H SECTION H ELECTRICITY H01 BASIC ELECTRIC ELEMENTS H01B CABLES; CONDUCTORS; INSULATORS; SELECTION OF MATERIALS FOR THEIR CONDUCTIVE, INSULATING, OR DIELECTRIC PROPERTIES (selection for magnetic properties H01F0001000000;waveguides H01P; installation of cables or lines H02G) H01B0001000000 Conductors or conductive bodies characterised by the conductive material; Selection of materials as conductors (selection of materials for superconductivity H01V0011120000);; H01B0001020000 mainly consisting of metals or alloys H01B0001040000 mainly consisting of carbon, silicon or carbon-silicon compounds H01B0001060000 mainly consisting of other non-metallic substances H01B0001080000 oxides H01B0001100000 sulphides H01B0003000000 Insulators or insulating bodies characterised by the insulating materials; Selection of materials for their insulating or dielectric properties (selection of piezo-electric or electrostrictive materials H01V0007020000);; H01B0003020000 mainly consisting of inorganic substances H01B0003040000 mica H01B0003060000 asbestos H01B0003080000 quartz; glass; glass wool; slag wool; vitreous enamels H01B0003100000 metallic oxides (ceramics H01B0003120000);; H01B0003120000 ceramics H01B0003140000 cements H01B0003160000 gases H01B0003180000 mainly consisting of organic substances H01B0003200000 liquids, e.g. oils (silicone oils H01B0003460000);; H01B0003220000 hydrocarbons H01B0003240000 containing halogen in the molecules, e.g. halogenated oils H01B0003260000 asphalts; bitumens; pitches H01B0003280000 natural or synthetic rubbers H01B0003300000 resins; waxes H01B0003320000 natural resins H01B0003340000 waxes (silicone waxes H01B0003460000);; H01B0003360000 condensation products of phenols with aldehydes or ketones H01B0003380000 condensation products of aldehydes with amines or amides H01B0003400000 epoxy resins H01B0003420000 polyesters; polyethers; polyacetals H01B0003440000 vinyl resins; acrylic resins (silicones H01B0003460000);; H01B0003460000 silicones H01B0003480000 fibrous materials H01B0003500000 fabric H01B0003520000 wood; paper; pressboard H01B0003540000 hard paper; hard fabrics H01B0003560000 gases H01B0005000000 Non-insulated conductors or conductive bodies characterised by their form H01B0005020000 Single bars, rods, wires, or strips H01B0005040000 wound or coiled H01B0005060000 Single tubes H01B0005080000 Several wires or the like stranded in the form of a rope H01B0005100000 stranded around a space, insulating material, or dissimilar conducting material H01B0005120000 Braided wires or the like H01B0005140000 comprising conductive layers or films on insulating-supports (insulating-layers or insulating-films on metal bodies H01B0017620000);; H01B0005160000 Comprising conductive material in insulating or poorly conductive material, e.g. conductive rubber (insulating bodies with conductive admixtures H01B0017640000;conductive paints C09D0005240000) H01B0007000000 Insulated conductors or cables characterised by their form H01B0007020000 Disposition of insulation (materials H01B0003000000;insulators H01B0017000000) H01B0007040000 Flexible cables, conductors, or cords, e.g. trailing cables H01B0007060000 Extensible conductors or cables, e.g. self-coiling cords (installations using extensible carrier for the cable H02G0011060000);; H01B0007080000 Flat or ribbon cables H01B0007100000 Contact cables, i.e. having conductors which may be brought into contact by distortion of the cable H01B0007120000 Floating cables (installations of cables supported on or from floats H02G0009120000);; H01B0007140000 Submarine cables H01B0007160000 Rigid-tube cables (heating elements of similar construction H05B);; H01B0007180000 Sheaths; Armouring; Other protection against mechanical force or pressure (power cables with screens H01B0009020000;communication cables with screens H01B0011060000; continuous inductive loading H01B0011140000; installation of conduits H02G) H01B0007200000 Metal tubes, e.g. lead sheaths H01B0007220000 Metal wires or tapes, e.g. made of steel H01B0007240000 Devices affording localised protection against mechanical force or pressure H01B0007260000 Reduction of losses in sheaths or armouring H01B0007280000 Protection, e.g. against corrosion, chemical attack, influence of weather (sheaths, armouring H01B0007180000);; H01B0007300000 with arrangements for reducing conductor losses when carrying alternating current, e.g. due to skin effect H01B0007320000 with arrangements for indicating defects, e.g. breaks, leaks (locating defects by measuring G01);; H01B0007340000 with arrangements for heat dissipation, shielding, or conduction H01B0007360000 with distinguishing or length marks H01B0009000000 Power cables H01B0009020000 with screens or conductive layers, e.g. for avoiding large potential gradients H01B0009040000 Concentric cables H01B0009060000 Gas-pressure cables; Oil-pressure cables; Cables for use in conduits under fluid pressure H01B0011000000 Communication cables or conductors (waveguides H01P);; H01B0011020000 Cables with twisted pairs or quads (transposing, crossing, or twisting at joints H04B;balancing of earth capacitance H04B) H01B0011040000 with pairs or quads mutually positioned to reduce cross-talk (balancing by making use of additional capacitors or coils H04B);; H01B0011060000 with means for reducing effects of electromagnetic or electrostatic disturbances, e.g. screen (screening in general H05K0009000000);; H01B0011080000 Screens specially adapted for reducing cross-talk H01B0011100000 Screens specially adapted for reducing interference from external sources H01B0011120000 Arrangements for exhibiting specific transmission characteristics (loading coils per H01F0017080000;coil-loaded circuits H04B) H01B0011140000 Continuously loaded cables, e.g. Krarup cable H01B0011160000 Cables, e.g. submarine cable, with coils or other devices incorporated during cable manufacture (junction boxes for cables H02G0015100000);; H01B0011180000 Coaxial cables; Analogous cables having more than one inner conductor within a common outer conductor (suitable for handling frequencies considerably beyond the audio range H01P0003060000);; H01B0011200000 Cables having a multiplicity of similar coaxial lines H01B0013000000 Apparatus or processes specially adapted for manufacturing conductors or cables H01B0013020000 Stranding-up (stranding-up ropes D07B);; H01B0013040000 Mutually-positioning pairs or quads to reduce cross-talk H01B0013060000 Insulating conductors or cables H01B0013080000 by winding H01B0013100000 by longitudinal lapping H01B0013120000 by applying loose fibres H01B0013140000 by extrusion H01B0013160000 by passing through, or dipping in, a liquid bath; by spraying H01B0013180000 Applying discontinuous insulation, e.g. discs, beads H01B0013200000 for concentric or coaxial cables H01B0013220000 Sheathing; Armouring; Screening; Applying other protective layers H01B0013240000 by extrusion H01B0013260000 by winding, braiding, or longitudinal lapping (winding in general B65H);; H01B0013280000 Applying continuous inductive loading, e.g. Krarup loading H01B0013300000 Drying (in general F26B);;Impregnating H01B0015000000 Apparatus or processes for salvaging material from cables (for removing insulation from conductors H02G0001120000);; H01B0017000000 Insulators or insulating bodies characterised by their form (section insulators for electric traction B60M0001180000;insulating rail-joints E01B0011540000) H01B0017020000 Suspension insulators; Strain insulators H01B0017040000 Chains; Multiple chains H01B0017060000 Fastening of insulator to support, to conductor, or to adjoining insulator H01B0017080000 by cap-and-bolt H01B0017100000 by intermediate link H01B0017120000 Special features of strain insulators (devices for relieving mechanical tension from electric connections H02G0007040000);; H01B0017140000 Supporting insulators (pin insulators H01B0017200000;apertured insulators H01B0017240000) H01B0017160000 Fastening of insulators to support, to conductor, or to adjoining insulator H01B0017180000 for very heavy conductors, e.g. bus-bars, rails H01B0017200000 Pin insulators H01B0017220000 Fastening of conductors to insulator H01B0017240000 Insulators apertured for fixing by nail, screw, wire, or bar, e.g. diabolo, bobbin H01B0017260000 Lead-in insulators; Lead-through insulators H01B0017280000 Capacitor type (capacitors H01G);; H01B0017300000 Sealing (packings in general F16J);; H01B0017320000 Single insulators consisting of two or more dissimilar insulating bodies H01B0017340000 Insulators containing liquid, e.g. oil H01B0017360000 Insulators having evacuated or gas-filled spaces H01B0017380000 Fittings, e.g. caps; Fastenings therefor H01B0017400000 Cementless fittings H01B0017420000 Means for obtaining improved distribution of voltage (capacitor-type lead-through insulators H01B0017280000);;Protection against arc discharges H01B0017440000 Structural association of insulators with corona rings (corona rings H01T0019020000);; H01B0017460000 Means for providing an external arc-discharge path (spark-gap arresters H01T);; H01B0017480000 over chains or other serially-arranged insulators H01B0017500000 with surfaces specially treated for preserving insulating properties, e.g. for protection against moisture, dirt, etc. H01B0017520000 having cleaning devices (H01B0017540000 takes precedence);; H01B0017540000 having heating or cooling devices H01B0017560000 Insulating bodies (insulators H01B0017020000-H01B0017540000); H01B0017580000 Tubes, sleeves, beads, or bobbins through which the conductor passes (protective tubings for the installation of lines or cables in buildings H02G0003040000);; H01B0017600000 Composite insulating bodies (cables or conductors H01B0007000000, H01B0009000000;resistors H01C; capacitors H01G) H01B0017620000 Insulating-layers or insulating-films on metal bodies (conductive layers or films on insulating bodies H01B0005140000);; H01B0017640000 with conductive admixtures, inserts, or layers (conductive bodies comprising conductive material dispersed in insulating material H01B0005160000);; H01B0017660000 Joining insulating bodies together, e.g. by bonding H01B0019000000 Apparatus or processes specially adapted for manufacturing insulators or insulating bodies H01B0019020000 Drying (in general F26B);;Impregnating H01B0019040000 Treating the surfaces, e.g. applying coatings H01C RESISTORS H01C0001000000 Details of resistors H01C0001020000 Mounting; Housing; Enclosing; Filling the housing or enclosure H01C0001040000 Arrangements of distinguishing marks, e.g. colour coding H01C0001060000 Electrostatic or electromagnetic shielding arrangements H01C0001080000 Cooling arrangements; Heating arrangements; Ventilating arrangements H01C0001120000 Current collectors, e.g. mercury contacts; Means for moving current collectors H01C0001140000 Terminals; Tapping points H01C0001160000 Resistor networks not otherwise provided for H01C0003000000 Non-adjustable metal resistors made of wire or ribbon, e.g. coiled, woven, or formed as grids H01C0003020000 arranged or constructed for reducing self-induction, capacitance, or variation with frequency H01C0003040000 Iron-filament ballast resistors; Similar resistors having variable temperature coefficient H01C0005000000 Adjustable metal resistors made of wire or ribbon, e.g. coiled, woven, formed as grids H01C0005020000 with current collectors gliding thereon H01C0005040000 with current collectors rolling thereon H01C0005060000 with one or more fixed tapping points H01C0005080000 structurally combined with a switch and having a common operating member therewith H01C0007000000 Non-adjustable resistors formed as one or more layers or coatings; Non-adjustable resistors made from powdered conducting material and/or powdered semi-conducting material with or without insulating material (semi-conductor devices H01L;devices exhibiting galvanomagnetic effects H01V0005000000) H01C0007020000 having positive temperature coefficient, e.g. with layers of carbon H01C0007040000 having negative temperature coefficient, e.g. thermistor H01C0007060000 independent of temperature H01C0007080000 sensitive to radiant heat or light (dependent on the presence of a potential-jump barrier in the resistor H01L0015060000);; H01C0007100000 dependent on applied voltage, e.g. varistor H01C0007120000 Overvoltage protection resistors H01C0007140000 dependent on electric field applied by a control electrode insulated from the resistor, e.g. fieldistor (field-effect transistors H01L0011140000);; H01C0007160000 dependent on magnetic field (applications for measuring magnetic or electric variables G01R);; H01C0009000000 Adjustable resistors formed as one or more layers or coatings; Adjustable resistor made from powdered conducting material and/or powdered semi-conducting material with or without insulating material H01C0009020000 with current collectors gliding thereon H01C0009040000 with one or more fixed tapping points H01C0009060000 adjustable by mechanical pressure or force (resistance strain gauges G01;carbon microphones H04R0021020000) H01C0009080000 structurally combined with a switch and having a common operating member therewith H01C0011000000 Liquid resistors H01C0013000000 Resistors not covered by groups ; H01C0003000000-H01C0011000000 H01C0015000000 Resistors constructed for special applications (for overvoltage protection H01C0007120000;for heating purposes H05B; adaptations for structural combination with measuring instruments G01R) H01C0015020000 Coherers or like imperfect resistors for detecting electro-magnetic waves H01C0015040000 Arresters using powdered resister material or semi-conductive material H01C0017000000 Apparatus or processes specially adapted for manufacturing resistors H01F MAGNETS; INDUCTANCES; TRANSFORMERS; SELECTION OF MATERIALS FOR THEIR MAGNETIC PROPERTIES (selection of magnetostrictive materials H01V0009020000);; H01F0001000000 Magnets or magnetic bodies characterised by the magnetic materials therefor; Selection of materials for their magnetic properties H01F0001020000 of hard-magnetic materials H01F0001040000 metals or alloys H01F0001060000 in the form of particles, e.g. powder H01F0001080000 pressed, sintered, or bound together H01F0001090000 Mixtures of metallic and non-metallic particles; Metallic particles having oxide skin H01F0001100000 non-metallic substances, e.g. ferrites H01F0001110000 in the form of particles H01F0001113000 in a bonding agent H01F0001117000 Flexible bodies H01F0001120000 of soft-magnetic materials H01F0001140000 metals or alloys H01F0001160000 in the form of sheets H01F0001180000 with insulating coating H01F0001200000 in the form of particles, e.g. powder H01F0001220000 pressed, sintered, or bound together H01F0001240000 the particles being insulated H01F0001260000 by macromolecular organic substances H01F0001280000 dispersed or suspended in a liquid or plastic medium H01F0001300000 having specific size or shape (particles of different materials H01F0001320000);; H01F0001320000 the particles being of different materials H01F0001330000 Mixtures of metallic and non-metallic particles; Metallic particles having oxide skin H01F0001340000 non-metallic substances, e.g. ferrites H01F0001360000 in the form of particles H01F0001370000 in a bonding agent H01F0001375000 Flexible bodies H01F0003000000 Cores, yokes, or armatures (magnetic materials H01F0001000000;permanent magnets H01F0007020000) H01F0003020000 made from sheet(s) H01F0003040000 made from strip(s) or ribbon(s) H01F0003060000 made from wire(s) H01F0003080000 made from powder (powder coatings on sheets H01F0003020000, on strips or ribbons H01F0003040000, on wires H01F0003060000);; H01F0003100000 Composite arrangements of magnetic circuits H01F0003120000 Magnetic shunt paths H01F0003140000 Constrictions; Gaps, e.g. air-gaps (in magnetic shunt paths H01F0003120000);; H01F0005000000 Coils (for transducers H04R);; H01F0005020000 wound on non-magnetic supports, e.g. formers H01F0005040000 Arrangements of electric connections to coils, e.g. leads H01F0005060000 Insulation of windings H01F0007000000 Magnets (for purifying liquids, for separating ores B03C;for bench or like work-holders B23B0031280000, B23Q0003000000; work-holding devices B25B0011000000; lifting magnets B66C0001000000; for electric meters G01R; for relays H01H; for dynamo-electric machines H02K; for electroacoustic devices H04R) H01F0007020000 Permanent magnets H01F0007040000 Means for releasing the attractive force H01F0007060000 Electromagnets H01F0007080000 with armatures H01F0007100000 specially adapted for alternating current H01F0007120000 having anti-chattering arrangements H01F0007130000 characterised by pulling-force characteristic H01F0007140000 Pivoting armatures H01F0007160000 Rectilinearly-movable armatures H01F0007180000 Circuit arrangements for obtaining desired operating characteristics, e.g. for slow operation, for sequential energisation of windings, for high-speed energisation of windings H01F0007200000 without armature H01F0007220000 having a superconductive winding H01F0010000000 Thin magnetic films, e.g. of one-domain structure (magnetic record carriers G11B0005000000;thin-film magnetic stores G11C) H01F0010020000 characterised by the compositon of the magnetic layer H01F0010040000 characterised by the substrate, e.g. glass H01F0010060000 characterised by the coupling or physical contact with connecting or interacting conductors H01F0013000000 Apparatus or processes for magnetising or demagnetising (for degaussing ships B63G0009060000;for clocks or watches G04D0009000000) H01F0015000000 Details of inductances or transformers covered by groups ; H01F0017000000-H01F0021000000 H01F0015020000 Mounting; Housing; Enclosing; Filling the housing or enclosure H01F0015040000 Electrostatic or electromagnetic shielding (movable for varying inductance H01F0021100000);; H01F0015060000 Cooling; Heating; Ventilating H01F0015080000 Protection against corrosion H01F0015100000 Terminals; Tapping arrangements H01F0015120000 Arrangements for interchanging inductances, transformers, or coils thereof H01F0015140000 with special arrangement or spacing of turns of the winding(s), e.g. to produce desired self-resonance H01F0015160000 with temperature compensation H01F0015180000 Circuits for modifying, or compensating for, electric characteristics of inductances or transformers (impedance networks H03H);; H01F0017000000 Inductances (coils in general H01F0005000000;variable inductances H01F0021000000; for power supply H01F0029000000, H01F0037000000, H01F0039000000) H01F0017020000 without magnetic core H01F0017030000 with ceramic former H01F0017040000 with magnetic core H01F0017060000 with core substantially closed in itself, e.g. toroid H01F0017080000 Loading coils for telecommunication circuits H01F0019000000 Transformers or mutual inductances (variable H01F0021000000;for power supply H01F0029000000-H01F0035000000, H01F0039000000) H01F0019020000 Audio-frequency transformers or mutual inductances, i.e. not suitable for handling frequencies considerably beyond the audio range H01F0019040000 Transformers or mutual inductances suitable for handling frequencies considerably beyond the audio range (resonant circuits H03H);; H01F0019060000 Broad-band transformers, e.g. suitable for handling frequencies well down into the audio range H01F0019080000 Transformers having magnetic bias, e.g. for handling pulses H01F0021000000 Variable inductances or transformers, e.g. constructions for changing voltage ratio or frequency range (for power supply H01F0029000000, H01F0039000000);; H01F0021020000 continuously variable, e.g. variometers H01F0021040000 by relative movement of turns or parts of winding(s) H01F0021060000 by movement of core or part of core relative to the winding(s) as a whole H01F0021080000 by varying the permeability of the core, e.g. by varying magnetic bias H01F0021100000 by means of a movable shield H01F0021120000 discontinuously variable, e.g. tapped H01F0027000000 Constructional details of transformers or inductances in general H01F0027020000 Casings H01F0027040000 Leading of conductors or axles through casings, e.g. for tap-changing arrangements H01F0027060000 Mounting, supporting, or suspending transformers, reactors, or choke coils H01F0027080000 Cooling (heat-transfer elements F28F);;Ventilating (structural details of casings H01F0027020000);; H01F0027100000 Liquid cooling H01F0027120000 Oil cooling H01F0027140000 Expansion chambers; Oil conservators; Gas cushions; Arrangements for purifying, drying, or filling H01F0027160000 Water cooling H01F0027180000 by evaporating liquids H01F0027200000 Cooling by special gases or non-ambient air H01F0027220000 Cooling by heat conduction through solid or powdered fillings H01F0027240000 Magnetic cores H01F0027260000 Fastening parts of the core together; Fastening or mounting the core on casing or support (on coil H01F0027300000);; H01F0027280000 Coils; Windings; Conductive connections H01F0027300000 Fastening or clamping coils, windings, or parts thereof together; Fastening or mounting coils or windings on core, casing, or other support H01F0027320000 Insulating of coils, windings, or parts thereof H01F0027330000 Arrangements for noise damping H01F0027340000 Special means for preventing or reducing unwanted electric or magnetic effects, e.g. no-load losses, reactive currents, harmonics, oscillations, leakage fields H01F0027360000 Electric or magnetic shields or screens H01F0027380000 Auxiliary core members; Auxiliary coils or windings H01F0027400000 Structural association with built-in electric component, e.g. fuse H01F0027420000 Circuits for modifying, or compensating for, electric characteristics of transformers, reactors, or choke coils (of instrument transformers H01F0040140000;impedance networks H03H) H01F0029000000 Variable transformers, reactors, or choke coils, for power supply or unspecified use H01F0029020000 with tappings on coil or winding; with provision for rearrangement or interconnection of windings H01F0029040000 having provision for tap-changing without interrupting the load current H01F0029060000 with current collector gliding or rolling on or along winding H01F0029080000 with core, coil, winding, or shield movable to offset variation of voltage or phase shift, e.g. induction regulators H01F0029100000 having movable part of magnetic circuit H01F0029120000 having movable coil, winding, or part thereof; having movable shield H01F0029140000 with variable magnetic bias (magnetic amplifiers H03F);; H01F0031000000 Single-phase transformers for power supply or unspecified use H01F0031020000 Auto-transformers H01F0031040000 having two or more secondary windings, each supplying a separate load, e.g. for power-supply units for radio sets H01F0031060000 High-leakage transformers, e.g. for arc welding H01F0031080000 Cascade transformers, e.g. for use with extra high tension H01F0033000000 Two-phase, three-phase, or polyphase transformers for power supply or unspecified use H01F0033020000 for changing the number of phases H01F0035000000 Transformers for operation with non-linear input/output characteristics for power supply or unspecified use, e.g. for generating harmonics, for changing wave shape (with variable characteristics H01F0029140000);; H01F0037000000 Reactors or choke coils for power supply or unspecified use (H01F0029000000, H01F0039000000 take precedence);; H01F0037020000 with non-linear characteristics (H01F0029000000, H01F0039000000 take precedence);; H01F0039000000 Transformers, inductances, reactors or choke coils without magnetic cores, for power supply or unspecified use H01F0040000000 Instrument transformers H01F0040020000 for single-phase ac H01F0040040000 Voltage transformers H01F0040060000 Current transformers H01F0040080000 Combined voltage and current transformers H01F0040100000 for polyphase ac H01F0040120000 for dc H01F0040140000 Circuit arrangements for modifying, or compensating for, electric characteristics H01F0041000000 Apparatus or processes specially adapted for manufacturing or assembling transformers, inductances, reactors or choke coils H01F0041020000 for manufacturing cores, coils, or magnets (for dynamo-electric machines H02K0015000000);; H01F0041040000 for manufacturing coils H01F0041060000 Winding (winding in general B65H, e.g. B65H0081000000);; H01F0041080000 Winding conductors on to or threading conductors through cores or formers which are closed in themselves, e.g. toroids H01F0041100000 Connecting leads to windings (making electric connections in general H01R0043000000);; H01F0041120000 Insulating of windings (of conductors in general H01B0013060000);; H01F0041140000 for applying thin magnetic films to substrates (covering metals, or materials with metals, in general C23C);; H01G CAPACITORS; CAPACITORS, RECTIFIERS, DETECTORS, SWITCHING DEVICES, OR LIGHT-SENSITIVE DEVICES OF THE ELECTROLYTIC TYPE (selection of specified materials as dielectric H01B0003000000);; H01G0001000000 Details of fixed capacitors (electrolytic capacitors H01G0009000000);; H01G0001010000 Selection of materials for electrodes H01G0001020000 Mounting; Housing; Enclosing; Filling the housing or enclosure H01G0001030000 Adaptations for mounting on a chassis H01G0001035000 Adaptations for mounting on a printed-circuit support H01G0001040000 Distinguishing marks, e.g. colour coding H01G0001060000 Electrostatic or electromagnetic shielding H01G0001080000 Cooling arrangements; Heating arrangements; Ventilating arrangements H01G0001100000 Protection against corrosion H01G0001110000 Protection against electric or thermal overload (by cooling H01G0001080000);; H01G0001130000 Arrangements for preventing discharge from edges of electrodes H01G0001140000 Terminals H01G0001160000 Circuits for modifying, or compensating for, electric characteristics of capacitors (impedance networks H03H);; H01G0003000000 Capacitors with invariable capacitance; electrolytic capacitors ; H01G0009000000) H01G0003020000 having air, gas, or vacuum as the dielectric H01G0003040000 having a liquid dielectric H01G0003060000 having a solid dielectric (layered products in general B32B, e.g. B32B0015000000);; H01G0003070000 Stacked capacitors; Folded capacitors; Tubular capacitors H01G0003075000 with metal-oxide dielectric H01G0003090000 with ceramic dielectric H01G0003095000 with organic dielectric H01G0003110000 of fibrous dielectric, e.g. paper H01G0003115000 impregnated H01G0003130000 resinous dielectric, e.g. epoxy resin H01G0003135000 with dielectric comprising at least two materials selected from metal oxide, ceramics, organic material H01G0003150000 adapted for self-healing H01G0003170000 Wound capacitors H01G0003175000 with organic dielectric H01G0003190000 fibrous dielectric, e.g. paper H01G0003195000 impregnated H01G0003210000 resinous dielectric, e.g. epoxy resin H01G0003215000 adapted for self-healing H01G0003240000 with temperature compensation H01G0003260000 with means for correcting the capacitance value H01G0003280000 Multiple capacitors, i.e. structural combinations of invariable capacitors H01G0005000000 Capacitors in which the capacitance is varied by mechanical means, e.g. by turning a shaft (semiconductor devices operating as variable capacitors H01L);; H01G0005010000 Details H01G0005015000 Current collectors H01G0005020000 having air, gas, or vacuum as the dielectric (using displacement of liquid or solid dielectric H01G0005200000, H01G0005260000);; H01G0005040000 using variation of effective area of electrode H01G0005060000 due to rotation of flat or substantially flat electrodes H01G0005080000 becoming active in succession H01G0005100000 due to rotation of helical electrodes H01G0005120000 due to rotation of part-cylindrical, conical, or spherical electrodes H01G0005140000 due to longitudinal movement of electrodes H01G0005160000 using variation of distance between electrodes H01G0005180000 due to change in inclination, e.g. by flexing, by spiral wrapping H01G0005200000 having a liquid dielectric H01G0005220000 having a solid dielectric H01G0005240000 with movable electrodes H01G0005260000 with movable dielectric H01G0005280000 with one or more electrodes consisting of displaceable liquid or conducting powder, e.g. mercury H01G0005340000 with temperature compensation H01G0005360000 with means for correcting the capacitance characteristic H01G0005380000 Multiple capacitors, e.g. ganged H01G0007000000 Capacitors in which the capacitance is varied by non-mechanical means (semiconductor devices operating as variable capacitors H01L);; H01G0007020000 Electrets, i.e. having a permanently-polarised dielectric H01G0007040000 having a dielectric selected for the variation of its permittivity with applied temperature H01G0007060000 having a dielectric selected for the variation of its permittivity with applied voltage, i.e. ferroelectric capacitors (electrets H01G0007020000);; H01G0009000000 Electrolytic capacitors, rectifiers, detectors, switching devices or light-sensitive devices H01G0009020000 Diaphragms; Separators; Selection of materials for use as electrolytes or absorbents (for electrolytic apparatus in general B01K0003000000;for primary, or secondary cells H01M) H01G0009040000 Electrodes H01G0009050000 consisting of tantalum, niobium, or sintered material; Combinations of such electrodes with solid semi-conductive electrolytes, e.g. manganese dioxide H01G0009060000 Mounting in containers H01G0009080000 Containers H01G0009100000 Sealing, e.g. of lead-in wires H01G0009120000 Vents or other means allowing expansion H01G0009140000 Circuits for modifying, or compensating for, electric characteristics of electrolytic capacitors (impedance networks H03H);; H01G0009160000 specially for use as rectifiers or detectors (H01G0009220000 takes precedence);; H01G0009180000 Self-interrupters H01G0009200000 Light-sensitive devices H01G0009220000 Devices using combined reduction and oxidation, e.g. redox arrangement, solion H01G0013000000 Apparatus or processes specially adapted for manufacturing capacitors or electrolytic devices H01G0013020000 Machines for winding capacitors (winding in general B65H);; H01G0013040000 Drying (in general F26B);;Impregnating H01G0013060000 with provision for removing metal surfaces H01H ELECTRIC SWITCHES; RELAYS; EMERGENCY PROTECTIVE DEVICES (contact cables H01B0007100000;arrester using powdered resistive or semiconductive material H01C0007120000, H01C0015040000; electrolytic arresters H01G0009000000; switching devices of the waveguide type H01P; devices for interrupted current collection H01R0039000000; spark-gap arresters H01T; emergency protective circuit arrangements H02H; switching by electronic means without contact-making H03K0017000000) H01H0001000000 Contacts (liquid contacts H01H0029040000);; H01H0001020000 characterised by the material thereof H01H0001040000 Co-operating contacts of different material H01H0001060000 characterised by the shape or structure of the contact-making surface, e.g. grooved H01H0001080000 wetted with mercury H01H0001100000 Laminated contacts with divided contact surface H01H0001120000 characterised by the manner in which co-operating contacts engage H01H0001140000 by abutting H01H0001160000 by rolling; by wrapping; Roller or ball contacts H01H0001180000 with subsequent sliding H01H0001200000 Bridging contacts H01H0001220000 with rigid pivoted member carrying the moving contact H01H0001240000 with resilient mounting H01H0001260000 with spring blade support H01H0001280000 Assembly of three or more contact-supporting spring blades H01H0001300000 within supporting guides H01H0001320000 Self-aligning contacts H01H0001340000 with provision for adjusting position of contact relative to its co-operating contact H01H0001360000 by sliding (by rolling or wrapping H01H0001160000);; H01H0001380000 Plug-and-socket contacts H01H0001400000 Contact mounted so that its contact-making surface is flush with adjoining insulation H01H0001420000 Knife-and-clip contacts H01H0001440000 with resilient mounting H01H0001460000 Self-aligning contacts H01H0001480000 with provision for adjusting position of contact relative to its co-operating contact H01H0001500000 Means for increasing contact pressure, preventing vibration of contacts, holding contacts together after engagement, or biasing contacts to the open position H01H0001520000 Contacts adapted to act as latches H01H0001540000 by magnetic force H01H0001560000 Contact arrangements for providing make-before-break operation, e.g. for on-load tap-changing H01H0001580000 Electric connections to or between