|  | G |
SECTION G — PHYSICS

INSTRUMENTS

|  | G02 |
OPTICS (making optical elements or apparatus Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...B24B, Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...B29D, Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...C03, or other appropriate sub-class)

|  | G02B |
OPTICAL ELEMENTS, SYSTEMS, OR APPARATUS (Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...G02F takes precedence; measuring-instruments, see the relevant sub-class of class Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...G01, e.g. optical rangefinders Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...G01C; testing of optical elements, systems, or apparatus Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...G01M 11/00; spectacles Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...G02C; sound lenses Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...G10K 11/06; electron and ion "optics" Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...H01J; X-ray "optics" Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...H01J, Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...H05G 1/00; optical elements structurally combined with electric discharge tubes Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...H01J 5/16, Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...H01J 29/89, Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...H01J 37/22; microwave "optics" Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...H01Q; combination of optical elements with television receivers Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...H04N 5/72)

|  | G02B |
Note(s) In this sub-class: The following terms are used with the meanings indicated: "Simple lens or prism" denotes a single lens or prism. "Compound lens or prism" denotes an optical member, the constituents of which either are close together without air-space or (except in group Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...G02B 11/00) are "in broken contact", i.e. with the air-space between the constituents having no essential optical influence "Objective" denotes a lens or an optical system designed to produce a real image of a real object. "Eyepiece" denotes a lens or an optical system designed to produce a virtual image for viewing by the eye or by another optical system. "Front" and "rear" are determined by looking from the more distant conjugate. "Optical" applies not only to visible light but also to ultra-violet and infra-red radiations.

|  | G02B 1/00 |
Optical elements characterised by the material of which they are made (compositions of optical glasses Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...C03C 3/00; cements for glass Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...C03C 27/00)

|  | G02B 1/02 |
· | made of crystals, e.g. rock-salt, semiconductors (Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...G02B 1/08 takes precedence)

|  | G02B 1/04 |
· | made of organic materials, e.g. plastics (Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...G02B 1/08 takes precedence)

|  | G02B 1/06 |
· | made of fluids in transparent cells

|  | G02B 1/08 |
· | made of polarising materials

|  | G02B 1/10 |
· | Coatings produced by application to, or surface treatment of, optical elements, e.g. anti-reflection coatings (Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...G02B 1/08 takes precedence; coating of glass in general Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...C03C 17/00)

|  | G02B 1/12 |
· · | by surface treatment, e.g. by irradiation

|  | G02B 3/00 |
Simple or compound lenses (artificial eyes Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...A61F 1/16; spectacle lenses or contact lenses for the eyes Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...G02C; watch or clock glasses Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...G04B 39/00)

|  | G02B 3/02 |
· | with non-spherical faces (Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...G02B 3/10 takes precedence)

|  | G02B 3/04 |
· · | with continuous faces that are rotationally symmetrical but deviate from a true sphere, e.g. so-called "aspheric" lens

|  | G02B 3/06 |
· · | with cylindrical or toric faces

|  | G02B 3/08 |
· · | with discontinuous faces, e.g. Fresnel lenses

|  | G02B 3/10 |
· | Bifocal lenses; Multifocal lenses

|  | G02B 3/12 |
· | Fluid-filled or evacuated lenses

|  | G02B 3/14 |
· · | of variable focal length

|  | G02B 5/00 |
Optical elements other than lenses (optical logic elements Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...G02F 3/00)

|  | G02B 5/02 |
· | Diffusing elements; Afocal elements

|  | G02B 5/04 |
· | Prisms

|  | G02B 5/06 |
· · | Fluid-filled or evacuated prisms

|  | G02B 5/08 |
· | Mirrors

|  | G02B 5/10 |
· · | with curved faces

|  | G02B 5/12 |
· | Reflex reflectors

|  | G02B 5/14 |
· | Light guides

|  | G02B 5/16 |
· · | Formed by bundles of fibres

|  | G02B 5/18 |
· | Diffracting gratings

|  | G02B 5/20 |
· | Filters (polarising elements Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...G02B 5/30)

|  | G02B 5/22 |
· · | Absorbing filters

|  | G02B 5/24 |
· · · | Liquid filters

|  | G02B 5/26 |
· · | Reflecting filters (Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...G02B 5/28 takes precedence)

|  | G02B 5/28 |
· · | Interference filters

|  | G02B 5/30 |
· | Polarising elements (light-modulating devices Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...G02F 1/00)

