|  | B |
SECTION B — PERFORMING OPERATIONS

SHAPING

|  | B23 |
MACHINE TOOLS; METAL-WORKING NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR (punching, perforating, making articles by processing sheet metal, tubes, or profiles Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...B21D; wire-working Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...B21F; making pins, needles, or nails Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...B21G; making chains Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...B21L; grinding Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...B24)

|  | B23 |
Note(s) In addition to operations not provided for in any other class, this class provides, in sub-class Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...B23P, for combinations of operations provided for in different sub-classes of classes Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...B21-B24, with the exception of subsidiary operations performed in conjunction with main operations covered by a single sub-class. In the following elaborations: The term "metal-working" should be understood as covering the working of other materials unless the context requires otherwise. The term "kind of operation" and similar expressions relate to such metal-working operations as boring, drilling, milling and grinding. The term "kind of machine" means a machine designed for a particular kind of metal-working operation (e.g. a lathe). The term "form of machine" means a machine of a particular kind adapted or arranged for a particular way of working or for particular kind adapted or arranged for a particular work, e.g. face-plate lathe, tailstock lathe, turret lathe). The term "different machines" is to be understood as covering different forms of machine for performing the same type of metal-working operation, e.g. vertical and horizontal boring machines. Sub-class Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...B23Q comprises features, specific to machine tools, which relate to a requirement or problem of a nature which is not peculiar to a particular kind of machine tool, e.g. feeding work, although the realisation of these features may differ according to the kind of machine tool concerned. That sub-class provides in general for such features, even if the feature or a specific function, in any particular case, is to some extent peculiar to, or is claimed only for, machine tools designed for one particular operation; only in exceptional cases are such features to be classified in the sub-class for the machine tool concerned. Certain features of this general nature are, however, referred to sub-classes relating to particular metal-working operations, especially Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...B23B, in which case the sub-classes in question are not restricted, in respect of those features, to the kind of machine tool with which they are primarily concerned. If details, components, or accessories have no essential feature specific to machine tools, the more general class, e.g, . (Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F16, takes precedence.

|  | B23P |
OTHER WORKING OF METAL; COMBINED OPERATIONS; UNIVERSAL MACHINE TOOLS (arrangements for copying or controlling Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...B23Q)

|  | B23P |
Note(s) Attention is drawn to the notes immediately following the class title (Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...B23). In interpreting the phrase "combined operations", the assembly of parts is regarded as an operation if it is not an essential feature of the next metal-working operation. The term "Working of metal" and equivalent terms are to be understood as covering non-mechanical treatment of metal so far as it is not provided for in a single other class such as Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...C21D, Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...C22C, Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...C22F, Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...C23. Thus, combinations of such treatment with other metal-working may be classified in this sub-class. In so far as non-mechanical treatments other than those specifically mentioned in this sub-class are concerned (see (2) above), non-metallic materials are excluded.

|  | B23P 1/00 |
Working of metal by electro-erosion, i.e. removing particles from metal objects by direct action of high concentrations of electric current applied by devices taking the place of tools; Other metal-working using the same technique (tools for electrolytic grinding Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...B24D; electrolytic surface treatment in general Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...C23B; using low concentrations of electric current, i.e. electrolytic etching or polishing Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...C23B 3/00)

|  | B23P 1/02 |
· | Apparatus; Devices; Electric circuits

|  | B23P 1/04 |
· · | for performing electro-erosion within an electrolytic medium

|  | B23P 1/06 |
· · | for arc discharge

|  | B23P 1/08 |
· · | for spark discharge

|  | B23P 1/10 |
· · | for combined erosion procedures; for simultaneous erosion and mechanical working of metal (mechanical grinding or polishing Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...B24)

|  | B23P 1/12 |
· | Electrodes; Moving or positioning electrodes relatively to work

|  | B23P 1/14 |
· · | Maintaining the desired spacing between electrodes and work

|  | B23P 1/16 |
· | Applications of particular working media, e.g. dielectrics, electrolytes