contacts; Terminals (electric connections in general H01R);; H01H0001600000 Auxiliary means structurally associated with the switch for cleaning or lubricating contact-making surfaces (cleaning by normal sliding of contacts H01H0001180000, H01H0001360000);; H01H0001620000 Heating or cooling of contacts H01H0001640000 Protective enclosures, baffle plates, or screens for contacts (for arc-extinguishing H01H0009300000;for mercury contacts H01H0029040000) H01H0001660000 Contacts sealed in an evacuated or gas-filled envelope, e.g. magnetic dry-reed contacts H01H0003000000 Mechanisms for operating contacts (snap-action arrangements H01H0005000000;devices for introducing a predetermined time delay H01H0007000000; thermal actuating or release means H01H0037020000) H01H0003020000 Operating parts, i.e. for operating driving mechanism by a mechanical force external to the switch H01H0003040000 Levers (tumblers H01H0023140000);; H01H0003060000 Means for securing to shaft of driving mechanism H01H0003080000 Turn knobs H01H0003100000 Means for securing to shaft of driving mechanism H01H0003120000 Push-buttons H01H0003140000 adapted for operation by a part of the human body other than the hand, e.g. by foot H01H0003160000 adapted for actuation at a limit or other predetermined position in the path of a body, the relative movement of switch and body being primarily for a purpose other than the actuation of the switch, e.g. for a door switch, a limit switch, a floor-levelling switch of a lift H01H0003180000 the movement in one direction being intentionally by hand, e.g. for setting automatically cancelled trafficators H01H0003200000 wherein an auxiliary movement thereof, or of an attachment thereto, is necessary before the main movement is possible or effective, e.g. for unlatching, for coupling H01H0003220000 Power arrangements internal to the switch for operating the driving mechanism H01H0003240000 using pneumatic or hydraulic actuator H01H0003260000 using dynamo-electric motor (for storing energy in a spring motor H01H0003300000);; H01H0003280000 using electromagnet (for storing energy in a spring motor H01H0003300000;for operating relays H01H0045000000) H01H0003300000 using spring motor H01H0003320000 Driving mechanisms, i.e. for transmitting driving force to the contacts (snap-action arrangements H01H0005000000;introducing a predetermined time delay H01H0007000000) H01H0003340000 using ratchet H01H0003360000 using belt, chain, or cord H01H0003380000 using spring or other flexible shaft coupling H01H0003400000 using friction, toothed, or screw-and-nut gearing H01H0003420000 using cam or eccentric H01H0003440000 using Geneva movement H01H0003460000 using rod or lever linkage, e.g. toggle H01H0003480000 using lost-motion device H01H0003500000 with indexing or locating means, e.g. indexing by ball and spring H01H0003520000 with means to ensure stopping at intermediate operative positions H01H0003540000 Mechanisms for coupling or uncoupling operating parts, driving mechanisms, or contacts H01H0003560000 using electromagnetic clutch H01H0003580000 using friction, toothed, or other mechanical clutch H01H0003600000 Mechanical arrangements for preventing or damping vibration or shock H01H0003620000 Lubricating means structurally associated with the switch (for lubricating contact-making surfaces H01H0001600000);; H01H0005000000 Snap-action arrangements, i.e. in which during a single opening operation or a single closing operation energy is first stored and then released to produce or assist the contact movement H01H0005020000 Energy stored by the attraction or repulsion of magnetic parts H01H0005040000 Energy stored by deformation of elastic members (by deformation of bimetallic element in thermally-actuated switches H01H0037540000);; H01H0005060000 by compression or extension of coil springs H01H0005080000 one end of spring transmitting movement to the contact member when the other end is moved by the operating part H01H0005100000 one end of spring being fixedly connected to the stationary or movable part of the switch, and the other end reacting with a movable or stationary rigid member respectively through pins, cams, toothed, or other shaped surfaces H01H0005120000 having two or more snap-action motions in succession H01H0005140000 by twisting of torsion members H01H0005160000 with auxiliary means for temporarily holding parts until torsion member is sufficiently strained H01H0005180000 by flexing of blade springs H01H0005200000 single blade moved across dead-centre position H01H0005220000 blade spring with at least one snap-acting leg and at least one separate contact-carrying or contact-actuating leg H01H0005240000 having three legs H01H0005260000 having two or more snap-action motions in succession H01H0005280000 two separate blade springs forming a toggle H01H0005300000 by buckling of disc springs H01H0007000000 Devices for introducing a predetermined time delay between the initiation of the switching operation and the opening or closing of the contacts (time or time-programme switches H01H0043000000);; H01H0007020000 with fluid timing means H01H0007030000 with dash-pots H01H0007040000 with flies, i.e. fan governors H01H0007060000 with thermal timing means (thermally-actuated switches H01H0037000000);; H01H0007080000 with timing by mechanical speed-control devices H01H0007100000 by escapement H01H0007120000 mechanical H01H0007140000 electromagnetic H01H0007160000 Devices for ensuring operation of the switch at a predetermined point in the ac cycle (circuit arrangements H01H0009560000);; H01H0009000000 Details of switching devices, not covered by groups H01H0001000000, H01H0003000000, H01H0005000000, H01H0007000000; (casings for switchgear H02B0001080000;casings for electrical apparatus in general H05K0005000000) H01H0009020000 Bases, casings, or covers (accommodating more than one switch or a switch and another electrical component H02B0001080000);; H01H0009040000 Dustproof, splashproof, drip-proof, waterproof, or flameproof casings H01H0009060000 Casing of switch constituted by a handle serving a purpose other than the actuation of the switch, e.g. by the handle of a vacuum cleaner H01H0009080000 Arrangements to facilitate replacement of switch, e.g. cartridge housing H01H0009100000 Adaptation for built-in fuses (mounting switch and fuse separately on or in common support H02B);; H01H0009120000 Means for earthing parts of switch not normally conductively connected to the contacts H01H0009140000 Adaptation for built-in safety spark gaps H01H0009160000 Indicators for switching condition, e.g. "on" or "off" H01H0009180000 Distinguishing marks on switches, e.g. for indicating switch location in the dark; Adaptation of switches to receive distinguishing marks H01H0009200000 Interlocking, locking, or latching mechanisms (contacts adapted to act as latches H01H0001520000;by an auxiliary movement of the operating part or an attachment thereto H01H0003200000) H01H0009220000 for interlocking between casing, cover, or protective shutter and mechanism for operating contacts H01H0009240000 for interlocking two or more parts of the mechanism for operating contacts H01H0009260000 for interlocking two or more switches (by a detachable member H01H0009280000);; H01H0009280000 for locking switch parts by a key or equivalent removable member (switches operated by a key H01H0027000000;locking by removable part of two-part coupling device H01R) H01H0009300000 Means for extinguishing or preventing arc between current-carrying parts H01H0009320000 Insulating body insertable between contacts H01H0009340000 Stationary parts for restricting or subdividing the arc, e.g. barrier plate H01H0009360000 Metal parts H01H0009380000 Auxiliary contacts on to which the arc is transferred from the main contacts (using arcing-horns H01H0009460000);; H01H0009400000 Multiple main contacts for the purpose of dividing the current through, or potential drop along, the arc H01H0009420000 Impedances connected with contacts H01H0009440000 using blow-out magnet H01H0009460000 using arcing horn (using blow-out magnet H01H0009440000;arcing horns H01T0017000000) H01H0009480000 Means for preventing discharge to non-current-carrying parts, e.g. using corona ring H01H0009500000 Means for detecting the presence of an arc or discharge H01H0009520000 Cooling of switch parts (cooling of contacts H01H0001620000);; H01H0009540000 Circuit arrangements not adapted to a particular application of the switching device and for which no provision exists elsewhere H01H0009560000 for ensuring operation of the switch at a predetermined point in the ac cycle H01H0011000000 Apparatus or processes specially adapted for the manufacture of electric switches H01H0011020000 for mercury switches H01H0011040000 of switch contacts H01H0011060000 Fixing of contacts to carrier H01H0013000000 Switches having rectilinearly-movable operating part or parts adapted for pushing or pulling in one direction only, e.g. push-button switch (wherein the operating part is flexible H01H0017000000);; H01H0013020000 Details H01H0013040000 Cases; Covers H01H0013060000 Dustproof, splashproof, drip-proof, waterproof, or flameproof casings H01H0013080000 Casing of switch constituted by a handle serving a purpose other than the actuation of the switch H01H0013100000 Bases; Stationary contacts mounted thereon H01H0013120000 Movable parts; Contacts mounted thereon H01H0013140000 Operating parts, e.g. push-button H01H0013160000 adapted for operation by a part of the human body other than the hand, e.g. by foot H01H0013180000 adapted for actuation at a limit or other predetermined position in the path of a body, the relative movement of switch and body being primarily for a purpose other than the actuation of the switch, e.g. door switch, limit switch, floor-levelling switch of a lift H01H0013200000 Driving mechanisms H01H0013220000 acting with snap action (depending upon deformation of elastic members H01H0013260000);; H01H0013240000 with means for introducing a predetermined time delay H01H0013260000 Snap-action arrangements depending upon deformation of elastic members H01H0013280000 using compression or extension of coil springs H01H0013300000 one end of spring transmitting movement to the contact member when the other end is moved by the operating part H01H0013320000 one end of spring being fixedly connected to the stationary or movable part of the switch and the other end reacting with a movable or stationary rigid member respectively through pins, cams, toothed, or other shaped surfaces H01H0013340000 having two or more snap-action motions in succession H01H0013360000 using flexing of blade springs H01H0013380000 Single blade moved across dead-centre position H01H0013400000 Blade spring with at least one snap-acting leg and at least one separate contact-carrying or contact-actuating leg H01H0013420000 having three legs H01H0013440000 having two or more snap-action motions in succession H01H0013460000 Two separate blade springs forming a toggle H01H0013480000 using buckling of disc springs H01H0013500000 having a single operating member H01H0013520000 the contact returning to its original state immediately upon removal of operating force, e.g. bell push switch H01H0013540000 the contact returning to its original state a predetermined time interval after removal of operating force, e.g. for staircase lighting H01H0013560000 the contact returning to its original state upon the next application of operating force H01H0013580000 with contact-driving member rotated step-wise in one direction H01H0013600000 with contact-driving member moved alternately in opposite directions H01H0013620000 the contact returning to its original state upon manual release of a latch (latch released by second push-button H01H0013680000);; H01H0013640000 wherein the switch has more than two electrically distinguishable positions, e.g. multi-position push-button switches H01H0013660000 the operating member having only two positions H01H0013680000 having two operating members, one for opening and one for closing the same set of contacts (single operating member protruding from different sides of switch casing for alternate pushing upon opposite ends H01H0015220000);; H01H0013700000 having a plurality of operating members associated with different sets of contacts (mounting together a plurality of independent switches H02B);; H01H0013720000 wherein the switch has means for limiting the number of operating members that can concurrently be in the actuated position H01H0013740000 each contact set returning to its original state only upon actuation of another of the operating members H01H0013760000 wherein some or all of the operating members actuate different combinations of the contact sets, e.g. ten operating members actuating different combinations of four contact sets H01H0015000000 Switches having rectilinearly-movable operating part or parts adapted for actuation in opposite directions, e.g. slide switch H01H0015020000 Details H01H0015040000 Stationary parts; Contacts mounted thereon H01H0015060000 Movable parts; Contacts mounted thereon H01H0015080000 Contact arrangements for providing make-before-break operation, e.g. for on-load tap-changing H01H0015100000 Operating parts H01H0015120000 adapted for operation by a part of the human body other than the hand, e.g. by foot H01H0015140000 adapted for actuation at a limit or other predetermined position in the path of a body, the relative movement of switch and body being primarily for a purpose other than the actuation of the switch, e.g. door switch, limit switch, floor-levelling switch of a lift H01H0015160000 Driving mechanisms H01H0015180000 acting with snap action H01H0015200000 with means for introducing a predetermined time delay H01H0015220000 having a single operating part protruding from different sides of switch casing for alternate actuation from opposite ends H01H0015240000 having a single operating part only protruding from one side of the switch casing for alternate pushing and pulling H01H0017000000 Switches having flexible operating part adapted only for pulling, e.g. cord, chain H01H0017020000 Details H01H0017040000 Stationary parts (guides H01H0017140000);; H01H0017060000 Movable parts (guides H01H0017140000);; H01H0017080000 Operating part, e.g. cord H01H0017100000 adapted for operation by a part of the human body other than the hand, e.g. by foot H01H0017120000 adapted for actuation at a limit or other predetermined position in the path of a body, the relative movement of switch and body being primarily for a purpose other than the actuation of the switch, e.g. door switch, limit switch, floor-levelling switch of a lift H01H0017140000 Guiding means for flexible operating part H01H0017160000 having a single flexible operating part adapted for pulling at one end only H01H0017180000 secured to a part of the switch driving mechanism that has only angular movement H01H0017200000 the contact returning to its original state immediately upon removal of operating force H01H0017220000 the contact returning to its original state upon the next application of operating force H01H0017240000 secured to a part of the switch driving mechanism that has both angular and rectilinear motion H01H0017260000 having two flexible operating parts; having a single operating part adapted for pulling at both ends H01H0017280000 secured to a part or parts of the switch driving mechanism having only rectilinear motion H01H0017300000 secured to a part or parts of the switch driving mechanism having only angular motion H01H0019000000 Switches operated by angular displacement of the operating part thereof acted upon directly by a solid body external to the switch, e.g. by a hand, wherein this part may be turned through an unlimited or unspecified angle (rotary current collectors, distributors, or interrupters H01R0039000000);; H01H0019020000 Details H01H0019040000 Cases; Covers H01H0019060000 Dustproof, splashproof, drip-proof, waterproof, or flameproof casings H01H0019080000 Bases; Stationary contacts mounted thereon H01H0019100000 Movable parts; Contacts mounted thereon H01H0019120000 Contact arrangements for providing make-before-break operation, e.g. for on-load tap-changing H01H0019140000 Operating parts, e.g. turn knob H01H0019160000 adapted for operation by a part of the human body other than the hand, e.g. by foot H01H0019180000 adapted for actuation at a limit or other predetermined position in the path of a body, the relative movement of switch and body being primarily for a purpose other than the actuation of the switch, e.g. door switch, limit switch, floor-levelling switch of a lift H01H0019200000 Driving mechanisms allowing angular displacement of the operating part to be effective in either direction H01H0019220000 incorporating lost motion H01H0019240000 acting with snap action H01H0019260000 with means for introducing a predetermined time delay H01H0019280000 Driving mechanisms allowing angular displacement of the operating part to be effective or possible in only one direction H01H0019300000 incorporating lost motion H01H0019320000 acting with snap action H01H0019340000 with means for introducing a predetermined time delay H01H0019360000 the operating part having only two operative positions, e.g. relatively displaced by 180° H01H0019380000 Change-over switches H01H0019400000 having only axial contact pressure H01H0019420000 providing more than two electrically-different conditions, e.g. for closing either or both of two circuits H01H0019440000 having only axial contact pressure H01H0019460000 the operating part having three operative positions, e.g. off-star-delta H01H0019480000 having only axial contact pressure H01H0019500000 the operating part having four operative positions, e.g. off /two-in-series/one-only/two-in-parallel H01H0019520000 having only axial contact pressure H01H0019540000 the operating part having at least five or an unspecified number of operative positions H01H0019560000 Angularly-movable actuating part carrying contacts, e.g. drum switch H01H0019580000 having only axial contact pressure, e.g. disc switch, wafer switch H01H0019600000 Angularly-movable actuating part carrying no contacts H01H0019620000 Contacts actuated by radial cams H01H0019640000 Encased switches adapted for ganged operation when assembled in a line with identical switches, e.g. stacked switches H01H0021000000 Switches operated by angular displacement of the operating part thereof acted upon directly by a solid body, e.g. by a hand, wherein this part may be turned through a restricted angle only (tumbler switches H01H0023000000);; H01H0021020000 Details H01H0021040000 Cases; Covers H01H0021060000 interlocked with operating mechanism H01H0021080000 Dustproof, splashproof, drip-proof, waterproof, or flameproof casings H01H0021100000 Casing of switch constituted by a handle serving a purpose other than the actuation of the switch H01H0021120000 Bases; Stationary contacts mounted thereon H01H0021140000 Means for increasing contact pressure H01H0021160000 Adaptation for built-in fuse H01H0021180000 Movable parts; Contacts mounted thereon H01H0021200000 Contact arrangements for providing make-before-break operation, e.g. for on-load tap-changing H01H0021220000 Operating parts, e.g. handle H01H0021240000 biased to return to normal position upon removal of operating force H01H0021260000 adapted for operation by a part of the human body other than the hand, e.g. by foot H01H0021280000 adapted for actuation at a limit or other predetermined position in the path of a body, the relative movement of switch and body being primarily for a purpose other than the actuation of the switch, e.g. door switch, limit switch, floor-levelling switch of a lift H01H0021300000 not biased to return to normal position upon removal of operating force H01H0021320000 adapted for operation by a part of the human body other than the hand, e.g. by foot H01H0021340000 adapted for actuation at a limit or other predetermined position in the path of a body, the relative movement of switch and body being primarily for a purpose other than the actuation of the switch, e.g. door switch, limit switch, floor-levelling switch of a lift H01H0021360000 Driving mechanisms H01H0021380000 incorporating lost motion H01H0021400000 having snap action H01H0021420000 produced by compression or extension of coil spring H01H0021440000 produced by flexing blade springs H01H0021460000 with two or more snap-action motions in succession H01H0021480000 incorporating a ratchet mechanism H01H0021500000 with indexing or latching means, e.g. indexing by ball and spring; with means to ensure stopping at intermediate operative positions H01H0021520000 with means for introducing a predetermined time delay H01H0021540000 Lever switches with blade-type contact co-operating with one or two spring-clip contacts, e.g. knife switch H01H0021560000 making contact in one position only H01H0021580000 Change-over switches without stable intermediate position H01H0021600000 Change-over switches with stable intermediate position H01H0021620000 Switches with moving contact sliding over stud contacts H01H0021640000 with two operative positions, e.g. on/off H01H0021660000 having only axial contact pressure H01H0021680000 with three operative positions, e.g. change-over switch with stable intermediate position H01H0021700000 having only axial contact pressure H01H0021720000 with four operative positions H01H0021740000 having only axial contact pressure H01H0021760000 with at least five or an unspecified number of operative positions, e.g. drum switch H01H0021780000 having only axial contact pressure, e.g. face-plate switch H01H0021800000 Switches with angularly-movable actuating part carrying no contacts H01H0021820000 Contacts actuated by radial cams H01H0021840000 Contacts actuated by rectilinearly-movable member linked to operating part, e.g. by pin and slot H01H0021860000 Switches with abutting contact carried by operating part, e.g. telegraph tapping key H01H0021880000 with intermediate position of rest H01H0023000000 Tumbler switches, i.e. actuated by digitally rocking a part of the switch in one plane only H01H0023020000 Details H01H0023040000 Cases; Covers H01H0023060000 Dustproof, splashproof, drip-proof, or flameproof casings H01H0023080000 Bases; Stationary contacts mounted thereon H01H0023100000 Adaptation for built-in fuse H01H0023120000 Movable parts; Contacts mounted thereon H01H0023140000 Tumblers H01H0023160000 Driving mechanisms H01H0023180000 incorporating lost motion H01H0023200000 having snap action H01H0023220000 with means for introducing a predetermined time delay H01H0023240000 with two operating positions H01H0023260000 one of which positions is unstable H01H0023280000 with three operating positions H01H0023300000 with stable centre position and one or both end positions unstable H01H0025000000 Switches with compound movement of handle or other operating part H01H0025040000 Operating part movable angularly in more than one plane, e.g. joy-stick H01H0025060000 Operating part movable both angularly and rectilinearly, the rectilinear movement being along the axis of angular movement H01H0027000000 Switches operated by a removable member, e.g. key, plug, plate; Switches operated by setting members according to a single predetermined combination out of several possible settings (locking switch parts to prevent operation H01H0009280000;combined with plug-and-socket connectors H01R; with current-carrying plug H01R0031080000) H01H0027040000 Insulating plug or plate inserted between normally-closed contacts H01H0027060000 Key inserted and then turned to effect operation of the switch H01H0027080000 wherein the key cannot be removed until the switch is returned to its original position H01H0027100000 Switch operated by setting members according to a single predetermined combination out of several possible settings H01H0029000000 Switches having at least one liquid contact (solid contacts wetted or soaked with mercury H01H0001080000);; H01H0029020000 Details H01H0029040000 Contacts; Containers for liquid contacts H01H0029060000 Liquid contacts characterised by the material thereof H01H0029080000 Means for introducing a predetermined time delay H01H0029100000 by constricting the flow of the contact liquid H01H0029120000 Operating mechanisms adapted for operation by a part of the human body other than the hand, e.g. by foot H01H0029140000 Operating mechanisms adapted for actuation at a limit or other predetermined position in the path of a body, the relative movement of switch and body being primarily for a purpose other than the actuation of the switch, e.g. door switch, limit switch, floor-levelling switch of a lift H01H0029160000 operated by dipping solid contact into stationary contact liquid H01H0029180000 with level of surface of contact liquid displaced by non-electrical contact-making plunger H01H0029200000 operated by tilting contact-liquid container (centrifugal mercury switches H01H0029260000);; H01H0029220000 wherein contact is made and broken between liquid and solid H01H0029240000 wherein contact is made and broken between liquid and liquid H01H0029260000 with level of surface of contact liquid displaced by centrifugal action H01H0029280000 with level of surface of contact liquid displaced by fluid pressure H01H0029300000 with level of surface of contact liquid displaced by expansion or evaporation thereof H01H0029320000 with contact made by a liquid jet, e.g. earthing switch with contact made by jet of water (operated by direct electrodynamic action H01H0053000000);; H01H0031000000 Off-load air-break disconnecting or isolating switches for high-tension circuits; On-load air-break switches for high-tension without arc-extinguishing or arc-preventing means (switchgear H02B);; H01H0031020000 Details H01H0031040000 Interlocking mechanisms (for interlocking with high-tension or heavy-current switches having arc-extinguishing or arc-preventing means H01H0033520000);; H01H0031060000 for interlocking between casing, cover, or protective shutter and mechanism for operating contacts H01H0031080000 for interlocking two or more parts of the mechanism for operating contacts H01H0031100000 for interlocking two or more switches (for interlocking with high-tension or heavy-current switches having arc-extinguishing or arc-preventing means H01H0033520000);; H01H0031120000 Adaptation for built-in fuse H01H0031140000 with bridging contact that is not electrically connected to either line contact in open position of switch H01H0031160000 with angularly-movable bridging contact or contact-carrying member H01H0031180000 actuated through the movement of one or more insulators H01H0031200000 at least one insulator being rotatable about its own geometrical axis H01H0031220000 wherein the contact or contacts are rectilinearly movable with respect to the carrying member H01H0031240000 with rectilinearly-movable bridging contact H01H0031260000 with movable contact that remains electrically connected to one line in open position of switch H01H0031280000 with angularly-movable contact H01H0031300000 actuated-through the movement of one or more insulators H01H0031320000 with rectilinearly-movable contact H01H0031340000 with movable contact adapted to engage an overhead transmission line, e.g. for branching H01H0031360000 contact moved by pantograph H01H0033000000 High-tension or heavy-current switches with arc-extinguishing or arc-preventing means H01H0033020000 Details H01H0033040000 Means for extinguishing or preventing arc between current-carrying parts (for switches in general H01H0009300000);; H01H0033060000 Insulating body insertable between contacts H01H0033080000 Stationary parts for restricting or subdividing the arc, e.g. barrier plate H01H0033100000 Metal parts H01H0033120000 Auxiliary contacts on to which the arc is transferred from the main contacts (using arcing horns H01H0033200000);; H01H0033140000 Multiple main contacts for the purpose of dividing the current through, or potential drop along, the arc H01H0033160000 Impedances connected with contacts H01H0033180000 using blow-out magnet H01H0033200000 using arcing horns (using blow-out magnet H01H0033180000;arcing horns H01T0017000000) H01H0033220000 Selection of fluids for arc-extinguishing H01H0033240000 Means for preventing discharge to non-current-carrying parts, e.g. using corona ring H01H0033260000 Means for detecting the presence of an arc or other discharge H01H0033280000 Power arrangements internal to the switch for operating the driving mechanism H01H0033300000 using fluid actuator H01H0033320000 pneumatic H01H0033340000 hydraulic H01H0033360000 using dynamo-electric motor (for storing energy in a spring motor H01H0033400000);; H01H0033380000 using electromagnet (for storing energy in a spring motor H01H0033400000);; H01H0033400000 using spring motor H01H0033420000 Driving mechanisms H01H0033440000 Devices for ensuring operation of the switch at a predetermined point in the ac cycle (circuit arrangements H01H0033590000);; H01H0033460000 Interlocking mechanisms H01H0033480000 for interlocking between casing or cover and mechanism for operating contacts H01H0033500000 for interlocking two or more parts of the mechanism for operating contacts H01H0033520000 for interlocking two or more switches H01H0033540000 Reservoirs, tanks, piping or valves, for arc-extinguishing fluid; Safety arrangements therefor, e.g. pressure relief devices H01H0033550000 Oil reservoirs or tanks; Lowering means therefor (associated with withdrawal mechanism for isolation of switch H02B0011080000);; H01H0033560000 Gas reservoirs H01H0033570000 Recuperation of liquid or gas H01H0033580000 Silencers for suppressing noise of switch operation H01H0033590000 Circuit arrangements not adapted to a particular application of the switch and not otherwise provided for, e.g. for ensuring operation of the switch at a predetermined point in the ac cycle H01H0033600000 Switches wherein the means for extinguishing or preventing the arc do not include separate means for obtaining or increasing flow of arc-extinguishing fluid H01H0033620000 wherein the break is in air at atmospheric pressure, e.g. in open air H01H0033640000 wherein the brake is in gas (in air at atmospheric pressure H01H0033620000;vacuum switches H01H0033660000) H01H0033660000 Vacuum switches H01H0033680000 Liquid-break switches, e.g. oil-break H01H0033700000 Switches with separate means for directing, obtaining, or increasing flow of arc-extinguishing fluid H01H0033720000 having stationary parts for directing the flow of arc-extinguishing fluid, e.g. arc-extinguishing chamber H01H0033730000 wherein the break is in air at atmospheric pressure, e.g. in open air H01H0033740000 wherein the break is in gas (in air at atmospheric pressure H01H0033730000);; H01H0033750000 Liquid-break switches, e.g. oil-break H01H0033760000 wherein arc-extinguishing gas is evolved from stationary parts H01H0033770000 wherein the break is in air at atmospheric pressure H01H0033780000 wherein the break is in gas (in air at atmospheric pressure H01H0033770000);; H01H0033800000 flow of arc-extinguishing fluid from a pressure source being controlled by a valve H01H0033820000 the fluid being air or gas H01H0033830000 wherein the contacts are opened by the flow of air or gas H01H0033840000 the fluid being liquid, e.g. oil H01H0033850000 wherein the contacts are opened by the flow of liquid H01H0033860000 Flow of arc-extinguishing fluid under pressure from the contact space controlled by a valve H01H0033880000 Flow of arc-extinguishing fluid produced or increased by movement of pistons or other pressure-producing parts H01H0033900000 this movement being effected by, or in conjunction with, the contact-operating mechanism H01H0033910000 the arc-extinguishing fluid being air or gas H01H0033920000 the arc-extinguishing fluid being liquid, e.g. oil H01H0033940000 this movement being effected solely due to the pressure caused by the arc itself or by an auxiliary arc H01H0033950000 the arc-extinguishing fluid being air or gas H01H0033960000 the arc-extinguishing fluid being liquid, e.g. oil H01H0033980000 Flow of arc-extinguishing fluid initiated by an auxiliary arc or a section of the arc, without any moving parts for producing or increasing the flow H01H0035000000 Switches operated by change of a physical condition (operated by change of magnetic or electric field H01H0036000000;thermally-actuated switches