|  | G02B 7/00 |
Mountings, adjusting means, or light-tight connections, for optical elements

|  | G02B 7/02 |
· | for lenses

|  | G02B 7/04 |
· · | with mechanism for focusing or varying magnification

|  | G02B 7/06 |
· · · | Focusing binocular pairs

|  | G02B 7/08 |
· · · | adapted to co-operate with a remote control mechanism

|  | G02B 7/10 |
· · · | by relative axial movement of several lenses, e.g. of varifocal objective lens

|  | G02B 7/12 |
· · | Adjusting pupillary distance of binocular pairs

|  | G02B 7/14 |
· · | adapted to interchange lenses

|  | G02B 7/16 |
· · · | Rotatable turrets

|  | G02B 7/18 |
· | for prisms; for mirrors

|  | G02B 7/20 |
· | Light-tight connections for movable optical elements

|  | G02B 7/22 |
· · | Extensible connections, e.g. bellows

|  | G02B 7/24 |
· · | Pivoted connections

|  | G02B 9/00 |
Optical objectives characterised both by the number of the components and their arrangements according to their sign, i.e. + or - (Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...G02B 13/00, Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...G02B 15/00 take precedence)

|  | G02B 9/00 |
Note(s) For the purposes of this group, a component is deemed to be a simple lens or a compound lens or a divided lens equivalent to a simple or to a compound lens.

|  | G02B 9/02 |
· | having one + component only (simple lenses Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...G02B 3/00)

|  | G02B 9/04 |
· | having two components only

|  | G02B 9/06 |
· · | two + components

|  | G02B 9/08 |
· · · | arranged about a stop

|  | G02B 9/10 |
· · | one + and one - component

|  | G02B 9/12 |
· | having three components only

|  | G02B 9/14 |
· · | arranged + - +

|  | G02B 9/16 |
· · · | all the components being simple

|  | G02B 9/18 |
· · · | only one component having a compound lens (Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...G02B 9/30 takes precedence)

|  | G02B 9/20 |
· · · · | the rear component having the compound

|  | G02B 9/22 |
· · · · | the middle component having the compound

|  | G02B 9/24 |
· · · | two of the components having compound lenses (Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...G02B 9/30 takes precedence)

|  | G02B 9/26 |
· · · · | the front and rear components having compound lenses

|  | G02B 9/28 |
· · · · | the middle and rear components having compound lenses

|  | G02B 9/30 |
· · · | the middle component being a - compound meniscus having a + lens

|  | G02B 9/32 |
· · · · | the + lens being a meniscus

|  | G02B 9/34 |
· | having four components only

|  | G02B 9/36 |
· · | arranged + - - +

|  | G02B 9/38 - G02B 9/56 |
Note(s) In sub-groups Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...G02B 9/38, Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...G02B 9/44, and Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...G02B 9/50-G02B 9/56, the first-mentioned applicable group takes precedence over later-mentioned groups.

|  | G02B 9/38 |
· · · | both - components being meniscus

|  | G02B 9/40 |
· · · · | one - component being compound

|  | G02B 9/42 |
· · · · | two - components being compound

|  | G02B 9/44 |
· · · | both - components being biconcave

|  | G02B 9/46 |
· · · · | one - component being compound

|  | G02B 9/48 |
· · · · | two - components being compound

|  | G02B 9/50 |
· · · | both + components being meniscus

|  | G02B 9/52 |
· · · | the rear + component being compound

|  | G02B 9/54 |
· · · | the front + component being compound

|  | G02B 9/56 |
· · · | all components being simple lenses

|  | G02B 9/58 |
· · | arranged - + + -

|  | G02B 9/60 |
· | having five components only

|  | G02B 9/62 |
· | having six components only

|  | G02B 9/64 |
· | having more than six components

|  | G02B 11/00 |
Optical objectives characterised by the total number of simple and compound lenses forming the objective and their arrangement (Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...G02B 9/00 takes precedence; having only one simple lens Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...G02B 3/00)

|  | G02B 11/00 |
Note(s) For the purposes of this group, lenses in broken contact are counted separately. Simple lenses are denoted by L, compounds by C, and the front lens is mentioned first.

