000000, B62J0005000000; signalling or alarm devices in mines E21F0017180000; lamps and shutters therefor F21; sensitive measuring elements, see the appropriate sub-classes of G01; digital signal transmission system G08C; traffic control systems G08G; visual indicating means G09; sound-producing devices G10, H04R; radio or near-field calling-systems H04B; arrangements for selective calling from one station to another H04Q0009000000) G08B0001000000 Arrangements for signalling characterised solely by the form of transmission of the signal G08B0001020000 using only mechanical transmission G08B0001040000 using hydraulic transmission; using pneumatic transmission G08B0001060000 hydraulic only G08B0001080000 using electric transmission G08B0003000000 Audible signalling arrangements or devices; Audible personal calling arrangements or devices (audible indication of time signals G04B0021000000; G04C0021000000; ); G08B0003020000 using only mechanical transmission G08B0003060000 using hydraulic transmission; using pneumatic transmission G08B0003100000 using electric transmission; using electromagnetic transmission G08B0003140000 using explosives G08B0005000000 Visible signalling arrangements or devices, e.g. personal calling arrangements or devices, remote indication of seats occupied (display of time signals G04B0019000000, G04C0017000000, G04C0019000000;for display of alphanumeric information G09F; flags, banners G09F) G08B0005020000 using only mechanical transmission G08B0005060000 using hydraulic transmission; using pneumatic transmission G08B0005140000 with indicator element moving about a pivot, e.g. hinged flap, rotating vane G08B0005160000 with reset means necessitating a separate operation to return the indicator element G08B0005180000 with indicator element moving rectilinearly G08B0005200000 with reset means necessitating a separate operation to return the indicator element G08B0005220000 using electric transmission; using electromagnetic transmission G08B0005240000 with indicator element moving about a pivot, e.g. hinged flap, rotating vane G08B0005260000 with reset means necessitating a separate operation to return the indicator element G08B0005280000 with hinged flap or arm G08B0005300000 with rotating or oscillating members, e.g. vanes G08B0005320000 with indicator element moving rectilinearly G08B0005340000 with reset means necessitating a separate operation to return the indicator element G08B0005360000 using visible light sources G08B0005380000 using flashing light G08B0005400000 using smoke, fire, or coloured gases (sky-writing G09F0021160000);; G08B0007000000 Signalling arrangements providing both audible and visible indication (combinations of display arrangements with audible advertising G09F0027000000);;Personal calling arrangements providing both audible and visible indication G08B0007020000 using mechanical transmission G08B0007040000 using hydraulic transmission; using pneumatic transmission G08B0007060000 using electric transmission G08B0007080000 using explosives G08B0009000000 Order telegraph apparatus (signalling devices in mines E21F0017180000);; G08B0009020000 Details G08B0009040000 Means for recording operation of the apparatus G08B0009060000 Means for indicating disagreement between orders given and those carried out G08B0009080000 mechanical G08B0009100000 using ratchet G08B0009120000 using rotary shaft G08B0009140000 hydraulic; pneumatic G08B0009160000 using ratchet G08B0009180000 by varying displacement of the fluid G08B0009200000 by varying pressure of the fluid G08B0011000000 Signalling systems in which digital information is transmitted from a central station, e.g. representing a stock exchange, to a plurality of substations (digital signalling systems in general G08C;telegraph systems H04L) G08B0013000000 Burglar, theft, or intruder alarms (vehicle theft alarms B60R0025100000;cycle theft alarms B62H0005000000) G08B0013020000 Mechanical actuation G08B0013040000 by breaking of glass G08B0013060000 by tampering with fastening (alarm locks E05B0045000000;alarm devices on safes E05G0001100000) G08B0013080000 by opening, e.g. of door, of window, of drawer, of shutter, of curtain, of blind G08B0013100000 by pressure on floors, floor coverings, stair treads, counters, or tills G08B0013120000 by the breaking or disturbance of stretched cords or wires G08B0013140000 by lifting or attempted removal of hand-portable articles G08B0013160000 Actuation by interference with mechanical vibrations in air or other fluid G08B0013180000 Actuation by interference with heat, light, or radiation of shorter wavelength; Actuation by intruding sources of heat, light, or radiation of shorter wavelength G08B0013200000 Actuation by change of fluid pressure G08B0013220000 Electrical actuation G08B0013240000 by interference with electromagnetic field distribution G08B0013260000 by proximity of an intruder causing variation in capacitance or inductance of a circuit G08B0015000000 Identifying, scaring, or incapacitating burglars, thieves, or intruders, e.g. by explosives (burglar traps, etc. on safes E05G0005020000);; G08B0015020000 with smoke, gas, or coloured or odorous powder or liquid G08B0017000000 Fire alarms; Alarms responsive to explosion (temperature-responsive elements G01K);; G08B0017020000 Mechanical actuation of the alarm, e.g. by the breaking of a wire G08B0017040000 Hydraulic or pneumatic actuation of the alarm, e.g. by change of fluid pressure G08B0017060000 Electric actuation of the alarm, e.g. using a thermally-operated switch (thermally-operated electric switches per se H01H0037000000);; G08B0017080000 actuation involving the use of explosive means G08B0017100000 actuation by presence of smoke or gases G08B0017120000 actuation by presence of radiation or particles, e.g. of infra-red radiation, of ions G08B0019000000 Alarms responsive to two or more different undesired or abnormal conditions, e.g. burglary and fire, abnormal temperature and abnormal rate of flow G08B0019020000 Alarm responsive to formation or anticipated formation of ice (indicating weather conditions G01W0001000000);; G08B0021000000 Alarms responsive to a single specified undesired or abnormal operating condition and not elsewhere provided for G08B0023000000 Alarms responsive to unspecified undesired or abnormal conditions G08B0025000000 Alarm systems in which the location of the alarm condition is signalled to a central station, e.g. fire or police telegraphic systems (digital signalling systems in general G08C);; G08B0025020000 via a telephonic connection and using recorded signals, e.g. speech G08B0026000000 Alarm systems in which substations are interrogated in succession by a central station G08B0027000000 Alarm systems in which the alarm condition is signalled from a central station to a plurality of substations (digital signalling systems in general G08C);; G08B0029000000 Checking or monitoring of signalling or alarm systems; Prevention or correction of operating errors, e.g. preventing unauthorised operation G08C SIGNAL TRANSMISSION SYSTEMS (hydraulic transmission systems F15B;transducers for specific physical variables, see the relevant sub-classes, e.g. of G01, of H01; indicators or recorders, see the relevant sub-classes, e.g. G01D, G09F; arrangements for transmission of measured values G01D0005000000; self-balancing bridges G01R; mechanical control systems G05G; systems for transmitting "on/off" signals only, systems for transmitting alarm conditions G08B; non-electric order telegraph systems G08B0009000000; generating, coding or decoding electric pulses H03K; radio or line transmission systems in general H04B; telegraph systems H04L; selective calling from one station to another H04Q0009000000) G08C0009000000 Devices for representing the variable to be transmitted in digital form, e.g. disc converter G08C0009020000 Capacitive or electrostatic devices G08C0009040000 Magnetic or inductive devices G08C0009060000 Photoelectric devices G08C0009080000 using electric contacts; using coded patterns of electric contacts; using coded patterns of both conductive and non-conductive strips G08C0011000000 Devices for representing in mechanical form each of the signals which a particular digital electric transmission system is prepared to handle, e.g. for decoding G08C0013000000 Arrangements for influencing the relationship between signals at input and output, e.g. differentiating, delaying (transferring the output of a sensing member to an indicating or recording part not yielding momentary value G01D0001000000;systems for control of position involving comparison between actual and desired values G05D0003000000; computing in general G06) G08C0013020000 to yield a signal which is a function of two or more signals, e.g. sum, product G08C0015000000 Arrangements characterised by the use of multiplexing for the transmission of a plurality of signals over a common path (multiplex transmission in general H04J);; G08C0015020000 simultaneously, i.e. using frequency division G08C0015040000 the signals being modulated on carrier frequencies G08C0015060000 successively, i.e. using time division G08C0015080000 the signals being represented by amplitude of current or voltage in transmission link G08C0015100000 the signals being represented by frequencies or phase of current or voltage in transmission link G08C0015120000 the signals being represented by pulse characteristics in transmission link G08C0017000000 Arrangements for transmitting signals characterised by the use of a radio link G08C0019000000 Electric signal transmission systems G08C0019020000 in which the variable transmitted is magnitude of current or voltage (G08C0019360000, G08C0019380000 take precedence);; G08C0019040000 using variable resistance G08C0019060000 using variable inductance G08C0019080000 differentially influencing two coils G08C0019100000 using variable capacitance G08C0019120000 in which the variable transmitted is frequency or phase of ac G08C0019140000 using combination of fixed frequencies G08C0019160000 in which transmission is by pulses G08C0019180000 using a variable number of pulses in a train G08C0019200000 operating on dynamo-electric devices, e.g. step motor G08C0019220000 by varying the duration of individual pulses G08C0019240000 using time shift of pulses G08C0019260000 by varying pulse repetition frequency G08C0019280000 using pulse code G08C0019300000 in which transmission is by selection of one or more conductors or channels from a plurality of conductors or channels (G08C0019380000 takes precedence);; G08C0019320000 of one conductor or channel G08C0019340000 of a combination of conductors or channels G08C0019360000 using optical means to convert the input signal (analogue /digital converters per se G08C0009000000, H03K);; G08C0019380000 using dynamo-electric devices (operated by pulses G08C0019200000;dynamo-electric machines per se H02K) G08C0019400000 of which only the rotor or the stator carries a winding to which a signal is applied, e.g. using step motor G08C0019420000 having three stator poles G08C0019440000 having more than three stator poles G08C0019460000 of which both rotor and stator carry windings (having squirrel-cage rotor G08C0019400000);; G08C0019480000 being of the type with a three-phase stator and a rotor fed by constant-frequency ac, e.g. selsyn, magslip G08C0021000000 Systems for transmitting the position of an object with respect to a predetermined reference system, e.g. tele-autographic system G08C0023000000 Non-electric signal transmission systems G08C0025000000 Arrangements for preventing or correcting errors; Monitoring arrangements G08C0025020000 by signalling back from receiving station to transmitting station G08C0025040000 by recording transmitted signals G08G TRAFFIC CONTROL SYSTEMS (disposition of road signs or traffic signals E01F0009000000;radar systems G01S0009000000) G08G0001000000 Traffic control systems for road vehicles G08G0001010000 Detecting movement of traffic to be counted or controlled (G08G0001070000-G08G0001140000; take precedence);; G08G0001015000 with provision for distinguishing between motor cars and cycles G08G0001020000 using treadles built into the road (pads or other sensitive devices responsive to passage of vehicles E01F0011000000);; G08G0001040000 using optical or ultrasonic detectors G08G0001065000 by counting the vehicles in a section of the road or in a parking area, i.e. comparing incoming count with outgoing count G08G0001070000 Controlling traffic signals G08G0001080000 according to detected number or speed of vehicles G08G0001085000 using a free-running cyclic timer G08G0001090000 Arrangements for giving variable traffic instructions (displaying variable information in general G09F0009000000);; G08G0001095000 Traffic lights G08G0001096000 Indicators in which a mark progresses showing the time elapsed, e.g. of green phase G08G0001097000 Supervising of traffic control systems, e.g. by giving an alarm if two crossing streets have green light simultaneously G08G0001100000 taking photographs, e.g. of vehicles travelling at a speed in excess of a predetermined value G08G0001120000 indicating the position of scheduled vehicles, e.g. of buses to a central station G08G0001140000 indicating individual free spaces in parking areas G08G0001160000 Anti-collision systems G08G0003000000 Traffic control systems for marine craft G08G0003020000 Anti-collision systems G08G0005000000 Traffic control systems for aircraft G08G0005020000 Automatic landing aids, i.e. systems in which flight data of incoming planes are processed to provide landing data G08G0005040000 Anti-collision systems G08G0005060000 for control when on the ground G08G0007000000 Traffic control systems for simultaneous control of two or more different kinds of craft G08G0007020000 Anti-collision systems G08G0009000000 Traffic control systems for craft where the kind of craft is irrelevant or of an unspecified kind G08G0009020000 Anti-collision systems G09 EDUCATION; CRYPTOGRAPHY; ADVERTISING; SEALS G09B EDUCATIONAL OR DEMONSTRATION APPLIANCES; APPLIANCES FOR COMMUNICATING WITH THE BLIND OR DEAF; MODELS; PLANETARIA; GLOBES; MAPS; DIAGRAMS (devices for psychotechnics or for testing reaction times A61B0005160000;games, sports, amusements A63; projectors, projector screens G03B) G09B0001000000 Manually or mechanically operated educational appliances using