H01H0037000000; time switches H01H0043000000; relays H01H0045000000-H01H0061000000; sensing elements for providing continuous conversion of a variable into mechanical displacement G01) H01H0035020000 Switches operated by change of position, inclination, or orientation of the switch itself in relation to gravitational field (tilting mercury container H01H0029200000;change of position due to change of liquid level H01H0035180000) H01H0035060000 Switches operated by change of speed (operated by change of fluid flow H01H0035240000);; H01H0035100000 Centrifugal switches (level of mercury displaced by centrifugal action H01H0029260000);; H01H0035120000 operated by reversal of direction of movement H01H0035140000 Switches operated by change of acceleration, e.g. by shock or vibration, inertia switch H01H0035180000 Switches operated by change of liquid level or of liquid density, e.g. float switch (wherein the liquid constitutes a contact of the switch H01H0029000000;by magnet carried on a float H01H0036020000) H01H0035240000 Switches operated by change of fluid pressure, by fluid pressure waves, or by change of fluid flow (wherein the change of pressure is caused by change of temperature H01H0037360000);; H01H0035260000 Details H01H0035280000 Compensation for variation of ambient pressure or temperature H01H0035300000 Means for transmitting pressure to pressure-responsive operating part, e.g. by capsule and capillary tube H01H0035320000 actuated by bellows H01H0035340000 actuated by diaphragm H01H0035360000 actuated by curled flexible tube, e.g. Bourdon tube H01H0035380000 actuated by piston and cylinder H01H0035400000 actuated by devices allowing continual flow of fluid, e.g. vane H01H0035420000 Switches operated by change of humidity H01H0036000000 Switches actuated by change of magnetic field or of electric field, e.g. by change of relative position of magnet and switch, by shielding H01H0036020000 actuated by movement of a float carrying a magnet H01H0037000000 Thermally-actuated switches (electrothermal relays operated by electrical input H01H0061000000;protective switches with electrothermal release or actuation H01H0073000000-H01H0083000000) H01H0037020000 Details H01H0037040000 Bases; Housings; Mountings H01H0037060000 to facilitate replacement, e.g. cartridge housing H01H0037080000 Indicators; Distinguishing marks H01H0037100000 Compensation for variation of ambient temperature or pressure H01H0037120000 Means for adjustment of "on" or "off" operating temperature H01H0037140000 by anticipatory electric heater H01H0037160000 by varying the proportion of input heat received by the thermal element, e.g. by displacement of a shield H01H0037180000 by varying bias on the thermal element due to a separate spring H01H0037200000 by varying the position of the thermal element in relation to switch base or casing H01H0037220000 by adjustment of a member transmitting motion from the thermal element to contacts or latch H01H0037240000 by adjustment of position of the movable contact on its driving member H01H0037260000 by adjustment of abutment for "off" position of the movable contact H01H0037280000 by adjustment of the position of the fixed contact H01H0037300000 by varying the position of the contact unit in relation to switch base or casing H01H0037320000 Thermally-sensitive members (temperature-responsive elements in general G01K);; H01H0037340000 Means for transmitting heat thereto, e.g. capsule remote from contact member H01H0037360000 actuated due to expansion or contraction of a fluid with or without vaporisation (the fluid forming a contact of the switch H01H0029040000, H01H0029300000);; H01H0037380000 with bellows H01H0037400000 with diaphragm H01H0037420000 with curled flexible tube, e.g. Bourdon tube H01H0037440000 with piston and cylinder H01H0037460000 actuated due to expansion or contraction of a solid (deflection of a bimetallic element H01H0037520000);; H01H0037480000 with extensible rigid rods or tubes H01H0037500000 with extensible wires under tension H01H0037520000 actuated due to deflection of bimetallic element H01H0037540000 wherein the bimetallic element is inherently snap acting H01H0037560000 having spirally wound or helically wound bimetallic element H01H0037580000 actuated due to thermally controlled change of magnetic permeability H01H0037600000 Means for producing snap action (inherent in bimetallic element H01H0037540000;caused by a magnet H01H0037660000) H01H0037620000 Means other than thermal means for introducing a predetermined time delay H01H0037640000 Contacts H01H0037660000 Magnetic reinforcement of contact pressure; Magnet causing snap action H01H0037680000 sealed in evacuated or gas-filled tube H01H0037700000 Resetting means H01H0037720000 Switches in which the opening movement and the closing movement of a contact are effected respectively by heating and cooling or ; vice versa H01H0037740000 Switches in which only the opening movement or only the closing movement of a contact is effected by heating or cooling (for the electrical protection of electric lines or electric apparatus H01H0073000000-H01H0083000000); H01H0037760000 Contact member actuated by melting of fusible material, actuated due to burning of combustible material or due to explosion of explosive material (fuses H01H0085000000);; H01H0039000000 Switching devices actuated by an explosion produced within the device and initiated by an electric current H01H0041000000 Switches providing a selected number of consecutive operations of the contacts by a single manual actuation of the operating part (for telephone communication H04M0001260000);; H01H0041040000 Switches without means for setting or mechanically storing a multidigit number H01H0041060000 dial or slide operated H01H0041080000 keyboard operated H01H0041100000 Switches with means for setting or mechanically storing a multidigit number H01H0041120000 dial or slide operated H01H0041140000 keyboard operated H01H0043000000 Time or time-programme switches i.e. switches which have not only a time-delay action between opening and closing of contacts, but also provide a choice of time intervals for executing one or more switching operations (electric clocks G04C;use of time switches for indicating the time or producing time signals electrically G04C0017000000-G04C0021000000; clocks as such modified to incorporate electric switches G04C0023000000; for controlling operations G05B) H01H0043020000 Details H01H0043040000 Means for time setting H01H0043060000 comprising separately adjustable parts for each programme step, e.g. with tappets H01H0043080000 comprising an interchangeable programme part which is common for all programme steps, e.g. with a punched card H01H0043100000 with timing of actuation of contacts due to a part rotating at substantially constant speed H01H0043120000 stopping automatically after a single cycle of operation H01H0043140000 wherein repetition of operation necessitates resetting of time intervals H01H0043160000 stopping automatically after a predetermined plurality of cycles of operation H01H0043180000 operating continuously after starting or putting into service and continuing to operate until stopped by external intervention H01H0043200000 with a twenty-four-hour cycle of operation H01H0043220000 with automatic adjustment of time intervals throughout the year, e.g. for street lighting H01H0043240000 with timing of actuation of contacts due to a non-rotatably moving part H01H0043260000 the actuation being produced by a substance flowing due to gravity, e.g. sand, water H01H0043280000 the actuation being produced by a part, the speed of which is controlled by fluid-pressure means, e.g. by piston and cylinder H01H0043300000 with timing of actuation of contacts due to thermal action H01H0043320000 with timing of actuation of contacts due to electrolytic processes; with timing of actuation of contacts due to chemical processes H01H0045000000 Details of relays (electric circuit arrangements H01H0047000000;of electromagnetic relays H01H0050000000; details of electrically-operated selector switches H01H0063000000) H01H0045020000 Bases; Cases; Covers (frames for mounting several relays H04Q0001080000, H05K);; H01H0045040000 Mounting complete relay or separate parts of relay on a base or inside a case H01H0045060000 having windows; Transparent cases or covers H01H0045080000 Indicators; Distinguishing marks H01H0045100000 Electromagnetic or electrostatic shielding (cases H01H0045020000);; H01H0045120000 Ventilating; Cooling; Heating (for operating electrothermal relays H01;H;45/50);; H01H0045140000 Terminal arrangements H01H0047000000 Circuit arrangements not adapted to a particular application of the relay and designed to obtain desired operating characteristics or to provide energising current (circuit arrangements for electromagnets in general H01F0007180000);; H01H0047020000 for modifying the operation of the relay H01H0047040000 for holding armature in attracted position, e.g. when initial energising circuit is interrupted; for maintaining armature in attracted position, e.g. with reduced energising current H01H0047060000 by changing number of serially-connected turns or winding H01H0047080000 by changing number of parallel-connected turns or windings H01H0047100000 by switching-in or -out impedance external to the relay winding H01H0047120000 for biasing the electromagnet H01H0047140000 for differential operation of the relay H01H0047160000 for conjoint, e.g. additive, operation of the relay H01H0047180000 for introducing delay in the operation of the relay (short-circuited conducting sleeves, bands, or discs H01H0050460000);; H01H0047200000 for producing frequency-selective operation of the relay H01H0047220000 for supplying energising current for relay coil H01H0047240000 having light-sensitive input H01H0047260000 having thermo-sensitive input H01H0047280000 energising current supplied by discharge tube H01H0047300000 by gas-filled discharge tube H01H0047320000 Energising current supplied by semiconductor device H01H0047340000 Energising current supplied by magnetic amplifier H01H0047360000 Relay coil or coils forming part of a bridge circuit H01H0049000000 Apparatus or processes specially adapted to the manufacture of relays or parts thereof H01H0050000000 Details of electromagnetic relays (electric circuit arrangements H01H0047000000;details of electrically-operated selector switches H01H0063000000) H01H0050020000 Bases; Cases; Covers (frames for mounting several relays H04Q0001080000, H05K);; H01H0050040000 Mounting complete relay or separate parts of relay on a base or inside a case H01H0050060000 having windows; Transparent cases or covers H01H0050080000 Indicators; Distinguishing marks H01H0050100000 Electromagnetic or electrostatic shielding (cases H01H0050020000);; H01H0050120000 Ventilating; Cooling; Heating (for operating electrothermal relays H01H0061013000);; H01H0050140000 Terminal arrangements H01H0050160000 Magnetic circuit arrangements (cores, yokes, or armatures in general H01F0003000000;magnets in general H01F0007000000) H01H0050180000 Movable parts of magnetic circuits, e.g. armature H01H0050200000 movable inside coil and substantially lengthwise with respect to axis thereof; movable coaxially with respect to coil H01H0050220000 wherein the magnetic circuit is substantially closed H01H0050240000 Parts rotatable or rockable outside coil H01H0050260000 Parts movable about a knife edge H01H0050280000 Parts movable due to bending of a blade spring or reed H01H0050300000 Mechanical arrangements for preventing or damping vibration or shock, e.g. by balancing of armature H01H0050320000 Latching movable parts mechanically H01H0050340000 Means for adjusting limits of movement; Mechanical means for adjusting returning force H01H0050360000 Stationary parts of magnetic circuit, e.g. yoke H01H0050380000 Part of main magnetic circuit shaped to suppress arcing between the contacts of the relay H01H0050400000 Branched or multiple-limb main magnetic circuits H01H0050420000 Auxiliary magnetic circuits, e.g. for maintaining armature in, or returning armature to, position of rest, for damping or accelerating movement H01H0050440000 Magnetic coils or windings (circuit arrangements H01H0047000000;in general H01F0005000000) H01H0050460000 Short-circuited conducting sleeves, bands, or discs H01H0050540000 Contact arrangements (contacts for switches in general H01H0001000000);; H01H0050560000 Contact spring sets H01H0050580000 Driving arrangements structurally associated therewith; Mounting of driving arrangement on armature H01H0050600000 moving contact being rigidly combined with movable part of magnetic circuit H01H0050620000 Co-operating movable contacts operated by separate electrical actuating means H01H0050640000 Driving arrangements between movable part of magnetic circuit and contact (structurally associated with contact spring sets H01H0050580000);; H01H0050660000 with lost motion H01H0050680000 with snap action H01H0050700000 operating contact momentarily during stroke of armature H01H0050720000 for mercury contact H01H0050740000 Mechanical means for producing a desired natural frequency of operation of the contacts, e.g. for self-interrupter H01H0050760000 using reed or blade spring H01H0050780000 using diaphragm; using stretched wire or ribbon vibrating sideways H01H0050800000 using torsionally vibrating member, e.g. wire, strip H01H0050820000 using spring-loaded pivoted inertia member H01H0050840000 with means for adjustment of frequency or of make-to-break ratio H01H0050860000 Means for introducing a predetermined time delay between the initiation of the switching operation and the opening or closing of the contacts (circuit arrangements for introducing delay H01H0047180000;short-circuited conducting sleeves, bands, or discs H01H0050460000) H01H0050880000 Mechanical means, e.g. dash-pot H01H0050900000 the delay effective in both directions of operation H01H0050920000 Thermal means (inherent in electrothermal relays H01H0061000000);; H01H0051000000 Electromagnetic relays (relays using the dynamo-electric effect H01H0053000000);; H01H0051020000 Non-polarised relays H01H0051040000 with single armature; with single set of ganged armatures H01H0051060000 Armature is movable between two limit positions of rest and is moved in one direction due to energisation of an electromagnet and after the electromagnet is de-energised is returned by energy stored, e.g. in a spring, during the movement in the first direction H01H0051080000 Contacts alternately opened and closed by successive cycles of energisation and de-energisation of the electromagnet, e.g. by use of a ratchet H01H0051100000 Contacts retained open or closed by a latch which is controlled by an electromagnet H01H0051120000 Armature is movable between two limit positions of rest and is moved in both directions due to the energisation of one or other of two electromagnets without the storage of energy to effect the return movement H01H0051140000 without intermediate neutral position of rest H01H0051160000 with intermediate neutral position of rest H01H0051180000 Armature is rotatable through an unlimited number of revolutions H01H0051200000 with two or more independent armatures H01H0051220000 Polarised relays H01H0051240000 without intermediate neutral position of rest H01H0051260000 with intermediate neutral position of rest H01H0051270000 Relays with armature having two stable magnetic states and operated by change from one state to the other H01H0051280000 Relays having both armature and contacts within a sealed casing outside which the operating coil is located, e.g. contact carried by a magnetic leaf spring or reed (H01H0051270000 takes precedence);; H01H0051290000 Relays having armature, contacts, and operating coil within a sealed casing (H01H0051270000 takes precedence);; H01H0051300000 specially adapted for actuation by alternating current H01H0051320000 Frequency relays; Mechanically-tuned relays H01H0051340000 Self-interrupters, i.e. with periodic or other repetitive opening and closing of contacts H01H0051360000 wherein the make-to-break ratio is varied by hand setting or current strength H01H0053000000 Relays using the dynamo-electric effect, i.e. relays in which contacts are opened or closed due to relative movement of current-carrying conductor and magnetic field caused by force of interaction between them H01H0053010000 Details H01H0053015000 Moving coils; Contact-driving arrangements associated therewith H01H0053020000 Electrodynamic relays, i.e. relays in which the interaction is between two current-carrying conductors H01H0053040000 Ferrodynamic relays, i.e. relays in which the magnetic field is concentrated in ferromagnetic parts H01H0053060000 Magnetodynamic relays, i.e. relays in which the magnetic field is produced by a permanent magnet H01H0053080000 wherein a mercury contact constitutes the current-carrying conductor H01H0053100000 Induction relays, i.e. relays in which the interaction is between a magnetic field and current induced thereby in a conductor H01H0053120000 Ferraris relays H01H0053140000 Contacts actuated by an electric motor through fluid-pressure transmission, e.g. using a motor-driven pump H01H0055000000 Magnetostrictive relays H01H0057000000 Electrostrictive relays; Piezo-electric relays H01H0059000000 Electrostatic relays; Electro-adhesion relays (clutches in general using the Johnson-Rahbek effect H02N0013000000);; H01H0061000000 Electrothermal relays (thermal switches not operated by electrical input, thermal switches with anticipating electrical input H01H0037000000;thermally-sensitive members H01H0037320000) H01H0061010000 Details H01H0061013000 Heating arrangements for operating relays H01H0061017000 Heating by glow discharge or arc in confined space H01H0061020000 wherein the thermally-sensitive member is heated indirectly, e.g. resistively, inductively H01H0061040000 wherein the thermally-sensitive member is only heated directly H01H0061060000 Self-interrupters, i.e. with periodic or other repetitive opening and closing of contacts H01H0061080000 wherein the make-to-break ratio is varied by hand setting or current strength H01H0063000000 Details of electrically-operated selector switches (details of relays H01H0045000000);; H01H0063020000 Contacts; Wipers; Connections thereto H01H0063040000 Contact-making or contact-breaking wipers; Position indicators therefor H01H0063060000 Contact banks H01H0063080000 cylindrical H01H0063100000 plane H01H0063120000 Multiplying connections to contact banks, e.g. using ribbon cables H01H0063140000 without soldering H01H0063160000 Driving arrangements for multi-position wipers H01H0063180000 with step-by-step motion of wiper to a selector position H01H0063200000 using stepping magnet and ratchet H01H0063220000 using step-by-step electromagnetic drive without ratchet, e.g. self-interrupting driving magnet H01H0063240000 with continuous motion of wiper until a selected position is reached H01H0063260000 with an individual clutch-drive from a shaft common to more than one selector switch H01H0063280000 with an individual motor for each selector switch H01H0063300000 Pneumatic motor for moving wiper to selected position H01H0063320000 Spring motor for moving wiper to selected position H01H0063330000 Constructional details of co-ordinate-type selector switches not having relays at cross-points H01H0063340000 Bases; Cases; Covers; Mountings (racks for mounting selectors with or without other exchange equipment H04Q0001040000);;Mounting of fuses on selector switch H01H0063360000 Circuit arrangements for ensuring correct or desired operation and not adapted to a particular application of the selector switch H01H0063380000 for multi-position wiper switches H01H0063400000 for multi-position switches without wipers H01H0063420000 for co-ordinate-type selector switches not having relays at cross-points H01H0065000000 Apparatus or processes specially adapted to the manufacture of selector switches or parts thereof H01H0067000000 Electrically-operated selector switches (details thereof H01H0063000000;selecting per H04Q) H01H0067020000 Multi-position wiper switches H01H0067040000 having wipers movable only in one direction for purpose of selection H01H0067060000 Rotary switches, i.e. having angularly movable wipers H01H0067080000 with wiper; selection H01H0067100000 with coarse and fine positioning of wipers H01H0067120000 Linear-motion switches H01H0067140000 having wipers movable in two mutually perpendicular directions for purpose of selection H01H0067160000 one motion being rotary and the other being parallel to the axis of rotation, e.g. Strowger or "up and around" switches H01H0067180000 one motion being rotary and the other being perpendicular to the axis of rotation, e.g. "round and in" switches H01H0067200000 both motions being linear H01H0067220000 Switches without multi-position wipers H01H0067240000 Relay switches, i.e. having individual electro-magnet for each set of contacts H01H0067260000 Co-ordinate-type selector switches not having relays at cross-points but involving mechanical movement, e.g. cross-bar switch, code-bar switch H01H0067300000 Co-ordinate-type selector switches with field of co-ordinate coil acting directly upon magnetic leaf spring or reed-type contact member H01H0067320000 having a multiplicity of interdependent armatures operated in succession by a single coil and each controlling one contact or set of contacts, e.g. counting relay H01H0069000000 Apparatus or processes for the manufacture of emergency protective devices (manufacture of switches in general H01H0011000000;manufacture of relays in general H01H0049000000) H01H0069010000 for calibrating or setting of devices to function under predetermined conditions (measuring electric values G01R);; H01H0069020000 Manufacture of fuses H01H0071000000 Details of the protective switches and relays covered by groups ; H01H0073000000-H01H0083000000 H01H0071020000 Housings; Casings; Bases; Mountings H01H0071040000 Means for indicating condition of the switching device H01H0071060000 Distinguishing marks, e.g. colour coding H01H0071080000 Terminals; Connections (in general H01R);; H01H0071100000 Operating or release mechanisms H01H0071120000 Automatic release mechanisms with or without manual release H01H0071140000 Electrothermal mechanisms H01H0071160000 with bimetal element H01H0071180000 with expanding rod, strip, or wire H01H0071200000 with fusible mass H01H0071220000 with compensation for variation of ambient temperature H01H0071240000 Electromagnetic mechanisms H01H0071260000 with windings acting in opposition H01H0071280000 with windings acting in conjunction H01H0071300000 having additional short-circuited winding H01H0071320000 having permanently magnetised part H01H0071340000 having two or more armatures controlled by a common winding H01H0071360000 frequency selective H01H0071380000 wherein the magnet coil also acts as arc blow-out device H01H0071400000 Combined electrothermal and electromagnetic mechanisms H01H0071420000 Induction-motor, induced-current, or electrodynamic release mechanisms H01H0071430000 Electrodynamic release mechanisms H01H0071440000 having means for introducing a predetermined time delay (by short-circuited winding H01H0071300000;by additional armature H01H0071340000) H01H0071460000 having means for operating auxiliary contacts additional to the main contacts H01H0071480000 with provision for short-circuiting the electrical input to the release mechanism after release of the switch, e.g. for protection of heating wire H01H0071500000 Manual reset mechanisms H01H0071520000 actuated by lever H01H0071540000 actuated by tumbler H01H0071560000 actuated by rotatable knob or wheel H01H0071580000 actuated by push-button, pull-knob, or slide H01H0071600000 actuated by closure of switch casing H01H0071620000 with means for preventing resetting while abnormal condition persists, e.g. loose handle arrangement H01H0071640000 incorporating toggle linkage H01H0071660000 Power reset mechanisms H01H0071680000 actuated by electromagnet H01H0071700000 actuated by electric motor H01H0071720000 actuated automatically a limited number of times H01H0071740000 Means for adjusting the conditions under which the device will function to provide protection H01H0073000000 Protective overload circuit-breaking switches in which excess current opens the contacts by automatic release of mechanical energy stored by previous operation of a hand reset mechanism H01H0073020000 Details H01H0073040000 Contacts H01H0073060000 Housings; Casings; Bases; Mountings H01H0073080000 Plug-in housings H01H0073100000 Cartridge housings, e.g. screw-in housing H01H0073120000 Means for indicating condition of the switch H01H0073140000 Indicating lamp structurally associated with the switch H01H0073160000 Distinguishing marks, e.g. colour coding H01H0073180000 Means for extinguishing or suppressing arc H01H0073200000 Terminals; Connections (in general H01R);; H01H0073220000 having electrothermal release and no other automatic release (cartridge type H01H0073620000);; H01H0073240000 reset by lever H01H0073260000 reset by tumbler H01H0073280000 reset by rotatable knob or wheel H01H0073300000 reset by push-button, pull-knob, or slide H01H0073320000 reset by closure of switch casing H01H0073340000 reset action requiring replacement or reconditioning of a fusible or explosive part H01H0073360000 having electromagnetic release and no other automatic release (cartridge type H01H0073640000);; H01H0073380000 reset by lever H01H0073400000 reset by tumbler H01H0073420000 reset by rotatable knob or wheel H01H0073440000 reset by push-button, pull-knob, or slide H01H0073460000 reset by closure of switch casing H01H0073480000 having both electrothermal and electromagnetic automatic release (cartridge type H01H0073660000);; H01H0073500000 reset by lever H01H0073520000 reset by tumbler H01H0073540000 reset by rotatable knob or wheel H01H0073560000 reset by push-button, pull-knob, or slide H01H0073580000 reset by closure of switch casing H01H0073600000 Cartridge type, e.g. screw-in cartridge H01H0073620000 having only electrothermal release H01H0073640000 having only electromagnetic release H01H0073660000 having combined electrothermal and electromagnetic release H01H0075000000 Protective overload circuit-breaking switches in which excess current opens the contacts by automatic release of mechanical energy stored by previous operation of power reset mechanism H01H0075020000 Details H01H0075040000 Reset mechanisms for automatically reclosing a limited number of times (circuit arrangements H02H0003060000);; H01H0075060000 effecting one reclosing action only H01H0075080000 having only electrothermal release H01H0075100000 having only electromagnetic release H01H0075120000 having combined electrothermal and electromagnetic release H01H0077000000 Protective overload circuit-breaking switches operated by excess current and requiring separate action for resetting (H01H0073000000, H01H0075000000 take precedence);; H01H0077020000 in which the excess current itself provides the energy for opening the contacts, and having a separate reset mechanism H01H0077040000 with electrothermal opening H01H0077060000 with electromagnetic opening H01H0077080000 retained closed by permanent or remanent magnetism and opened by demagnetising current H01H0077100000 with electrodynamic opening H01H0079000000 Protective switches in which excess current causes the closing of contacts, e.g. for short-circuiting the apparatus to be protected H01H0081000000 Protective switches in which contacts are normally closed but are repeatedly opened and reclosed as long as a condition causing excess current persists, e.g. for current limiting H01H0081020000 electrothermally-operated H01H0081040000 electromagnetically-operated H01H0083000000 Protective switches, e.g. circuit-breaking switches, or protective relays operated by abnormal electrical conditions otherwise than solely by excess current H01H0083020000 operated by earth fault currents (by unbalance of two or more currents H01H0083140000);; H01H0083040000 with testing means for indicating the ability of the switch or relay to function properly H01H0083060000 operated by current falling below a predetermined value H01H0083080000 operated by reversal of direct current H01H0083100000 operated by excess voltage, e.g. for lightning protection H01H0083120000 operated by voltage falling below a predetermined value, e.g. for no-volt protection H01H0083140000 operated by unbalance of two or more currents or voltages, e.g. for differential protection H01H0083160000 operated by abnormal ratio of voltage and current, e.g. distance relay H01H0083180000 operated by abnormal product of, or abnormal phase angle between, voltage and current, e.g. directional relay H01H0083200000 operated by excess current as well as by some other abnormal electrical condition H01H0083220000 the other condition being unbalance of two or more currents or voltages H01H0085000000 Protective devices in which the current flows through a part of fusible material and this current is interrupted by displacement of the fusible material when this current becomes excessive (switches actuated by melting of fusible material H01H0037760000;automatic release of protective switches due to fusion of a mass H01H0073000000-H01H0083000000) H01H0085020000 Details (electrical connections in general H01R);; H01H0085040000 Fuses, i.e. expandable parts of the protective device H01H0085060000 characterised by the fusible material H01H0085080000 characterised by the shape of the fusible member H01H0085100000 with constriction for localised fusing H01H0085120000 having two or more separate fusible members in parallel H01H0085140000 Insulating member carrying the fusible member and necessitating replacement therewith after blowing of fuse, e.g. cartridge H01H0085160000 Contacts on the insulating member, e.g. cap; Fastening of fusible member to these contacts H01H0085180000 Cartridge fillings, e.g. powder H01H0085200000 Bases (holders for connectors in general H01R);; H01H0085220000 Intermediate or auxiliary parts for carrying, holding, or retaining fuse, co-operating with base or fixed holder, and removable therefrom for renewing the fuse H01H0085240000 Means for preventing insertion of incorrect fuse H01H0085260000 Magazine arrangements H01H0085280000 effecting automatic replacement H01H0085300000 Means for indicating condition of fuse H01H0085320000 Indicating lamp structurally associated with the protective device H01H0085340000 Distinguishing marks, e.g. colour coding H01H0085360000 Means for applying mechanical tension to fusible member H01H0085380000 Means for extinguishing or suppressing arc (by powder filling H01H0085180000;by mechanical tension applied to fusible member H01H0085360000) H01H0085400000 using an arc-extinguishing liquid (characterised by the composition of the liquid H01H0033220000);; H01H0085420000 using an arc-extinguishing gas (characterised by the composition of the gas H01H0033220000);; H01H0085440000 Structural association with spark-gap arrester H01H0085460000 Circuit arrangements not adapted to a particular application of the protective device H01H0085480000 Protective devices wherein the fuse is carried or held directly by the base H01H0085500000 the fuse having contacts at opposite ends for co-operation with the base H01H0085520000 the fuse being adapted for screwing into the base H01H0085540000 Protecting devices wherein the fuse is carried, held, or retained by an intermediate or auxiliary part removable from the base H01H0085560000 the intermediate or auxiliary part having side contacts for plugging into the base, e.g. bridge-carrier type H01H0085580000 with intermediate auxiliary part and base shaped to interfit and thereby enclose the fuse H01H0085600000 the intermediate or auxiliary part having contacts at opposite ends for co-operation with the base H01H0085620000 the intermediate or auxiliary part being adapted for screwing into the base H01H0087000000 Protective devices in which a current flowing through a liquid is interrupted by evaporation of the liquid when the current becomes excessive H01J ELECTRIC DISCHARGE TUBES OR DISCHARGE LAMPS (spark-gap arresters H01T;arc lamps with consumable electrodes H05B; particle accelerators H05H) H01J0001000000 Details of electrodes, of magnetic control means, of screens, or of the mounting or spacing thereof, common to two or more basic types of