F
SECTION F — MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
  
LIGHTING AND HEATING
 F28
HEAT EXCHANGE IN GENERAL
 F28

Note(s)

  1. Apparatus using heat exchange or heat transfer (as defined below) for specific purposes is classified either in sub-class F28B or in the appropriate sub-classes of, for example, classes F22, F24, F25, F26, or F27; if no such other sub-class is appropriate, such apparatus is classified in sub-clas F28C or F28D.
  2. In this class, the following terms are used with the meanings indicated:
    1. "Heat exchange" means the heating or cooling of a fluid or fluent solid by direct or indirect contact with a heated or cooled fluid or fluent solid.
    2. "Heat transfer" means the heating or cooling of a fluid or fluent solid by direct contact with a heated or cooled surface or body.
 F28F
DETAILS OF HEAT-EXCHANGE AND HEAT-TRANSFER APPARATUS, OF GENERAL APPLICATION (water and air traps, air venting F16)
 F28F 1/00
Tubular elements; Assemblies of tubular elements (specially adapted for movement F28F 5/00)
 F28F 1/02
·  Tubular elements of cross-section which is non-circular (F28F 1/08, F28F 1/10 take precedence)
 F28F 1/04
·  ·  polygonal, e.g. rectangular
 F28F 1/06
·  ·  crimped or corrugated in cross-section
 F28F 1/08
·  Tubular elements crimped or corrugated in longitudinal section
 F28F 1/10
·  Tubular elements and assemblies thereof with means for increasing heat-transfer area, e.g. with fins, with projections, with recesses (crimped or corrugated elements F28F 1/06, F28F 1/08)
 F28F 1/12
·  ·  the means being only outside the tubular element
 F28F 1/14
·  ·  ·  and extending longitudinally (F28F 1/38 takes precedence)
 F28F 1/16
·  ·  ·  ·  the means being integral with the element, e.g. formed by extrusion (F28F 1/22 takes precedence)
 F28F 1/18
·  ·  ·  ·  ·  the element being built-up from finned sections
 F28F 1/20
·  ·  ·  ·  the means being attachable to the element (F28F 1/22 takes precedence)
 F28F 1/22
·  ·  ·  ·  the means having portions engaging further tubular elements
 F28F 1/24
·  ·  ·  and extending transversely (F28F 1/38 takes precedence)
 F28F 1/26
·  ·  ·  ·  the means being integral with the element (F28F 1/32 takes precedence)
 F28F 1/28
·  ·  ·  ·  ·  the element being built-up from finned sections
 F28F 1/30
·  ·  ·  ·  the means being attachable to the element (F28F 1/32 takes precedence)
 F28F 1/32
·  ·  ·  ·  the means having portions engaging further tubular elements
 F28F 1/34
·  ·  ·  and extending obliquely (F28F 1/38 takes precedence)
 F28F 1/36
·  ·  ·  ·  the means being helically-wound fins or wire spirals
 F28F 1/38
·  ·  ·  and being staggered to form tortuous fluid passages
 F28F 1/40
·  ·  the means being only inside the tubular element
 F28F 1/42
·  ·  the means being both outside and inside the tubular element
 F28F 1/44
·  ·  ·  and being formed of wire mesh
 F28F 3/00
Plate-like or laminated elements; Assemblies of plate-like or laminated elements (specially adapted for movement F28F 5/00)
 F28F 3/02
·  Elements and assemblies thereof with means for increasing heat-transfer area, e.g. with fins, with recesses, with corrugations (F28F 3/08 takes precedence)
 F28F 3/04
·  ·  the means being integral with the element
 F28F 3/06
·  ·  the means being attachable to the element
 F28F 3/08
·  Elements constructed for building-up into stacks, e.g. capable of being taken apart for cleaning
 F28F 3/10
·  ·  Arrangement for sealing the margins
 F28F 3/12
·  Elements constructed in the shape of a hollow panel, e.g. with channels
 F28F 3/14
·  ·  by separating portions of a pair of joined sheets to form channels, e.g. by inflation (manufacture thereof B23P)
 F28F 5/00
Elements specially adapted for movement (arrangements for moving the elements, see the appropriate sub-class for the apparatus concerned)
 F28F 5/02
·  Rotary drums or rollers
 F28F 5/04
·  Hollow impellers, e.g. stirring vane
 F28F 5/06
·  Hollow screw conveyers
 F28F 7/00
Elements not covered by group F28F 1/00, F28F 3/00, or F28F 5/00
 F28F 7/02
·  Blocks traversed by passages for heat-exchange media
 F28F 9/00
Casings; Header boxes; Auxiliary supports for elements; Auxiliary members within casings
 F28F 9/02
·  Header boxes; End plates