elements forming or bearing symbols, signs, pictures, or the like which are arranged or adapted to be arranged in one or more particular ways (puzzle-games A63F0009000000;advertising or displaying in general G09F) G09B0001020000 and having a support carrying or adapted to carry the elements G09B0001040000 the elements each bearing a single symbol or a single combination of symbols G09B0001060000 and being attachable to, or mounted on, the support G09B0001080000 by means of magnets G09B0001100000 by means of pins and holes G09B0001120000 by means of ring-like securing elements (sheets temporarily attached together by rings or coils B42F0003000000, B42F0005000000);; G09B0001140000 the elements being slidably mounted on the support G09B0001160000 the elements each bearing a plurality of different symbols, signs, or combinations of symbols and signs, only one symbol, sign, or combination thereof, of each element to be used at a time G09B0001180000 the elements being rotatable G09B0001200000 and bearing the symbols on a surface parallel to the axis of rotation G09B0001220000 and bearing the symbols on a surface perpendicular to the axis of rotation G09B0001240000 the elements being in flexible-strip form, e.g. endless bands G09B0001260000 the elements being arranged in fan form G09B0001280000 the elements being slidable G09B0001300000 wherein the elements are adapted to be arranged in co-operation with the support to form symbols (without special support G09B0001400000);; G09B0001320000 comprising elements to be used without a special support G09B0001340000 the elements to be placed loosely in adjacent relationship G09B0001360000 the elements being connectible by corresponding projections and recesses G09B0001380000 the elements being connectible magnetically G09B0001400000 to form symbols or signs by appropriate arrangement G09B0003000000 Manually- or mechanically-operated teaching appliances working with questions and answers (electrically-operated G09B0007000000;advertising or displaying in general G09F) G09B0003020000 of the type wherein the student is expected to construct an answer to the question which is presented or wherein the machine gives an answer to the question presented by a student G09B0003040000 of chart form (masks G09B0017020000);; G09B0003060000 of the multiple-choice answer type, i.e. where a given question is provided with a series of answers and a choice has to be made G09B0003080000 of chart form (having one set of answers common to a plurality of questions G09B0003120000);; G09B0003100000 wherein one set of answers is common to a plurality of questions G09B0003120000 of chart form G09B0005000000 Electrically-operated educational appliances (working with questions and answers G09B0007000000;simulators G09B0009000000; advertising or displaying in general G09F) G09B0005020000 with visual presentation of the material to be studied, e.g. using film strip G09B0005040000 with audible presentation of the material to be studied (reading and recognising printed or written characters G06K0009000000;sound-recording or reproducing G11B) G09B0005060000 with both visual and audible presentation of the material to be studied G09B0005080000 providing for individual presentation of information to a plurality of student stations G09B0005100000 all student stations being capable of presenting the same information simultaneously (G09B0005140000 takes precedence);; G09B0005120000 different stations being capable of presenting different information simultaneously (G09B0005140000 takes precedence);; G09B0005140000 with provision for individual teacher-student communication G09B0007000000 Electrically-operated teaching apparatus or devices working with questions and answers (mechanically-operated G09B0003000000;computing arrangements G06F) G09B0007020000 of the type wherein the student is expected to construct an answer to the question which is presented or wherein the machine gives an answer to the question presented by the student G09B0007040000 characterised by modifying the teaching programme in response to a wrong answer, e.g. repeating the question, supplying a further explanation G09B0007060000 of the multiple-choice answer type, i.e. where a given question is provided with a series of answers and a choice has to be made from the answers G09B0007070000 providing for individual presentation of questions to a plurality of student stations G09B0007073000 all student stations being capable of presenting the same questions simultaneously G09B0007077000 different stations being capable of presenting different questions simultaneously G09B0007080000 characterised by modifying the teaching programme in response to a wrong answer, e.g. repeating the question, supplying further information G09B0007100000 wherein a set of answers is common to a plurality of questions G09B0007120000 characterised by modifying the teaching programme in response to a wrong answer, e.g. repeating the question, supplying further information G09B0009000000 Simulators for teaching or training purposes (for the use of weapons F41;computing aspects G06) G09B0009020000 for teaching control of vehicles or other craft G09B0009040000 for teaching control of land vehicles G09B0009060000 for teaching control of ships, boats, or other waterborne vehicles G09B0009080000 for teaching control of aircraft, e.g. Link trainer G09B0011000000 Teaching hand-writing, shorthand, drawing, or painting G09B0011020000 Finger, hand, or arm supporting devices G09B0011040000 Guide sheets or plates; Tracing charts (templets for drawing purposes B43L0013200000);; G09B0011060000 Devices involving the use of transparent or translucent tracing material, e.g. copy books G09B0011080000 Teaching shorthand G09B0011100000 Teaching painting G09B0013000000 Teaching typing G09B0013020000 Dummy practice keyboard apparatus (for teaching music G09B0015080000);; G09B0013040000 Devices used in association with a real typewriter, teleprinter, or the like G09B0015000000 Teaching music (metronomes G04F0005020000);; G09B0015020000 Boards or like means for providing an indication of notes G09B0015040000 with sound-emitters G09B0015060000 Devices for exercising or strengthening fingers or arms; Devices for holding fingers or arms in a proper position for playing (for teaching typing G09B0013000000;exercising apparatus for developing or strengthening the muscles for physical training A63B0021000000, A63B0023000000) G09B0015080000 Practice keyboards (for teaching typing G09B0013020000);; G09B0017000000 Teaching reading (teaching lip-reading G09B0021060000);; G09B0017020000 Line indicators or other guides or masks G09B0017040000 for increasing the rate of reading; Reading rate control G09B0019000000 Teaching miscellaneous subject G09B0019020000 Counting; Calculating (abacus G06C0001000000);; G09B0019040000 Speaking (with audible presentation of the material to be studied G09B0005040000);; G09B0019060000 Foreign languages (with audible presentation of the material to be studied G09B0005040000);; G09B0019080000 Printed or written appliances, e.g. textbooks, bilingual letter assemblies, charts G09B0019100000 Modelling G09B0019120000 Clock-reading G09B0019140000 road traffic control G09B0019160000 Control of vehicles or other craft (simulators G09B0009020000);; G09B0019180000 Book-keeping or economics G09B0019200000 Needlework G09B0019220000 Games, e.g. card games G09B0019240000 Use of tools G09B0019260000 Dot-and-dash telegraphic codes G09B0021000000 Teaching, or communicating with, blind persons, deaf persons, deaf and dumb persons (audible presentation of material to be studied G09B0005040000;audible indication of meter readings or of colour G01D0007120000; watches for blind persons G04B0025020000; methods or arrangements for reading and recognising printed or written characters G06K0009000000; methods or arrangements for picking-up and recognising spoken words G10L; sound-recording or reproducing G11B) G09B0021020000 Devices for Braille writing (typewriters for Braille B41J0003320000);; G09B0021040000 Devices for conversing with the deaf-blind G09B0021060000 Devices for teaching lip-reading G09B0023000000 Models for scientific, medical, or mathematical purposes, e.g. full-sized device for demonstration purposes (in the nature of toys A63H);; G09B0023020000 for mathematics (for statics or dynamics G09B0023080000);; G09B0023040000 for geometry, trigonometry, projection, or perspective (for surveying G09B0025060000);; G09B0023060000 for physics G09B0023080000 for statics or dynamics G09B0023100000 of solid bodies G09B0023120000 of liquids or gases G09B0023140000 for acoustics G09B0023160000 for science of heat G09B0023180000 for electricity or magnetism G09B0023200000 for atomic physics or nucleonics G09B0023220000 for optics G09B0023240000 for chemistry G09B0023260000 for molecular structures; for crystallography G09B0023280000 for medicine G09B0023300000 Anatomical models G09B0023320000 with moving parts G09B0023340000 with removable parts G09B0023360000 for zoology G09B0023380000 for botany G09B0023400000 for geology G09B0025000000 Models for purposes not provided for in group G09B0023000000, e.g. full-sized devices for demonstration purposes(model vehicles, tracks therefor, models in the nature of toys A63H);; G09B0025020000 of industrial processes; of machinery G09B0025040000 of buildings G09B0025060000 for surveying; for geography, e.g. relief models (globes G09B0027000000;maps G09B0029000000) G09B0025080000 of scenic effects, e.g. trees, rocks, water surfaces (for stage purposes A63J0001000000);; G09B0027000000 Planetaria; Globes G09B0027020000 Tellurions; Orreries G09B0027040000 Star maps G09B0027060000 Celestial globes G09B0027080000 Globes (celestial globes G09B0027060000);; G09B0029000000 Maps; Plans; Charts; Diagrams, e.g. route diagram (star maps G09B0027040000;devices for holding or supporting maps A47B0097020000; for computing purposes G06G0001140000, G06G0001160000; display boards G09F) G09B0029020000 sectional G09B0029040000 the sections being arranged in the form of a foldable sheet or sheets G09B0029060000 of belt form, e.g. endless belt G09B0029080000 Hanging maps or the like G09B0029100000 Map spot or co-ordinate position indicators; Map-reading aids (optical projection apparatus per se G03B);; G09B0029120000 Relief maps (relief models G09B0025060000);; G09B0029140000 Local-time charts G09C CODING OR CIPHERING APPARATUS FOR CRYPTOGRAPHIC OR OTHER PURPOSES INVOLVING THE NEED FOR SECRECY (secret transmission H04K;arrangements for secret telegraphic communication H04L0009000000) G09C0001000000 Apparatus or methods whereby a given sequence of signs, e.g. an intelligible text, is transformed into an unintelligible sequence of signs by transposing the signs or groups of signs or by replacing them by others according to a predetermined system (cryptographic typewriters G09C0003000000);; G09C0001020000 by using a ciphering code in chart form G09C0001040000 with sign carriers or indicators moved relative to one another to positions determined by a permutation code or key, so as to indicate the appropriate corresponding clear or ciphered text G09C0001060000 wherein elements corresponding to the signs making up the clear text are operatively connected with elements corresponding to the signs making up the ciphered text, the connections, during operation of the apparatus, being automatically and continuously permuted by a coding or key member G09C0001080000 the connections being mechanical G09C0001100000 the connections being electrical G09C0001120000 comprising contact-bearing permutation discs G09C0001140000 involving removable or interchangeable coding numbers, e.g. master tapes, punched cards G09C0003000000 Typewriters for ciphering or deciphering cryptographic text (marking record carriers G06K);; G09C0003020000 with auxiliary keys or keyboards acting on the original keys or keyboards G09C0003040000 wherein the operative connections between the keys and the type-bars are automatically and continuously permuted, during operation, by a coding or key member G09C0003060000 the connections being mechanical G09C0003080000 the connections being electrical G09C0003100000 involving removable or interchangeable coding members, e.g. master tapes, punched cards G09C0005000000 Ciphering apparatus or methods not provided for in the preceding groups, e.g. involving the concealment or deformation of graphic data such as designs, written or printed messages G09D RAILWAY OR LIKE TIME OR FARE TABLES; PERPETUAL CALENDARS (calendar blocks B42D0005040000;clockwork-driven G04B; comprising computing means G06C) G09D0001000000 Railway or like time or fare tables; Indicating or reading aids therefor (essentially incorporating maps or route diagrams G09B;railway routing charts G09B; display devices, e.g. railway indicator boards, G09F) G09D0003000000 Perpetual calendars G09D0003020000 with interchangeable members bearing the indicia G09D0003040000 wherein members bearing the indicia are movably mounted in the calendar G09D0003060000 with rotatable members G09D0003080000 of disc form G09D0003100000 with members in band form G09D0003120000 electrically operated G09F ADVERTISING; DISPLAYING; SIGNS; LABELS OR NAME-PLATES; SEALS (in the nature of shop furniture A47F;designs or pictures characterised by special or unusual light effects, e.g. changing, B44F0001000000; road engineering aspects E01F0009000000; arrangements for giving traffic instructions G08G) G09F0001000000 Cardboard or like show-cards of foldable or flexible material G09F0001020000 Single substantially-flat cards G09F0001040000 Folded cards G09F0001060000 to be erected in three dimensions (G09F0001080000 takes precedence);; G09F0001080000 wholly or partly imitating the form of an object, e.g. of the article to be advertised G09F0001100000 Supports or holders for show-cards G09F0001120000 Frames therefor G09F0001140000 in the form of legs G09F0003000000 Labels, tag tickets, or similar identification or indication means; Seals; Postage or like stamps (badges A44C0003000000;sheets temporarily attached together B42F; for gramophone records G11B0003840000; on record carriers G11B0023400000) G09F0003020000 Forms or constructions (layered products B32B);; G09F0003030000 of security seals G09F0003040000 to be fastened or secured by the material of the label itself, e.g. by