|  | G02B 11/02 |
· | having two lenses only

|  | G02B 11/04 |
· · | arranged C C

|  | G02B 11/06 |
· | having three lenses only

|  | G02B 11/08 |
· · | arranged L L L

|  | G02B 11/10 |
· · | arranged L C L

|  | G02B 11/12 |
· · | arranged L L C

|  | G02B 11/14 |
· · | arranged C L C

|  | G02B 11/16 |
· · | arranged C C L

|  | G02B 11/18 |
· · | arranged C C C

|  | G02B 11/20 |
· | having four lenses only

|  | G02B 11/22 |
· · | arranged L L L L

|  | G02B 11/24 |
· · | arranged C L L C

|  | G02B 11/26 |
· · | arranged L C C L

|  | G02B 11/28 |
· · | arranged C C C C

|  | G02B 11/30 |
· | having five lenses only

|  | G02B 11/32 |
· | having six lenses only

|  | G02B 11/34 |
· | having more than six lenses

|  | G02B 13/00 |
Optical objectives specially designed for the purposes specified below (with variable magnification Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...G02B 15/00)

|  | G02B 13/02 |
· | Telephoto objectives, i.e. systems of the type + — in which the distance from the front vertex to the image plane is less than the equivalent focal length

|  | G02B 13/04 |
· | Reversed telephoto objectives

|  | G02B 13/06 |
· | Panoramic objectives; So-called "sky lenses"

|  | G02B 13/08 |
· | Anamorphotic objectives

|  | G02B 13/10 |
· · | involving prisms (Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...G02B 13/12 takes precedence)

|  | G02B 13/12 |
· · | with variable magnification

|  | G02B 13/14 |
· | for use with infra-red or ultra-violet radiation (Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...G02B 13/16 takes precedence)

|  | G02B 13/16 |
· | for use in conjunction with image converters or intensifiers

|  | G02B 13/18 |
· | with lenses having one or more non-spherical faces, e.g. for reducing geometrical aberration

|  | G02B 13/20 |
· | Soft-focus objectives (diffusing elements in general Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...G02B 5/02)

|  | G02B 13/22 |
· | Telecentric objectives or lens systems

|  | G02B 13/24 |
· | for reproducing or copying at short object distances

|  | G02B 15/00 |
Optical objectives with means for varying the magnification (anamorphotic objectives Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...G02B 13/08)

|  | G02B 15/02 |
· | by changing, adding, or subtracting a part of the objective, e.g. convertible objective

|  | G02B 15/04 |
· · | by changing a part

|  | G02B 15/06 |
· · · | by changing the front part

|  | G02B 15/08 |
· · · | by changing the rear part

|  | G02B 15/10 |
· · | by adding a part, e.g. close-up attachment

|  | G02B 15/12 |
· · · | by adding telescopic attachments (Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...G02B 15/14 takes precedence)

|  | G02B 15/14 |
· | by relative movement of the parts to vary the equivalent focal length of the objective continuously

|  | G02B 15/16 |
· · | having two parts with different and coupled movements relative to the image plane

|  | G02B 15/18 |
· · · | with a further part movable for focusing

|  | G02B 17/00 |
Systems with reflecting surfaces, with or without refracting elements (microscopes Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...G02B 21/00; telescopes, periscopes Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...G02B 23/00; for beam splitting or combining Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...G02B 27/10; for optical projection Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...G02B 27/18)

|  | G02B 17/02 |
· | Catoptric systems, e.g. image erecting and reversing system

|  | G02B 17/04 |
· · | using prisms only

|  | G02B 17/06 |
· · | using mirrors only

|  | G02B 17/08 |
· | Catadioptric systems

|  | G02B 19/00 |
Condensers (for microscopes Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...G02B 21/08)

|  | G02B 21/00 |
Microscopes (eyepieces Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...G02B 25/00; polarising systems Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...G02B 27/28; microtomes Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...G01N 1/06)

|  | G02B 21/02 |
· | Objectives

|  | G02B 21/04 |
· · | involving mirrors

|  | G02B 21/06 |
· | Means for illuminating specimen

|  | G02B 21/08 |
· · | Condensers

|  | G02B 21/10 |
· · · | affording dark-field illumination (Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...G02B 21/14 takes precedence)

|  | G02B 21/12 |
· · · | affording bright-field illumination (Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...G02B 21/14 takes precedence)

|  | G02B 21/14 |
· · · | affording illumination for phase-contrast observation

|  | G02B 21/16 |
· | adapted for ultra-violet illumination

|  | G02B 21/18 |
· | Arrangements with more than one light-path, e.g. for comparing two specimens