discharge tubes or lamps (details of electron-optical arrangements or of ion traps H01J0003000000);; H01J0001020000 Main electrodes H01J0001040000 Liquid electrodes, e.g. liquid cathode H01J0001050000 characterised by material H01J0001060000 Containers for liquid-pool electrodes; Arrangement or mounting thereof H01J0001080000 Positioning or moving the cathode spot on the surface of a liquid-pool cathode H01J0001100000 Cooling, heating, circulating, filtering, or controlling level of liquid in a liquid-pool electrode H01J0001120000 Cathodes having mercury or liquid alkali metal deposited on the cathode surface during operation of the tube H01J0001130000 Solid thermionic cathodes H01J0001140000 characterised by the material H01J0001150000 Cathodes heated directly by an electric current H01J0001160000 characterised by the shape H01J0001180000 Supports; Vibration-damping arrangements H01J0001200000 Cathodes heated indirectly by an electric current; Cathodes heated by electron or ion bombardment H01J0001220000 Heaters (filaments for incandescent lamps H01K0001020000);; H01J0001240000 Insulating layer or body located between heater and emissive material H01J0001260000 Supports for the emissive material H01J0001280000 Dispenser-type cathodes, e.g. L-cathode H01J0001300000 Cold cathodes, e.g. field-emissive cathode H01J0001320000 Secondary-electron-emitting electrodes (H01J0001350000 takes precedence;luminescent screens H01J0001620000) H01J0001340000 Photo-emissive cathodes (H01J0001350000 takes precedence;photoelectric screens H01J0001780000) H01J0001350000 Electrodes exhibiting both secondary emission and photo-emission H01J0001360000 Solid anodes; Solid auxiliary anodes for maintaining a discharge H01J0001380000 characterised by the material H01J0001400000 forming part of the envelope of the tube or lamp H01J0001420000 Cooling of anodes (cooling rotary anodes H01J0001440000);;Heating of anodes H01J0001440000 Rotary anodes; Arrangements for rotating anodes; Cooling rotary anodes H01J0001460000 Control electrodes, e.g. grid (for igniting arrangements H01J0007300000);;Auxiliary electrodes (auxiliary anodes for maintaining a discharge H01J0001360000);; H01J0001480000 characterised by the material H01J0001500000 Magnetic means for controlling the discharge H01J0001520000 Screens for shielding (screens acting as control electrodes H01J0001460000);;Guides for influencing the discharge; Masks interposed in the electron stream H01J0001530000 Electrodes intimately associated with a screen on or from which an image or pattern is formed, picked-up, converted, or stored H01J0001540000 Screens on or from which an image or pattern is formed, picked-up, converted, or stored; Luminescent coatings on vessels H01J0001560000 acting as light valves by shutter operation, e.g. for eidophor H01J0001580000 acting by discolouration, e.g. halide screen H01J0001600000 Incandescent screens H01J0001620000 Luminescent screens; Selection of materials for luminescent coatings on vessels H01J0001630000 characterised by the luminescent material (luminescent materials or mixtures thereof C09K);; H01J0001640000 characterised by the binder or adhesive for securing the luminescent material to its support H01J0001660000 Supports for luminescent material (vessels H01J0005020000);; H01J0001680000 with superimposed luminescent layers H01J0001700000 with protective, conductive, or reflective layers H01J0001720000 with luminescent material discontinuously arranged, e.g. in dots or lines H01J0001740000 with adjacent dots or lines of different luminescent material H01J0001760000 provided with permanent marks or references H01J0001780000 Photoelectric screens; Charge-storage screens H01J0001880000 Mounting, supporting, spacing, or insulating of electrodes or of electrode assemblies H01J0001900000 Insulation between electrodes or supports within the vacuum space (leading-in conductors H01J0005460000);; H01J0001920000 Mountings for the electrode assembly as a whole H01J0001940000 Mountings for individual electrodes (for directly-heated cathodes H01J0001150000);; H01J0001960000 Spacing members extending to the envelope H01J0001980000 without fixed connection between spacing member and envelope H01J0003000000 Details of electron-optical or ion-optical arrangements or of ion traps common to two or more basic types of discharge tubes or lamps H01J0003020000 Electron guns H01J0003040000 Ion guns H01J0003060000 two or more guns in a single vacuum space, e.g. for plural-ray tubes H01J0003080000 Arrangements for controlling intensity of ray or beam (H01J0003020000, H01J0003040000 take precedence);; H01J0003100000 Arrangements for centering ray or beam (H01J0003020000, H01J0003040000 take precedence);; H01J0003120000 Arrangements for controlling cross-section of ray or beam; Arrangements for correcting aberration of beam, e.g. due to lenses (H01J0003020000, H01J0003040000 take precedence);; H01J0003140000 Arrangements for focusing or reflecting ray or beam (H01J0003020000, H01J0003040000 take precedence);; H01J0003160000 Mirrors H01J0003180000 Electrostatic lenses H01J0003200000 Magnetic lenses H01J0003220000 using electromagnetic means only H01J0003240000 using permanent magnets only H01J0003260000 Arrangements for deflecting ray or beam (circuit arrangements for producing sawtooth pulses or other deflecting voltages or currents H03K);; H01J0003280000 along one straight line or along two perpendicular straight lines H01J0003300000 by electric fields only H01J0003320000 by magnetic fields only H01J0003340000 along a circle, spiral, or rotating radial line H01J0003360000 Arrangements for controlling the ray or beam after passing the main deflection system, e.g. for post-acceleration or post-concentration H01J0003380000 Mounting, supporting, spacing, or insulating electron-optical or ion-optical arrangements H01J0003400000 Traps for removing or diverting unwanted particles, e.g. negative ions, fringing electrons; Arrangements for velocity or mass selection H01J0005000000 Details relating to vessels or to leading-in conductors common to two or more basic types of discharge tubes or lamps H01J0005020000 Vessels; Containers; Shields associated therewith; Vacuum locks H01J0005040000 Vessels or containers characterised by the material thereof (selection of the material of the coating H01J0005080000);; H01J0005060000 Vessels or containers specially adapted for operation at high tension, e.g. by improved potential distribution over surface of vessel H01J0005080000 provided with coatings on the walls thereof; Selection of materials for the coatings (luminescent coatings H01J0001620000);; H01J0005100000 on internal surfaces H01J0005120000 Double-wall vessels or containers H01J0005140000 Dismountable vessels or containers, e.g. for replacing cathode heater H01J0005160000 Optical or photographic arrangements structurally combined with the vessel (luminescent coatings H01J0001620000);; H01J0005180000 Windows permeable to X-rays, gamma-rays, or particles H01J0005200000 Seals between parts of vessels H01J0005220000 Vacuum-tight joints between parts of vessel H01J0005240000 between insulating parts of vessel H01J0005260000 between insulating and conductive parts of vessel H01J0005280000 between conductive parts of vessel H01J0005300000 using packing material, e.g. sealing liquid or elastic insert H01J0005320000 Seals for leading-in conductors H01J0005340000 for an individual conductor (pinched-stem seals H01J0005380000;end-disc seals H01J0005400000; annular seals H01J0005440000) H01J0005360000 using intermediate part H01J0005380000 Pinched-stem or analogous seals H01J0005400000 End-disc seals, e.g. flat header H01J0005420000 using intermediate part H01J0005440000 Annular seals disposed between the ends of the vessel H01J0005460000 Leading-in conductors H01J0005480000 Means forming part of the tube or lamp for the purpose of supporting it (associated with electrical connecting means H01J0005500000);; H01J0005500000 Means forming part of the tube or lamp for the purpose of providing electrical connection to it (construction of connectors H01R);; H01J0005520000 directly applied to, or forming part of, the vessel H01J0005540000 supported by a separate part, e.g. base H01J0005560000 Shape of the separate part H01J0005580000 Means for fastening the separate part to the vessel, e.g. by cement H01J0005600000 for fastening by mechanical means H01J0005620000 Connection of wires protruding from the vessel to connectors carried by the separate part H01J0007000000 Details not provided for in the preceding groups and common to two or more basic types of discharge tubes or lamps H01J0007020000 Selection of substances for gas fillings; Specified operating pressure or temperature (radioactive fillings H01J0007400000);; H01J0007040000 having one or more carbon compounds as the principal constituent H01J0007060000 having helium, argon, neon, krypton, or xenon as the principal constituent H01J0007080000 having a metallic vapour as the principal constituent H01J0007100000 mercury vapour H01J0007120000 vapour of an alkali metal H01J0007140000 Means for obtaining or maintaining the desired pressure within the vessel H01J0007160000 Means for permitting pumping during operation of the tube or lamp H01J0007180000 Means for absorbing or adsorbing gas, e.g. by gettering H01J0007200000 Means for producing, introducing, or replenishing gas or vapour during operation of the tube or lamp H01J0007220000 Tubulations therefor, e.g. for exhausting; Closures therefor H01J0007240000 Cooling arrangements (for main electrodes H01J0001020000);;Heating arrangements (for main electrodes H01J0001020000);;Means for circulating gas or vapour within the discharge space H01J0007260000 by flow of fluid through passages associated with tube or lamp H01J0007280000 by latent heat or evaporation of cooling liquid H01J0007300000 Igniting arrangements (circuit arrangements H02M0001020000, H05B);; H01J0007320000 having resistive or capacitative igniter H01J0007340000 having resistive igniter only H01J0007360000 Igniting by movement of a solid electrode H01J0007380000 Igniting by movement of vessel as a whole, e.g. tilting H01J0007400000 Igniting by associated radioactive materials or fillings H01J0007420000 Means structurally associated with the tube or lamp for indicating defects or previous use H01J0007440000 One or more circuit elements structurally associated with the tube or lamp H01J0007460000 Structurally associated resonator having distributed inductance and capacitance H01J0009000000 Apparatus or processes specially adapted to the manufacture of electric discharge tubes, discharge lamps, or parts thereof (manufacture of vessels or containers from metal B21, e.g. B21D0051000000;from glass C03B) H01J0009020000 Manufacture of electrodes or electrode systems H01J0009040000 of thermionic cathodes H01J0009060000 Machines therefor H01J0009080000 Manufacture of heaters for indirectly-heated cathodes H01J0009100000 Machines therefor H01J0009120000 of photo-emissive cathodes of secondary-emission electrodes H01J0009140000 of non-emitting electrodes H01J0009160000 Machines for making wire grids H01J0009180000 Assembling together the component parts of electrode systems H01J0009200000 Manufacture of screens on or from which an image or pattern is formed, picked-up, converted or stored; Applying coatings to the vessel H01J0009220000 Applying luminescent coatings H01J0009240000 Manufacture or joining of vessels, leading-in conductors, or bases H01J0009260000 Sealing together parts of vessels H01J0009280000 Manufacture of leading-in conductors H01J0009300000 Manufacture of bases H01J0009320000 Sealing leading-in conductors H01J0009340000 Joining base to vessel H01J0009360000 Joining connectors to internal electrode system H01J0009380000 Exhausting, degassing, filling, or cleaning vessels H01J0009400000 Closing vessels H01J0009420000 Measurement or testing during manufacture H01J0009440000 Factory adjustment of completed discharge tubes or lamps to comply with desired tolerances H01J0009460000 Machines having sequentially-arranged operating stations H01J0009480000 with automatic transfer of workpieces between operating stations H01J0009500000 Repairing or regenerating used or defective discharge tubes or lamps H01J0011000000 Gas-filled discharge tubes without any main electrode inside the vessel; Gas-filled discharge tubes with at least one main electrode outside the vessel (lamps H01J0065000000);; H01J0011020000 Details, e.g. gas filling, shape of vessel H01J0011040000 Circuit arrangements not adapted to a particular application of the tube and not otherwise provided for H01J0013000000 Discharge tubes with liquid-pool cathodes, e.g. metal-vapour rectifying tubes (lamps H01J0061000000);; H01J0013020000 Details H01J0013040000 Main electrodes; Auxiliary anodes H01J0013060000 Chathodes H01J0013080000 characterised by the material H01J0013100000 Containers for the liquid pool; Arrangement or mounting thereof H01J0013120000 Positioning or moving the cathode spot on the surface of the pool H01J0013140000 Cooling, heating, circulating, filtering, or controlling level of the liquid H01J0013160000 Anodes; Auxiliary anodes for maintaining the discharge (screens H01J0013220000);; H01J0013180000 Cooling or heating of anodes H01J0013200000 Control electrodes, e.g. grid (for igniting arrangements H01J0013340000);; H01J0013220000 Screens, e.g. for preventing or eliminating arcing-back H01J0013240000 Vessels; Containers H01J0013260000 Seals between parts of vessels; Seals for leading-in conductors; Leading-in conductors H01J0013280000 Selection of substances for gas filling H01J0013300000 Means for permitting pumping during operation of the tube H01J0013320000 Cooling arrangements; Heating arrangements (for cathodes H01J0013140000;for anodes H01J0013180000) H01J0013340000 Igniting arrangements (circuit arrangements H02M0001020000);; H01J0013360000 having resistive or capacitative igniter H01J0013380000 having resistive igniter only H01J0013400000 Igniting by movement of a solid electrode H01J0013420000 Igniting by movement of vessel as a whole, e.g. tilting H01J0013440000 Devices for preventing or eliminating arcing-back (screens therefor H01J0013220000);; H01J0013460000 One or more circuit elements structurally associated with the tube H01J0013480000 Circuit arrangements not adapted to a particular application of the tube and not otherwise provided for H01J0013500000 Tubes having a single main anode H01J0013520000 with control by one or more intermediate control electrodes H01J0013540000 with control by igniter, e.g. single-anode ignitron H01J0013560000 Tubes having two or more main anodes H01J0013580000 with control by one or more intermediate control electrodes H01J0015000000 Gas-filled discharge tubes with gaseous cathodes, e.g. plasma cathode (lamps H01J0061620000);; H01J0015020000 Details, e.g. electrode, gas filling, shape of vessel H01J0015040000 Circuit arrangements not adapted to a particular application of the tube and not otherwise provided for H01J0017000000 Gas-filled discharge tubes with solid cathode (H01J0025000000, H01J0027000000, H01J0031000000-H01J0041000000; take precedence;gas or vapour discharge lamps H01J0061000000; Marx converters H02M0007260000; tubes for generating potential differences by charges carried in a gas stream H02N) H01J0017020000 Details H01J0017040000 Electrodes; Screens H01J0017060000 Cathodes H01J0017080000 having mercury or liquid alkali metal deposited on the cathode surface during operation of the tube H01J0017100000 Anodes H01J0017120000 Control electrodes H01J0017140000 Magnetic means for controlling the discharge H01J0017160000 Vessels; Containers H01J0017180000 Seals between parts of vessels; Seals for leading-in conductors; Leading-in conductors H01J0017200000 Selection of substances for gas fillings; Specified operating pressure or temperature (radioactive fillings H01J0017320000);; H01J0017220000 Means for obtaining or maintaining the desired pressure within the tube H01J0017240000 Means for absorbing or adsorbing gas, e.g. by gettering H01J0017260000 Means for producing, introducing, or replenishing gas or vapour during operation of the tube H01J0017280000 Cooling arrangements H01J0017300000 Igniting arrangements H01J0017320000 Igniting by associated radioactive materials or fillings H01J0017340000 One or more circuit elements structurally associated with the tube H01J0017360000 Circuit arrangements not adapted to a particular application of the tube and not otherwise provided for H01J0017380000 Cold-cathode tubes (TR boxes H01J0017640000);; H01J0017400000 with one cathode and one anode, e.g. glow tube, tuning-indicator glow tube, voltage-stabiliser tube, voltage-indicator tube (cathode-glow lamps H01J0061640000);; H01J0017420000 having one or more probe electrodes, e.g. for potential dividing H01J0017440000 having one or more control electrodes H01J0017460000 for preventing and then permitting ignition, but thereafter having no control H01J0017480000 with more than one cathode or anode, e.g. sequence-discharge tube, counting tube, dekatron H01J0017500000 Thermionic-cathode tubes (TR boxes H01J0017640000);; H01J0017520000 with one cathode and one anode H01J0017540000 having one or more control electrodes H01J0017560000 for preventing and then permitting ignition, but thereafter having no control H01J0017580000 with more than one cathode or anode H01J0017600000 the discharge paths priming each other in a predetermined sequence, e.g. counting tube H01J0017620000 with independent discharge paths controlled by intermediate electrodes, e.g. polyphase rectifier H01J0017640000 Tubes specially designed for switching or modulating in a waveguide, e.g. TR box H01J0019000000 Details of vacuum tubes of the types covered by group ; H01J0021000000 H01J0019020000 Electron-emitting electrodes; Cathodes H01J0019040000 Thermionic cathodes H01J0019060000 characterised by the material H01J0019080000 Cathodes heated directly by an electric current H01J0019100000 characterised by the shape H01J0019120000 Supports; Vibration-damping arrangements H01J0019140000 Cathodes heated indirectly by an electric current; Cathodes heated by electron or ion bombardment H01J0019160000 Heaters (filaments for incandescent lamps H01K0001020000);; H01J0019180000 Insulating layer or body located between heater and emissive material H01J0019200000 Supports for the emissive material H01J0019220000 Dispenser-type cathodes, e.g. L-cathode H01J0019240000 Cold cathodes, e.g. field-emissive cathode H01J0019280000 Non-electron-emitting electrodes; Screens H01J0019300000 characterised by the material H01J0019320000 Anodes H01J0019340000 forming part of the envelope H01J0019360000 Cooling of anodes H01J0019380000 Control electrodes, e.g. grid H01J0019400000 Screens for shielding (screens acting as control electrodes H01J0019380000);; H01J0019420000 Mounting, supporting, spacing, or insulating of electrodes or of electrode assemblies H01J0019440000 Insulation between electrodes or supports within the vacuum space (leading-in conductors H01J0019620000);; H01J0019460000 Mountings for the electrode assembly as a whole H01J0019480000 Mountings for individual electrodes (for directly-heated cathodes H01J0019120000);; H01J0019500000 Spacing members extending to the envelope H01J0019520000 without fixed connection between spacing member and envelope H01J0019540000 Vessels; Containers; Shields associated therewith H01J0019560000 characterised by the material of the vessel or container H01J0019570000 provided with coatings on the walls thereof H01J0019580000 Seals between parts of vessels H01J0019600000 Seals for leading-in conductors H01J0019620000 Leading-in conductors H01J0019640000 Means forming part of the tube for the purpose of supporting it (associated with electrical connecting means H01J0019660000);; H01J0019660000 Means forming part of the tube for the purpose of providing electrical connection to it (construction of connectors H01R);; H01J0019680000 Specified gas introduced into the tube at low pressure, e.g. for reducing or influencing space charge H01J0019700000 Means for obtaining or maintaining the vacuum, e.g. by gettering H01J0019720000 Tubulations therefor, e.g. for exhausting; Closures therefor H01J0019740000 Cooling arrangements (cooling of anodes H01J0019360000);; H01J0019760000 Means structurally associated with the tube for indicating defects or previous use H01J0019780000 One or more circuit elements structurally associated with the tube H01J0019800000 Structurally associated resonator having distributed inductance and capacitance H01J0019820000 Circuit arrangements not adapted to a particular application of the tube and not otherwise provided for H01J0021000000 Vacuum tubes (H01J0025000000, H01J0031000000-H01J0039000000, H01J0043000000 take precedence;details of vacuum tubes H01J0019000000; cathode-ray or electron-stream lamps H01J0063000000) H01J0021020000 Tubes with a single discharge path H01J0021040000 without control means, i.e. diodes H01J0021060000 having electrostatic control means only H01J0021080000 with movable electrode or electrodes H01J0021100000 with one or more immovable internal control electrodes, e.g. triode, pentode, octode H01J0021120000 Tubes with variable amplification factor H01J0021140000 Tubes with means for concentrating the electron stream, e.g. beam tetrode H01J0021160000 with external electrostatic control means and with or without internal control electrodes H01J0021180000 having magnetic control means; having both magnetic and electrostatic control means H01J0021200000 Tubes with more than one discharge path; Multiple tubes, e.g. double diode, triode-hexode (secondary-emission tubes, electron-multiplier tubes H01J0043000000);; H01J0021220000 with movable electrode or electrodes H01J0021240000 with variable amplification factor H01J0021260000 with means for concentrating the electron stream H01J0021340000 Tubes with electrode system arranged or dimensioned so as to eliminate transit-time effect (with flat electrodes H01J0021360000);; H01J0021360000 Tubes with flat electrodes, e.g. disc electrode H01J0023000000 Details of transit-time tubes of the types covered by group ; H01J0025000000 H01J0023020000 Electrodes; Magnetic control means; Screens (associated with resonator or delay system H01J0023160000);; H01J0023040000 Cathodes H01J0023060000 Electron or ion guns H01J0023080000 Focusing arrangements, e.g. for concentrating stream of electrons, for preventing spreading of stream H01J0023090000 Electric systems for directing or deflecting the discharge along a desired path, e.g. E-type (focusing arrangements H01J0023080000);; H01J0023100000 Magnet systems for directing or deflecting the discharge along a desired path, e.g. a spiral path (magnetic focusing arrangements H01J0023080000);; H01J0023110000 Means for reducing noise (in electron or ion gun H01J0023060000);; H01J0023120000 Vessels; Containers H01J0023140000 Leading-in arrangements; Seals therefor H01J0023160000 Circuit elements, having distributed capacitance and inductance, structurally associated with the tube and interacting with the discharge (circuit elements, having distributed capacitance and inductance, in general H01P);; H01J0023180000 Resonators H01J0023200000 Cavity resonators; Adjustment or tuning thereof H01J0023220000 Connections between resonators, e.g. strapping for connecting resonators of a magnetron H01J0023240000 Delay systems H01J0023260000 Helical delay lines; Adjustment thereof H01J0023280000 Interdigital delay lines; Adjustment thereof H01J0023300000 Damping arrangements associated with delay lines, e.g. for suppression of unwanted oscillations H01J0023320000 Coupling devices for introducing or removing wave energy to or from the discharge H01J0023340000 Circuit arrangements not adapted to a particular application of the tube and not otherwise provided for H01J0025000000 Transit-time tubes, e.g. klystrons, travelling-wave tubes, magnetrons (details of transit-time tubes H01J0023000000;particle accelerators H05H) H01J0025020000 Tubes with electron stream modulated in velocity or density in a modulator zone and thereafter giving-up energy in an inducing zone, the zones being associated with one or more resonators (tubes in which a travelling wave is simulated at spaced gaps H01J0025340000);; H01J0025040000 Tubes having one or more resonators, without reflection of the electron stream, and in which the modulation produced in the modulator zone is mainly density modulation, e.g. Haeff tube H01J0025060000 Tubes having only one resonator, without reflection of the electron stream, and in which the modulation produced in the modulator zone is mainly velocity modulation, e.g. Lüdi-klystron H01J0025080000 with electron stream perpendicular to the axis of the resonator H01J0025100000 Klystrons, i.e. tubes having two or more resonators, without reflection of the electron stream, and in which the stream is modulated mainly by velocity in the zone of the input resonator H01J0025120000 with pencil-like electron stream in the axis of the resonators H01J0025140000 with tube-like electron stream coaxial with the axis of the resonators H01J0025160000 with pencil-like electron stream perpendicular to the axis of the resonators H01J0025180000 with radial or disc-like electron stream perpendicular to the axis of the resonators H01J0025200000 having special arrangements in the space between resonators, e.g. resistive-wall amplifier tube, space-charge amplifier tube, velocity-jump tube H01J0025220000 Reflex klystrons, i.e. tubes having one or more resonators, with a single reflection of the electron stream, and in which the stream is modulated mainly by velocity in the modulator zone H01J0025240000 in which the electron stream is in the axis of the resonator or resonators and is pencil-like before reflection H01J0025260000 in which the electron stream is coaxial with the axis of the resonator or resonators and is tube-like before reflection H01J0025280000 in which the electron stream is perpendicular to the axis of the resonator or resonators and is pencil-like before reflection H01J0025300000 in which the electron stream is perpendicular to the axis of the resonator or resonators and is radial or disc-like before reflection H01J0025320000 Tubes with plural reflection, e.g. Coeterier tube H01J0025340000 Travelling-wave tubes; Tubes in which a travelling wave is simulated at spaced gaps H01J0025360000 Tubes in which an electron stream interacts with a wave travelling along a delay line or equivalent sequence of impedance elements, and without magnet system producing an H-field crossing the E-field H01J0025380000 the forward-travelling wave being utilised H01J0025400000 the backward-travelling wave being utilised H01J0025420000 Tubes in which an electron stream interacts with a wave travelling along a delay line or equivalent sequence of impedance elements, and with a magnet system producing an H-field crossing the E-field (with travelling wave moving completely around the electron space H01J0025500000);; H01J0025440000 the forward-travelling wave being utilised H01J0025460000 the backward-travelling wave being utilised H01J0025480000 Tubes in which two electron streams of different velocities interact with one another, e.g. electron-wave tube H01J0025490000 Tubes using the parametric principle, e.g. for parametric amplification H01J0025500000 Magnetrons, i.e. tubes with a magnet system producing an H-field crossing the E-field (with travelling wave not moving completely around the electron space H01J0025420000;functioning with plural reflection or with reversed cyclotron action H01J0025620000, H01J0025640000) H01J0025520000 with an electron space having a shape that does not prevent any electron from moving completely around the cathode or guide electrode H01J0025540000 having only one cavity or other resonator, e.g. neutrode tube (having a composite resonator H01J0025580000);; H01J0025560000 with interdigital arrangement of anodes, e.g. turbator tube H01J0025580000 having a number of resonators, e.g. multicavity magnetron; having a composite resonator, e.g. a helix H01J0025600000 with an electron space having a shape that prevents any electron from moving completely around the cathode or guide electrode; Linear magnetrons H01J0025620000 Strophotrons, i.e. tubes with H-field crossing the E-field and functioning with plural reflection H01J0025640000 Turbine tubes, i.e. tubes with H-field crossing the E-field and functioning with reversed cyclotron action H01J0025660000 Tubes with electron stream crossing itself and thereby interrupting, or interfering with, itself H01J0025680000 Tubes specially designed to act as oscillator with positive grid and retarding field, e.g. for Barkhausen-Kurz oscillators (with secondary emission H01J0025760000);; H01J0025700000 with resonator having distributed inductance and capacitance, e.g. Pintsch tube H01J0025720000 in which a standing wave or a considerable part thereof is produced along an electrode, e.g. Clavier tube (with resonator having distributed inductance and capacitance H01J0025700000);; H01J0025740000 Tubes specially designed to act as transit-time diode oscillators, e.g. monotron (with secondary emission H01J0025760000);; H01J0025760000 Dynamic electron-multiplier tubes, e.g. Farnsworth multiplier tube, multipactor H01J0025780000 Tubes with electron stream modulated by deflection in a resonator H01J0027000000 Ion beam tubes (H01J0025000000, H01J0033000000, H01J0037000000 take precedence;particle accelerators H05H) H01J0029000000 Details of cathode-ray tubes or of electron-beam tubes of the types covered by group ; H01J0031000000 H01J0029020000 Electrodes; Screens; Mounting, supporting, spacing, or insulating thereof H01J0029040000 Cathodes (electron guns H01J0029480000);; H01J0029060000 Screens for shielding; Masks interposed in the electron stream H01J0029080000 Electrodes intimately associated with a screen on or from which an image or pattern is formed, picked-up converted, or stored, e.g. backing-plate for storage tube, for collecting secondary electrons (arrangements for colour switching H01J0029800000);; H01J0029100000 Screens on or from which an image or pattern is formed, picked-up, converted, or stored H01J0029120000 acting as light valves by shutter operation, e.g. for eidophor H01J0029140000 acting by discolouration, e.g. halide screen H01J0029160000 Incandescent screens H01J0029180000 Luminescent screens H01J0029200000 characterised by the luminescent material H01J0029220000 characterised by the binder or adhesive for securing the luminescent material to its support, e.g. vessel H01J0029240000 Supports for luminescent material H01J0029260000 with superimposed luminescent layers H01J0029280000 with protective, conductive, or reflective layers H01J0029300000 with luminescent material discontinuously arranged, e.g. in dots or lines H01J0029320000 with adjacent dots or lines of different luminescent material, e.g. for colour television H01J0029340000 provided with permanent marks or references H01J0029360000 Photoelectric screens; Charge-storage screens H01J0029380000 not using charge storage, e.g. photo-emissive screen, extended cathode H01J0029390000 Charge-storage screens H01J0029410000 using secondary emission, e.g. for supericonoscope H01J0029430000 using photo-emissive mosaic, e.g. for orthicon, for iconoscope H01J0029440000 exhibiting internal electric effects caused by particle radiation, e.g. bombardment-induced conductivity H01J0029450000 exhibiting internal electric effects caused by electromagnetic radiation, e.g. photoconductive screen, photodielectric screen, photovoltaic screen H01J0029460000 Arrangements of electrodes and associated parts for generating or controlling the ray or beam, e.g. electron-optical arrangement H01J0029480000 Electron guns H01J0029500000 Two or more guns in a single vacuum space, e.g. for plural-ray tube H01J0029520000 Arrangements for controlling intensity of ray or beam, e.g. for modulation H01J0029540000 Arrangements for centring ray or beam H01J0029560000 Arrangements for controlling cross-section of ray or beam; Arrangements for correcting aberration of beam, e.g. due to lenses H01J0029580000 Arrangements for focusing or reflecting ray or beam H01J0029600000 Mirrors H01J0029620000 Electrostatic lenses H01J0029640000 Magnetic lenses H01J0029660000 using electromagnetic means only H01J0029680000 using permanent magnets only H01J0029700000 Arrangements for