thermo-adhesion (by a separate adhesive layer G09F0003100000);; G09F0003060000 by clamping action (by separate clamps G09F0003160000);; G09F0003080000 Fastening or securing by means not forming part of the material of the label itself G09F0003100000 by an adhesive layer G09F0003120000 by pins, staples, or the like G09F0003140000 by strings, straps, chains, or wires G09F0003160000 by clamps G09F0003180000 Casings, frames, or enclosures for labels G09F0003200000 for adjustable, removable, or interchangeable labels G09F0005000000 Sample equipment (packaging B65D);; G09F0005020000 Portable sample cases G09F0005040000 Cards of samples; Books of samples (packages comprising articles attached to cards, sheets, or webs for removal therefrom B65D0073000000);; G09F0007000000 Signs, name or number plates, letters, numerals, or the like; Panels or boards (show-cards G09F0001000000;indicators or indicator or like boards, operated to display variable information G09F0011000000; illuminated signs G09F0013000000; boards for notices or posters G09F0015000000) G09F0007020000 Signs, plates, panels, or boards using readily-detachable elements bearing or forming symbols G09F0007040000 the elements being secured or adapted to be secured by magnetic means G09F0007060000 the elements being secured or adapted to be secured by means of pins and holes G09F0007080000 the elements being secured or adapted to be secured by means of grooves, rails, or slits G09F0007100000 and slidably mounted G09F0007120000 the elements being secured or adapted to be secured by self-adhesion, moisture, suction, slow-drying adhesive, or the like G09F0007140000 Constructional features of the symbol-bearing or -forming elements G09F0007160000 Letters, numerals, or other symbols, adapted for permanent fixing to a support G09F0007180000 Means for attaching signs, plates, panels, or boards to a supporting structure G09F0007200000 for adjustably mounting G09F0007220000 for rotatably or swingably mounting, e.g. for boards adapted to be rotated by the wind G09F0009000000 Indicating arrangements operated to display variable information (involving physical movement to display G09F0011000000;for indicating only the fact that one switch or a number of mutually independent switches have been actuated G08B0005000000; discharge tubes within which characters are selectively displayed H01J, e.g. H01J0017480000, H01J0031160000; circuit arrangements for operating electric light sources in general H05B) G09F0009300000 in which the desired character is built-up by selectiving combination of individual elements G09F0009320000 by selective switching of electric light sources, each source forming or illuminating a part of a character G09F0009340000 by selection from a grouping of electric lamps G09F0009360000 to provide an appearance of travelling signs G09F0009380000 the position of a single light source determining which elements are combined to form the display G09F0009400000 in which the desired character is selected from a number of characters arranged side-by-side, e.g. on a common carrier plate G09F0009420000 by selective lighting of electric light sources G09F0009440000 the selected character being projected on a common screen accommodating only one character at a time, to provide the same display position for all characters G09F0009460000 in which the desired character is selected from a number of characters arranged one behind the other G09F0009480000 by selective lighting of electric light sources G09F0011000000 Apparatus wherein advertising or display material is moved in continuous or intermittent succession, e.g. in a closed cycle (moving the merchandise continuously or intermittently A47F0003080000);; G09F0011020000 the display elements being secured to rotating members, e.g. drums, spindles G09F0011040000 the elements being secured to rotating discs G09F0011060000 the elements being stiff plates or cards (on rotating discs G09F0011040000);; G09F0011080000 the elements being flexible sheets (on rotating discs G09F0011040000);; G09F0011100000 Electric control therefor G09F0011120000 the display elements being carried by endless belts, chains, or the like G09F0011140000 the elements being in the form of stiff flaps, boards, cards, or the like G09F0011150000 the elements being flexible sheets G09F0011160000 Electric control therefor G09F0011180000 the display elements being carried by belts, chains, or the like, other than endless G09F0011200000 the elements being in the form of stiff flaps, boards, cards, or the like G09F0011210000 the elements being flexible sheets G09F0011220000 Electric control therefor G09F0011230000 the advertising or display material forming part of rotating members, e.g. in the form of perforations, print, or transparencies on a drum or disc G09F0011235000 Electric control therefor G09F0011240000 the advertising or display material forming part of a moving band, e.g. in the form of perforations, prints, or transparencies G09F0011260000 of an endless band G09F0011280000 Electric control therefor G09F0011290000 of a band other than endless G09F0011295000 Electric control therefor G09F0011300000 the display elements being fed one by one from a storage place to a display position G09F0011320000 the feeding means comprising belts or chains, e.g. endless belts or chains G09F0011340000 the feeding means comprising electromagnets G09F0013000000 Illuminated signs; Luminous advertising or display G09F0013020000 Signs, boards, or panels, illuminated by artificial light sources positioned in front of the insignia G09F0013040000 Signs, boards, or panels, illuminated from behind the insignia G09F0013060000 using individual cut-out symbols or cut-out silhouettes, e.g. perforated signs G09F0013080000 using both translucent and non-translucent layers G09F0013100000 using transparencies G09F0013120000 using a transparent mirror or other light-reflecting surface transparent to transmitted light whereby a sign, symbol, picture, or other information is visible only when illuminated G09F0013140000 Arrangements of reflectors therein G09F0013160000 Signs formed of, or incorporating, reflecting elements or surfaces, e.g. warning signs having triangular or other geometrical shape G09F0013180000 edge-illuminated G09F0013200000 with luminescent surfaces or parts G09F0013220000 electroluminescent (electroluminescent light sources per se H05B0033000000);; G09F0013240000 using tubes or the like filled with liquid, e.g. bubbling liquid G09F0013260000 Signs formed by electric discharge tubes (by selective lighting G09F0009000000);; G09F0013280000 Signs formed by filament-type lamps (by selective lighting G09F0009000000);; G09F0013300000 with moving light sources, e.g. rotating luminous tubes G09F0013320000 with moving optical part or parts, e.g. mirrors G09F0013340000 with light sources co-operating with movable members, e.g. with shutters to cover or uncover the light source (apparatus wherein advertising or display material is moved in a continuous or intermittent succession G09F0011000000;construction of details of lighting devices F21V0011000000) G09F0013360000 co-operating with rotating screening means G09F0013420000 with the light sources activated by non-visible radiation (cathode ray image or pattern display tubes H01J0031100000);; G09F0013440000 with gas as lighting source G09F0013460000 Advertising by fireworks G09F0015000000 Boards, hoardings, pillars, or like structures for notices, placards, posters, or the like G09F0015020000 Bills, posters, or the like therefor G09F0017000000 Flags; Banners; Mountings therefor G09F0019000000 Miscellaneous advertising or display means not provided for elsewhere G09F0019020000 incorporating moving display members G09F0019040000 operated by the opening or closing of doors, e.g. shop door G09F0019060000 Writing devices G09F0019080000 Dolls, faces, or other representations of living forms with moving parts (in the nature of toys A63H);; G09F0019100000 Devices demonstrating the action of an article to be advertised G09F0019120000 using special optical effects (designs or pictures characterised by special light effects B44F0001000000;e.g. changing pictures B44F0001100000; projecting decorations in stage lighting F21P0005040000) G09F0019140000 displaying different signs depending upon the view-point of the observer G09F0019160000 involving the use of mirrors G09F0019180000 involving the use of optical projection means, e.g. projection of images on clouds (projection apparatus per se G03B);; G09F0019200000 with colour-mixing effects G09F0019220000 Advertising or display means on roads, walls, or similar surfaces, e.g. illuminated (illuminated signs in general G09F0013000000);; G09F0021000000 Mobile visual advertising G09F0021020000 by a carrier person or animal G09F0021040000 by land vehicles G09F0021060000 by aeroplanes, airships, balloons, or kites G09F0021080000 the advertising matter being arranged on the aircraft G09F0021100000 illuminated G09F0021120000 the advertising matter being towed by the aircraft (kites per se B64C0031060000);; G09F0021140000 illuminated G09F0021160000 Sky-writing (aircraft adaptation for sky-writing B64D0001200000);; G09F0021180000 by ships or other floating means G09F0021200000 illuminated G09F0021220000 Dispensing devices for pamphlets or similar advertising matter from vehicles (from aircraft B64D0001000000);; G09F0023000000 Advertising on or in specific articles, e.g. ashtrays, letter-boxes (on or in vehicles G09F0021000000;containers, packaging-elements, or packages, with auxiliary means or provisions for displaying articles B65D) G09F0023020000 the advertising matter being displayed by the operation of the article G09F0023040000 illuminated G09F0023060000 the advertising matter being combined with articles for restaurants, shops, or offices (on paper articles G09F0023100000);; G09F0023080000 with tableware G09F0023100000 on paper articles, e.g. booklets, newspapers G09F0023120000 on toilet paper G09F0023140000 on toys, games, puzzles, or similar devices G09F0023160000 on clocks, e.g. controlled by the clock mechanism G09F0025000000 Audible advertising (sound-recording or reproducing per se G11B;public address systems H04R0027000000) G09F0027000000 Combined visual and audible advertising or displaying, e.g. for public address G10 MUSICAL INSTRUMENTS; ACOUSTICS G10B ORGANS; HARMONIUMS (mouth organs or accordions G10D;aspects of automatic actuation G10F; electronic organs G10H) G10B0001000000 General design of organs, harmoniums, or like wind-actuated musical instruments G10B0001020000 of organs G10B0001040000 electrically operated G10B0001060000 fluid operated G10B0001080000 of harmoniums G10B0003000000 Details of, or accessories for, organs, harmoniums, or the like G10B0003020000 Blowers (compressors, blowers, per se F04);; G10B0003040000 Reservoirs G10B0003060000 Valves; Sleeves G10B0003080000 Pipes, e.g. open pipe, reed pipe G10B0003100000 Actions, e.g. coupler G10B0003120000 Keys or keyboards; Manuals (keyboards for musical instruments in general G10C0003120000);; G10B0003140000 Pedals or pedal boards G10B0003160000 Swell chambers; Accentuating means G10B0003180000 Tremolo-producing devices G10B0003200000 Transposing devices G10B0003220000 Details peculiar to electrically-operated organs, e.g. contacts therefor G10C PIANOS (non-musical aspects of toy pianos A63H0005000000;aspects of automatic actuation G10F) G10C0001000000 General design of pianos or like stringed musical instruments with keyboard G10C0001020000 of upright pianofortes G10C0001040000 of grand pianofortes G10C0001060000 of cembaloes, spinets, or similar stringed instruments G10C0003000000 Details of, or accessories for, pianos or the like G10C0003020000 Cases G10C0003040000 Frames; Bridges; Bars G10C0003060000 Resonating means, e.g. resonant strings, soundboards; Fastenings of the resonating means G10C0003080000 Arrangements of strings G10C0003100000 Tuning pins or straining devices G10C0003120000 Keyboards; Keys G10C0003140000 for actuation by the feet G10C0003160000 Actions G10C0003180000 Hammers G10C0003200000 involving the use of hydraulic, pneumatic, or electromagnetic means G10C0003220000 for grand pianofortes G10C0003240000 for reciprocating of tremolo G10C0003260000 Pedals or pedal mechanisms for half-blow or similar sound-modifying G10C0003280000 Transposing devices G10C0003300000 Couplers, e.g. for playing octaves G10C0005000000 Combinations of pianos with other musical instruments, e.g. with bells, with xylophone G10C0007000000 Arrangements, in pianos, of electric means for transmitting music G10C0009000000 Special tools and methods for the manufacture and maintenance of pianos G10D MUSICAL INSTRUMENTS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR (aspects of automatic actuation G10F;sound-producing devices not regarded as musical instruments or parts thereof G10K) G10D0001000000 General design of stringed musical instruments (pianos or similar instruments with keyboard G10C);; G10D0001020000 of violins, violas, violoncellos, basses G10D0001040000 of harps, lyres G10D0001060000 of mandolins G10D0001080000 of guitars G10D0001100000 of banjos G10D0001120000 of zithers, e.g. autoharp G10D0003000000 Details of, or accessories for, stringed musical instruments G10D0003020000 Resonating means, horns, or diaphragms G10D0003040000 Bridges, mutes, or capo-tastos G10D0003060000 Fingerboards G10D0003080000 in the form of keyboards (keyboards for musical instruments in general G10C0003120000);; G10D0003100000 Strings G10D0003120000 Anchoring devices for strings, e.g. tail piece, hitchpin G10D0003140000 Tuning devices, e.g. pegs, pins, friction discs G10D0003160000 Bows; Guides for bows; Plectra and like playing means G10D0003180000 Chin-rests, hand-rests or guards as part of the instruments (separate auxiliary devices and supports G10G);; G10D0005000000 Structural combinations of microphones, pickups, or amplifiers with stringed musical instruments G10D0007000000 General design of wind-actuated musical instruments (accordions G10D0011000000;organs, harmoniums G10B; whistles G10K) G10D0007020000 of the type wherein an air current is directed against a ramp edge, e.g. flute, recorder G10D0007040000 Ocarinas G10D0007060000 of the type with a beating reed (Rohrblatt) or reeds, e.g. oboe, clarinet, bassoon, bagpipe G10D0007080000 Saxophones G10D0007100000 