|  | B23P 1/18 |
· | for built-up working, e.g. hard facing

|  | B23P 1/20 |
· | for producing effects on surfaces, e.g. smoothing or roughening

|  | B23P 3/00 |
Plating metal; Joining metal workpieces by the same procedures (plating by extrusion Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...B21C; procedures or apparatus covered by a single other sub-class, and not restricted to plating, see the relevant sub-class, e.g. Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...B21D 39/00; by sintering metallic powder Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...B22F; by adhesives Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F16B 11/00)

|  | B23P 3/02 |
· | by application of pressure only, or pressure and heat; Preparation of workpieces therefor

|  | B23P 3/04 |
· · | by means of a press

|  | B23P 3/06 |
· · | by passing through a rolling mill

|  | B23P 3/08 |
· · | by cold pressure welding

|  | B23P 3/09 |
· · | of blast pressure

|  | B23P 3/10 |
· | involving melting the metal of one layer

|  | B23P 3/12 |
· | Preventing air access during plating; Using protective gases or vacuum during plating (formed by means of an interposed layer of material Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...B23P 3/14)

|  | B23P 3/14 |
· | by interposing a special layer, e.g. for absorbing or producing gas, favouring the formation of the connection of the parts

|  | B23P 3/16 |
· | Zonal plating by interposing weld-preventing substances between zones not to be welded

|  | B23P 3/18 |
· · | for making hollow objects of interjoined sheets or strips to be inflated or otherwise expanded (processes involving the inflation Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...B21D); Pretreatments therefor

|  | B23P 3/20 |
· | of laminations of different materials, e.g. bimetallic strip, not covered by one of the preceding sub-groups

|  | B23P 3/22 |
· | Joining to specific portions of workpieces parts of another quality

|  | B23P 3/24 |
· · | Attaching reinforcements to workpieces, e.g. wear-resisting zones to table ware

|  | B23P 3/26 |
· · | for forming the working portions of tools, e.g. cutting edges

|  | B23P 3/28 |
· | Special methods allowing subsequent separation, e.g. of metals of high quality from scrap material

|  | B23P 5/00 |
Setting gems or the like on metal parts, e.g. diamonds on tools

|  | B23P 7/00 |
Restoring or reconditioning objects (by casting Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...B22D 19/10; procedures or apparatus covered by a single other sub-class, and not restricted to restoring or reconditioning, see the relevant sub-class)

|  | B23P 7/02 |
· | pistons or cylinders

|  | B23P 7/04 |
· | Repairing fractures or cracked metal parts or products, e.g. castings

|  | B23P 9/00 |
Treating or finishing surfaces mechanically, with or without calibrating, primarily to resist wear or impact, e.g. smoothing or roughening turbine blades or bearings (treatment covered by a single other sub-class, see the relevant sub-class, e.g. Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...B24C, Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...C21D 7/00, Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...C22F 1/00); Features of such surfaces not otherwise provided for, their treatment being unspecified

|  | B23P 9/02 |
· | Treating or finishing by applying pressure, e.g. knurling (Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...B23P 9/04 takes precedence)

|  | B23P 9/04 |
· | Treating or finishing by hammering or applying repeated pressure

|  | B23P 11/00 |
Connecting metal parts or objects by metal-working procedures, not covered wholly by either Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...B21J or Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...B23K (Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...B23P 3/00 takes precedence; connecting sheet metal or metal tubes, rods or profiles Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...B21D 39/00; objects produced by methods not important per se, see the relevant subclasses dealing with the objects, e.g. Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...B21F 15/00, Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...B21L 19/00; hand tools for connecting wire or strip Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...B25B 25/00; connecting metal parts by adhesives Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F16B 11/00)

|  | B23P 11/02 |
· | by first expanding and then shrinking or vice versa, e.g. by using pressure fluids; by making force fits

|  | B23P 13/00 |
Making metal objects by operations essentially involving machining but not covered by a single other sub-class (making specific objects Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...B23P 15/00)

|  | B23P 13/02 |
· | in which only the machining operations are important

|  | B23P 13/04 |
· | involving slicing of profiled material

|  | B23P 15/00 |
Making specific metal objects by operations not covered by a single other sub-class or a group in this sub-class

|  | B23P 15/00 |
Note(s) This group is to be understood as restricted to objects covered by its sub-groups.