deflecting ray or beam (circuit arrangements for producing sawtooth pulses or other deflecting voltages or currents H03K);; H01J0029720000 along one straight line or along two perpendicular straight lines H01J0029740000 Deflecting by electric fields only H01J0029760000 Deflecting by magnetic fields only H01J0029780000 along a circle, spiral, or rotating radial line, e.g. for radar display H01J0029800000 Arrangements for controlling the ray or beam after passing the main deflection system, e.g. for post-acceleration or post-concentration, for colour switching H01J0029820000 Mounting, supporting, spacing, or insulating electron-optical or ion-optical arrangements H01J0029840000 Traps for removing or diverting unwanted particles, e.g. negative ions, fringing electrons; Arrangements for velocity or mass selection (particle spectrometer or separator tubes H01J0039340000);; H01J0029860000 Vessels; Containers; Vacuum locks H01J0029880000 provided with coatings on the walls thereof; Selection of materials for the coatings (luminescent screens H01J0029180000);; H01J0029890000 Optical or photographic arrangements structurally combined with the vessel H01J0029900000 Leading-in arrangements; Seals therefor H01J0029920000 Means forming part of the tube for the purpose of providing electrical connection to it (construction of connectors H01R);; H01J0029940000 Selection of substances for gas fillings; Means for obtaining or maintaining the desired pressure within the tube, e.g. by gettering H01J0029960000 One or more circuit elements structurally associated with the tube H01J0029980000 Circuit arrangements not adapted to a particular application of the tube and not otherwise provided for H01J0031000000 Cathode-ray tubes; Electron-beam tubes (H01J0025000000, H01J0033000000, H01J0035000000, H01J0037000000 take precedence;details of cathode-ray tubes or of electron-beam tubes H01J0029000000; cathode-ray or electron-stream lamps H01J0063000000) H01J0031020000 having one or more output electrodes which may be impacted selectively by the ray or beam, and onto, from, or over which the ray or beam may be deflected or de-focused H01J0031040000 with only one or two output electrodes H01J0031060000 with more than two output electrodes, e.g. for multiple switching or counting H01J0031080000 having a screen on or from which an image or pattern is formed, picked-up, converted, or stored H01J0031100000 Image or pattern display tubes, i.e. having electrical input and optical output; Flying-spot tubes for scanning purposes H01J0031120000 with luminescent screen H01J0031140000 Magic-eye or analogous tuning indicators H01J0031160000 with mask carrying a number of selectively displayable signs, e.g. charactron, numeroscope H01J0031180000 with image written by a ray or beam on a grid-like charge-accumulating screen, and with a ray or beam passing through, and influenced by, this screen before striking the luminescent screen, e.g. direct-view storage tube H01J0031200000 for displaying images or patterns in two or more colours H01J0031220000 for stereoscopic displays H01J0031240000 with screen acting as light valve by shutter operation, e.g. eidophor H01J0031260000 Image pick-up tubes having an input of visible light and electric output (tubes without defined electron beams and having a light ray scanning a photo-emissive screen H01J0039220000);; H01J0031280000 with electron ray scanning the image screen H01J0031300000 having regulation of screen potential at anode potential, e.g. iconoscope H01J0031320000 Tubes with image-amplification section, e.g. image-iconoscope, supericonoscope H01J0031340000 having regulation of screen potential at cathode potential, e.g. orthicon H01J0031360000 Tubes with image-amplification section, e.g. image-orthicon H01J0031380000 Tubes with photoconductive screen, e.g. vidicon H01J0031400000 having grid-like image screen through which the electron ray passes and by which the ray is influenced before striking the output electrode, i.e. having "triode action" H01J0031420000 with image screen generating a composite electron beam which is deflected as a whole past a stationary probe to simulate a scanning effect, e.g. Farnsworth pick-up tube H01J0031440000 Tubes with image-amplification section H01J0031460000 Tubes in which electrical output represents both intensity and colour of image H01J0031480000 Tubes with amplification of output effected by electron-multiplier arrangements within the vacuum space H01J0031490000 Pick-up tubes adapted for an input of electromagnetic radiation other than visible light and having an electric output, e.g. for an input of X-rays, for an input of infra-red radiation H01J0031495000 Pick-up tubes adapted for an input of sonic, ultrasonic, or mechanical vibrations and having an electric output H01J0031500000 Image-conversion or image-amplification tubes, i.e. having optical, X-ray, or analogous input, and optical output H01J0031520000 having grid-like image screen through which the electron ray or beam passes and by which the ray or beam is influenced before striking the luminescent output screen, i.e. having "triode action" H01J0031540000 in which the electron ray or beam is reflected by the image input screen on to the image output screen H01J0031560000 for converting or amplifying images in two or more colours H01J0031580000 Tubes for storage of image or information pattern or for conversion of definition of television or like images, i.e. having electrical input and electrical output H01J0031600000 having means for deflecting, either selectively or sequentially, an electron ray on to separate surface elements of the screen (by circuitry alone H01J0029980000);; H01J0031620000 with separate reading and writing rays H01J0031640000 on opposite sides of screen, e.g. for conversion of definition H01J0031660000 having means for allowing all but selected cross-section elements of a homogeneous electron beam to reach corresponding elements of the screen, e.g. selectron H01J0031680000 in which the information pattern represents two or more colours H01J0033000000 Discharge tubes with provision for emergence of electrons or ions from the vessel (particle accelerators H05H);;Lenard tubes H01J0033020000 Details H01J0033040000 Windows H01J0035000000 X-ray tubes (X-ray apparatus and circuits therefor H05G0001000000;betatrons and other particle accelerators for producing X-rays H05H) H01J0035020000 Details H01J0035040000 Electrodes H01J0035060000 Cathodes H01J0035080000 Anodes; Anticathodes H01J0035100000 Rotary anodes; Arrangements for rotating anodes; Cooling rotary anodes H01J0035120000 Cooling non-rotary anodes H01J0035140000 Arrangements for concentrating, focusing, or directing the cathode ray H01J0035160000 Vessels; Containers; Shields associated therewith H01J0035180000 Windows H01J0035200000 Selection of substances for gas fillings; Means for obtaining or maintaining the desired pressure within the tube, e.g. by gettering H01J0035220000 specially designed for passing a very high current for a very short time, e.g. for flash operation H01J0035240000 Tubes wherein the point of impact of the cathode ray on the anode or anticathode is movable relative to the surface thereof H01J0035260000 by rotation of the anode or anticathode H01J0035280000 by vibration, oscillation, reciprocation, or swash-plate motion of the anode or anticathode H01J0035300000 by deflection of the cathode ray H01J0035320000 Tubes wherein the X-rays are produced at or near the end of the tube or a part thereof, which tube or part has a small cross-section to facilitate introduction into a small hole or cavity H01J0037000000 Discharge tubes with provision for introducing objects or material to be exposed to the discharge, e.g. for the purpose of examination or processing thereof (H01J0039000000 and H01J0041000000 take precedence;particle accelerators H05H) H01J0037020000 Details H01J0037040000 Arrangements of electrodes and associated parts for generating or controlling the discharge, e.g. electron-optical arrangement, ion-optical arrangement H01J0037060000 Electron sources; Electron guns H01J0037080000 Ion sources; Ion guns H01J0037100000 Lenses H01J0037120000 electrostatic H01J0037140000 magnetic H01J0037160000 Vessels; Containers H01J0037180000 Vacuum locks H01J0037200000 Means for supporting or positioning the object or the material; Means for adjusting diaphragms or lenses associated with the support H01J0037220000 Optical or photographic arrangements associated with the tube H01J0037240000 Circuit arrangements not adapted to a particular application of the tube and not otherwise provided for H01J0037260000 Electron or ion microscopes; Electron-diffraction tubes H01J0037280000 with scanning ray H01J0037300000 Electron-beam or ion-beam tubes for localised treatment of objects, e.g. for forming holes therein H01J0037320000 Gas-filled discharge tubes (heating by discharge H05B);; H01J0037340000 operating with cathodic sputtering H01J0039000000 Photoelectric discharge tubes; Tubes for determining the presence, intensity, density, or energy of radiation or particles; Tubes for separating or analysing radiation or particles H01J0039020000 Details H01J0039040000 Electrodes H01J0039060000 Photo-emissive cathodes H01J0039070000 Magnetic means for controlling discharge H01J0039080000 Selection of substances for gas fillings H01J0039100000 One of more circuit elements structurally associated with the tube H01J0039120000 Circuit arrangements not adapted to a particular application of the tube and not otherwise provided for H01J0039140000 Photoelectric discharge tubes (cathode ray or electron beam image pick-up tubes H01J0031260000;solid-state photoelectric devices H01C0007080000, H01L) H01J0039160000 having photo-emissive cathode, e. g alkaline photoelectric cell (operating with secondary emission H01J0043000000);; H01J0039180000 with luminescent coatings for influencing the sensitivity of the tube, e.g. by converting the input wavelength (image-conversion or image-amplification tubes H01J0031500000);; H01J0039220000 wherein a light-ray scans a photo-emissive screen H01J0039240000 wherein the ionisation of a gas is influenced photoelectrically H01J0039260000 Ionisation chambers; Proportional counter tubes; Geiger-Müller counter tubes; Neutron-detector tubes H01J0039280000 Ionization chambers H01J0039290000 Proportional counter tubes H01J0039300000 Geiger-Müller counter tubes H01J0039320000 Neutron detector tubes, e.g. BF3 tubes H01J0039340000 Particle spectrometer of separator tubes (isotope separation B01D0059440000);; H01J0039360000 Ion spectrometers or separator tubes, e.g. calutron H01J0041000000 Discharge tubes for measuring pressure of introduced gas; Discharge tubes for evacuation by diffusion of ions H01J0043000000 Secondary-emission tubes; Electron-multiplier tubes (dynamic electron-multiplier tubes H01J0025760000);; H01J0043020000 Tubes in which one or a few electrodes are secondary-electron-emitting electrodes H01J0043040000 Electron multipliers H01J0043060000 Electrode arrangements H01J0043080000 Cathode arrangements (construction of photo cathodes H01J0039060000, H01J0039160000);; H01J0043100000 Dynodes (H01J0043240000, H01J0043260000 take precedence;secondary-electron-emitting electrodes in general H01J0001320000) H01J0043120000 Anode arrangements H01J0043140000 Control of electron beam by magnetic field H01J0043160000 Electrode arrangements using essentially one dynode H01J0043180000 Electrode arrangements using essentially more than one dynode H01J0043200000 Dynodes consisting of sheet material, e.g. plane, bent H01J0043220000 Dynodes consisting of electron-permeable material, e.g. foil, grid, tube, venetian blind H01J0043240000 Dynodes having potential gradient along their surfaces H01J0043260000 Box dynodes H01J0043280000 Vessels; Windows; Screens; Suppressing undesired discharges or currents H01J0043300000 Circuit arrangements not adapted to a particular application of the tube and not otherwise provided for H01J0045000000 Discharge tubes functioning as thermionic generators H01J0061000000 Gas- or vapour-discharge lamps (use for sterilising milk products A23C;use for medical purposes A61N0005000000; use for disinfecting water C02B0003000000; use for lighting F21; use for advertising G09F; circuits therefor H05B; arc lamps with consumable electrodes H05B; electroluminescent lamps H05B) H01J0061020000 Details H01J0061040000 Electrodes (for igniting H01J0061540000);;Screens; Shields H01J0061060000 Main electrodes H01J0061080000 Cathodes H01J0061100000 Shield, screens, or guides for influencing the discharge H01J0061120000 Selection of substances for gas fillings; Specified operating pressure or temperature H01J0061140000 having one or more carbon compounds as the principal constituents H01J0061160000 having helium, argon, neon, krypton, or xenon as the principle constituent H01J0061180000 having a metallic vapour as the principal constituent H01J0061200000 mercury vapour H01J0061220000 vapour of an alkali metal H01J0061240000 Means for obtaining or maintaining the desired pressure within the vessel H01J0061260000 Means for absorbing or adsorbing gas, e.g. by gettering; Means for preventing blackening of the envelope H01J0061280000 Means for producing, introducing, or replenishing gas or vapour during operation of the lamp H01J0061300000 Vessels; Containers H01J0061320000 Special longitudinal shape, e.g. for advertising purposes H01J0061330000 Special shape of cross-section, e.g. for producing cool spot H01J0061340000 Double-wall vessels or containers H01J0061350000 provided with coatings on the walls thereof; Selection of materials for the coatings (using coloured coatings H01J0061400000;using luminescent coatings H01J0061420000) H01J0061360000 Seals between parts of vessels; Seals for leading-in conductors; Leading-in conductors H01J0061380000 Devices for influencing the colour or wavelength of the light H01J0061400000 by light-filters; by coloured coatings in or on the envelope H01J0061420000 by transforming the wavelength of the light by luminescence H01J0061440000 Devices characterised by the luminescent material (luminescent materials or mixtures thereof C09K);; H01J0061460000 Devices characterised by the binder or other non-luminescent constituent of the luminescent material, e.g. for obtaining desired pouring or drying properties H01J0061480000 Separate coatings of different luminous materials H01J0061500000 Auxiliary parts or solid material within the envelope for reducing risk of explosion upon breakage of the envelope, e.g. for use in mines H01J0061520000 Cooling arrangements; Heating arrangements; Means for circulating gas or vapour within the discharge space H01J0061540000 Igniting arrangements, e.g. promoting ionisation for starting (circuit arrangements H05B);; H01J0061560000 One or more circuit elements structurally associated with the lamp H01J0061580000 Lamps with both liquid anode and liquid cathode H01J0061600000 Lamps in which the discharge space is substantially filled with mercury before ignition H01J0061620000 Lamps with gaseous, e.g. plasma cathode H01J0061640000 Cathode glow lamps (designed as tuning or voltage indicators H01J0017400000;use for television H04N0003000000; use for sound-film recording or reproducing G10J); H01J0061660000 having specially shaped glow-cathode, e.g. for advertising purposes H01J0061680000 Lamps in which the main discharge is between parts of a current-carrying guide, e.g. halo lamp H01J0061700000 Lamps with low-pressure unconstricted discharge H01J0061720000 having a main light-emitting filling of easily vaporisable metal vapour, e.g. mercury H01J0061740000 having a main light-emitting filling of difficult vaporisable metal vapour, e.g. sodium H01J0061760000 having a filling of permanent gas or gases only H01J0061780000 with cold cathode; with cathode heated only by discharge, e.g. high-tension lamp for advertising H01J0061800000 Lamps suitable only for intermittent operation, e.g. flash lamp H01J0061820000 Lamps with high-pressure unconstricted discharge H01J0061840000 Lamps with discharge constricted by high pressure H01J0061860000 with discharge additionally constricted by close spacing of electrodes, e.g. for optical projection H01J0061880000 with discharge additionally constricted by envelope H01J0061900000 Lamps suitable only for intermittent operation, e.g. flash lamp H01J0061920000 Lamps with more than one main discharge path H01J0061940000 Paths producing light of different wavelengths, e.g. for simulating daylight H01J0061950000 Lamps with control electrode for varying intensity or wavelength of the light, e.g. for producing modulated light H01J0061960000 Lamps with light-emitting discharge path and separately-heated incandescent body within a common envelope, e.g. for simulating daylight (lamps with filament heated only by non-luminous discharge H01K);; H01J0061980000 Lamps with closely spaced electrodes heated to incandescence by light-emitting discharge, e.g. tungsten arc lamp H01J0063000000 Cathode-ray or electron-stream lamps (flying-spot tubes H01J0031100000;magic-eye tuning indicators H01J0031140000; lamps with incandescent body heated by the ray or stream H01K) H01J0063020000 Details, e.g. electrode, gas filling, shape of vessel H01J0063040000 Vessels provided with luminescent coatings; Selection of materials for the coatings H01J0063060000 Lamps with luminescent screen excited by the ray or stream H01J0063080000 Lamps with gas plasma excited by the ray or stream H01J0065000000 Lamps without any electrode inside the vessel; Lamps with at least one main electrode outside the vessel H01J0065040000 Lamps in which a gas filling is excited to luminesce by an external electromagnetic field or by external corpuscular radiation, e.g. for indicating H01J0065060000 Lamps in which a gas filling is excited to luminesce by radioactive material structurally associated with the lamp, e.g. inside the vessel H01J0065080000 Lamps in which a screen or coating is excited to luminesce by radioactive material located inside the vessel H01K ELECTRIC INCANDESCENT LAMPS (details or apparatus or processes for manufacture applicable to both discharge devices and incandescent lamps H01J;light sources using a combination of incandescent and other types of light generation H01J0061960000, H05B0035000000) H01K0001000000 Details H01K0001020000 Incandescent bodies H01K0001040000 characterised by the material thereof H01K0001060000 Carbon bodies H01K0001080000 Metallic bodies H01K0001100000 Bodies of metal or carbon combined with other substance H01K0001120000 Bodies which are non-conductive when cold, e.g. for Nernst lamp H01K0001140000 characterised by the shape H01K0001160000 Electric connection thereto H01K0001180000 Mountings or supports for the incandescent body H01K0001200000 characterised by the material thereof H01K0001220000 Lamp stems (seals for leading conductors therethrough H01K0001380000);; H01K0001240000 Mounts for lamps with connections at opposite ends, e.g. for tubular lamp H01K0001260000 Screens; Filters (associated with envelope H01K0001280000);; H01K0001280000 Envelopes; Vessels H01K0001300000 incorporating lenses H01K0001320000 provided with coatings on the walls; Vessels or coatings thereon characterised by the material thereof H01K0001340000 Double-wall vessels H01K0001360000 Seals between parts of vessel, e.g. between stem and envelope H01K0001380000 Seals for leading-in conductors H01K0001400000 Leading-in conductors H01K0001420000 Means forming part of the lamp for the purpose of providing electrical connection to, or support for, the lamp H01K0001440000 directly applied to, or forming part of, the vessel H01K0001460000 supported by a separate part, e.g. base, cap H01K0001480000 Removable caps H01K0001500000 Selection of substances for gas fillings; Specified pressure thereof H01K0001520000 Means for obtaining or maintaining the desired pressure within the vessel H01K0001540000 Means for adsorbing or absorbing gas, or for preventing or removing efflorescence, e.g. by gettering H01K0001560000 characterised by the material of the getter H01K0001580000 Cooling arrangements H01K0001600000 Means structurally associated with the lamp for indicating defects or previous use H01K0001620000 One or more circuit elements structurally associated with the lamp H01K0001640000 with built-in switch H01K0001660000 with built-in fuse H01K0001680000 with built-in spark gap H01K0001700000 with built-in short-circuiting device, e.g. for serially-connected lamps H01K0003000000 Apparatus or processes adapted to the manufacture, installing, removal, or maintenance of incandescent lamps or parts thereof (manufacture of vessels from glass C03B);; H01K0003020000 Manufacture of incandescent bodies H01K0003040000 Machines therefor H01K0003060000 Attaching of incandescent bodies to mount H01K0003080000 Manufacture of mounts or stems H01K0003100000 Machines therefor H01K0003120000 Joining of mount or stem to vessel; Joining parts of the vessel, e.g. by butt sealing H01K0003140000 Machines therefor H01K0003160000 Joining of caps to vessel H01K0003180000 Machines therefor H01K0003200000 Sealing-in wires directly into the envelope H01K0003220000 Exhausting, degassing, filling, or cleaning vessels H01K0003240000 Machines therefor H01K0003260000 Closing of vessels H01K0003280000 Machines having sequentially arranged operating stations H01K0003300000 Repairing or regenerating used or defective lamps H01K0003320000 Auxiliary devices for cleaning, placing, or removing incandescent lamps H01K0005000000 Lamps for general lighting (H01K0009000000-H01K0013000000; take precedence);; H01K0005020000 with connections made at opposite ends, e.g. tubular lamp with axially arranged filament H01K0007000000 Lamps for purposes other than general lighting (H01K0009000000-H01K0013000000; take precedence);; H01K0007020000 for producing a narrow beam of light; for approximating a point-like source of light, e.g. for searchlight, for cinematographic projector (producing narrow beams by optical means external to lamp F21V);; H01K0007040000 for indicating H01K0007060000 for decorative purposes H01K0009000000 Lamps having two or more incandescent bodies separately heated (H01K0011000000, H01K0013000000 take precedence);; H01K0009020000 to provide substitution in the event of failure of one of the bodies H01K0009040000 with built-in manually-operated switch H01K0009060000 with built-in device, e.g. switch, for automatically completing circuit of reserve body H01K0009080000 to provide selectively different light effects, e.g. for automobile headlamp H01K0011000000 Lamps having an incandescent body which is not conductively heated, e.g. heated inductively, heated by electronic discharge (H01K0013000000 takes precedence;heated by light-emitting discharge H01J0061980000) H01K0013000000 Lamps having an incandescent body which is substantially non-conductive until heated, e.g. Nernst lamp H01K0013020000 Heating arrangements H01K0013040000 using electric discharge H01K0013060000 using induction heating; using high-frequency field H01L SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES (adapted as electroluminescent light sources H05B0033000000;electrolytic devices H01G0009000000; thermo-electric devices H01V0001000000, H01V0003000000) H01L0001000000 Details of semiconductor devices H01L0001020000 Containers (for assemblages of two or more semiconductor devices H01L0001160000);;Windows; Selection of substances for fillings; Encapsulation H01L0001040000 characterised by the material of container or window H01L0001060000 Containers in which the semiconductor device is mounted directly and conductively on the container wall, e.g. for power devices H01L0001080000 Containers, having all walls consisting entirely of electrically insulating material, e.g. all-glass containers H01L0001100000 Selection of substances for fillings, e.g. gas fillings; Embedding or encapsulating arrangements; Protective layers; Means for absorbing moisture or gas H01L0001120000 Cooling arrangements (by structure of or parts fastened to container H01L0001020000, H01L0001160000;by use of fillings H01L0001100000); Heating arrangements; Ventilating arrangements H01L0001140000 Connections, e.g. lead; Terminal arrangements H01L0001160000 Assemblages of two or more semiconductor devices H01L0001180000 the devices not having separate containers H01L0001200000 Apertured devices mounted on one or more rods passing through the apertures H01L0001220000 Stacked arrangements of non-apertured devices H01L0001240000 Circuit arrangements not adapted to a particular application of the device, e.g. for temperature compensation H01L0003000000 Semiconductor devices characterised by the material of the region or regions of P, P+, N, N+, I or S type conductivity; Selection of materials specifically for semiconductor devices, such materials having P, P+, N, N+, I or S type conductivity; Semiconductor devices further characterised by the material of a contact electrode which co-operates with a body of material having P, P +, N, N+, I or S type conductivity; Semiconductor devices further characterised by the material of one or ore separate insulating layers between such body and such contact electrode H01L0003020000 with elements only of the sixth group of the Periodic System as the fundamental material, e.g. selenium, tellurium H01L0003040000 using selenium in the form of a layer or of superimposed layers H01L0003060000 characterised by the material of foundation plate H01L0003080000 characterised by the material of counter-electrode H01L0003100000 characterised by the material of non-genetic barrier layer H01L0003120000 with elements only of the fourth group of the Periodic System as the fundamental material, e.g. germanium, silicon H01L0003140000 further characterised by the doping material H01L0003160000 with only inorganic compounds as the fundamental material H01L0003180000 with cuprous oxide; with cuprous iodide H01L0003200000 with A IIIBV, AIIBVI or AIBVII compounds(with cuprous iodide H01L0003180000);; H01L0003220000 further characterised by the doping material H01L0003240000 with only organic compounds as the fundamental material H01L0005000000 Semiconductor devices characterised by the shape of body of material having, P, P+, N, N+, I or S type conductivity by the spatial distribution of the regions of different type conductivity therein, or by the shape of contact electrode or insulating layer between such body and such contact electrode H01L0005020000 Shape of contact electrode or of part of body associated therewith H01L0005040000 for point or knife contact electrodes H01L0005060000 with insulating layer between contact electrode and body H01L0007000000 Semiconductor devices characterised by the manner of their manufacture or treatment; Apparatus or processes uniquely adapted to the manufacture or treatment of semiconductor devices or parts therof (processes involving only a single technical art for which provision exists elsewhere, see the relevant class for the process, e.g. C23C);; H01L0007020000 Manufacture of potential-jump barriers or rectifying connections to regions of P, P+, N, N+, I or S type conductivity; Manufacture of connections to regions of P, P +, N, N+, I or S type conductivity in such a manner, e.g. by providing an intermediate region of N+ or P+ type conductivity, as to prevent the connection from having rectifying properties, i.e. manufacture of ohmic contacts; Combined processes including the step of producing the potential-jump barriers H01L0007040000 for devices having selenium or tellurium in elemental form H01L0007060000 Preparation of the foundation plate H01L0007080000 Preliminary treatment of the selenium or tellurium, its application to the foundation plate, or the subsequent treatment of the combination H01L0007100000 Converting the selenium or tellurium to the conductive state H01L0007120000 Treatment of the surface of selenium layer after having been made conductive H01L0007140000 Providing discrete insulating barrier layers, i.e. non-genetic barrier layers H01L0007160000 Applying an electrode to the exposed surface of the selenium or tellurium after the selenium or tellurium has been applied to the foundation plate H01L0007180000 Treatment of the completed device, e.g. by electroforming H01L0007200000 using an artificial ageing process H01L0007220000 for devices having cuprous oxide or cuprous iodide H01L0007240000 Preparation of the foundation plate H01L0007260000 Applying an electrode to the exposed surface of the cuprous oxide or iodide after the formation of the oxide or iodide on the foundation plate H01L0007280000 Treatment of the completed device, e.g. by electroforming H01L0007300000 using an artificial ageing process H01L0007320000 for devices having a fundamental material other than elemental selenium, elemental tellurium, cuprous oxide, or cuprous iodide H01L0007340000 for devices having elemental germanium or elemental silicon or A; IIIBV compound as the fundamental material H01L0007360000 using reduction or decomposition of a gaseous compound yielding a solid condensate H01L0007380000 using growth on a stationary seed crystal in a melt H01L0007400000 using crystal-pulling from a melt H01L0007420000 using zone-melting H01L0007440000 using diffusion from a gaseous phase into a solid H01L0007460000 using the melting and partial alloying of one solid laid upon another H01L0007480000 wherein an electric current passes through the materials to heat them, e.g. for applying contact electrodes H01L0007500000 using non-electrical etching, corrosion, or erosion H01L0007520000 using electrolytic deposition or electrolytic etching H01L0007540000 using bombardment with electrons or nuclear particles H01L0007560000 using an electroforming process (wherein melting takes place H01L0007480000);; H01L0007580000 using an artificial ageing process H01L0007600000 Positioning of contact electrodes during manufacture of the device H01L0007620000 for devices having a fundamental material other than elemental germanium or elemental silicon or an AIIIBV compound H01L0007640000 Concurrent or sequential manufacture of a plurality of semiconductor devices or parts thereof H01L0007660000 Dividing a large piece of material without spoiling the properties of the region(s) of P, P+, N, N+, I or S type conductivity that it possesses H01L0007680000 Machines or apparatus for manufacturing a plurality of semiconductor devices or parts thereof concurrently or at sequentially arranged operating stations H01L0009000000 Semiconductor devices without separate control electrode, e.g. diodes for rectifying or switching, Zener diodes (double-base diodes H01L0011140000);; H01L0009020000 Devices having a layer of elemental selenium or elemental tellurium, Devices having a layer of cuprous oxide or cuprous iodide H01L0009040000 with electrodes having one or more apertures passing through the current-carrying surfaces thereof, for the purpose of mounting or assembling the device H01L0009060000 Multiple diodes having one electrode in common H01L0009080000 Point-contact devices H01L0009100000 Devices having a region of I-type or S type conductivity H01L0009120000 Devices having more than one PBN junction, e.g. rectifier having PNPN structure H01L0011000000 Semiconductor devices with tree electrodes, one of which may be used for controlling current flow between the other two H01L0011020000 Transistors having one or two point-contact electrodes H01L0011040000 Transistors having two point-contact electrodes H01L0011060000 Transistors or other devices without point-contact electrode H01L0011080000 having region of I-type or S-type conductivity H01L0011100000 having PNPN structure, e.g. transistors with hook collector, rectifier with PNPN structure and control electrode H01L0011120000 Drift transistors H01L0011140000 Double-base diodes; Analogous transistors; Field-effect transistors (fieldistors H01C0007140000);; H01L0013000000 Semiconductor devices with four or more electrodes (multiple two-electrode or three-electrode devices without interaction between the separate parts of the device H01L0009000000, H01L0011000000);; H01L0013020000 having one or more point-contact electrodes H01L0013040000 Double-base transistors H01L0015000000 Semiconductor devices sensitive to radiant heat, light, electromagnetic radiation of a shorter wavelength, or corpuscular radiation and adapted either for the conversion of the energy of such radiation into electrical energy or