of the type with a cupped mouthpiece, e.g. cornet, orchestral trumpet, trombone G10D0007120000 of the type with free reeds (Zunge), e.g. mouth-organ, trumpet for children G10D0009000000 Details of, or accessories for, wind-actuated musical instruments G10D0009020000 Mouthpieces; Reeds G10D0009040000 Valves; Valve controls G10D0009060000 Mutes G10D0011000000 Accordions, concertinas, or the like; Keyboards therefor (keyboards for musical instruments in general G10C0003120000);; G10D0011020000 Actions G10D0013000000 Percussive musical instruments G10D0013020000 Drums; Tambourines G10D0013040000 Timpani G10D0013060000 Castanets, cymbals, triangles, or other single-toned percussive musical instruments (bells G10K);; G10D0013080000 Multi-toned musical instruments, with sonorous bars, blocks, forks, gongs, plates, rods, or teeth G10D0015000000 Combinations of different musical instruments (combinations with pianos G10C);; G10D0017000000 Musical instruments not provided for in any of the preceding groups, e.g. Aeolian harp, singing-flame musical instrument G10F AUTOMATIC MUSICAL INSTRUMENTS (non-musical aspects of toy instruments A63H0005000000;sound-recording and reproducing G11B; associated working with recording or reproducing apparatus G11B0031020000) G10F0001000000 Automatic musical instruments G10F0001020000 Pianofortes with keyboard G10F0001040000 Pianofortes which have no keyboard G10F0001060000 Musical boxes with plucked teeth, blades, or the like (combinations with other articles, see the relevant classes for the articles);; G10F0001080000 Percussive musical instruments G10F0001100000 Carillons G10F0001120000 Wind-actuated instruments G10F0001140000 Barrel-organs G10F0001160000 Stringed musical instruments (pianofortes G10F0001020000, G10F0001040000);; G10F0001180000 to be played by a bow G10F0001200000 to be plucked G10F0001220000 Combinations of two or more instruments G10F0003000000 Independent players for keyboard instruments G10F0005000000 Details of, or accessories for, automatic musical instruments G10F0005020000 Actions G10F0005040000 Tune barrels, sheets, rollers, spools, or the like G10F0005060000 Driving or setting of tune barrels, discs, or the like; Winding, rewinding, or guiding of tune sheets or the like (handling webs or sheets in general B65H);; G10G AIDS FOR MUSIC (metronomes G04F0005020000;teaching music G09B0015000000) G10G0001000000 Means for the representation of music G10G0001020000 Chord or note indicators, fixed or adjustable, for keyboards or fingerboards G10G0001040000 Transposing; Transcribing G10G0003000000 Recording music in notation form, e.g. recording the mechanical operation of a musical instrument (perforating per se B26F);; G10G0003020000 using mechanical means only G10G0003040000 using electrical means G10G0005000000 Supports for musical instruments G10G0007000000 Other auxiliary devices, e.g. separate holder for resin, strings, conductors' batons G10G0007020000 Tuning forks or like devices G10H ELECTROPHONIC MUSICAL INSTRUMENTS (structural combinations of microphones, pick-ups, or amplifiers with musical instruments G10B, G10C, G10D;instruments in which each note is generated by a different individually-actuated mechanical resonating structure and is amplified electrically G10C; instruments in which each note is produced by a different electrically-vibrated sounding element G10D; electronic circuits in general H03) G10H0001000000 Details of electrophonic musical instruments (keyboards applicable also to other musical instruments G10B, G10C);; G10H0001020000 Means for controlling the tone frequencies, e.g. attack, decay; Means for producing special musical effects, e.g. vibrato, glissando G10H0001040000 by additional modulation G10H0001060000 Circuits for combining harmonic frequencies to generate predetermined tone colours G10H0003000000 Instruments in which the tones are generated by electromechanical means G10H0003020000 using mechanical interrupters G10H0003040000 using pick-up means for reading-off waves recorded on rotating discs G10H0003060000 using photoelectric pick-up means G10H0003080000 using inductive pick-up means G10H0003100000 using capacitive pick-up means G10H0005000000 Instruments in which the tones are generated by means of electronic generators G10H0005020000 using generation of basic tones G10H0005040000 with semiconductor devices as active elements (G10H0005100000, G10H0005120000 take precedence);; G10H0005060000 tones generated by frequency multiplication or division of a basic tone G10H0005080000 tones generated by heterodyning G10H0005100000 using generation of non-sinusoidal basic tones, e.g. sawtooth G10H0005120000 using semiconductor devices as active elements G10K SOUND-PRODUCING DEVICES (sound-producing toys A63H0005000000;musical instruments or parts thereof, see the relevant sub-class, e.g. G10D); ACOUSTICS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR (generating or transmitting mechanical vibrations of infrasonic, sonic or ultrasonic frequency for performing mechanical work B06B;direction-finding, locating, distance or velocity measuring by means of infrasonic, sonic or ultrasonic waves G01S; signalling or calling arrangements, alarm arrangements G08B; electromechanical transducers H01L, H04R; transmission systems using infrasonic, sonic, or ultrasonic waves H04B0011000000) G10K0001000000 Devices in which sound is produced by striking a resonating body, e.g. bell, chimes, gong (combinations with clocks or watches G04B, G04C;carillons G10F0001100000) G10K0001060000 the resonating device having the shape of a bell, plate, rod, or tube (bells for towers G10K0001280000);; G10K0001062000 electrically operated G10K0001063000 the sounding member being a bell G10K0001064000 Operating or striking mechanisms therefor G10K0001065000 for timed or repeated operation G10K0001066000 the sounding member being a tube, plate, or rod G10K0001067000 Operating or striking mechanisms therefor G10K0001068000 hydraulically operated; pneumatically operated G10K0001070000 mechanically operated; Hand bells; Bells for animals G10K0001071000 Hand bells; Bells for animals G10K0001072000 Operating or striking mechanisms therefor G10K0001074000 with rotary clappers or shells G10K0001076000 for timed or repeated operation G10K0001080000 Details or accessories of general applicability G10K0001100000 Sounding members; Mounting thereof; Clappers or other strikers G10K0001260000 Mountings; Casings G10K0001280000 Bells for towers or the like G10K0001300000 Details or accessories G10K0001320000 Sounding members; Clappers or other strikers G10K0001340000 Operating mechanisms G10K0001360000 Means for silencing or damping (means or arrangements for avoiding or reducing out-of-balance forces due to motion F16F0015000000);; G10K0001380000 Supports; Mountings G10K0003000000 Rattles or like noise-producing devices G10K0005000000 Whistles G10K0007000000 Sirens G10K0007020000 in which the sound-producing member is rotated manually or by a motor (G10K0007060000 takes precedence);; G10K0007040000 by an electric motor G10K0007060000 in which the sound-producing member is driven by a fluid, e.g. by a compressed gas G10K0009000000 Devices in which sound is produced by vibrating a diaphragm or analogous element, e.g. fog horn, vehicle hooter, buzzer (electromechanical transducers H04R);; G10K0009020000 driven by gas, e.g. suction operated G10K0009040000 by compressed gases, e.g. compressed air G10K0009060000 produced by detonation G10K0009080000 driven by water or other liquids G10K0009100000 driven by mechanical means only G10K0009120000 electrically operated, e.g. driven by direct current G10K0009140000 driven by alternating current G10K0009160000 with means for generating the current by muscle power G10K0009180000 Details, e.g. bulb, pump, piston, switch, casing G10K0009200000 Sounding members G10K0009220000 Mountings; Casings G10K0010000000 Sound-producing devices not otherwise provided for G10K0011000000 Methods or devices for transmitting, conducting or directing sound in general; Methods, devices or use of materials for protecting against or for damping, noise or other acoustic waves in general (noise insulation, absorption or reflection in buildings E04B0001740000;room acoustics E04B0001990000; exhaust silencers for internal-combustion engines F01N; suppression of undesired vibrations F16F0007000000-F16F0015000000; silencers for weapons F41) G10K0011020000 Mechanical acoustic impedances; G10K0011040000 Acoustic filters G10K0011060000 Sound-focusing devices G10K0011080000 Non-electric sound-amplifying devices G10K0011100000 Horns, trumpets, megaphones, or like directive devices (electromegaphones H04R0027040000);; G10K0011120000 for conducting sounds through hollow pipes, e.g. speaking tube G10K0011140000 for conducting sound through solid bodies, e.g. wire G10K0013000000 Cones, diaphragms, or the like, for emitting or receiving sound in general (for electromechanical transducers H04R0007000000);; G10L ANALYSIS OR SYNTHESIS OF SOUND WAVES; RECORDING WAVE-FORMS OF SOUND WAVES, e.g. SPEECH (measurement of mechanical vibrations G01H, e.g. G01H0003000000;electrophonic musical instruments G10H) G10L0001000000 Analysis or synthesis of sound waves, e.g. vocoder G10L0001020000 Derivation or interpretation of characteristics of sound waves G10L0001040000 Detecting absence or presence of specific characteristics G10L0001060000 Removing redundancy of information contained in sound waves, e.g. to decrease frequency band required for transmission (G10L0001100000 takes precedence;modifications of systems to decrease bandwidth of signals in general H04B0001660000) G10L0001080000 Conversion of speech into digital information or ; vice versa G10L0001100000 Synthesis of sound waves using generators responding to characteristic wave-forms of sound, e.g. noise generator responding to whispering G10L0001120000 Recording or displaying of wave-forms of speech G10L0001140000 by displaying on screen of cathode-ray tube G10L0001160000 Methods or arrangements for printing-out speech G11 INFORMATION STORAGE G11B INFORMATION STORAGE BASED ON RELATIVE MOVEMENT BETWEEN RECORD CARRIER AND TRANSDUCER (recording measured values in a way that does not require playback through a transducer G01D;photochemical processing of recordings G03C; recording or playback apparatus using mechanically marked tape, e.g. punched paper tape, or using unit records, e.g. punched or magnetically marked cards, G06K; transferring data from one type of record carrier to another G06K0001180000; printing of data from record carriers G06K0003000000; visual presentation of the output data G06K0015000000; transmission of digital data between dynamic and static stores G11D; circuits for coupling output of reproducer to radio receiver H04B0001200000; electromechanical transducers and circuits therefor H04R) G11B0001000000 Cabinets; Cases; Stands; Disposition of apparatus therein or thereon (furniture aspects A47B, e.g. A47B0081060000);; G11B0001020000 modified to store record carriers G11B0001040000 combined with other apparatus having a different main function G11B0003000000 Recording information by cutting, deforming, or pressing grooves, e.g. by stylus; Record carriers therefor; Reproducing from such record carriers by mechanical sensing of the grooves G11B0003020000 Arrangements of heads (styli G11B0003440000);; G11B0003040000 Multiple, convertible, or alternative transducing arrangements G11B0003060000 Determining or indicating position of head G11B0003080000 Raising, lowering, traversing otherwise than for transducing, arresting, or holding-up heads and record carriers relatively to one another G11B0003100000 Arranging, supporting, or driving of heads or of transducers relatively to record carriers G11B0003120000 Supporting in balanced, counterbalanced, or loaded operative position, e.g. loading in direction of traverse G11B0003140000 by using effects of gravity or inertia, e.g. counterweight G11B0003160000 adjustable G11B0003180000 Damping by using viscosity effect G11B0003200000 by elastic means, e.g. spring G11B0003220000 adjustable G11B0003240000 acting to decrease pressure on record G11B0003260000 acting to increase pressure on record G11B0003280000 providing transverse bias parallel to record G11B0003300000 Supporting in an operative position G11B0003320000 Construction or arrangement of support pillars G11B0003340000 Driving; Guiding G11B0003360000 Automatic-feed mechanisms producing progressive transducing traverse across record carriers otherwise than by grooves, e.g. by lead-screw G11B0003380000 Guiding, e.g. constructions or arrangements providing linear or other special tracking characteristics G11B0003400000 Driving of heads relatively to stationary record carriers for transducing G11B0003420000 with provision for adaptation or interchange of heads G11B0003440000 Styli, e.g. sapphire, diamond G11B0003460000 Constructions or forms, e.g. attachment of point to shank G11B0003480000 Needles G11B0003500000 Anvils or other supports opposing stylus forces G11B0003520000 Arrangements permitting styli to yield under excessive pressure G11B0003540000 Storing; Manipulating, e.g. feeding styli to and from heads (needle boxes, receptacles for needles B65D0085240000);; G11B0003560000 Sharpening (by grinding B24B0003000000);; G11B0003580000 Cleaning record carriers or styli, e.g. removing shavings or dust (brushes A46B;cleaning in general B08B) G11B0003600000 Turntables for record carriers (forming rotor of dynamo-electric motor H02K);; G11B0003620000 Locating record carriers on turntables, e.g. adaptor for enabling centre-pin to receive carriers with large centre hole, e.g. repeatably G11B0003640000 Re-recording, i.e. transcribing information from one grooved record carrier on to one or more similar or dissimilar record carriers G11B0003660000 Erasing information, e.g. for reuse of record carrier G11B0003680000 Record carriers (characterised by direction of groove relative to head G11B0025000000);; G11B0003700000 characterised by the selection of material or structure; Processes or apparatus specially adapted for manufacturing record carriers (processes involving a single technical art and for which provision exists elsewhere, see the relevant class, e.g. B29);; G11B0003720000 Groove formations, e.g. run-in groove, run-out groove G11B0003740000 