|  | B23P 15/02 |
· | turbine or like blades from one piece

|  | B23P 15/04 |
· | turbine or like blades from several pieces

|  | B23P 15/06 |
· | piston rings from one piece

|  | B23P 15/08 |
· | piston rings from several pieces

|  | B23P 15/10 |
· | pistons

|  | B23P 15/12 |
· | gratings

|  | B23P 15/14 |
· | gear parts, e.g. gear wheels

|  | B23P 15/16 |
· | plates with holes of very small diameter e.g. for spinning or burner nozzles

|  | B23P 15/18 |
· | brake shoes

|  | B23P 15/20 |
· | railroad requirements, e.g. buffers

|  | B23P 15/22 |
· | cartridges or like shells

|  | B23P 15/24 |
· | dies (Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...B21C 3/18, Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...B21C 25/10, Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...B21D 37/20 take precedence)

|  | B23P 15/26 |
· | heat exchangers or the like

|  | B23P 15/28 |
· | cutting tools (sawing tools Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...B23D 63/00, Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...B23D 65/00; files or rasps Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...B23D 73/00)

|  | B23P 15/30 |
· · | lathe or like tools

|  | B23P 15/32 |
· · | twist-drills

|  | B23P 15/34 |
· · | milling cutters

|  | B23P 15/36 |
· · · | for thread cutting

|  | B23P 15/38 |
· · | planing or slotting tools (Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...B23P 15/30 takes precedence)

|  | B23P 15/40 |
· · | shearing tools

|  | B23P 15/42 |
· · | broaching tools

|  | B23P 15/44 |
· · | scraping or shaving tools

|  | B23P 15/46 |
· · | reaming tools

|  | B23P 15/48 |
· · | threading tools (milling cutters for thread-cutting Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...B23P 15/36)

|  | B23P 15/50 |
· · · | dies

|  | B23P 15/52 |
· · · | taps

|  | B23P 17/00 |
Metal-working operations, not covered by a single other sub-class or another group in this sub-class

|  | B23P 17/02 |
· | Single metal-working processes; Machines or apparatus therefor

|  | B23P 17/04 |
· | characterised by the nature of the material involved or the kind of product independently of its shape

|  | B23P 17/06 |
· · | Making steel wool or the like

|  | B23P 19/00 |
Machines for simply fitting together or separating metal parts or objects whether or not involving some deformation (interference fits Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...B23P 11/00); Tools or devices therefor so far as not provided for in other classes (hand tools in general Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...B25)

|  | B23P 19/02 |
· | for connecting objects by press fit or for detaching same

|  | B23P 19/04 |
· | for assembling or disassembling parts

|  | B23P 19/06 |
· · | Screw or nut setting or loosening machines

|  | B23P 19/08 |
· · | Machines for placing washers, circlips, or the like on bolts or other members

|  | B23P 21/00 |
Machines for assembling a multiplicity of different parts to compose units, with or without preceding or subsequent working of such parts, e.g. with programme control

|  | B23P 23/00 |
Machines or arrangements of machines for performing specified combinations of different metal-working operations not covered by a single other sub-class (if the particular kinds of operation are not essential Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...B23Q 37/00-B23Q 41/00; features relating to operations covered by a single sub-class, see the relevant sub-class for the operation)

|  | B23P 23/02 |
· | Machine tools for performing different machining operations (lathes, e.g. capstan lathes, Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...B23B; combined horizontal boring and milling machines Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...B23B 39/02)

|  | B23P 23/04 |
· | for both machining and other metal-working operations

|  | B23P 23/06 |
· | Metal-working plant comprising a number of associated machines or apparatus

|  | B23P 25/00 |
Auxiliary treatment of workpieces, before or during machining operations, to facilitate the action of the tool or the attainment of a desired final condition of the work, e.g. relief of internal stress