for the control of electrical energy by such radiation H01L0015020000 functioning as conversion devices, e.g. photovoltaic device H01L0015040000 structurally associated with a one-way conducting device, e.g. for use in a solar battery H01L0015060000 functioning as control devices, e.g. photo-conductive device (photo-resistors H01C0007080000);; H01L0015080000 Point-contact devices, e.g. point-contact photo-transistor H01L0017000000 Semiconductor devices operating as image amplifiers or converters H01L0019000000 Monolithic integrated circuits comprising at least one semiconductor device or one piece of material exhibiting semiconductivity (making individual semiconductor devices H01L0007000000;printed circuit techniques H05K0001000000, H05K0003000000) H01M BATTERIES; ACCUMULATORS (electrochemical processes or apparatus in general B01K);; H01M0001000000 Constructional details or processes of manufacture of the non-active parts H01M0001020000 Cases; Lids or covers; Lead-ins; Selection of sealing materials therefor H01M0001040000 Mountings; Suspension devices; Shock absorbers; Transport or carrying devices H01M0001060000 Vent plugs or other arrangements for facilitating escape of gases H01M0001080000 Methods or devices for converting or absorbing gases evolved in the interior or the cases (separation of gases by absorption per B01D0053140000);; H01M0003000000 Separators; Diaphragms H01M0003020000 characterised by the material H01M0003040000 characterised by the shape H01M0005000000 Battery or cell connections or terminals (electrode connections for primary cells H01M0013100000;for secondary cells H01M0035320000; connection of electric conductors H01R) H01M0005020000 Methods or arrangements for affording protection against corrosion; Selection of materials therefor H01M0005040000 with provision for preventing undesired use or discharge H01M0007000000 Arrangements for filling, topping-up, or emptying cases with or of liquid, e.g. for filling with electrolytes, for washing-out H01M0007020000 with external circulating path H01M0009000000 Rendering electrolytes in primary or secondary cells or batteries non-fluid or less fluid (solidifying liquids in general B01J0002240000);; H01M0009020000 by absorption H01M0009040000 by thickening, e.g. by use of gels H01M0011000000 Selection of materials as electrolytes for primary cells (selection of materials for use as electrolytes in general B01K0003120000);; H01M0013000000 Electrodes for primary cells H01M0013020000 Carbon electrodes with or without sheathing, e.g. dollies H01M0013040000 Apparatus or processes specially adapted for manufacturing H01M0013060000 Metal electrodes H01M0013080000 Apparatus or processes specially adapted for manufacturing H01M0013100000 Electrode connections (battery or cell connections H01M0005000000);; H01M0015000000 Means or methods for depolarisation in primary cells (by heating, moving, brushing, or cleaning electrodes H01M0031020000);; H01M0015020000 using gaseous depolarisers H01M0015040000 using liquid depolarisers H01M0015060000 using solid depolarisers H01M0017000000 Primary cells with one electrolytic liquid H01M0017020000 with light-metal electrodes (standard cells H01M0017040000);; H01M0017040000 Standard cells H01M0017060000 Cells which may be de-activated after use by separating electrolyte from electrode, e.g. bichromate cells de-activated by turning-over or by raising electrode H01M0019000000 Primary cells with two electrolytic liquids (cells with a mixture of one electrolyte and a liquid depolariser H01M0017000000);; H01M0021000000 Dry primary cells H01M0021020000 Cells with exchangeable parts H01M0021040000 Cells with electrodes shaped as plates, ribbons, or discs H01M0021060000 Cells with cup-shaped or tubular electrodes H01M0021080000 Inert cells H01M0021100000 for activation by adding electrolytes H01M0021120000 for activation by adding non-electrolytes, e.g. water, to form the electrolyte in the cell H01M0021140000 for activation by heating H01M0023000000 Primary batteries H01M0023020000 consisting of cells with liquid electrolyte H01M0023040000 consisting of stacked-plate dry cells, e.g. anode batteries H01M0023060000 consisting of cup-shaped or tubular dry cells, e.g. for pocket lamps H01M0023080000 having bipolar electrodes common to adjacent cells H01M0023100000 with easily exchangeable cells H01M0027000000 Fuel cells or batteries, i.e. arrangements for continuously converting chemicals into electricity through electrochemical reactions and in which the reactants may be supplied continuously from outside H01M0027020000 Details H01M0027040000 Electrodes; Selection of catalytic agents H01M0027060000 Non-porous electrodes permitting diffusion of specified gases, e.g. palladium membrane for diffusion of hydrogen H01M0027080000 Raney-type electrodes H01M0027100000 using noble-metal catalysts, e.g. using platinum (H01M0027060000 takes precedence);; H01M0027120000 Auxiliary appliances, e. g for control of pressure, for circulation of fluids H01M0027140000 Functional combination of fuel element with means for production of reactants or for treatment of residues (regeneration H01M0027260000;production of reactants in general Section B, Section C); H01M0027160000 having solid self-supporting electrolyte, e.g. using CaO in ZrO; 2, using glass H01M0027180000 with the cell operating at ambient temperature H01M0027200000 using fused salt electrolytes H01M0027220000 having aqueous electrolyte operating at elevated temperature and elevated pressure, e.g. above 200 °C H01M0027240000 Biochemical fuel cells, i.e. cells in which micro-organisms function as catalysts H01M0027260000 Regenerative fuel cells H01M0027280000 Indirect fuel cells, i.e. in which at least one chemical reaction occurs before the cell functions as a fuel cell, e.g. Redox cell (H01M0027260000 takes precedence);; H01M0027300000 in which the fuel is not based on compositions only comprising carbon and/or oxygen and/or hydrogen H01M0029000000 Other cells or batteries dependent on chemical processes for generating electricity (thermal cells H01M0021140000, fuel cells or batteries H01M0027000000);; H01M0029020000 in which only one reactant is supplied from outside the cell, e.g. air depolarisation cell H01M0029040000 with consumable electrodes, e.g. of zinc (depolarisation in primary cells H01M0015000000);; H01M0031000000 Special methods or arrangements for operating or servicing primary cells or batteries H01M0031020000 Heating, moving, brushing, or cleaning electrodes or other parts H01M0031040000 Measuring, testing, or indicating the state of cells or batteries (measuring electric values G01R);; H01M0033000000 Regenerating primary cells or batteries; Working-up waste products of primary cells or batteries H01M0035000000 Electrodes or plates for accumulators; Apparatus or processes for the manufacture thereof H01M0035020000 characterised by the active material or carrier material H01M0035040000 characterised by shape or form H01M0035060000 Plates with large surface and without separate active material, e.g. Planté plate H01M0035080000 Grid or frame plates, i.e. grids or frames supporting separate active material H01M0035100000 Wires strips, meshes, or the like supporting the active material H01M0035120000 Tubes, capsules, trays, or other containers holding the active material H01M0035140000 enclosing a grid, frame, rod, or other core H01M0035160000 Shapes other than plane or cylindrical, e.g. helical H01M0035180000 characterised by process of manufacture (performing single operations or combinations of metal-working operations, see the relevant classes for the operation or operations);; H01M0035200000 Casting of electrodes; Trimming of cast electrodes H01M0035220000 Rolling or pressing of electrodes H01M0035240000 Roughening of electrodes H01M0035260000 Pasting of electrodes; Drying of pasted plates (drying after activating H01M0035300000);; H01M0035280000 Sintering of electrodes H01M0035300000 Activating or forming of electrodes; Drying or preserving of electrodes after activating or forming H01M0035320000 Electrode connections (battery or cell connections H01M0005000000);; H01M0037000000 Assembling a group of activated or formed accumulator electrodes; Relative spatial arrangements of electrodes of opposite polarity in accumulators, e.g. rolled, zig-zagged H01M0039000000 Lead accumulators; Construction or manufacture thereof H01M0039020000 Suspending or supporting electrodes or separators in the case H01M0039040000 Selection of materials as electrolytes H01M0039060000 with bipolar electrodes H01M0041000000 Semi-lead accumulators, e.g. lead-zinc; Construction or manufacture thereof H01M0041020000 Selection of materials as electrolytes H01M0043000000 Non-lead accumulators; Light metal accumulators, e.g. alkaline; Construction or manufacture thereof H01M0043020000 Zinc or silver accumulators H01M0043040000 Nickel, iron, cobalt, or cadmium accumulators H01M0043060000 Selection of materials as electrolytes H01M0045000000 Special methods or arrangements for operating or servicing accumulators H01M0045020000 Cleaning, cooling, or heating of accumulators or parts thereof H01M0045040000 Charging of accumulators; Accumulators structurally combined with charging apparatus (circuits for charging H02J0007000000);; H01M0045060000 Measuring, testing, or indicating state of accumulators, e.g. level or density of the electrolyte (measuring electric values G01R, liquid level meters G01F;measuring of density G01N) H01M0047000000 Regeneration of accumulators; Working-up waste products of accumulators H01P WAVEGUIDES; RESONATORS, LINES, OR OTHER DEVICES OF THE WAVEGUIDE TYPE (aerials H01Q;networks comprising distributed impedances together with lumped impedance elements H03H) H01P0001000000 Auxiliary devices (coupling devices of the waveguide type H01P0005000000);; H01P0001020000 Bends; Corners; Twists H01P0001040000 Fixed joints H01P0001060000 Movable joints, e.g. rotating joints H01P0001080000 Dielectric windows H01P0001100000 for switching or interrupting H01P0001120000 by mechanical chopper H01P0001140000 by electric discharge devices (discharge devices H01J);; H01P0001160000 for mode selection, e.g. mode suppression promotion; for mode conversion (linking dissimilar lines or devices H01P0005080000);; H01P0001180000 Phase-shifters (H01P0001320000 takes precedence);; H01P0001200000 Frequency-selective devices (resonators H01P0007000000);; H01P0001220000 Attenuating devices (H01P0001320000 takes precedence;dissipative terminating devices H01P0001260000) H01P0001240000 Terminating devices H01P0001260000 Dissipative terminations H01P0001280000 Short-circuiting plungers H01P0001300000 for compensation of, or protection against, temperature or moisture effects H01P0001320000 Non-reciprocal transmission devices, e.g. gyrators H01P0003000000 Waveguides; Transmission lines of the waveguide type H01P0003020000 with two longitudinal conductors H01P0003040000 Lines formed as Lecher wire pairs H01P0003060000 Coaxial lines (not suitable for handling frequencies considerably beyond the audio range H01B0011180000);; H01P0003080000 Microstrips; Strip lines H01P0003100000 Wire waveguides, i.e. with a single solid longitudinal conductor H01P0003120000 Hollow waveguides (H01P0003200000 takes precedence);; H01P0003140000 Flexible H01P0003160000 Dielectric waveguides, i.e. without a longitudinal conductor H01P0003180000 built-up from several layers to increase operating surface, i. e. alternately conductive and dielectric layers H01P0003200000 Quasi-optical arrangements for guiding a wave, e.g. focusing by dielectric lenses (quasi-optical devices per H01Q0015000000);; H01P0005000000 Coupling devices of the waveguide type (for introducing or removing wave energy to or from the discharge in transit-time tubes H01J0023320000);; H01P0005020000 with invariable factor of coupling H01P0005040000 with variable factor of coupling H01P0005080000 for linking dissimilar lines or devices H01P0005100000 for linking symmetric with asymmetric lines or devices H01P0005120000 Junctions of more than two guides, e.g. T- junctions H01P0005140000 Directional coupling devices (coupling by switching H01P0001100000);; H01P0007000000 Resonators of the waveguide type (structurally associated with transit-time tubes and interacting with the discharge therein H01J0023180000);; H01P0007020000 Lecher resonators H01P0007040000 Coaxial resonators H01P0007060000 Cavity resonators H01P0009000000 Delay lines of the waveguide type (structurally associated with transit-time tubes and interacting with the discharge therein H01J0023240000);; H01P0009020000 Helical lines H01P0009040000 Interdigital lines H01P0011000000 Apparatus or processes specially adapted for manufacturing waveguides or resonators, lines, or other devices of the waveguide type (manufacture of coaxial cables H01B0013000000);; H01Q AERIALS (microwave radiators for near-field therapeutic treatment A61N0005060000;apparatus for testing aerials or for measuring aerial characteristics G01R; waveguides H01P; heating elements of the wave-guide type H05B0009060000) H01Q0001000000 Details of, or arrangements associated with, aerials (arrangements for varying orientation of directional pattern H01Q0003000000);; H01Q0001020000 Arrangements for de-icing; Arrangements for drying-out H01Q0001040000 Adaptation for subterranean or subaqueous use H01Q0001060000 Means for the lighting or illuminating of aerials, e.g. for purpose of warning H01Q0001080000 Means for collapsing aerials or parts thereof (collapsible loop aerials H01Q0007020000;collapsible H-aerials or Yagi aerials H01Q0019040000) H01Q0001100000 Telescopic elements H01Q0001120000 Supports; Mounting means (supporting conductors in general H02G0007000000);; H01Q0001140000 for wire or other non-rigid radiating elements H01Q0001160000 Strainers, spreaders, or spacers H01Q0001180000 Means for stabilising aerials on an unstable platform H01Q0001200000 Resilient mountings H01Q0001220000 by structural association with other equipment or articles H01Q0001240000 with receiving set H01Q0001260000 with electric discharge tube H01Q0001280000 Adaptation for use in or on aircraft, missiles, satellites, or balloons (H01Q0001080000, H01Q0001120000 take precedence;supports or mountings for stabilising aerials H01Q0001180000) H01Q0001300000 Means for trailing aerials H01Q0001320000 Adaptation for use in or on road or rail vehicles (H01Q0001080000, H01Q0001120000 take precedence;telescopic elements H01Q0001100000; resilient mountings for aerials H01Q0001200000) H01Q0001340000 Adaptation for use in or on ships, submarines, buoys, or torpedoes (H01Q0001080000, H01Q0001120000 take precedence;for subaqueous use H01Q0001040000; mountings for stabilising aerials H01Q0001180000; retractable loop aerials H01Q0007020000) H01Q0001360000 Structural form of radiating elements, e.g. cone, spiral, umbrella (H01Q0001080000, H01Q0001140000 take precedence);; H01Q0001380000 formed by a conductive layer on an insulating support (conductors in general H01B0005140000);; H01Q0001400000 Radiating elements coated with, or embedded in, protective material H01Q0001420000 Housings not intimately mechanically associated with radiating elements, e.g. radome H01Q0001440000 Using equipment having another main function to serve additionally as an aerial (H01Q0001280000-H01Q0001340000; take precedence);; H01Q0001460000 electric supply lines or communication lines H01Q0001480000 Earthing means; Earth screens; Counterpoises (earthing pins H01R0003060000);; H01Q0001500000 Structural association of aerials with earthing switches, lead-in devices, or lightning protectors (lead-in devices H01B;lightning protectors, switches H01H) H01Q0001520000 Means for reducing coupling between aerials; Means for reducing coupling between an aerial and another structure H01Q0003000000 Arrangements for changing or varying the orientation or the shape of the directional pattern of the waves radiated from an aerial or aerial system H01Q0003020000 using mechanical movement of aerial or aerial system as a whole H01Q0003040000 for varying one co-ordinate of the orientation H01Q0003060000 over a restricted angle H01Q0003080000 for varying two co-ordinates of the orientation H01Q0003100000 to produce a conical or spiral scan H01Q0003120000 using mechanical relative movement between primary active elements and secondary devices of aerials or aerial systems H01Q0003140000 for varying the relative position of primary active element and a refracting or diffracting device H01Q0003160000 for varying relative position of primary active element and a reflecting device H01Q0003180000 wherein the primary active element is movable and the reflecting device is fixed H01Q0003200000 wherein the primary active element is fixed and the reflecting device is movable H01Q0003220000 varying the orientation in accordance with variation of frequency of radiated wave H01Q0003240000 varying the orientation by switching energy from one active radiating element to another, e.g. for beam switching H01Q0003260000 varying the relative phase or relative amplitude of energisation between two or more active radiating elements; varying the distribution of energy across a radiating aperture (H01Q0003220000, H01Q0003240000 take precedence);; H01Q0005000000 Arrangements for simultaneous operation of resonant aerials on two or more different wavebands (length of elements adjustable H01Q0009140000;combinations of separate active aerial units operating in different wavebands and connected to a common feeder system H01Q0021300000) H01Q0005020000 for operation of centre-fed aerials which comprise a single, or two or more collinear, substantially straight elongated active elements H01Q0007000000 Loop aerials with a substantially uniform current distribution around the loop and having a directional radiation pattern in a plane perpendicular to the plane of the loop H01Q0007020000 Collapsible aerials; Retractable aerials H01Q0007040000 Screened aerials (H01Q0007020000, H01Q0007060000 take precedence);; H01Q0007060000 with core of ferromagnetic material (H01Q0007020000 takes precedence);; H01Q0007080000 Ferrite rod or like elongated core H01Q0009000000 Electrically-short aerials having dimensions not more than twice the operating wavelength and consisting of conductive active radiating elements (loop aerials H01Q0007000000;waveguide horns or mouths H01Q0013000000; slot aerials H01Q0013000000; combinations of active elements with secondary devices to give desired directional characteristic H01Q0019000000; combinations of two or more active elements H01Q0021000000) H01Q0009020000 Non-resonant aerials H01Q0009040000 Resonant aerials H01Q0009060000 Details H01Q0009080000 Junction boxes specially adapted for supporting adjacent ends of collinear rigid elements H01Q0009100000 Junction boxes specially adapted for supporting adjacent ends of divergent elements H01Q0009120000 adapted for adjustment of angle between elements H01Q0009140000 Length of element or elements adjustable (telescopic elements H01Q0001100000);; H01Q0009160000 with feed intermediate between the extremities of the aerial, e.g. centre-fed dipole (H01Q0009440000 takes precedence);; H01Q0009180000 Vertical disposition of the aerial H01Q0009200000 Two collinear substantially straight active elements; Substantially straight single active elements (H01Q0009280000 takes precedence);; H01Q0009220000 Rigid rod or equivalent tubular element or elements H01Q0009240000 Shunt feed arrangements to single active elements, e.g. for delta matching H01Q0009260000 with folded element or elements, the folded parts being spaced apart a small fraction of operating wavelength (resonant loop aerials H01Q0007000000);; H01Q0009280000 Conical, cylindrical, cage, strip, gauze, or like elements having an extended radiating surface; Elements comprising two conical surfaces having collinear axes and adjacent apices and fed by two-conductor transmission lines (biconical horns H01Q0013040000);; H01Q0009300000 with feed to end of elongated active element, e.g. unipole (H01Q0009440000 takes precedence);; H01Q0009320000 Vertical arrangement of element (H01Q0009400000 takes precedence);; H01Q0009340000 Mast, tower, or like self-supporting or stay-supported aerial H01Q0009360000 with top loading H01Q0009380000 with counterpoise (with counterpoise comprising elongated elements coplanar with the active element H01Q0009440000);; H01Q0009400000 Element having extended radiating surface H01Q0009420000 with folded element, the folded parts being spaced apart a small fraction of the operating wavelength H01Q0009440000 with plurality of divergent straight elements, e.g. V-dipole, X-aerial; with plurality of elements having mutually inclined substantially straight portions (turnstile aerials H01Q0021260000);; H01Q0009460000 with rigid elements diverging from single point H01Q0011000000 Electrically-long aerials having dimensions more than twice the shortest operating wavelength and consisting of conductive active radiating elements (leaky-waveguides, slot aerials H01Q0013000000;combinations of active elements with secondary devices to give desired directional characteristic H01Q0019000000; combinations of two or more active elements H01Q0021000000) H01Q0011020000 Non-resonant aerials, e.g. travelling-wave aerial H01Q0011040000 with parts bent, folded, shaped, screened, or electrically loaded to obtain desired phase relation of radiation from selected sections of the aerial (rhombic aerials, V-aerials H01Q0011060000);; H01Q0011060000 Rhombic aerials; V-aerials H01Q0011080000 Helical aerials H01Q0011100000 Log-periodic aerials H01Q0011120000 Resonant aerials H01Q0011140000 with parts bent, folded, shaped, or screened, or with phasing impedances, to obtain desired phase relation of radiation from selected sections of the aerial or to obtain desired polarisation effects H01Q0011160000 in which the selected sections are collinear H01Q0011180000 in which the selected sections are parallelly spaced H01Q0011200000 V-aerials H01Q0013000000 Waveguide horns or mouths; Slot aerials; Leaky-waveguide aerials; Equivalent structures causing radiation along the transmission path of a guided wave H01Q0013020000 Waveguide horns H01Q0013040000 Biconical horns (biconical dipoles comprising two conical surfaces having collinear axes and adjacent apices and fed by a two-conductor transmission line H01Q0009280000);; H01Q0013060000 Waveguide mouths (horns H01Q0013020000);; H01Q0013080000 Radiating ends of two-conductor microwave transmission lines, e.g. of coaxial lines, of microstrip lines H01Q0013100000 Resonant slot aerials H01Q0013120000 Longitudinally slotted cylinder aerials; Equivalent structures H01Q0013140000 Skeleton cylinder aerials H01Q0013160000 Folded slot aerials H01Q0013180000 the slot being backed by, or formed in boundary wall of, a resonant cavity (longitudinally slotted cylinder H01Q0013120000);; H01Q0013200000 Non-resonant leaky-waveguide or transmission-line aerials; Equivalent structures causing radiation along the transmission path of a guided wave H01Q0013220000 Longitudinal slot in boundary wall of waveguide or transmission line H01Q0013240000 constituted by a dielectric or ferromagnetic rod or pipe (H01Q0013280000 takes precedence);; H01Q0013260000 Surface waveguide constituted by a single conductor, e.g. strip conductor H01Q0013280000 comprising elements constituting electric discontinuities and spaced in direction of wave propagation, e.g. dielectric elements, conductive elements forming artificial dielectric (Yagi aerials H01Q0019300000);; H01Q0015000000 Devices for reflection, refraction, diffraction, or polarisation of waves radiated from an aerial, e.g. quasi-optical devices (variable for purpose of altering directivity H01Q0003000000;arrangements of such devices for guiding waves H01P0003200000; variable for purpose of modulation H03C0007020000) H01Q0015020000 Refracting or diffracting devices, e.g. lens, prism H01Q0015040000 comprising wave-guiding channel or channels bounded by effective conductive surfaces substantially perpendicular to the electric vector of the wave, e.g. parallel-plate waveguide lens H01Q0015060000 comprising plurality of wave-guiding channels of different length H01Q0015080000 formed of solid dielectric material H01Q0015100000 comprising three-dimensional array of impedance discontinuities, e.g. holes in conductive surfaces or conductive discs forming artificial dielectric (leaky-waveguide aerials H01Q0013280000);; H01Q0015120000 functioning also as polarisation filter H01Q0015140000 Reflecting surfaces; Equivalent structures H01Q0015160000 curved in two dimensions, e.g. paraboloidal H01Q0015180000 comprising plurality of mutually inclined plane surfaces, e.g. corner reflector H01Q0015200000 Collapsible reflectors H01Q0015220000 functioning also as polarisation filter H01Q0015240000 Polarising devices; Polarisation filters (devices functioning simultaneously both as polarisation filters and as refracting or diffracting devices or as reflectors H01Q0015120000, H01Q0015220000);; H01Q0017000000 Devices for absorbing waves radiated from an aerial; Combinations of such devices with active aerial elements or systems H01Q0019000000 Combinations of primary active aerial elements and units with secondary devices, e.g. with quasi-optical devices, for giving the aerial a desired directional characteristic H01Q0019020000 Details H01Q0019040000 Means for collapsing H-aerials or Yagi aerials H01Q0019060000 using refracting or diffracting devices, e.g. lens H01Q0019080000 for modifying the radiation pattern of a radiating horn in which it is located H01Q0019100000 using reflecting surfaces H01Q0019120000 wherein the surfaces are concave H01Q0019140000 the primary active element being a slot or waveguide termination H01Q0019160000 the primary active element being a dipole H01Q0019180000 having two or more spaced reflecting surfaces (producing pencil beam by two cylindrical reflectors with their focal lines orthogonally disposed H01Q0019200000);; H01Q0019200000 Producing pencil beam by two cylindrical focusing devices with their focal lines orthogonally disposed H01Q0019220000 using a secondary device in the form of a single substantially straight conductive element H01Q0019240000 the primary active element being centre-fed and substantially straight, e.g. H-aerial H01Q0019260000 the primary active element being end-fed and elongated H01Q0019280000 using a secondary device in the form of two or more substantially straight conductive elements (constituting a reflecting surface H01Q0019100000);; H01Q0019300000 the primary active element being centre-fed and substantially straight, e.g. Yagi aerial H01Q0019320000 the primary active element being end-fed and elongated H01Q0021000000 Combinations of primary active aerial units H01Q0021060000 Arrays of individually energised active aerial units similarly polarised and spaced apart H01Q0021080000 the units being spaced along, or adjacent to, a rectilinear path H01Q0021100000 Collinear arrangements of substantially straight elongated conductive units H01Q0021120000 Parallel arrangements of substantially straight elongated conductive units (travelling-wave aerials comprising transmission line loaded with transverse elements, e.g. "fishbone" aerial, H01Q0011040000);; H01Q0021140000 Adcock aerials H01Q0021160000 U-type H01Q0021180000 H-type H01Q0021200000 the units being spaced along, or adjacent to, a curvilinear path H01Q0021220000 Aerial units of the array energised non-uniformly in amplitude or phase, e.g. tapered array, binomial array H01Q0021240000 Combinations of aerial elements or aerial units polarised in different directions for transmitting or receiving circularly and elliptically polarised waves or waves linearly polarised in any direction H01Q0021260000 Turnstile or like aerials comprising arrangements of three or more elongated elements disposed radially and symmetrically in a horizontal plane about a common centre H01Q0021280000 Combinations of substantially independent non-interacting aerial units or systems H01Q0021300000 Combinations of separate aerial units operating in different wavebands and connected to a common feeder system H01R LINE CONNECTORS; CURRENT COLLECTORS (switches, fuses H01H;coupling devices of the waveguide type H01P0005000000; switchboards, distribution gear H02B; installations of electric lines, cables, or auxiliary apparatus H02G; connections to printed circuits H05K) H01R0003000000 Electrically-conductive connections not otherwise provided for H01R0003020000 Details H01R0003040000 for making a connection to or between conductive parts having primarily a non-electric function, e.g. frame, casing, rail H01R0003060000 for making connection to the terrestrial mass, e.g. earth plate, earth pin H01R0003080000 for making connection to a liquid (electrodes for batteries or accumulators H01M0013000000, H01M0035000000);; H01R0005000000 Non-disconnectible electrically-conductive connections between two or more wires, cables, or bus-bars (connections via separately-supported terminal H01R0009000000;flexible or turnable line connectors H01R0035000000; protection of electrical connections in cable junctions H02G0015000000) H01R0005020000 Details H01R0005040000 Soldered or welded connections H01R0005060000 Riveted connections H01R0005080000 Connections ensured solely by twisting, wrapping, bending, or other permanent deformation H01R0005100000 an auxiliary part being used to maintain the deformation or to complete the connection, e.g. crimping sleeve H01R0005120000 End caps, i.e. caps of insulating or conductive material for covering or maintaining twisted connections between wires entering the cap from the same end H01R0007000000 Disconnectible electrically-conductive connections between two or more wires, cables, or busbars, in which the connection is supported solely by the wires, cables, or bus-bars, other than two part coupling devices (connections via separately-supported terminal H01R0009000000;end-pieces H01R0011000000; flexible or turnable line connectors H01R0035000000) H01R0007020000 Details H01R0007040000 Connections ensured by needle point or analogous contact penetrating insulation or cable strands H01R0007060000 Connections ensured by clamping cam, wedge, or cone H01R0007080000 Connections ensured by clamping screw, nut or both (combined with cam, wedge, or cone H01R0007060000);; H01R0007100000 wire or wires located in slot or hole in screw H01R0007120000 wire or wires located under tip of screw H01R0007140000 with intermediate part between wire and tip of screw H01R0007160000 wire or wires located directly under head or screw or nut H01R0007180000 wire or wires clamped between clamping members with tightening screws H01R0007200000 pivotable clamping member H01R0007220000 wire or wires clamped on one side of screw only H01R0007240000 wire or wires clamped on both sides of screw H01R0007260000 wire or wires located between two screws placed side by side H01R0007280000 Connections ensured by spring, clip, or other resilient member (combined with cam, wedge, or cone H01R0007060000;combined with clamping screw or nut H01R0007080000) H01R0007300000 Connections ensured by screwing one conductor into the other H01R0007320000 Connections ensured by bayonet or keyhole type contacts H01R0009000000 Terminals or binding posts mounted upon a base; Terminal strips; Terminal blocks (two-part coupling devices H01R0015000000-H01R0029000000, H01R0033000000;flexible or turnable line connectors H01R0035000000) H01R0009020000 Details H01R0009040000 Electrical connecting parts H01R0009060000 for soldered or welded connections H01R0009080000 for penetrating insulation or cable strands by needle point or analogous contact H01R0009100000 for clamping screw connections H01R0009120000 for connection by spring pressure H01R0009140000 for connection by twisting, wrapping, bending, or other permanent deformation H01R0009160000 Fastening of connecting parts to base; Insulating connecting parts from base (lead-through insulators H01B0017260000);; H01R0009180000 Fastening by means of screw or nut H01R0009200000 Fastening by means of rivet or eyelet H01R0009220000 Bases, e.g. strip, block H01R0011000000 End pieces for wires or cables, supported by the wire or cable and for facilitating electrical connection to some other wire, terminal, or conductive member (two-part coupling devices H01R0015000000-H01R0029000000, H01R0033000000;flexible or turnable line connectors