Multiple output tracks, e.g. binaural stereophonic G11B0003760000 forming part of cinematograph films G11B0003780000 Multiple-track arrangements G11B0003800000 incorporating subsidiary guide means for heads, other than modulated grooves; Part-formed unmodulated grooves for conversion into transducing grooves G11B0003820000 Visual features of record carriers G11B0003840000 Printed matter, e.g. design, label, photograph G11B0003860000 for indexing; for speed controlling, e.g. stroboscopic markings G11B0003880000 for display simultaneously with reproduction G11B0003900000 with means indicating prior or unauthorised use G11B0005000000 Recording information by magnetisation of a record carrier; Record carriers therefor; Reproducing therefrom by using magnetic means (by optical means G11B0011100000);; G11B0005004000 Recording on, or reproducing or erasing from, magnetic drums (G11B0019000000 takes precedence);; G11B0005008000 Recording on, or reproducing or erasing from, magnetic tapes or wires (G11B0015000000 takes precedence);; G11B0005012000 Recording on, or reproducing or erasing from, magnetic discs (G11B0017000000 takes precedence);; G11B0005016000 using magnetic foils G11B0005020000 Recording, reproducing, or erasing methods; Read, write, or erase circuits therefor (equalising circuits G11B0005450000;timing or synchronising arrangements G11B0027100000) G11B0005027000 Analogue recording G11B0005033000 Direct recording G11B0005040000 Frequency-modulation recording G11B0005060000 Pulse-modulation recording G11B0005080000 Boundary-displacement recording G11B0005090000 Digital recording G11B0005100000 Housings for heads G11B0005105000 Mounting of head within housing G11B0005110000 Shielding of head against electric or magnetic fields G11B0005115000 Shielding device arranged between heads or windings (G11B0005280000 takes precedence);; G11B0005120000 Structures of inductive heads G11B0005140000 with cores composed of particles, e.g. with dust core, with ferrite core G11B0005160000 with cores being composed of metal sheets, i.e. laminated cores G11B0005180000 with tape-wound cores G11B0005200000 Construction or disposition of windings G11B0005220000 Structure of the surface of the head in physical contact with, or immediately adjacent to, the recording medium; Pole pieces; Gap features (G11B0005270000 takes precedence);; G11B0005221000 the pole pieces being ferrite G11B0005223000 the pole pieces being of ferrous sheet metal G11B0005250000 Gap features G11B0005251000 Selection of material for gap filler G11B0005270000 Structure of a head with more than one gap for erasing, recording, or reproducing on the same track G11B0005280000 Unitary structure formed of plural heads for more than one track G11B0005300000 Structures of flux-sensitive heads G11B0005320000 using irradiation or particle bombardment, e.g. reproducing by detecting a reflected electron beam G11B0005340000 with saturated jig, e.g. for detecting second harmonic, balanced-flux head G11B0005360000 having vibrating elements G11B0005380000 using Hall devices G11B0005400000 Protective measures on heads, e.g. against excessive temperature G11B0005410000 Cleaning of heads G11B0005420000 Apparatus or processes specially adapted for the manufacture of heads, e.g. assembly G11B0005430000 Arrangements for correcting skew, e.g. pulse group synchronisation G11B0005450000 Equalising circuits G11B0005460000 Arrangements for functional testing of heads; Measuring arrangements for heads; Arrangements for demagnetisation of heads (measuring electric or magnetic properties G01R;demagnetisation in general H01F0013000000) G11B0005470000 Circuitry for premagnetisation of the record carrier or head G11B0005480000 Disposition or mounting of heads relative to record carriers G11B0005490000 Fixed mountings G11B0005500000 Interchangeable mountings, e.g. for replacement of head without readjustment G11B0005520000 with simultaneous movement of head and record carrier, e.g. rotation of head G11B0005540000 with provision for moving the head into, or out of, its operative position or across tape tracks G11B0005550000 Track change, selection, or acquisition by displacement of the head G11B0005560000 with provision for moving the head for the purpose of adjusting the position of the head relative to the record carrier, e.g. manual adjustment for azimuth correction or track centering (G11B0005540000, G11B0005580000 take precedence);; G11B0005580000 with provision for moving the head for the purpose of maintaining alignment of the head relative to the record carrier during transducing operation, e.g. to compensate for surface irregularities of the latter G11B0005600000 Pneumodynamic or hydrodynamic spacing of heads from record carriers G11B0005620000 Record carriers characterised by the selection of the material G11B0005640000 comprising only the magnetisable material without bonding agent G11B0005660000 consisting of several layers G11B0005680000 comprising one or more layers of magnetisable particles homogeneously mixed with a bonding agent G11B0005700000 on a base layer G11B0005720000 Protective coatings, e.g. anti-static, anti-friction G11B0005740000 Record carriers characterised by the form, e.g. sheet shaped to wrap around a drum G11B0005760000 Drum carriers G11B0005780000 Tape carriers G11B0005800000 Card carriers G11B0005820000 Disc carriers G11B0005840000 Processes or apparatus specially adapted for manufacturing record carriers (processes involving a single technical art and for which provision exists elsewhere, see the relevant class, e.g. B29);; G11B0005860000 Re-recording, i.e. transcribing information from one magnetisable record carrier on to one or more similar or dissimilar record carriers G11B0007000000 Recording information on a record carrier by optical means; Record carriers therefor; Reproducing such recorded information by optical means G11B0007020000 using electromagnetic radiation other than visible light G11B0007040000 using fluorescent or phosphorescent record carriers G11B0007060000 using electrography (electrography per se G03G);; G11B0007080000 Disposition or mounting of heads or light sources relatively to record carriers G11B0007100000 Interchangeable mountings, e.g. for replacement of head without readjustment G11B0007120000 Heads G11B0007140000 adapted to record on, or to reproduce from, more than one track simultaneously (G11B0007200000 takes precedence);; G11B0007160000 using filters, e.g. colour filter G11B0007180000 using optical slits G11B0007200000 Dual-recording arrangements, i.e. in which the information is recorded in two different forms simultaneously on the same or related tracks, e.g. recording instantaneous and mean values (sound-recording combined with cinematography G03C);; G11B0007220000 Apparatus or processes specially adapted for the manufacture of heads, e.g. assembly G11B0007240000 Record carriers characterised by the selection of the material or by the structure (for cinematography G03C);; G11B0007260000 Apparatus or processes specially adapted for the manufacture of record carriers (processes involving a single technical art and for which provision exists elsewhere, see the relevant class, e.g. B29, G03);; G11B0007280000 Re-recording, i.e. transcribing information from one record carrier on to one or more similar or dissimilar record carriers using optical sensing and recording means G11B0009000000 Recording information otherwise than by cutting grooves, by magnetisation, or by optical means; Record carriers therefor; Reproducing by using means other than styli, magnetic means, or optical means G11B0009020000 using ferroelectric record carriers; Record carriers therefor G11B0009040000 using record carriers having variable electric resistance; Record carriers therefor G11B0009060000 using record carriers having variable electrical capacitance; Record carriers therefor (G11B0009020000 takes precedence);; G11B0009080000 using electrostatic charge injection; Record carriers therefor G11B0011000000 Recording and reproducing wherein the reproducing method is covered by a different main group from that of the recording method; Record carriers therefor (recording television signals by thermoplastic deformation of the record carrier H04N0005820000);; G11B0011020000 Recording by flame, jet, flowing fluid, or beam of particles G11B0011040000 and reproducing by sensing magnetic properties G11B0011060000 and reproducing by sensing grooves with styli G11B0011080000 Recording by electric charge or by variation of electric resistance or capacitance, e.g. reproducing by sensing optical properties G11B0011100000 Recording by magnetic means and reproducing by sensing optical properties G11B0011120000 Recording by influencing light-sensitive material G11B0011140000 and reproducing by sensing magnetic properties G11B0011160000 Recording by styli, pens, or brushes G11B0011180000 and reproducing by sensing optical properties G11B0011200000 and reproducing by sensing magnetic properties G11B0013000000 Recording simultaneously by methods covered by different main groups; Record carriers therefor; Reproducing simultaneously therefrom G11B0013020000 magnetically and by styli G11B0013040000 magnetically and optically G11B0013060000 optically and by styli G11B0015000000 Driving, starting, stopping, or guiding record carriers of filamentary or web form; Control of operating function (G11B0005520000-G11B0005580000, G11B0021020000 take precedence);; G11B0015020000 Control of operating function, e.g. switching from recording to reproducing G11B0015040000 Preventing, inhibiting, or warning against accidental erasing or double recording G11B0015060000 by sensing auxiliary features on record carriers, e.g. to stop machine near the end of a tape G11B0015080000 by photoelectric sensing G11B0015100000 Manually-operated control; Solenoid-operated control G11B0015120000 Masking of heads; Selecting or switching of heads between operative and inoperative functions; Masking of beams, e.g. of light beams G11B0015140000 Masking or switching periodically G11B0015160000 by means responsive to presence or absence of record carrier G11B0015180000 Driving; Starting; Stopping; Arrangements for control or regulation thereof (handling tapes or filamentary material in general B65H);; G11B0015200000 Moving record carrier backwards or forwards by finite amounts, i.e. back-spacing, forward-spacing G11B0015220000 Brakes; Automatic stopping devices (slowing-down preparatory to stopping or speed-changing G11B0015480000;speed-controlling by mechanical linkage G11B0015500000; brake constructions in general F16D) G11B0015240000 Drive-disengaging means G11B0015260000 Driving record carriers by members acting directly or indirectly thereon G11B0015280000 through rollers driving by frictional contact with the record carrier, e.g. capstan; Multiple arrangements of capstans or drums coupled to means for controlling the speed of the drive; Multiple capstan systems alternately engageable with record carrier to provide reversal G11B0015290000 through pinch-rollers G11B0015300000 through the means for supporting the record carrier, e.g. mandrel, turntable G11B0015320000 through the reels or cores on to which the record carrier is wound G11B0015340000 through non-slip drive means, e.g. sprocket G11B0015380000 Driving record carriers by pneumatic means G11B0015400000 Driving record carriers otherwise than by electric motor G11B0015420000 manually G11B0015430000 Control or regulation of mechanical tension of record carrier, e.g. tape tension (controlling tension in filamentary material in general B65H0059000000);; G11B0015440000 Speed-changing arrangements; Reversing arrangements; Drive-transfer means therefor G11B0015460000 Controlling, regulating, or indicating speed G11B0015480000 Starting; Accelerating; Decelerating; Arrangements preventing malfunction during drive change G11B0015500000 by mechanical linkage, e.g. clutch G11B0015520000 by using signals recorded on, or derived from, record carrier G11B0015540000 by stroboscope; by tachometer (speedometers or tachometers G01P);; G11B0015560000 the record carrier having reserve loop, e.g. to minimise inertia during acceleration G11B0015580000 with vacuum column G11B0015600000 Guiding record carrier G11B0015620000 Maintaining desired spacing between record carrier and head G11B0015640000 by pneumodynamic or hydrodynamic spacing G11B0015660000 Threading; Loading; Automatic self-loading; Spools (reels in general B65H0075020000);; G11B0015680000 Automatic cassette-changing arrangements G11B0015700000 the record carrier being an endless-loop record-carrier G11B0017000000 Automatic mechanisms for starting, driving, or stopping disc-type record carriers on turntables, for raising or lowering, positioning or traversing, arresting or holding-up transducers or record carriers relatively to each other, and for automatically transferring record carriers to and from transducing position G11B0017020000 Details G11B0017040000 Feeding or guiding single records to or from playing unit G11B0017060000 Automatic movement of tone-arm into, or out of, place for playing records, e.g. manually placed on playing unit G11B0017080000 from consecutive-access magazine of disc records G11B0017100000 with horizontal transfer to the turntable from a stack arranged with a vertical axis G11B0017120000 with axial transfer to the turntable from a stack with a vertical axis G11B0017140000 by mechanism in rotating centre post, e.g. permitting the playing of both sides of a record G11B0017160000 by mechanism in stationary centre post, e.g. with stepped post, using fingers on post G11B0017180000 by mechanism operating on the edge of the disc record G11B0017200000 with transfer away from stack on turntable after playing G11B0017220000 from random-access magazine of disc records G11B0017240000 the magazine having a toroidal or part-toroidal shape G11B0017260000 the magazine having a cylindrical shape with vertical axis G11B0017280000 the magazine having a cylindrical shape with horizontal axis G11B0017300000 wherein the playing unit is moved accordingly to the location of the selected record G11B0017320000 Maintaining desired spacing between record carrier and head, e.g. by pneumodynamic or hydrodynamic spacing G11B0019000000 Driving, starting, stopping, or guiding of record carriers not specifically of filamentary or