 F28F 9/04
·  ·  Arrangements for sealing elements into header boxes or end plates (joining pipes to walls in general F16L 41/00)
 F28F 9/06
·  ·  ·  by dismountable joints
 F28F 9/08
·  ·  ·  ·  by wedge-type connections, e.g. taper ferrule
 F28F 9/10
·  ·  ·  ·  by screw-type connections, e.g. gland
 F28F 9/12
·  ·  ·  ·  by flange-type connections
 F28F 9/14
·  ·  ·  ·  by force-joining
 F28F 9/16
·  ·  ·  by permanent joints, e.g. by rolling (metal-working procedures in general B21, B23, particularly B21D 39/06, B23K)
 F28F 9/18
·  ·  ·  ·  by welding
 F28F 9/20
·  Arrangements of heat reflectors, e.g. separately-insertible reflecting walls
 F28F 9/22
·  Arrangements for directing heat-exchange media into successive compartments, e.g. arrangements of guide plates
 F28F 9/24
·  Arrangements for promoting turbulent flow of heat-exchange media, e.g. by plates (F28F 1/38 takes precedence; in general F15D)
 F28F 9/26
·  Arrangements for connecting different sections of heat-exchange elements, e.g. of radiators (connecting different sections in water heaters F24H 9/14)
 F28F 11/00
Arrangements for sealing leaky tubes and conduits (stopping flow from or in pipes in general F16L 55/10)
 F28F 11/02
·  using obturating elements, e.g. washers, inserted and operated independently of each other (F28F 11/06 takes precedence)
 F28F 11/04
·  using pairs of obturating elements, e.g. washers, mounted upon central operating rods (F28F 11/06 takes precedence)
 F28F 11/06
·  using automatic tube-obturating appliances
 F28F 13/00
Arrangements for modifying heat transfer, e.g. increasing, decreasing (F28F 1/00-F28F 11/00 take precedence)
 F28F 13/02
·  by influencing fluid boundary (boundary-layer control in general F15D)
 F28F 13/04
·  by preventing the formation of continuous films of condensate on heat-exchange surfaces, e.g. by promoting droplet formation
 F28F 13/06
·  by affecting the pattern of flow of the heat-exchange media
 F28F 13/08
·  ·  by varying the cross-section of the flow channels
 F28F 13/10
·  ·  by imparting a pulsating motion to the flow, e.g. by sonic vibration
 F28F 13/12
·  ·  by creating turbulence, e.g. by stirring, by increasing the force of circulation (F28F 13/08 takes precedence)
 F28F 13/14
·  by endowing the walls of conduits with zones of different degrees of conduction of heat
 F28F 13/16
·  by applying an electrostatic field to the body of the heat-exchange medium
 F28F 13/18
·  by applying coatings, e.g. radiation-absorbing, radiation-reflecting; by surface treatment, e.g. polishing
 F28F 17/00
Removing ice or water from heat-exchange apparatus
 F28F 19/00
Preventing the formation of deposits or corrosion, e.g. by using filters
 F28F 19/02
·  by using coatings, e.g. vitreous or enamel coatings
 F28F 19/04
·  ·  of rubber; of plastics material; of varnish
 F28F 19/06
·  ·  of metal
 F28F 21/00
Constructions of heat-exchange apparatus characterised by the selection of particular materials
 F28F 21/02
·  of carbon, e.g. graphite
 F28F 21/04
·  of ceramic; of concrete; of natural stone
 F28F 21/06
·  of plastics material
 F28F 21/08
·  of metal
 F28F 23/00
Features relating to the use of intermediate heat-exchange materials, e.g. selection of compositions
 F28F 23/02
·  Arrangements for obtaining or maintaining same in a liquid state
 F28F 25/00
Component parts of trickle coolers (arrangements for increasing heat transfer F28F 13/00; controlling arrangements F28F 27/00)
 F28F 25/02
·  for distributing, circulating, and accumulating liquid (spraying or atomising in general B05B)
 F28F 25/04
·  ·  Distributing or accumulator troughs
 F28F 25/06
·  ·  Spray nozzles or spray pipes
 F28F 25/08
·  ·  Splashing boards or grids, e.g. for converting liquid sprays into liquid films; Filter elements or beds for increasing the area of the contact surface
 F28F 25/10
·  for feeding gas or vapour
 F28F 25/12
·  ·  Ducts; Guide vanes, e.g. for carrying currents to distinct zones
 F28F 27/00
Control arrangements specially adapted for heat-exchange and heat-transfer apparatus (control arrangements in general G05)
 F28F 27/02
·  for controlling the distribution of heat-exchange media between different channels (arrangements of guide plates or guide vanes F28F 9/22, F28F 25/12)