H01R0035000000) H01R0011020000 Details H01R0011040000 Connections to wire or cable H01R0011060000 ensured by soldering or welding H01R0011080000 ensured by twisting, wrapping, bending, or other permanent deformation, e.g. crimping H01R0011100000 ensured by a clamping screw or nut H01R0011120000 End pieces terminating in an eye, hook, or fork H01R0011140000 the hock being adapted for hanging on overhead or other suspended lines H01R0011160000 End pieces terminating in a soldering tip or socket H01R0011180000 End pieces terminating in a probe H01R0011200000 End pieces terminating in a needle point or analogous contact for penetrating insulation or cable strands H01R0011220000 End pieces terminating in a spring clip H01R0011240000 with separated gripping jaws, e.g. crocodile clip H01R0011260000 End pieces terminating in a screw clamp H01R0011280000 End pieces consisting of a ferrule or sleeve H01R0011300000 End pieces held in contact by a magnet H01R0011320000 End pieces with two or more terminations H01R0013000000 Details of coupling devices of the kinds covered by groups ; H01R0015000000-H01R0033000000 H01R0013020000 Contact members H01R0013040000 Pins or blades for co-operation with sockets H01R0013060000 Resilient pins or blades; Rigid pins or blades carrying separate resilient parts H01R0013080000 Resiliently-mounted rigid pins or blades H01R0013100000 Sockets for co-operation with pins or blades H01R0013120000 Resilient sockets; Rigid sockets with separate resilient linings H01R0013140000 Resiliently-mounted rigid sockets H01R0013160000 Pins, blades or sockets having separate non-current-carrying spring member for producing or increasing contact pressure H01R0013180000 with the spring member surrounding the socket H01R0013200000 Pins, blades, or sockets shaped, or provided with separate member, to retain co-operating parts together H01R0013220000 Contacts for co-operating by abutting H01R0013240000 resilient; resiliently mounted H01R0013260000 Pin or blade contacts for sliding co-operation on one side only H01R0013280000 Contacts for sliding co-operation with identically-shaped contact H01R0013300000 for screw-in connection H01R0013320000 for bayonet connection H01R0013340000 Protective earth or shield contacts H01R0013360000 Connections of wire or cable to contact members H01R0013380000 Penetrating connections, e.g. by needle H01R0013400000 Securing contact members in or to a base or case, e.g. by moulding; Insulating of contact members H01R0013420000 Securing in a demountable manner H01R0013440000 Means for preventing access to live contacts H01R0013460000 Bases; Cases H01R0013480000 resilient H01R0013500000 formed as a single non-separable body H01R0013520000 Dustproof, splashproof, drip-proof, waterproof, or flameproof cases H01R0013540000 Additional means for holding or locking coupling parts together after engagement H01R0013560000 Means for preventing chafing or fracture of flexible leads at outlet from coupling part H01R0013580000 Means for relieving strain on wire connection, e.g. cord grip H01R0013600000 Means for supporting coupling part when not engaged H01R0013620000 Means for facilitating engagement or disengagement of coupling parts H01R0013640000 Means for preventing incorrect coupling H01R0013660000 Structural association with built-in electrical component H01R0013680000 with built-in fuse H01R0013700000 with built-in switch H01R0013720000 Means for accommodating flexible lead within the holder H01R0015000000 Two-part coupling devices having a single pole, with or without additional protective earth connection (holders or counterparts therefor H01R0033020000);; H01R0015020000 having axially-sliding contacts H01R0015040000 wherein each coupling part is secured only to a wire or cable; Separate parts thereof H01R0015060000 with additional earth or shield contacts H01R0015080000 Pin-carrying coupling parts, e.g. banana plug H01R0015100000 Socket-carrying coupling parts H01R0015120000 wherein one coupling part is secured only to a wire or cable and the other part is secured to apparatus or structure (separate coupling parts without reference to the manner of support of counterpart H01R0015040000, H01R0015180000);; H01R0015140000 with additional earth or shield contacts H01R0015160000 with built-in electrical component H01R0015180000 wherein each coupling part is secured to apparatus or structure; Separate parts thereof H01R0015200000 having abutting contacts H01R0015220000 wherein each coupling part is secured only to a wire or cable; Separate parts thereof H01R0015240000 with additional earth or shield contacts H01R0015260000 wherein one coupling part is secured only to a wire or cable and the other part is secured to apparatus or structure (separate coupling parts without reference to the manner of support of counterpart H01R0015220000, H01R0015300000);; H01R0015280000 with additional earth or shield contacts H01R0015300000 wherein each coupling part is secured to apparatus or structure; Separate parts thereof H01R0017000000 Two-part coupling devices having two poles, with or without additional protective earth connection; Separate parts thereof (H01R0019000000 takes precedence;holders or counterparts therefor H01R0033000000) H01R0017020000 having only abutting contacts (H01R0017040000 takes precedence);; H01R0017040000 having concentrically or coaxially-arranged contacts of different diameters H01R0017060000 both contacts sliding H01R0017080000 with additional earth or shield contacts H01R0017100000 with built-in electrical component H01R0017120000 specially adapted for high frequency H01R0017140000 both contacts abutting H01R0017160000 with additional earth or shield contacts H01R0017180000 having the contacts of each coupling part arranged in line parallel with the direction of coupling-engaging motion, e.g. telephone-jack type H01R0017200000 requiring a single relative screw motion to complete the coupling H01R0017220000 requiring successive relative motions to complete the coupling H01R0019000000 Two-part coupling devices having two poles, with or without additional protective earth connection, and with two current-carrying pins, blades, or analogous contacts, having their axes parallel to each other and slidingly co-operating with separate sockets, clips, or analogous counter-contacts; Separate parts thereof (holders or counterparts therefor H01R0033060000);; H01R0019020000 having pins, blades, or analogous contacts which can only engage the counter-contacts by a single relative rectilinear motion parallel to the axes of the pins, blades, or analogous contacts H01R0019040000 Coupling parts carrying two pins, blades, or analogous contacts and secured only to wire or cable H01R0019060000 with additional earth or shield contact H01R0019080000 the additional contact being formed as pin or socket contact H01R0019100000 with built-in electrical component, e.g. transformer H01R0019120000 with built-in fuse H01R0019140000 with built-in switch H01R0019160000 Coupling parts carrying two pins, blades, or analogous contacts and secured to apparatus or structure, e.g. wall H01R0019180000 with additional earth or shield contact H01R0019200000 the additional contact formed as pin or socket contact H01R0019220000 with built-in electrical component, e.g. transformer H01R0019240000 with built-in fuse H01R0019260000 with built-in switch H01R0019280000 Coupling parts carrying two sockets, clips, or analogous counter-contacts and secured only to wire or cable H01R0019300000 with additional earth or shield contact H01R0019320000 the additional contact formed as pin or socket contact H01R0019340000 with built-in electrical component, e.g. transformer H01R0019360000 with built-in fuse H01R0019380000 with built-in switch H01R0019400000 Coupling parts carrying two sockets, clips, or analogous counter-contacts and secured to apparatus or structure, e.g. wall H01R0019420000 with additional earth or shield contact H01R0019440000 the additional contact formed as pin or socket contact H01R0019460000 with built-in electrical component, e.g. transformer H01R0019480000 with built-in fuse H01R0019500000 with built-in switch (having interlock with coupling device H01R0019540000);; H01R0019520000 interlocking with switch H01R0019540000 with built-in switch H01R0019560000 Coupling parts carrying one pin, blade, or analogous contact and one socket, clip, or analogous counter-contact H01R0019580000 Combinations of the two co-operating coupling parts H01R0019600000 Dustproof, splashproof, drip-proof, waterproof, or flameproof coupling devices H01R0019620000 with additional means for locking the coupling parts together H01R0019640000 with means for preventing incorrect coupling H01R0019660000 specially adapted for high-frequency operation H01R0019680000 having pins, blades, or analogous contacts which can engage the counter-contacts by relative motion perpendicular to the axes of the pins, blades, or analogous contacts H01R0019700000 Dustproof, splashproof, drip-proof, waterproof, or flameproof coupling devices H01R0019720000 with additional means for locking the coupling parts together H01R0019740000 with means for preventing incorrect coupling H01R0019760000 specially adapted for high-frequency operation H01R0019780000 with built-in electrical component H01R0021000000 Two-part coupling devices having three poles, with or without additional protective earth connection, e.g. for three-phase circuits; Separate parts thereof (holders or counterpart therefor H01R0033720000);; H01R0021020000 having three parallelly-arranged pins for axially-sliding engagement with three parallelly-arranged sockets H01R0021040000 Coupling parts carrying three pins H01R0021060000 with additional earth or shield contact H01R0021080000 Coupling parts carrying three sockets H01R0021100000 with additional earth or shield contact H01R0021120000 Coupling parts carrying one pin and two sockets or two pins and one socket H01R0021140000 with additional earth or shield contact H01R0021160000 with means, other than arrangement or shape of pins or sockets, to prevent incorrect coupling H01R0021180000 having only abutting contacts H01R0021200000 having concentric contacts on one coupling part for sliding engagement with concentric contacts on the other part H01R0021220000 having the contacts of each coupling part arranged in line parallel with the direction of coupling-engaging motion, e.g. telephone-jack type H01R0021240000 requiring a single relative screw motion to complete the coupling H01R0021260000 requiring successive relative motions in different directions to complete the coupling H01R0021280000 with means for ensuring engagement of coupling parts in correct coupling position H01R0023000000 Two-part coupling devices having four or more poles, with or without additional protective earth connection; Separate parts thereof (holders or counterparts therefor H01R0033740000);; H01R0023020000 having parallelly-arranged contacts for sliding engagement with their counter-contacts H01R0023040000 wherein each coupling part is secured to wire or cable H01R0023060000 with additional earth or shield contacts H01R0023080000 with built-in electrical component, e.g. fuse H01R0023100000 wherein one coupling part is secured to wire or cable and the other part is secured to apparatus or structure H01R0023120000 with additional earth or shield contacts H01R0023140000 with built-in electrical component, e.g. fuse H01R0023160000 wherein each coupling part is secured to apparatus or structure H01R0023180000 having only abutting contacts H01R0023200000 wherein each coupling part is secured to wire or cable H01R0023220000 wherein one coupling part is secured to wire or cable and the other part is secured to apparatus or structure H01R0023240000 wherein each coupling part is secured to apparatus or structure H01R0023260000 having concentrically or coaxially arranged contacts H01R0023280000 wherein each coupling part is secured to wire or cable H01R0023300000 with additional earth or shield contacts H01R0023320000 with built-in electrical component, e.g. fuse H01R0023340000 specially adapted for high-frequency operation H01R0023360000 wherein one coupling part is secured to wire or cable and the other part is secured to apparatus or structure H01R0023380000 with additional earth or shield contacts H01R0023400000 with built-in electrical component, e.g. fuse H01R0023420000 specially adapted for high-frequency operation H01R0023440000 wherein each coupling part is secured to apparatus or structure H01R0023460000 requiring a screw motion to complete the coupling; requiring successive motions in different directions to complete the coupling H01R0023480000 wherein each coupling part is secured to wire or cable H01R0023500000 wherein one coupling part is secured to wire or cable and the other part is secured to apparatus or structure H01R0023520000 Dustproof, splashproof, drip-proof, waterproof, or flameproof coupling devices H01R0023540000 with additional means for locking coupling parts together H01R0023560000 by spring clip or other resilient member, e.g. for coupling cables between vehicles H01R0023580000 by threaded members H01R0023600000 by bayonet engagement H01R0023620000 by catch member H01R0023640000 with means for preventing incorrect coupling H01R0025000000 Coupling parts adapted for simultaneous co-operation with two or more identical counterparts, e.g. for distributing energy to two or more circuits (supported only by co-operation with a counterpart H01R0031000000;holders or counterparts therefor H01R0033880000) H01R0025020000 having parallelly-arranged and axially-sliding contacts H01R0025040000 the coupling part being secured only to wires or cables H01R0025060000 the coupling part being secured to apparatus or structure, e.g. wall H01R0025080000 with built-in electrical component, e.g. fuse H01R0025100000 requiring a single relative screw motion to complete the coupling H01R0025120000 requiring successive relative motions in different directions to complete the coupling H01R0027000000 Coupling parts adapted for co-operation with two or more dissimilar counterparts (supported only by co-operation with a counterpart H01R0031000000;holders or counterparts therefor H01R0033900000) H01R0027020000 for simultaneous co-operation with two or more counterparts H01R0029000000 Coupling parts for selective co-operation with a counterpart in different ways to establish different circuits, e.g. for voltage selection, for series-parallel selection H01R0031000000 Coupling parts supported only by co-operation with counterpart H01R0031020000 Intermediate parts for distributing energy to two or more circuits in parallel, e.g. splitter (for linking coupling parts that cannot co-operate H01R0031060000;holders or counterparts therefor H01R0033920000) H01R0031040000 with built-in electrical component, e.g. fuse H01R0031060000 Intermediate parts for linking coupling parts that cannot co-operate, e.g. adapter (holders or counterparts therefor H01R0033940000);; H01R0031080000 Short-circuiting members for bridging contacts in a counterpart (insulating members for separating contacts in a counterpart H01H0027040000);; H01R0033000000 Coupling devices in which a holder is adapted for supporting apparatus to which its counterpart is attached; Separate parts thereof (structural association of counterpart with specific apparatus, see the relevant sub-class for the apparatus);; H01R0033020000 Single-pole devices, e.g. holder for supporting one end of a tubular incandescent or neon lamp H01R0033040000 Two-pole devices in which two current-carrying pins, blades, or analogous contacts, having their axes parallel to each other, slidingly co-operate with separate sockets, clips, or analogous counter-contacts H01R0033060000 Holders having pins, blades, or analogous contacts which can only engage the counter-contacts by a single relative rectilinear motion parallel to the axes of the pins, blades, or analogous contacts H01R0033080000 for supporting one end of elongated apparatus, e.g. tubular fluorescent lamp H01R0033100000 with separate means to prevent loosening of the coupling or unauthorised removal of apparatus held H01R0033120000 with resilient means for protecting apparatus held against vibration or shock H01R0033140000 Holders having pins, blades, or analogous contacts which can engage the counter-contacts by relative motion perpendicular to the axes of the pins, blades, or analogous contacts H01R0033160000 Counterparts attached to apparatus to be held H01R0033180000 Two-pole devices having only abutting contacts H01R0033200000 Two-pole devices having concentrically or coaxially arranged contacts H01R0033220000 Two-pole devices requiring a single relative screw motion to complete the coupling H01R0033240000 Holders with built-in electrical component H01R0033260000 with fuse; with thermal switch H01R0033280000 with switch engaged manually independently of engagement or disengagement of coupling H01R0033300000 with switch operated by engagement or disengagement of coupling H01R0033320000 with switch unlocked but not operated by engagement or disengagement of coupling H01R0033340000 Dustproof, splashproof, drip-proof, waterproof, or flameproof holders (H01R0033360000 takes precedence);; H01R0033360000 Holders wherein neither pole becomes electrically connected until the coupling parts are substantially engaged H01R0033380000 Holders with separate means to prevent loosening of the coupling or unauthorised removal of apparatus held H01R0033400000 Holders with resilient means for protecting apparatus held against vibration or shock H01R0033420000 Counterparts attached to apparatus to be held H01R0033440000 Two-pole devices requiring successive relative motions to complete the coupling H01R0033460000 wherein the first motion is linear and the second is rotary about an axis parallel to the first, e.g. bayonet motion H01R0033480000 Holders with built-in electrical component H01R0033500000 with fuse; with thermal switch H01R0033520000 with switch operated manually independently of engagement or disengagement of coupling H01R0033540000 with switch operated by engagement or disengagement of coupling H01R0033560000 with switch unlocked but not operated by engagement or disengagement of coupling H01R0033580000 Dustproof, splashproof, drip-proof, waterproof, or flameproof holders H01R0033600000 Holders wherein neither pole becomes electrically connected until the coupling parts are substantially engaged H01R0033620000 Holders with separate means to prevent loosening of the coupling or unauthorised removal of apparatus held H01R0033640000 Holders with resilient means for protecting apparatus held against vibration or shock H01R0033660000 wherein the first motion is linear and the second is rotary about an axis perpendicular to the first H01R0033680000 Holders wherein neither pole becomes electrically connected during the first motion H01R0033700000 Counterparts attached to apparatus to be held H01R0033720000 Three-pole devices H01R0033740000 Devices having four or more poles H01R0033760000 Holders with sockets, clips or analogous contacts, adapted for axially-sliding engagement with parallely-arranged pins, blades, or analogous contacts on counterpart H01R0033780000 Holders with contacts adapted for abutting against their counter-contacts H01R0033800000 Holders with built-in electrical component, e.g. resistor H01R0033820000 Holders with additional means for holding or locking counterpart to holder H01R0033840000 Holders with resilient means for protecting apparatus held against vibration or shock H01R0033860000 Counterparts attached to apparatus to be held H01R0033880000 adapted for simultaneous co-operation with two or more identical counterparts H01R0033900000 adapted for co-operation with two or more dissimilar counterparts H01R0033920000 Holders formed as intermediate parts for distributing energy in parallel through two or more counterparts at least one of which is attached to apparatus to be held H01R0033940000 Holders formed as intermediate parts for linking a counterpart to a coupling part with which the counterpart cannot co-operate H01R0035000000 Flexible or turnable line connectors H01R0039000000 Rotary current collectors, distributors, or interrupters (cam-operated switches H01H0019000000;structural association with dynamo-electric machine H02K) H01R0039020000 Details H01R0039040000 Commutators (wherein the segments are formed by extensions of dynamo-electric machine winding H02K);; H01R0039060000 other than with external cylindrical contact surface H01R0039080000 Slip-rings H01R0039100000 other than with external cylindrical contact surface H01R0039120000 using bearing or shaft surface as contact surface H01R0039140000 Fastenings of commutators or slip-rings to shafts H01R0039160000 by means of moulded or cast material applied during or after assembly H01R0039180000 Contacts for co-operation with commutator or slip-ring, e.g. contact brush H01R0039200000 characterised by the material thereof H01R0039220000 incorporating lubricating or polishing ingredient H01R0039240000 Laminated contacts; Wire contacts, e.g. metallic brush H01R0039260000 Solid sliding contacts, e.g. carbon brush H01R0039270000 End caps on carbon brushes to transmit spring pressure H01R0039280000 Roller contacts; Ball contacts H01R0039300000 Liquid contacts H01R0039320000 Connections of conductor to commutator segment H01R0039340000 Connections of conductor to slip-ring H01R0039360000 Connections of cable or wire to brush H01R0039380000 Brush holders H01R0039390000 wherein the brush is fixedly mounted in the holder H01R0039400000 enabling brush movement within holder during current collection H01R0039410000 Cartridge type H01R0039420000 Devices for lifting brushes H01R0039430000 Devices for applying pressure to brushes, e.g. using volute springs H01R0039440000 Devices for shifting brushes H01R0039460000 Auxiliary means for improving current transfer, or for reducing or preventing sparking or arcing H01R0039480000 by air blast; by surrounding collector with non-conducting liquid or gas H01R0039500000 Barriers placed between brushes H01R0039520000 by use of magnets H01R0039540000 by use of impedance between brushes or segments H01R0039560000 Devices for lubricating or polishing slip-rings or commutators during operation of the collector H01R0039580000 Means structurally associated with the current collector for indicating condition thereof, e.g. for indicating brush wear H01R0039600000 Devices for interrupted current collection, e.g. commutating device, distributor, interrupter (self-interrupters H01H, e.g. H01H0051340000);; H01R0039620000 with more than one brush co-operating with the same set of segments H01R0039640000 Devices for uninterrupted current collection H01R0041000000 Non-rotary current collectors, e.g. for current pick-up from rail or bus-bar (for railways B60L0005000000);; H01R0041020000 Devices for interrupted current collection, e.g. distributor (electrically-operated selector switches H01H0067000000);; H01R0043000000 Apparatus or processes specially adapted for manufacturing, assembling, maintaining, or repairing of line connectors or current collectors or for joining electric conductors (of trolley lines B60M0001280000;joining cables H02G0001140000) H01R0043020000 for soldered or welded connections (soldering or welding in general B23K);; H01R0043040000 for forming connections by deformation, e.g. crimping tool H01R0043060000 Manufacture of commutators H01R0043080000 in which segments are not separated until after assembly H01R0043100000 Manufacture of slip-rings H01R0043120000 Manufacture of brushes H01R0043140000 Maintenance of current collectors, e.g. reshaping of brushes, cleaning of commutators H01S DEVICES USING STIMULATED EMISSION H01S0001000000 Masers, i.e. devices for generation, amplification, modulation, demodulation, or frequency-changing, using stimulated emission, of electromagnetic waves of wavelength longer than that of infra-red waves H01S0001020000 solid H01S0001040000 liquid H01S0001060000 gaseous H01S0003000000 Lasers, i.e. devices for generation, amplification, modulation, demodulation, or frequency-changing, using stimulated emission, of infra-red, visible, or ultra-violet waves H01S0003020000 Constructional details H01S0003040000 Cooling arrangements H01S0003050000 Construction or shape of optical resonators; Accommodation of active medium therein; Shape of active medium H01S0003060000 Shape of active medium (making crystals B01J0017000000);; H01S0003080000 Construction or shape of optical resonator H01S0003090000 Processes or apparatus for excitation, e.g. pumping H01S0003100000 Frequency-changing, gating, modulating, or demodulating arrangements H01S0003110000 in which the quality factor of the optical resonator is rapidly changed, i.e. giant-pulse technique H01S0003120000 Circuit arrangements not adapted to a particular application H01S0003140000 characterised by the material used as the active medium H01S0003160000 solid H01S0003180000 semi-conducting material H01S0003200000 liquids H01S0003220000 gaseous H01S0004000000 Devices using stimulated emission of wave energy other than those covered by groups ; H01S0001000000 and H01S0003000000, e.g. phonon maser, gamma maser H01T SPARK GAPS; OTHER NON-ENCLOSED DISCHARGE APPARATUS (working metal by arc discharge B23, particularly B23P0001000000;arc lamps H05B0031000000) H01T0001000000 Details of spark gaps H01T0001020000 Means for extinguishing arc H01T0001040000 using magnetic blow-out H01T0001060000 with permanent magnet H01T0001080000 using flow of arc-extinguishing fluid H01T0001100000 with extinguishing fluid evolved from solid material by heat of arc H01T0001120000 Means structurally associated with spark gap for recording operation thereof H01T0001140000 Means structurally associated with spark gap for protecting it against overload or for disconnecting it in case of failure (H01T0001160000, H01T0001180000 take precedence);; H01T0001160000 Series resistor structurally associated with spark gap H01T0001180000 Electrolytic device structurally associated with spark gap H01T0003000000 Spark gaps having a single gap or having a plurality of gaps in parallel, e.g. spark gap arrester (sparking plugs H01T0013000000);; H01T0005000000 Spark gaps having a plurality of gaps arranged in series, e.g. spark gap arrester H01T0005020000 Arrangements for reducing height of stacked spark gaps H01T0005040000 Arrangements for improving potential distribution H01T0007000000 Rotary spark gaps, i.e. devices having one or more rotating electrodes H01T0009000000 Spark gaps specially adapted for generating oscillations H01T0011000000 Spark gaps specially adapted as rectifiers H01T0013000000 Sparking plugs H01T0013020000 Details H01T0013040000 Means providing electrical connection to sparking plug (electric connections in general H01R);; H01T0013060000 Covers forming a part of the plug and protecting it against adverse environment H01T0013080000 Mounting, fixing, or sealing of sparking plugs, e.g. in combustion chamber H01T0013100000 by bayonet-type connection H01T0013120000 Means on sparking plugs for facilitating engagement by tool or by hand H01T0013140000 Means for self-cleaning H01T0013160000 Means for dissipating heat H01T0013180000 Means for heating, e.g. for drying H01T0013200000 characterised by features of the electrodes or insulation H01T0013220000 having two or more electrodes embedded in insulation (for two or more sparks H01T0013460000);; H01T0013240000 having movable electrodes (H01T0013280000 takes precedence);; H01T0013260000 for adjusting spark gap otherwise than by bending of electrode H01T0013280000 having spherically shaped electrodes, e.g. ball-shaped H01T0013300000 mounted so as to permit free movement H01T0013320000 characterised by features of the earthed electrode H01T0013340000 characterised by the mounting of electrodes in insulation, e.g. by embedding H01T0013360000 characterised by the joint between insulation and body, e.g. using cement H01T0013380000 Selection of materials for insulation (in general H01B0003000000);; H01T0013400000 structurally combined with other devices, e.g. for preventing unauthorised use H01T0013420000 with magnetic spark generators H01T0013440000 with transformers, e.g. for high-frequency ignition H01T0013460000 having two or more spark gaps H01T0013480000 having means for rendering sparks visible H01T0013500000 having means for ionisation of gap H01T0013520000 characterised by a discharge along a surface H01T0013540000 having electrodes arranged in a partly-enclosed ignition chamber H01T0013560000 characterised by having component parts which are easily assembled or disassembled H01T0015000000 Circuits specially adapted for spark gaps or other non-enclosed-discharge apparatus H01T0015020000 for sparking plugs H01T0017000000 Arcing horns H01T0019000000 Devices providing for corona discharge H01T0019020000 Corona rings H01T0019040000 having pointed electrodes, e.g. for treating plastics H01T0021000000 Apparatus or processes specially adapted for the manufacture or maintenance of spark gaps H01T0021020000 of sparking plugs H01T0021040000 Cleaning of sparking plugs H01V ELECTRIC DEVICES EXHIBITING SPECIFIC PHYSICAL EFFECTS (exhibiting semiconductivity H01L;making crystals B01J0017000000) H01V0001000000 Thermo-electric devices comprising a junction of dissimilar materials, i.e. exhibiting Seebeck or Peltier effect with or without other thermo-electric effects or thermo-magnetic effects; Assemblies thereof (thermometers in general G01K;refrigerating machines using electric or magnetic effects F25B0021000000) H01V0001020000 Details H01V0001040000 Structural details of the junction; Connections of leds (in general H01R);; H01V0001060000 detachable, e.g. using spring H01V0001080000 non-detachable, e.g. cemented, sintered H01V0001100000 Connections of leads H01V0001120000 to semiconductor devices (connections to semiconductor material in general H01L);; H01V0001140000 characterised by the selection of the material of the legs of the junction H01V0001160000 using inorganic compositions, e.g. boride, nitride H01V0001180000 comprising tellurium or selenium or sulphur H01V0001200000 comprising arsenic or antimony or bismuth (H01V0001180000 takes precedence);; H01V0001220000 comprising metals only (H01V0001180000, H01V0001200000 take precedence);; H01V0001240000 using organic compositions H01V0001260000 using compositions changing continuously or discontinuously inside the thermo-electric material H01V0001280000 operating only with Peltier effect; operating only with Seebeck effect H01V0001300000 characterised by the heat-exchanging means at the junction H01V0001320000 characterised by the structure or configuration of the cell or thermocouple forming the device H01V0003000000 Thermo-electric devices without junction of dissimilar materials; Thermo-magnetic devices; Selection of materials therefor H01V0003020000 using thermal change of dielectric constant H01V0003040000 using thermal change of magnetic permeability, e.g. working above and below Curie point H01V0005000000 Devices exhibiting galvano-magnetic effects, e.g. Hall effect; Selection of materials therfor H01V0007000000 Piezo-electric devices; Electrostrictive devices; Selection of materials therefor (electromechanical resonators or transducers H03K, H04R);; H01V0007020000 Selection of materials H01V0009000000 Magnetostrictive devices; Selection of materials therefor (electromechanical resonators or transducers H03K, H04R);; H01V0009020000 Selection of materials H01V0011000000 Devices exhibiting superconductivity; Selection of materials therefor (coils for producing high magnetic flux H01F0007220000);; H01V0011020000 Details H01V0011040000 Casings; Mountings H01V0011060000 characterised by the current path H01V0011080000 characterised by the shape of the element H01V0011100000 characterised by the means for switching H01V0011120000 characterised by th selection of material H01V0011140000 Permanent superconductor devices H01V0011160000 Devices switchable between superconductive and normal states, e.g. cryotron H02 GENERATION, CONVERSION, OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER H02B SWITCHBOARDS, SWITCHYARDS, OR SWITCHGEAR, FOR THE DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER (electro-technical elements or the individual mounting thereof, see the sub-classes for such elements, e.g. transformers H01F, switches, fuses H01H, line connectors