web form, or of supports therefor; Control thereof (G11B0017000000 takes precedence);; G11B0019020000 Control of drive; Control of operating function, e.g. switching from recording to reproducing G11B0019040000 Arrangements for preventing, inhibiting, or warning against, double recording on the same blank, or against other recording or reproducing malfunctions G11B0019060000 by counting or timing of machine operations G11B0019080000 by using devices external to the driving mechanisms, e.g. coin-freed switch G11B0019100000 by sensing presence or absence of record in accessible stored position or on turntable G11B0019120000 by sensing distinguishing features of records, e.g. diameter G11B0019140000 by sensing movement or position of head, e.g. means moving in correspondence with head movements G11B0019160000 Manual control G11B0019180000 Manual action on one element producing control effect indirectly by consequent action of driving mechanism G11B0019200000 Driving; Starting; Stopping G11B0019220000 Brakes other than speed-regulating brakes (brake constructions in general F16D);; G11B0019240000 Arrangements for providing constant relative speed between record carrier and head G11B0019260000 Speed-changing arrangements; Reversing arrangements G11B0019280000 Speed controlling, regulating, or indicating (G11B0019240000 takes precedence;speedometers or tachometers G01P) G11B0021000000 Head arrangements irrespective of the method of recording or reproducing G11B0021020000 Driving or moving of heads G11B0021040000 Automatic feed mechanism producing a transducing traverse of the head in a direction which cuts across the direction of travel of the recording medium, e.g. helical scan G11B0021060000 the record carrier having means to ensure traverse movement of the head G11B0021080000 Track changing or selecting (G11B0021120000 takes precedence);; G11B0021100000 Track finding or aligning by moving the head G11B0021120000 Raising and lowering; Back-spacing or forward-spacing along track; Returning to starting position G11B0021140000 manually G11B0021160000 Supporting the heads; Supporting the sockets for plug-in heads G11B0021180000 while the head is moving G11B0021200000 while the head is in operative position but stationary or permitting minor movements to follow irregularities in surface of record carrier G11B0021220000 while the head is out of operative position G11B0021240000 Head support adjustments G11B0021260000 Means for interchange or replacement of head or head element G11B0023000000 Record carriers irrespective of the method of recording; Accessories therefor, e.g. container G11B0023020000 Containers; Storing means (for tape or filamentary material in general B65H0075000000);; G11B0023040000 Magazines; Cassettes (G11B0023120000 takes precedence);; G11B0023060000 for housing endless webs or filaments G11B0023080000 for housing end-to-end webs or filaments G11B0023100000 on single reels or winding cores G11B0023120000 Bins for random storage of webs or filaments G11B0023140000 Providing ability to repeat location, e.g. using sprocket holes G11B0023160000 Record carriers with single track for recording at spaced intervals along the track thereof, e.g. for speech or language training G11B0023180000 Record carriers with multiple tracks, e.g. with complementary and partial tracks such as paired "stereo" tracks G11B0023200000 with provision for splicing to provide permanent or temporary connections G11B0023220000 of endless belts; of tapes forming Möbius loops G11B0023240000 of tapes having multiple tracks parallel to edge of record carrier by offset splicing to form endless loop with one or more helical tracks G11B0023260000 of leaders for loading or threading, e.g. to form a temporary connection G11B0023280000 indicating prior or unauthorised use G11B0023300000 with provision for auxiliary signals (sensing such signals G11B0015060000);; G11B0023320000 Electrical or mechanical contacting means; Tape stop foils G11B0023340000 Signal means additional to the main recording track, e.g. photoelectric sensing of sprocket holes for timing G11B0023360000 Signals on record carriers or on containers and recorded by the same method as the main recording G11B0023380000 Visual features other than those contained in record tracks or represented by sprocket holes G11B0023400000 Identifying or analogous means applied to, or incorporated in, the record carrier and not intended for visual display simultaneously with the playing-back of the record carrier, e.g. label, leader, photograph G11B0023420000 Marks for indexing, speed-controlling, synchronising, or timing G11B0023440000 Information for display simultaneously with playback of the record, e.g. photographic matter G11B0023460000 Cinematograph films with integral tracks, e.g. with sound track G11B0023480000 Diascopic slides with integral sound or other tracks on, or adjacent to, the picture area or on the mounting means G11B0023500000 Reconditioning of record carriers; Cleaning of record carriers (G11B0003580000 takes precedence);; G11B0025000000 Apparatus characterised by the shape of record carrier employed but irrespective of the method of recording (individual parts of apparatus G11B0001000000-G11B0023000000); G11B0025020000 using cylindrical record carriers G11B0025040000 using flat record carriers, e.g. disc, card G11B0025060000 using web-form record carriers, e.g. tape G11B0025080000 using filamentary record carriers, e.g. wire G11B0025100000 Apparatus capable of using record carriers defined in more than one of the groups ; G11B0025020000-G11B0025080000 G11B0027000000 Editing; Indexing; Timing or synchronising; Monitoring; Measuring tape travel G11B0027020000 Editing, e.g. varying the order of signals reproduced from record carrier G11B0027040000 using differential drive of record carrier and head G11B0027060000 Cutting and rejoining; Notching, or perforating record carriers otherwise than by recording styli (record carriers with provision for splicing G11B0023200000);; G11B0027080000 Re-recording only part of the information G11B0027100000 Indexing; Timing or synchronising; Measuring tape travel G11B0027120000 linearly related to time or travel G11B0027140000 Measuring or indicating elapsed time or travel G11B0027160000 Indicating time or travel remaining available; Warning of imminent termination G11B0027180000 non-linearly related to time or travel G11B0027200000 using counters G11B0027220000 Means responsive to presence or absence of recorded signals G11B0027240000 by sensing features on the record carrier other than the transducing track (for controlling purposes G11B0015000000, G11B0017000000);; G11B0027260000 by photoelectric detection, e.g. of sprocket holes G11B0027280000 by using signals recorded by the same method as the main recording G11B0027300000 on the same track as the main recording G11B0027320000 on separate auxiliary tracks of the same or an auxiliary record carrier G11B0027340000 Indicating arrangements (indicating measured values in general G01D);; G11B0027360000 Monitoring, i.e. supervising the progress of recording or reproducing G11B0031000000 Arrangements for the associated working of recording or reproducing apparatus with related apparatus (with cameras or projectors G03B0031000000);; G11B0031020000 with automatic musical instruments G11C STATIC STORES (recording and playback of information by relative movement between a record track and a transducer G11B;pulse technique in general H03K, e.g. electronic switches H03K0017000000) G11C0005000000 Details of stores covered by ; G11C0011000000 G11C0005020000 Disposition of storage elements, e.g. in the form of a matrix array G11C0005040000 Supports for storage elements; Mounting or fixing of storage elements on such supports G11C0005050000 Supporting of cores in matrix G11C0005060000 Arrangements for interconnecting storage elements electrically, e.g. by wiring G11C0005080000 for interconnecting magnetic elements, e.g. toroidal cores G11C0005100000 for interconnecting capacitors G11C0005120000 Apparatus or processes for interconnecting storage elements, e.g. for threading magnetic cores G11C0007000000 Arrangements for writing information into, or reading information out from, a digital store (G11C0005000000, G11C0011000000 take precedence);; G11C0007020000 with means for avoiding parasitic signals G11C0007040000 with means for avoiding disturbances due to temperature effects G11C0007060000 Adaptations of amplifiers (amplifiers per se H03F, H03K);; G11C0008000000 Arrangements for selecting an address in a digital store G11C0008020000 using selecting matrix G11C0009000000 Transmission of digital information between stores, e.g. of different types (in digital computing arrangements G06F0013000000);; G11C0009020000 Transfer between registers G11C0009040000 Transfer between location-addressed stores G11C0009060000 with hierarchically-ordered stores, e.g. between scratchpad and main store, between fast and slow stores, between small working stores and bulk stores; Block transfer, paging G11C0009080000 between content-addressed and location-addressed stores G11C0011000000 Digital stores characterised by the use of particular electric or magnetic storage elements; Storage elements therefor (G11C0015000000-G11C0021000000; take precedence);; G11C0011020000 using magnetic elements G11C0011040000 using storage elements having cylindrical form, e.g. rod, wire (G11C0011120000, G11C0011140000 take precedence);; G11C0011060000 using single-aperture storage elements, e.g. ring core; using multi-aperture plates in which each individual aperture forms a storage element G11C0011061000 using elements with single aperture or magnetic loop for storage, one element per bit, and for destructive read-out G11C0011063000 bit-organised, such as, 2 L/2 D-, 3D-organisation, i.e. for selection of an element by means of at least two coincident partial currents both for reading and for writing G11C0011065000 word-organised, such as 2 D-organisation, or linear selection, i.e. for selection of all the elements of a word by means of a single full current for reading G11C0011067000 using elements with single aperture or magnetic loop for storage, one element per bit, and for non-destructive read-out G11C0011080000 using multi-aperture storage elements, e.g. using transfluxors; using plates incorporating several individual multi-aperture storage elements (G11C0011100000 takes precedence;using multi-aperture plates in which each individual aperture forms a storage element G11C0011060000) G11C0011100000 using multi-axial storage elements G11C0011120000 using tensors; using twistors, i.e. elements in which one axis of magnetisation is twisted G11C0011140000 using thin-film elements G11C0011150000 using multiple magnetic layers (G11C0011155000 takes precedence);; G11C0011155000 with cylindrical configuration G11C0011160000 using elements in which the storage effect is based on magnetic spin effect G11C0011180000 using Hall-effect devices G11C0011190000 using non-linear reactive devices in resonant circuits G11C0011200000 using parametrons G11C0011210000 using electric elements G11C0011220000 using ferroelectric elements G11C0011230000 using electrostatic storage on a common layer, e.g. Forrester-Haeff tubes (G11C0011220000 takes precedence);; G11C0011240000 using capacitors (G11C0011220000 takes precedence);; G11C0011260000 using discharge tubes G11C0011280000 using gas-filled tubes G11C0011300000 using vacuum tubes (G11C0011230000 takes precedence);; G11C0011340000 using semiconductor devices G11C0011360000 using diodes, e.g. as threshold elements G11C0011380000 using tunnel diodes G11C0011400000 using transistors G11C0011420000 using electro-optical elements G11C0011440000 using super-conductive elements, e.g. cryotron G11C0011460000 using thermoplastic elements G11C0011480000 using displaceable coupling elements, e.g. ferromagnetic cores, to produce change between different states of mutual or self-inductance G11C0011500000 using actuation of electric contacts to store the information (mechanical stores G11C0023000000;switches providing a selected number of consecutive operations of the contacts by a single manual actuation of the operating part H01H0041000000) G11C0011520000 using electromagnetic relays G11C0011540000 using elements simulating biological cells, e.g. neuron G11C0011560000 Storage elements with more than two stable states represented by steps, e.g. of voltage, current, phase, frequency (counting arrangements comprising multi-stable elements of this type H03K0025000000, H03K0029000000);; G11C0013000000 Digital stores characterised by the use of storage elements not covered by groups ; G11C0011000000, G11C0023000000, or G11C0025000000 G11C0013020000 using elements whose operation depends upon chemical change (using electrochemical charge G11C0011000000);; G11C0013040000 using optical elements G11C0013060000 using magneto-optical elements (magneto-optics in general G02F);; G11C0013080000 using electro-optical elements (electro-optics in general G02F);; G11C0015000000 Digital stores in which information comprising one or more characteristic parts is written into the store and in which information is read-out by searching for one or more of these characteristic parts, i.e. associative or content-addressed stores (in which information is addressed to a specific location G11C0011000000);; G11C0015020000 using magnetic elements G11C0015040000 using semiconductor elements G11C0015060000 using cryogenic elements G11C0017000000 Permanent stores with provision only for reading-out of information, i.e. read-only memories; Semi-permanent stores, e.g. manually-replaceable information cards (coders, decoders H03K0013240000);; G11C0017020000 using magnetic or inductive elements or coupling G11C0017040000 using capacitive elements or coupling (G11C0017060000 takes precedence);; G11C0017060000 using diode elements or coupling G11C0019000000 Digital stores in which the information is moved stepwise, e.g. shift register (counting chains H03K0023000000);; G11C0019020000 using magnetic elements (G11C0019140000 takes precedence);; G11C0019040000 using cores with one aperture or magnetic loop G11C0019060000 using structures with a number of apertures or magnetic loops, e.g. transfluxors G11C0019080000 using thin films in plane structure G11C0019100000 using thin