|  | G02B 21/20 |
· · | Binocular arrangements

|  | G02B 21/22 |
· · · | Stereoscopic arrangements

|  | G02B 21/24 |
· | Base structure

|  | G02B 21/26 |
· · | Stages; Adjusting means therefor

|  | G02B 21/28 |
· · | with cooling device

|  | G02B 21/30 |
· · | with heating device

|  | G02B 21/32 |
· | Micromanipulators structurally combined with microscopes

|  | G02B 21/34 |
· | Microscope slides

|  | G02B 21/36 |
· | arranged for photographic purposes or projection purposes (Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...G02B 21/18 takes precedence)

|  | G02B 23/00 |
Telescopes, e.g. binoculars; Periscopes; Instruments for viewing the inside of hollow bodies (diagnostic instruments Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...A61B); Viewfinders (objectives Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...G02B 9/00, Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...G02B 11/00, Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...G02B 15/00, Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...G02B 17/00; eyepieces Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...G02B 25/00)

|  | G02B 23/02 |
· | involving prisms or mirrors (Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...G02B 23/14 takes precedence)

|  | G02B 23/04 |
· · | for the purpose of beam splitting or combining, e.g. fitted with eyepieces for more than one observer (Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...G02B 23/10 takes precedence)

|  | G02B 23/06 |
· · | having a focusing action, e.g. parabolic mirror

|  | G02B 23/08 |
· · | Periscopes

|  | G02B 23/10 |
· · | reflecting into the field of view additional indications, e.g. from collimator (collimators in general Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...G02B 27/30; graticules Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...G02B 27/34)

|  | G02B 23/12 |
· | with means for image conversion or intensification (objectives for image conversion or intensification Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...G02B 13/16; electrical image converters with optical input and optical output Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...H01J 31/50)

|  | G02B 23/14 |
· | Viewfinders (for photographic apparatus Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...G03B 13/02)

|  | G02B 23/16 |
· | Housings; Caps; Mountings; Supports, e.g. with counterweight (cases or receptacles Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...A45C)

|  | G02B 23/18 |
· · | for binocular arrangements

|  | G02B 23/20 |
· · | Collapsible housings (Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...G02B 23/18 takes precedence)

|  | G02B 23/22 |
· · | Underwater equipments, e.g. for submarine periscope

|  | G02B 25/00 |
Eyepieces; Magnifying glasses (simple lenses Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...G02B 3/00)

|  | G02B 25/02 |
· | with means for illuminating object viewed

|  | G02B 25/04 |
· | affording a wide-angle view, e.g. through a spy-hole

|  | G02B 27/00 |
Other optical systems; Other optical apparatus (means for bringing-about special optical effects in shop-windows, show-cases Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...A47F, e.g. Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...A47F 11/06; optical toys Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...A63H 33/22; designs or pictures characterised by special light effects Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...B44F 1/00)

|  | G02B 27/02 |
· | Viewing or reading apparatus (stereoscopic systems per se Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...G02B 27/22; of the projection type Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...G03B; slide-changing apparatus Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...G03B)

|  | G02B 27/04 |
· · | having collapsible parts

|  | G02B 27/06 |
· · | with moving-picture effect

|  | G02B 27/08 |
· · | Kaleidoscopes

|  | G02B 27/10 |
· | beam splitting or combining systems (polarising systems Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...G02B 27/28)

|  | G02B 27/12 |
· · | operating by refraction only

|  | G02B 27/14 |
· · | operating by reflection only

|  | G02B 27/16 |
· · | used as aids for focusing

|  | G02B 27/18 |
· | for optical projection, e.g. combination of mirror and condenser and objective

|  | G02B 27/20 |
· · | for imaging minute objects, e.g. light-pointer

|  | G02B 27/22 |
· | for producing stereoscopic or other three-dimensional effects (in microscopes Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...G02B 21/22; viewing apparatus Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...G02B 27/02)

|  | G02B 27/24 |
· · | involving reflecting prisms and mirrors only

|  | G02B 27/26 |
· · | involving polarising means

|  | G02B 27/28 |
· | for polarising (used in stereoscopes Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...G02B 27/26)

|  | G02B 27/30 |
· | Collimators

|  | G02B 27/32 |
· | Fiducial marks and measuring scales within the optical system

|  | G02B 27/34 |
· · | illuminated

|  | G02B 27/36 |
· · | adjustable

|  | G02B 27/38 |
· | Diffraction grating systems; Schlieren-optical systems; Systems using moiré fringes

|  | G02B 27/40 |
· | Optical focusing aids (beam splitting or combining systems Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...G02B 27/10)