films on rods; with twistors G11C0019120000 using non-linear reactive devices in resonant circuits G11C0019140000 using magnetic elements in combination with active elements, e.g. discharge tubes, semiconductor elements G11C0019180000 using capacitors as main elements of the stages G11C0019200000 using discharge tubes (G11C0019140000 takes precedence);; G11C0019280000 using semiconductor elements (G11C0019140000 takes precedence);; G11C0019300000 using opto-electronic devices, i.e. light-emitting and photoelectric devices electrically- or optically-coupled G11C0019320000 using super-conductive elements G11C0021000000 Digital stores in which the information circulates (stepwise G11C0019000000);; G11C0021020000 using electromechanical delay lines, e.g. using a mercury tank G11C0023000000 Digital stores characterised by movement of mechanical parts to effect storage, e.g. using balls; Storage elements therefor (storing by actuating contacts G11C0011480000);; G11C0025000000 Digital stores characterised by the use of flowing media; Storage elements therefor G11C0027000000 Electric analogue stores, e.g. for storing instantaneous values G11C0027020000 Sample-and-hold arrangements G11C0029000000 Checking stores for correct operation G11D TRANSMISSION OF DIGITAL DATA BETWEEN DYNAMIC AND STATIC STORES (transmission of digital data between dynamic stores only G11B, between static stores only G11C0009000000);; G11D0001000000 Transmission of digital data between dynamic and static stores G12 INSTRUMENT DETAILS G12B DETAILS OF INSTRUMENTS, OR COMPARABLE DETAILS OF OTHER APPARATUS, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR G12B0001000000 Sensitive elements capable of producing movement or displacement for purposes not limited to measurement; Associated transmission mechanisms therefor G12B0001020000 Compound strips or plates, e.g. bimetallic G12B0001040000 Hollow bodies having parts which are deformable or displaceable under pressure, e.g. Bourdon tube, bellows (bellows in general F16J0003000000);; G12B0003000000 Details of movements not otherwise provided for (damping of shock or vibrations in general F16F;avoiding out-of-balance forces F16F0015000000; testing balance G01M) G12B0003020000 Caging of movements, i.e. locking of movements when not in use G12B0003040000 Suspensions (bearings F16C);; G12B0003060000 Reducing effects of friction, e.g. by vibration (by lubrication F16N);; G12B0003080000 Damping of movements, e.g. to promote rapid non-oscillatory movement to a final reading G12B0003100000 using eddy currents G12B0005000000 Adjusting position or attitude, e.g. level, of instruments or other apparatus, or of parts thereof (levels per se G01C0009000000);;Compensating for the effects of tilting or acceleration, e.g. for optical apparatus G12B0007000000 Compensating for the effects of temperature (by cooling G12B0015000000);; G12B0009000000 Housing or supporting of instruments or other apparatus G12B0009020000 Casings; Housings; Cabinets (sealing arrangements for transmission members F16J, particularly F16J0015500000);; G12B0009040000 Details, e.g. cover G12B0009060000 Metal casings G12B0009080000 Supports; Devices for carrying G12B0009100000 Instrument boards; Panels; Desks; Racks; Frameworks G12B0011000000 Indicating elements; Illumination thereof G12B0011020000 Scales; Dials G12B0011040000 Pointers; Setting-mechanisms therefor G12B0013000000 Calibrating of instruments and apparatus (calibrating of measuring instruments G01);; G12B0015000000 Cooling (by refrigeration, e.g. circulation of refrigerated fluid, F25D;heat-exchange or heat-transfer details of general application F28F) G12B0015020000 by closed-cycle fluid-circulating systems G12B0015040000 by currents of fluid, e.g. air, in open cycle G12B0015060000 by contact with heat-absorbing or radiating masses, e.g. heat-sink G12B0017000000 Screening (insulation or other protection of buildings E04B;emergency protection of apparatus in general F16P0007000000; in connection with acoustic waves G10K0011000000; in connection with nuclear radiation G21F) G12B0017020000 from electric or magnetic fields, e.g. radio waves G12B0017040000 from visible, ultra-violet, or infra-red light (screening of lighting devices F21V;optical filters G02B0005200000) G12B0017060000 from heat (G12B0017040000 takes precedence;cooling G12B0015000000) G12B0017080000 from influences producing mechanical damage, e.g. caused by blast, by external object, by person (G12B0017020000-G12B0017060000; take precedence);; G21 NUCLEAR PHYSICS; NUCLEAR ENGINEERING G21B FUSION REACTORS (uncontrolled reactors G21J);; G21B0001000000 Alleged controlled-fusion reactors G21B0001020000 using a beam of particles some of which react with other particles G21C NUCLEAR REACTORS (analogue computers therefor G06G0007540000;fusion reactors G21B; nuclear explosives G21J) G21C0001000000 Reactors characterised by the selection of fissile material or breeder material or moderating material; Reactors characterised by the disposition of the fuel elements, e.g. in the form of the lattice G21C0001020000 Fast fission reactors, i.e. reactors not using a moderator G21C0001040000 Thermal reactors G21C0001060000 Heterogeneous reactors, i.e. in which fuel and moderator are separated G21C0001080000 moderator being highly pressurised, e.g. boiling-water reactor, integral-superheat reactor, pressurised-water reactor (G21C0001220000 takes precedence);; G21C0001100000 moderator and coolant being different or separated G21C0001120000 moderator being solid, e.g. Magnox reactor G21C0001140000 moderator being substantially not pressurised, e.g. swimming-pool reactor (G21C0001220000 takes precedence);; G21C0001160000 moderator and coolant being different or separated, e.g. sodium-graphite reactor G21C0001180000 coolant being pressurised G21C0001200000 moderator being liquid, e.g. pressure-tube reactor G21C0001220000 using fluid or fluent fuel G21C0001240000 Homogeneous reactors, i.e. in which fuel and moderator present an effectively homogeneous medium to the neutrons G21C0001260000 Single-region reactors G21C0001280000 Two-region reactors G21C0001300000 Subcritical reactors G21C0003000000 Reactor fuel elements and their assemblies; Selection of substances for use as reactor fuel elements G21C0003020000 Fuel elements G21C0003040000 Constructional details G21C0003060000 Casings; Jackets G21C0003080000 provided with external means to promote heat-transfer, e.g. fins, baffles, corrugations G21C0003100000 End closures G21C0003120000 Means forming part of the element for locating it within the reactor core; External spacers for this purpose G21C0003140000 Means forming part of the element for inserting it into, or removing it from, the core; Means for coupling adjacent elements G21C0003160000 Details of the construction within the casing G21C0003180000 Internal spacers; Other non-active material within the casing, e.g. compensating for expansion of fuel rod (interlayers G21C0003200000);; G21C0003200000 with coating on fuel or on inside of casing; with non-active interlayer between casing and active material G21C0003220000 Elements with fissile or breeder material in contact with coolant G21C0003240000 Elements with fissile or breeder material in fluid form within a non-active casing G21C0003260000 Elements with fissile or breeder material in powder form within a non-active casing G21C0003280000 Elements with fissile or breeder material in solid form within a non-active casing G21C0003300000 Assemblies of a number of fuel elements in the form of a rigid unit G21C0003320000 Bundles of parallel pin-, rod-, or tube-shaped fuel elements G21C0003340000 Spacer grids G21C0003360000 Assemblies of plate-shaped fuel elements or coaxial tubes G21C0003380000 Fuel units consisting of a single fuel element in a supporting sleeve G21C0003400000 Structural combination of fuel element with thermoelectric element for direct production of electric energy from fission heat (for temperature measurement G21C0017100000);; G21C0003420000 Selection of substances for use as reactor fuel G21C0003440000 Fluid or fluent reactor fuel G21C0003460000 Aqueous compositions G21C0003480000 True or colloidal solutions of the active constituent G21C0003500000 Suspensions of the active constituent; Slurries G21C0003520000 Liquid metal compositions G21C0003540000 Fused salt, oxide, or hydroxide compositions G21C0003560000 Gaseous compositions; Suspensions in a gaseous carrier G21C0003580000 Solid reactor fuel G21C0003600000 Metallic fuel; Intermetallic dispersions G21C0003620000 Ceramic fuel G21C0003640000 Ceramic dispersion fuel, e.g. cermet G21C0005000000 Moderator structure; Selection of substances for use as moderator G21C0005020000 Details G21C0005040000 Spatial arrangements allowing for Wigner growth G21C0005060000 Means for locating or supporting fuel elements G21C0005080000 Means for preventing undesired asymmetric expansion of the complete structure G21C0005100000 Means for supporting the complete structure G21C0005120000 characterised by composition, e.g. the moderator containing additional substances which ensure improved heat resistance of the moderator G21C0005140000 characterised by shape G21C0005160000 Shape of its constituent parts G21C0005180000 characterised by the provision of more than one active zone G21C0005200000 wherein one zone contains fissile material and another zone contains breeder material G21C0005220000 wherein one zone is a superheating zone G21C0007000000 Control of nuclear reaction G21C0007020000 by using self-regulating properties of reactor materials (arrangements that involve temperature stability G21C0007320000);; G21C0007040000 of burnable poisons G21C0007060000 by application of neutron-absorbing material, i.e. material with absorption cross-section very much in excess of reflection cross-section G21C0007080000 by displacement of solid control elements, e.g. control rods G21C0007100000 Construction of control elements G21C0007120000 Means for moving control elements to desired position G21C0007140000 Mechanical drive arrangements G21C0007160000 Hydraulic or pneumatic drive arrangements G21C0007180000 Means for obtaining differential movement of control elements G21C0007200000 Disposition of shock-absorbing devices (shock-absorbers in general F16F);; G21C0007220000 by displacement of a fluid or fluent neutron-absorbing material G21C0007240000 Selection of substances for use as neutron-absorbing material G21C0007260000 by displacement of the moderator or parts thereof G21C0007280000 by displacement of the reflector or parts thereof G21C0007300000 by displacement of reactor fuel or fuel elements G21C0007320000 by varying flow of coolant through the core G21C0007340000 by utilisation of a primary neutron source G21C0007360000 Control circuits G21C0009000000 Emergency protection arrangements structurally associated with the reactor (emergency cooling arrangements G21C0015180000);; G21C0009020000 Means for effecting very rapid reduction of the reactivity factor under fault conditions, e.g. reactor fuse (control elements per se G21C0007000000);; G21C0009040000 Means for suppressing fires G21C0011000000 Shielding structurally associated with the reactor G21C0011020000 Biological shielding (in general G21F);; G21C0011040000 on waterborne craft G21C0011060000 Reflecting shields, i.e. for minimising loss of neutrons G21C0011080000 Thermal shields; Thermal linings, i.e. for dissipating heat from gamma radiation which would otherwise heat an outer biological shield G21C0013000000 Pressure vessels; Containment vessels; Containment in general (for chemical or physical processes B01J0003000000;pressure vessels in general F16J0011000000) G21C0013020000 Details G21C0013040000 Arrangements for expansion and contraction G21C0013060000 Sealing-plugs (in general F16J0013000000);; G21C0013080000 Vessels characterised by the material; Selection of materials for pressure vessels G21C0013100000 Means for preventing contamination in event of leakage G21C0015000000 Cooling arrangements within the pressure vessel containing the core; Selection of specific coolants G21C0015020000 Arrangement or disposition of passages in which heat is transferred to the coolant G21C0015040000 from fissile or breeder material G21C0015060000 in fuel elements G21C0015080000 from moderating material G21C0015100000 from reflector or thermal shield G21C0015120000 from pressure vessel; from containment vessel G21C0015140000 from headers; from joints in ducts G21C0015160000 comprising means for separating liquid and steam (separating in general B01D;steam traps F16T) G21C0015180000 Emergency cooling arrangements; Removing shut-down heat G21C0015200000 Partitions or thermal insulation between fuel channel and moderator G21C0015220000 Structural association of coolant tubes with headers (joints of tubes in general F16L);; G21C0015240000 Promoting flow of the coolant (electrodynamic pumps H02N0004200000);; G21C0015260000 by convection, e.g. using chimneys, using divergent channels G21C0015280000 Selection of specific coolants (if serving as the moderator G21C0005120000;compositions per se C09K0005000000) G21C0017000000 Monitoring; Testing (measuring in general G01);; G21C0017020000 Devices or arrangements for monitoring coolant or moderator G21C0017040000 Detecting burst slugs G21C0017060000 Devices or arrangements for monitoring or testing fuel or fuel elements, e.g. for burn-up, for contamination, for leak-tightness (G21C0017080000, G21C0017100000 take precedence);; G21C0017080000 Structural combination of reactor core or moderator structure with viewing means, e.g. with television camera, periscope, window G21C0017100000 Structural combination of fuel element, control rod, reactor core, or moderator structure with sensitive instruments, e.g. for measuring temperature, reactivity, radioactivity, strain, neutron flux G21C0017120000 Sensitive element forming part of control element G21C0017140000 Period meters G21C0019000000 Arrangements for handling, fuel or other materials which are used within the reactor, e.g. within its pressure vessel G21C0019020000 Details G21C0019040000 Means for controlling flow of coolant over objects being handled; Means for controlling flow of coolant through channel being serviced G21C0019060000 Magazines for holding fuel elements or control elements G21C0019080000 Means for heating fuel elements before introduction into the core; Means for heating or cooling fuel elements after removal from the core G21C0019100000 Lifting devices or pulling devices adapted for co-operation with fuel elements or with control elements (manipulators B25J);; G21C0019120000 Arrangements for exerting direct hydraulic or pneumatic force on fuel element or on control element G21C0019140000 characterised by their adaptation for use with horizontal channels in the reactor core G21C0019160000 Articulated or telescopic chutes or tubes for connection to channels in the reactor core G21C0019180000 Apparatus for bringing fuel elements to the reactor charge area, e.g. from a storage place G21C0019200000 Arrangements for introducing objects into the pressure vessel; Arrangements for handling objects within the pressure vessel; Arrangements for removing objects from the pressure vessel G21C0019220000 Arrangements for obtaining access to the interior of a pressure vessel whilst the reactor is operating G21C0019240000 by using an auxiliary vessel which is temporarily sealed to the pressure vessel G21C0019260000 Arrangements for removing jammed or damaged fuel elements or control elements; Arrangements for moving broken parts thereof G21C0019280000 Arrangements for introducing fluent material into the reactor core; Arrangements for removing fluent material from the reactor core (pumping coolant G21D);; G21C0019300000 with continuous purification of circulating fluent material, e.g. by extraction of fission products G21C0019320000 Apparatus for removing radioactive objects or materials from the reactor discharge area, e.g. to a storage place; Apparatus for handling radioactive objects or materials within a storage place or removing them therefrom (disposal of waste material G21F0009000000);; G21C0019330000 Apparatus or processes for dismantling strings of spent fuel elements (G21C0019340000 takes precedence);; G21C0019340000 Apparatus or processes for removing canning or casings from fuel (shielded cells G21F0007000000);; G21C0019360000 Mechanical means only G21C0019380000 Chemical means only G21C0019400000 Arrangements for preventing occurrence of critical conditions, e.g. during storage G21C0019420000 Reprocessing of irradiated fuel G21C0019440000 of irradiated solid fuel G21C0019460000 Aqueous processes G21C0019480000 Non-aqueous processes G21C0019500000 of irradiated fuel G21C0021000000 Apparatus or processes specially adapted to the manufacture of reactors or parts thereof (in general, Section B, e.g. B23);; G21C0021020000 Manufacture of fuel elements or breeder elements contained in non-active casings G21C0021040000 by vibrational compaction or tamping G21C0021060000 by swaging G21C0021080000 by a slip-fit cladding process G21C0021100000 by extrusion, drawing, or stretching G21C0021120000 by hydrostatic or thermo-pneumatic canning G21C0021140000 by plating in a fluid G21C0021160000 by casting or dipping techniques G21C0021180000 Manufacture of control elements covered by group ; G21C0007000000 G21D NUCLEAR POWER PLANT (simulators G06G0007540000);; G21D0001000000 Details of nuclear power plant (control G21D0003000000);; G21D0001020000 Arrangements of auxiliary equipment G21D0001040000 Pumping arrangements (by means within the reactor pressure vessel G21C0015240000;electrodynamic pumps H02N0004200000) G21D0003000000 Control of nuclear power plant (control of nuclear reaction in general G21C0007000000);; G21D0003020000 Manual control G21D0003040000 Safety arrangements (emergency protection of reactor G21C0009000000);; G21D0003060000 responsive to faults within the plant (in the reactor G21C0009000000);; G21D0003080000 Regulation of any parameters in the plant G21D0003100000 by a combination of a variable derived from neutron flux with other controlling variables, e.g. derived from temperature, cooling flow, pressure G21D0003120000 by adjustment of the reactor in response only to changes in engine demand G21D0003140000 Varying flow of coolant G21D0003160000 Varying reactivity G21D0003180000 by adjustment of plant external to the reactor only in response to change in reactivity G21D0005000000 Arrangements of reactor and engine in which reactor-produced heat is converted into mechanical energy G21D0005020000 Reactor and engine structurally combined, e.g. portable G21D0005040000 Reactor and engine not structurally combined G21D0005060000 with engine working medium circulating through reactor core G21D0005080000 with engine working medium heated in a heat exchanger by the reactor coolant G21D0005100000 Liquid working medium partially heated by reactor and vaporised by heat source external to the core, e.g. with oil heating G21D0005120000 Liquid working medium vaporised by reactor coolant G21D0005140000 and also superheated by reactor coolant G21D0005160000 superheated by separate heat source G21D0007000000 Arrangements for direct production of electric energy from fusion or fission reactions (obtaining electric energy from radioactive sources G21H0001000000);; G21D0007020000 using magneto-hydrodynamic generators G21D0007040000 using thermoelectric elements (structural combination of fuel element with thermoelectric element G21C0003400000;thermoelectric elements per se H01L0035000000, H01L0037000000) G21D0009000000 Arrangements to provide heat for purposes other than conversion into power, e.g. for heating buildings G21F PROTECTION AGAINST X-RADIATION, GAMMA RADIATION, CORPUSCULAR RADIATION, OR PARTICLE BOMBARDMENT; DECONTAMINATION ARRANGEMENTS; TREATING RADIOACTIVELY-CONTAMINATED MATERIAL (radiation protection by pharmaceutical means A61K0007400000;in cosmonautic vehicles B64G; combined with a reactor G21C0011000000; combined with X-ray tubes H01J0035160000; combined with X-ray apparatus H05G0001020000) G21F0001000000 Shielding characterised by the composition of the material G21F0001020000 Selection of uniform shielding materials G21F0001040000 Concretes; Other hydraulic hardening materials G21F0001060000 Ceramics; Glasses; Refractories (cermets G21F0001080000);; G21F0001080000 Metals; Alloys; Cermets, i.e. sintered mixtures of ceramics and metals G21F0001100000 Organic substances; Dispersions in organic carriers G21F0001120000 Laminated shielding materials G21F0003000000 Shielding characterised by its physical form, e.g. granules, or shape of the material G21F0003020000 Clothing (protective garments in general A41D0013000000);; G21F0003040000 Bricks; Shields made up therefrom G21F0005000000 Transportable or portable shielded containers G21F0005020000 with provision for restricted exposure of a radiation source within the container G21F0005040000 Means for controlling exposure, e.g. time, size of aperture (controlling exposure to X-radiation H05G0001300000);; G21F0007000000 Shielded cells or rooms (chambers provided with manipulating devices in general B25J);; G21F0007020000 Observation devices permitting vision but shielding the observer, e.g. window, periscope (optical systems per se G02);; G21F0007040000 Shielded glove-boxes (glove-boxes in general B25J0021020000);; G21F0007060000 Structural combination with remotely-controlled apparatus, e.g. with manipulators (manipulators B25J;remote control in general G05) G21F0009000000 Decontamination arrangements; Treating radioactively-contaminated material G21F0009020000 Treating gases G21F0009040000 Treating liquids G21F0009060000 Processing (separating different isotopes of the same chemical element B01D0059000000);; G21F0009080000 by evaporation; by distillation G21F0009100000 by flocculation G21F0009120000 by absorption; by adsorption; by ion-exchange G21F0009140000 by incineration; by calcination, e.g. desiccation G21F0009160000 by fixation in stable solid media G21F0009180000 by biological processes G21F0009200000 Disposal of liquid waste G21F0009220000 by storage in a tank or other container G21F0009240000 by storage in the ground; by storage under water, e.g. in ocean G21F0009260000 by dilution in water, e.g. in ocean, in stream G21F0009280000 Treating solids G21F0009300000 Processing (separating different isotopes of the same chemical element B01D0059000000);; G21F0009320000 by incineration G21F0009340000 Disposal of solid waste G21F0009360000 by packaging; by baling G21G CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ELEMENTS; RADIOACTIVE SOURCES (applications of radiation in general G21H0005000000;handling particles, e.g. neutrons, or electromagnetic radiation not otherwise provided for G21K) G21G0001000000 Arrangements for converting chemical elements by electromagnetic radiation, corpuscular radiation, or particle bombardment, e.g. producing radioactive isotopes (separation of different isotopes of the same element B01D0059000000);; G21G0001020000 in nuclear reactors (by thermonuclear reactions G21B;conversion of nuclear fuel G21C) G21G0001040000 outside of nuclear reactors or particle accelerators G21G0001060000 by neutron irradiation G21G0001080000 accompanied by nuclear fission G21G0001100000 by bombardment with electrically-charged particles (irradiation devices G21K0005000000);; G21G0001120000 by electromagnetic irradiation, e.g. with gamma or X-rays (applications of radiation G21H0005000000;irradiation devices G21K0005000000) G21G0004000000 Radioactive sources (producing neutrons or other subatomic particles, X- or gamma rays, in fusion reactors G21B, in nuclear reactors G21C, by cosmic radiation G21H0007000000, in accelerators H05H;X-ray tubes H01J0035000000; gamma masers H01S0004000000) G21G0004020000 Neutron sources G21G0004040000 Radioactive sources other than neutron sources (radioactive dressings A61N0005120000);; G21G0004060000 characterised by constructional features G21G0004080000 specially adapted for medical applications (radiation therapy using radioactive sources A61N0005100000);; G21G0004100000 with radium emanation G21G0005000000 Alleged conversion of chemical elements by chemical reaction G21H OBTAINING ENERGY FROM RADIOACTIVE SOURCES; APPLICATIONS OF RADIATION FROM RADIOACTIVE SOURCES; UTILISING COSMIC RADIATION (measurement of nuclear or X-radiation G01T;fusion reactors G21B; nuclear reactors G21C; semiconductor devices sensitive to electromagnetic or corpuscular radiation H01L0031000000) G21H0001000000 Arrangements for obtaining electrical energy from radioactive sources, e.g. from radioactive isotopes G21H0001020000 Cells charged directly by beta radiation G21H0001040000 Cells using secondary emission induced by alpha radiation, beta radiation, or gamma radiation (discharge tubes H01J0039000000);; G21H0001060000 Cells wherein radiation is applied to the junction of different semiconductor materials G21H0001080000 Cells in which radiation ionises a gas in the presence of a junction of two dissimilar metals, i.e. contact potential-difference cells (discharge tubes H01J);; G21H0001100000 Cells in which radiation heats a thermoelectric junction or a thermionic converter (discharge tubes functioning as thermionic generators H01J0045000000;thermoelectric devices comprising a junction of dissimilar materials H01L0035000000) G21H0001120000 Cells using conversion of the radiation into light combined with subsequent photoelectric conversion into electric energy G21H0003000000 Arrangements for direct conversion of radiation energy from radioactive sources into forms of energy other than electric energy, e.g. light (lasers H01S0003000000);; G21H0003020000 in which material is excited to luminesce by the radiation (lamps in which a gas filling or screen or coating is excited to luminesce by radioactive material structurally associated with the lamp H01J0065000000);; G21H0005000000 Applications of radiation from radioactive sources or arrangements therefor (producing mutation in plants A01H0001060000;preservation of dairy products A23C; preservation of foodstuffs A23L0003260000; for therapeutic purposes A61N0005100000; in chemical, physical or physicochemical processes in general B01J0001100000; in electrostatic separation B03C0003380000; for after-treatment of coatings B05D0003060000; for action between electric vehicles and tracked apparatus B60L0001100000, B60L0003060000; introducing isotopes into organic compounds C07B0023000000; for preparation of hydrocarbons C07C0003240000; for preparation of polymerisation product C08F0002460000; for treating macromolecular substances C08J0003280000; for cracking of hydrocarbon oils C10G0015000000, C10G0031040000; for reforming naphtha C10G0035160000; preservation or ageing of products obtained from fermentation processes C12H0001060000, C12H0001160000; for bleaching fibres D06L0003040000; measuring G01; irradiation devices, gamma- or X-ray microscopes G21K; in discharge tubes H01J; for carrying-off electrostatic charges H05F0003060000) G21H0005020000 as tracers G21H0007000000 Using effects of cosmic radiation G21J NUCLEAR EXPLOSIVES; APPLICATIONS THEREOF G21J0001000000 Nuclear explosive devices G21J0003000000 Peaceful applications of nuclear explosive devices G21J0003020000 for excavation G21J0005000000 Detection arrangements for nuclear explosions (individual measuring devices G01);; G21K TECHNIQUES FOR HANDLING PARTICLES OR ELECTROMAGNETIC RADIATION NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; IRRADIATION DEVICES; GAMMA- OR X-RAY MICROSCOPES (X-ray technique H05G;plasma technique H05H) G21K0001000000 Arrangements for handling radiation or particles, e.g. focusing, moderating (radiation filters G21K0003000000);; G21K0001020000 using diaphragms, collimators G21K0001040000 using variable diaphragms, shutters, choppers G21K0001060000 using diffraction, refraction, or reflection, e.g. monochromators (G21K0001100000, G21K0007000000 take precedence);; G21K0001080000 Deviation, concentration, or focusing of the beam by electric or magnetic means (electron-optical arrangements in electric discharge tubes H01J0029460000);; G21K0001100000 Scattering devices; Absorbing devices G21K0003000000 Radiation filters, e.g. X-ray filters G21K0005000000 Irradiation devices (discharge tubes for irradiating H01J0033000000, H01J0037000000);; G21K0005020000 having no beam-forming means G21K0005040000 with beam-forming means G21K0005060000 with provision for relative movement between the radiation source and the object to be irradiated G21K0005080000 Holders for targets or for objects to be irradiated G21K0007000000 Gamma- or X-ray microscopes