H01R;interlocking between switches or between switches and gates, doors, shutters, or like movable parts of switchboards, switchyards, or switchgear H01H; installation of lines, cables, or other conductors for distribution H02G) H02B0001000000 Details of switchboards, switchyards, or switchgear H02B0001020000 Boards; Panels; Desks; Racks; Frameworks H02B0001040000 Mounting thereon of switches or of other devices in general, the switch or device having, or being without, casing H02B0001060000 having associated enclosures, e.g. for preventing access to live parts (shutters or guards for contacts H02B0001140000);; H02B0001080000 Casings; Boxes (casings adapted for a single switch H01H;enclosures for cables, lines or bus-bars H02G; distribution boxes, connection or junction boxes H02G0003080000; casings in general H05K0005000000) H02B0001100000 Mounting of devices therein H02B0001120000 Dustproof, splashproof, drip-proof, waterproof, or flameproof casings H02B0001140000 Shutters or guards for preventing access to contacts (shielding of isolating-contacts in withdrawable switchgear H02B0011040000);; H02B0001160000 Earthing arrangements (earth plates, pins, or other contacts H01R0003060000);; H02B0001180000 Disposition or arrangement of transformers supplying instruments or protecting devices; Disposition or arrangement of fuses H02B0001200000 Bus-bar or other wiring layouts, e.g. in cubicles, in switchyards (installations of bus-bars H02G0005000000);; H02B0001220000 Layouts for duplicate bus-bar selection H02B0001240000 Circuit arrangements for switchboards or switchyards (devices for displaying diagrams H02B0015000000;service supply H02J0011000000) H02B0003000000 Apparatus specially adapted for the manufacture, assembly, or maintenance of switchboards or switchgear H02B0005000000 Outdoor arrangements (enclosed arrangements H02B0013000000);; H02B0005020000 mounted on pole, e.g. pole transformer substation H02B0005040000 Transformer substations (mounted on pole H02B0005020000);; H02B0007000000 Indoor arrangements (switchgear withdrawable for isolation H02B0011000000;enclosed arrangements H02B0013000000) H02B0007020000 mounted on open framework H02B0007040000 mounted on vertical panel (for domestic or analogous use H02B0009000000);; H02B0007060000 Transformer substations H02B0007080000 Underground substations H02B0009000000 Arrangements on boards or panels for domestic or analogous use, e.g. with distribution fuses, with energy meters H02B0011000000 Switchgear having carriage withdrawable for isolation H02B0011020000 Details H02B0011040000 Isolating-contacts, e.g. mounting, shielding (line connectors in general H01R);; H02B0011060000 Means for duplicate bus-bar selection (layouts for duplicate bus-bar selection H02B0001220000);; H02B0011080000 Oil-tank lowering means associated with withdrawal mechanism H02B0011100000 Indicating electrical condition of gear; Arrangement of test sockets H02B0011120000 with isolation by horizontal withdrawal H02B0011140000 having an enclosure H02B0011160000 wherein front of enclosure moves with carriage H02B0011180000 with isolation by vertical withdrawal H02B0011200000 having an enclosure H02B0011220000 wherein front of enclosure moves with carriage upon horizontal withdrawal subsequent to isolation H02B0013000000 Arrangements of switchgear in which switches are enclosed in, or structurally associated with, a casing or cubicle (switchgear withdrawable for isolation H02B0011000000);; H02B0013020000 with metal enclosure H02B0013040000 with separately-enclosed devices mounted adjacent to one another H02B0013060000 the devices being interconnected by enclosed bus-bars H02B0013080000 with stone, brick, or concrete enclosure H02B0015000000 Supervisory desks or panels for centralised control or display (desks in general A47B);; H02B0015020000 with mimic diagrams H02B0015040000 consisting of building blocks H02G INSTALLATION OF ELECTRIC CABLES OR LINES (distribution points incorporating switches H02B;cable ducts or mountings for telephone or telegraph exchange installations H04Q0001060000) H02G0001000000 Methodes or apparatus specially adapted for installing, maintaining, repairing, or dismantling electric cables or lines H02G0001020000 for overhead lines or cables H02G0001040000 for mounting or stretching (wire stretchers in general B25B0025000000);; H02G0001060000 for laying cables, e.g. laying apparatus on vehicle (combined with trench digging or re-filling machines or dredgers E02F0005000000);; H02G0001080000 through tubing or conduit, e.g. rod or draw wire for pushing or pulling H02G0001100000 in or under water H02G0001120000 for removing insulation or armouring from cables, e.g. from the end thereof (pliers, cutters in general B25B, B26B);; H02G0001140000 for joining or terminating cables (joining electric conductors H01R0043000000);; H02G0001160000 for repairing insulation or armouring of cables H02G0001180000 for winding cables or lines, e.g. cable drum, reel (take-up reels for extensible cables H02G0011020000);; H02G0003000000 Installations of electric cables or lines in or on buildings, equivalent structures or vehicles (installations of bus-bars H02G0005000000;overhead installations H02G0007000000; installations in or on the ground H02G0009000000; wiring of electric apparatus in general H05K) H02G0003020000 Details H02G0003040000 Protective tubings or conduits (pipes or tubings in general F16L);; H02G0003060000 Joints for connecting lengths of protective tubing to each other or to casings, e.g. to distribution box; Ensuring electrical continuity in the joint H02G0003080000 Distribution boxes; Connection or junction boxes (cable terminations H02G0015020000;containing switch devices H02B) H02G0003100000 for surface mounting on a wall H02G0003120000 for flush mounting H02G0003140000 Fastening of cover or lid to box H02G0003160000 structurally associated with support for line-connecting terminals within the box (terminals H01R0009000000);; H02G0003180000 providing line outlets H02G0003200000 Ceiling roses H02G0003220000 Arrangements for leading cables or lines through walls, floors, or ceilings, e.g. into buildings (tubing through walls in general F16L0005000000;lead-in or lead-through insulators H01B0017260000; insulating tubes or sleeves H01B0017580000) H02G0003240000 Installations of lines or cables on walls, ceilings or floors by means of insulators (insulators H01B0017000000);; H02G0003260000 Installations of cables, lines, or separate protective tubing therefor directly on or in walls, ceilings, or floors, e.g. by cleats, by clips (by means of insulators H02G0003240000;supports or holders for cables or protective tubing F16L) H02G0003280000 Installations of cables, lines, or separate protective tubing therefor in conduits or ducts pre-established in walls, ceilings, or floors H02G0005000000 Installations of bus-bars H02G0005020000 Open installations H02G0005040000 Partially-enclosed installations, e.g. in ducts and adapted for sliding or rolling current collection (non-rotary current collectors H01R0041000000);; H02G0005060000 Totally-enclosed installations, e.g. in metal casings H02G0005080000 Connection boxes therefor H02G0007000000 Overhead installations of electric lines or cables (installations of bus-bars H02G0005000000;trolley wires or contact lines for electric railways B60M; protection against abnormal electric conditions H01H; hook contacts for temporary connections to overhead lines H01R0011140000) H02G0007020000 Devices for adjusting or maintaining mechanical tension, e.g. take-up device H02G0007040000 Devices for relieving mechanical tension from electric connections H02G0007060000 Suspensions for lines or cables along a separate supporting wire, e.g. S-hook H02G0007080000 Members clamped to the supporting wire or to the line or cable H02G0007100000 Flexible members or lashings wrapped around both the supporting wire and the line or cable H02G0007120000 Devices for maintaining distance between parallel conductors, e.g. spacer H02G0007140000 Arrangements or devices for damping mechanical oscillations of lines, e.g. for reducing production of sound H02G0007160000 Devices for removing snow or ice from lines or cables (from insulators H01B0017520000);; H02G0007180000 Devices affording mechanical protection in the event of breakage of a line or cable, e.g. net for catching broken lines H02G0007200000 Spatial arrangements or dispositions of lines or cables on poles, posts, or towers (construction of poles, posts, or towers E04;H;15/22);; H02G0007220000 Arrangements of earthing wires suspended between mastheads H02G0009000000 Installations of electric cables or lines in or on the ground or water (cathodic protection C23F0013000000);; H02G0009020000 laid directly in or on the ground, river-bed or sea-bottom; Coverings therefor, e.g. tile H02G0009040000 in surface ducts; Ducts or covers therefor H02G0009060000 in underground tubes or conduits; Tubes or conduits therefor H02G0009080000 in tunnels H02G0009100000 in cable chambers, e.g. in manhole, in handhole (building aspects of cable chambers Section E, e.g. E04H0005060000);; H02G0009120000 supported on or from floats, e.g. in water (floating cables H01B0007120000);; H02G0011000000 Arrangements of electric cables or lines between relatively-movable parts (current collectors H01R);; H02G0011020000 using take-up reel or drum H02G0011040000 using gravity-loaded or spring-loaded loop H02G0011060000 using extensible carrier for the cable, e.g. self-coiling spring (extensible conductors or cables H01B0007060000);; H02G0013000000 Installations of lightning conductors; Fastening thereof to supporting structure (indicating, counting or recording lightning strokes G01;lightning arresters H01H; earth plates, pins or other contacts H01R0003060000) H02G0015000000 Cable fittings H02G0015020000 Cable terminations (for gas- or oil-filled cables H02G0015220000);; H02G0015040000 Cable-end sealings H02G0015060000 Cable terminating boxes, frames, or other structures (terminal blocks H01R0009000000);; H02G0015080000 Cable junctions (for gas or oil filled cables H02G0015240000;disconnectible junctions, electrical connections H01R) H02G0015100000 protected by boxes, e.g. by distribution, connection or junction boxes (terminal blocks H01R0009000000);; H02G0015120000 for incorporating transformers, loading coils or amplifiers H02G0015140000 specially adapted for submarine cables H02G0015160000 structurally associated with support for line-connecting terminals within the box H02G0015180000 protected by sleeves, e.g. for communication cable (two-part covers H02G0015100000);; H02G0015200000 Cable fittings for cables filled with or surrounded by gas or oil H02G0015220000 Cable terminations H02G0015240000 Cable junctions H02G0015260000 Expansion vessels; Locking heads; Auxiliary pipe-lines H02G0015280000 structurally associated with devices for indicating the presence or location of non-electric faults (combined with electric protective means H02H);; H02H EMERGENCY PROTECTIVE CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS (indicating or signalling undesired working conditions G01R, e.g. G01R0031000000, G08B;locating faults along lines G01R0031080000; emergency protective devices H01H) H02H0001000000 Details of emergency protective circuit arrangements H02H0001020000 Arrangements for suppressing earth-fault currents, e.g. Petersen coil H02H0001040000 Arrangements for preventing response to transient abnormal conditions, e.g. to lightning H02H0003000000 Emergency protective circuit arrangements for automatic disconnection directly responsive to an undesired change from normal electric working condition, with or without subsequent reconnection (specially adapted for specific types of electric machines or apparatus or for sectionalised protection of cable or line systems H02H0007000000;systems for change-over to standby supply H02J0009000000) H02H0003020000 Details H02H0003040000 with warning or supervision in addition to disconnection, e.g. for indicating that protective apparatus has functioned H02H0003060000 with automatic reconnection H02H0003080000 responsive to excess current (responsive to abnormal temperature caused by excess current H02H0005040000);; H02H0003100000 additionally responsive to some other abnormal electrical conditions H02H0003120000 responsive to underload or no-load H02H0003140000 responsive to occurrence of voltage on parts normally at earth potential H02H0003160000 responsive to fault current to earth, frame or mass (with balanced or differential arrangement H02H0003280000);; H02H0003180000 responsive to reversal of direct current H02H0003200000 responsive to excess voltage H02H0003220000 of short duration, e.g. lightning H02H0003240000 responsive to undervoltage or no-voltage H02H0003260000 responsive to difference between voltages or between currents; responsive to phase angle between voltages or between currents H02H0003280000 involving comparison of the voltage or current values at two spaced portions of a single system, e.g. at opposite ends of one line, at input and output of apparatus H02H0003300000 using pilot wires or other signalling channel H02H0003320000 involving comparison of the voltage or current values at corresponding points in different conductors of a single system, e.g. of currents in go and return conductors H02H0003340000 of a three-phase system H02H0003360000 involving comparison of the voltage or current values at corresponding points of different systems, e.g. of parallel feeder systems H02H0003380000 responsive to both voltage and current; responsive to phase angle between voltage and current H02H0003400000 responsive to ratio of voltage and current H02H0003420000 responsive to product of voltage and current H02H0005000000 Emergency protective circuit arrangements for automatic disconnection directly responsive to an undesired change from normal non-electric working conditions with or without subsequent reconnection (specially adapted for specific types of electric machines or apparatus or for sectionalised protection of cable or line systems H02H0007000000);; H02H0005040000 responsive to abnormal temperature H02H0005060000 in oil-filled electric apparatus H02H0005080000 responsive to abnormal fluid pressure, liquid level or liquid displacement H02H0005100000 responsive to mechanical injury, e.g. rupture of line, breakage of earth connection H02H0005120000 responsive to undesired approach to, or touching of, live parts by living beings H02H0007000000 Emergency protective circuit arrangements specially adapted for specific types of electric machines or apparatus or for sectionalised protection of cable or line systems, and effecting automatic switching in the event of an undesired change from normal working conditions (structural association of protective devices with specific machines or apparatus, see the relevant sub-class for the machine or apparatus);; H02H0007040000 for transformers H02H0007060000 for dynamo-electric generators; for synchronous capacitors H02H0007080000 for dynamo-electric motors H02H0007085000 against excessive load H02H0007090000 against over-voltage; against reduction of voltage; against phase interruption H02H0007093000 against increase beyond, or decrease below, a predetermined level of rotational speed (centrifugal switches H01H0035100000);; H02H0007097000 against wrong direction of rotation H02H0007100000 for converters; for rectifiers H02H0007120000 for static converters or rectifiers H02H0007140000 having auxiliary control electrode H02H0007160000 for capacitors (for synchronous capacitors H02H0007060000);; H02H0007180000 for batteries; for accumulators H02H0007200000 for electronic equipment, e.g. for amplifier, for radio transmitter H02H0007220000 for distribution gear, e.g. bus-bar systems; for switching devices H02H0007240000 for spark-gap arresters H02H0007260000 Sectionalised protection of cable or line systems, e.g. for disconnecting a section on which a short-circuit, earth fault, or arc discharge has occurred H02H0007280000 for meshed systems H02H0009000000 Emergency protective circuit arrangements for limiting excess current or voltage without disconnection H02H0009020000 responsive te excess current H02H0009040000 responsive to excess voltage H02H0009060000 using spark-gap arresters H02H0011000000 Emergency protective circuit arrangements for preventing the switching-on in case an undesired electric working condition might result H02J CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS FOR SUPPLYING OR DISTRIBUTING ELECTRIC POWER (interrelated control of several motors, control of a prime-mover generator combination H02P;control of high-frequency power H03B; additional use of power line or power network for transmission of information H04B) H02J0001000000 Circuit arrangements for dc mains or dc distribution networks H02J0001020000 Arrangements for reducing harmonics or ripples (in converters H02M0001000000);; H02J0001040000 Constant-current supply systems H02J0001060000 Two-wire systems H02J0001080000 Three-wire systems; Systems having more than three wires H02J0001100000 Parallel operation of dc sources (involving batteries H02J0007340000);; H02J0001120000 Parallel operation of dc generators with converters, e.g. with mercury-arc rectifier H02J0001140000 Balancing the load in a network (by batteries H02J0007340000);; H02J0001160000 using dynamo-electric machines coupled to flywheels H02J0003000000 Circuit arrangements for ac mains or ac distribution networks H02J0003020000 using a single network for simultaneous distribution of power at different frequencies; using a single network for simultaneous distribution of ac power and of dc power H02J0003040000 for connecting networks of the same frequency but supplied from different sources H02J0003060000 Controlling transfer of power between connected networks; Controlling sharing of load between connected networks H02J0003080000 Synchronising of networks H02J0003100000 Constant-current supply systems H02J0003120000 using compensating devices to adjust voltage in ac networks H02J0003140000 by switching loads on to, or off from, network, e.g. progressively balanced loading H02J0003160000 by adjustment of reactive power H02J0003180000 Arrangements for adjusting, eliminating, or compensating reactive power in networks (for adjustment of voltage H02J0003120000;use of Petersen coils H02H0001020000) H02J0003200000 in long overhead lines H02J0003220000 in cables H02J0003240000 Arrangements for preventing or reducing oscillations of power in networks (by control effected upon a single generator H02P0009000000);; H02J0003260000 Arrangements for eliminating or reducing asymmetry in polyphase networks H02J0003280000 Arrangements for balancing of the load in a network by storage of energy H02J0003300000 using dynamo-electric machines coupled to flywheels H02J0003320000 using batteries with converting means H02J0003340000 Arrangements for transfer of electric power between networks of substantially different frequency (frequency converters H02M);; H02J0003360000 Arrangements for transfer of electric power between ac networks via a high-tension dc link H02J0003380000 Arrangements for parallelly feeding a single network by two or more generators, converters, or transformers H02J0003400000 Synchronising a generator for connection to a network or to another generator H02J0003420000 with automatic parallel connection when synchronism is achieved H02J0003440000 with means for ensuring correct phase sequence H02J0003460000 Controlling the sharing of output between the generators, converters, or transformers H02J0003480000 Controlling the sharing of the in-phase component H02J0003500000 Controlling the sharing of the out-of-phase component H02J0005000000 Circuit arrangements for transfer of electric power between ac networks and dc networks (H02J0003360000 takes precedence);; H02J0007000000 Circuit arrangements for charging or depolarising batteries or for supplying loads from batteries H02J0007020000 for charging batteries from ac mains by converters H02J0007040000 Regulation of the charging current or voltage H02J0007060000 using discharge tubes or semiconductor devices H02J0007080000 using discharge tubes only H02J0007100000 using semiconductor devices only H02J0007120000 using magnetic devices having controllable degree of saturation, i.e. transductors H02J0007140000 for charging batteries from dynamo-electric generators driven at varying speed, e.g. on vehicle H02J0007160000 Regulation of the charging current or voltage by variation of field H02J0007180000 due to variation of ohmic resistance in field circuit, using resistance switching in or out of circuit step by step H02J0007200000 due to variation of continuously-variable ohmic resistor H02J0007220000 due to variation of make-to-break ratio of intermittently-operating contacts, e.g. using Tirrill regulator H02J0007240000 using discharge tubes or semiconductor devices H02J0007260000 using magnetic devices with controllable degree of saturation H02J0007280000 using magnetic devices with controllable degree of saturation in combination with controlled discharge tube or controlled semiconductor device H02J0007300000 using armature-reaction-excited machines H02J0007320000 for charging batteries from a charging set comprising a non-electric prime mover H02J0007340000 Parallel operation in mains networks using both storage and other dc sources, e.g. providing buffering H02J0007360000 Arrangements using end-cell switching H02J0009000000 Circuit arrangements for emergency or standby power supply, e.g. for emergency lighting (with provision for charging standby battery H02J0007000000);; H02J0009020000 in which an auxiliary distribution system and its associated lamps are brought into service H02J0009040000 in which the distribution system is disconnected from the normal source and connected to a standby source H02J0009060000 with automatic change-over H02J0009080000 requiring starting of a prime-mover H02J0011000000 Circuit arrangements for providing service supply to auxiliaries of stations in which electric power is generated, distributed, or converted (emergency or standby arrangements H02J0009000000);; H02J0013000000 Circuit arrangements for providing remote indication of network conditions, e.g. an instantaneous record of the open or closed condition of each circuit-breaker in the network; Circuit arrangements for providing remote control of switching means in a power distribution network, e.g. switching in and out of current consumers by using a pulse code signal carried by the network H02K DYNAMO-ELECTRIC MACHINES (measuring instruments G01;dynamo-electric relays H01H0053000000; magneto-hydrodynamic machines H02N0004000000; microphones, pick-ups, telephone receivers, loud-speakers or other transmitters or receivers of sound or other mechanical waves H04R) H02K0001000000 Details of the magnetic circuit (magnetic circuits or magnets in general, magnetic circuits for transformers for power supply H01F;magnetic circuits for relays H01H45/16); H02K0001020000 characterised by the magnetic material H02K0001040000 characterised by the material used for insulating the magnetic circuit or parts thereof (insulation of windings H02K0003300000);; H02K0001060000 characterised by the shape, form, or construction H02K0001080000 Salient poles H02K0001100000 Commutating poles H02K0001120000 Stationary parts of the magnetic circuit H02K0001140000 Stator cores with salient poles H02K0001160000 Stator cores with slots for windings H02K0001180000 Means for mounting or fastening magnetic stationary part on to, or to, the stator structure H02K0001200000 with channels or ducts for flow of cooling medium H02K0001220000 Rotating parts of magnetic circuit H02K0001240000 Rotor cores with salient poles H02K0001260000 Rotor cores with slots for windings H02K0001280000 Means for mounting or fastening rotating magnetic part on to, or to, the rotor structure H02K0001300000 using intermediate part or parts, e.g. spider H02K0001320000 with channels or ducts for flow of cooling medium H02K0001340000 Reciprocating, oscillating, or vibrating part of magnetic circuit H02K0003000000 Details of windings (coils in general H01F0005000000);; H02K0003020000 Windings characterised by the conductor material (conductors in general H01B0001000000, H01B0005000000);; H02K0003040000 Windings characterised by the conductor shape, form, or construction, e.g. with bar conductor H02K0003060000 Squirrel-cage or other short-circuited windings H02K0003080000 Double or multiple-cage windings H02K0003100000 Deep-bar windings H02K0003110000 Amortisation windings H02K0003120000 arranged in slots H02K0003140000 with transposed conductors, e.g. twisted conductor H02K0003160000 for damping, commutating, or other auxiliary purposes H02K0003180000 Windings for salient poles H02K0003200000 for damping, commutating, or other auxiliary purposes H02K0003220000 consisting of hollow conductors H02K0003240000 with channels or ducts between the conductors for flow of cooling medium H02K0003260000 consisting of printed conductors H02K0003280000 Layouts of windings or of connections between windings H02K0003300000 Windings characterised by the insulating material (insulating bodies in general H01B0003000000, H01B0017000000);; H02K0003320000 Windings characterised by the shape, form, or construction of the insulation H02K0003340000 between conductors H02K0003360000 between conductor and core, e.g. slot insulation H02K0003380000 around winding heads, equalising connectors, or connections thereto H02K0003400000 for high voltage, e.g. affording protection against corona H02K0003420000 Means for preventing or reducing eddy-current losses in the winding heads, e.g. by shielding H02K0003440000 Protection against moisture or chemical attack; Windings specially adapted for operation in liquid or gas H02K0003460000 Fastening of windings on stator or rotor structure H02K0003480000 in slots H02K0003500000 Fastening of winding heads, equalising connectors, or connections thereto H02K0003520000 Fastening salient pole windings or connections thereto H02K0005000000 Casings; Enclosures; Supports (casings for electric apparatus in general H05K0005000000);; H02K0005020000 Casings or enclosures characterised by the material thereof H02K0005040000 Casings or enclosures characterised by the shape, form, or construction thereof H02K0005060000 Cast metal casings H02K0005080000 Insulating casings H02K0005100000 affording protection from ingress, e.g. of water, of fingers H02K0005120000 specially adapted for operating in liquid or gas, e.g. packing of shaft (combined with cooling arrangements H02K0009000000);; H02K0005140000 Means for supporting brushes or brush holders in casings H02K0005160000 Means for supporting bearings, in casings e.g. insulating support H02K0005180000 with ribs or fins for improving heat transfer H02K0005200000 with channels or ducts for flow of cooling medium H02K0005220000 Other additional parts of casings, e.g. shaped to form connection or terminal box H02K0005240000 specially adapted for suppression or reduction of noise or vibration H02K0005260000 Means for adjusting the casing relative to its support H02K0007000000 Arrangements for handling mechanical energy structurally associated with the machine H02K0007020000 Additional mass for increasing inertia, e.g. flywheel H02K0007040000 Balancing means H02K0007060000 Means for converting reciprocating into rotary motion or vice versa H02K0007080000 Structural association with bearings (support in machine casing H02K0005160000);; H02K0007100000 Structural association with clutches, brakes, gears, pulleys, mechanical starters H02K0007102000 with friction brakes H02K0007104000 with eddy-current brakes H02K0007106000 with dynamo-electric brakes H02K0007108000 with friction clutches H02K0007110000 with dynamo-electric clutches H02K0007112000 with friction clutches and brakes H02K0007114000 with dynamo-electric clutches and brakes H02K0007116000 with gear-box H02K0007118000 with starting device H02K0007120000 with auxiliary limited movement of stator, rotor, or core parts, e.g. rotor axially movable for the purpose of clutching or braking H02K0007140000 Structural association with mechanical load, e.g. hand-held machine tool, fan (with fan or impeller for cooling the machine H02K0009060000;for suction cleaners A47L) H02K0007160000 for operation above critical speed of vibration of rotating parts H02K0007180000 Structural association of electric generator with mechanical driving motor, e.g. turbine (if the driving-motor aspect predominates, see the relevant sub-class of Section F, e.g. F03B0013000000);; H02K0007200000 Structural association with auxiliary dynamo-electric machine, e.g. with electric starter motor, with exciter H02K0009000000 Systems for cooling or ventilating (channels or ducts in parts of the magnetic circuit H02K0001200000, H02K0001320000;channels or ducts in or between conductors H02K0003220000, H02K0003240000) H02K0009020000 by ambient air flowing through the machine H02K0009040000 having means for generating flow of cooling medium, e.g. having fan H02K0009060000 with fan or impeller driven by the machine shaft H02K0009080000 by gaseous cooling medium circulating wholly within the machine casing (H02K0009100000 takes precedence);; H02K0009100000 by gaseous cooling medium flowing in closed circuit, a part of which is external to the machine casing H02K0009120000 wherein the cooling medium circulates freely within the casing H02K0009140000 wherein gaseous cooling medium circulates between the machine casing and a surrounding mantle H02K0009160000 wherein the cooling medium circulates through ducts or tubes within the casing H02K0009180000 wherein the external part of the closed circuit comprises a heat exchanger structurally associated with the machine casing H02K0009190000 for machines with closed casing and with closed-circuit cooling using a liquid cooling medium, e.g. oil H02K0009193000 with provision for replenishing the cooling medium; with means for preventing leakage of the cooling medium H02K0009197000 in which the rotor or stator space is fluid-tight, e.g. to provide for different cooling media for rotor and stator H02K0009200000 wherein the cooling medium vaporises within the machine casing H02K0009220000 by solid heat conducting material embedded in, or arranged in contact with, stator or rotor, e.g. heat bridge H02K0009240000 Protection against failure of cooling arrangements, e.g. due to loss of cooling medium, due to interruption of the circulation of cooling medium (circuit arrangements affording such protection H02H0007000000);; H02K0009260000 Structural association with machine of devices for cleaning or drying cooling medium, e.g. of filter H02K0009280000 Cooling of commutators, slip-rings, or brushes, e.g. by ventilating (current collectors in general H01R0039000000);; H02K0011000000 Structural association with measuring or protective devices or electric components, e.g. with resistor, with switch, with suppressor for radio interference H02K0013000000 Arrangements for current collection structurally associated with the machine (means for supporting brushes or brush holders in casings H02K0005140000;current collectors or details thereof in general H01R0039000000); Circuit arrangements for improvement of commutation H02K0013020000 Connections of slip-rings with the winding H02K0013040000 Connections of commutator segments with the winding H02K0013060000 Resistive connections between winding and commutator segments, e.g. by high-resistance choke, by transistor H02K0013080000 Segments formed by extensions of winding H02K0013100000 Special arrangements of brushes or commutators for the purpose of improving commutation H02K0013120000 Means for producing an axial reciprocation of the rotor and its associated current collector part, e.g. for polishing commutator surface H02K0013140000 Circuit arrangements for improvement of commutation, e.g. by use of unidirectionally conductive element H02K0015000000 Methods or apparatus specially adapted for manufacturing, assembling, maintaining, or repairing dynamo-electric machines (manufacture of current collectors in general H01R0043000000);; H02K0015020000 stator or rotor bodies H02K0015040000 windings, prior to mounting into the machine (coil manufacturing in general H01;F;11/02);; H02K0015060000 Embedding prefabricated windings in the machine H02K0015080000 Forming windings by laying conductors into or around core part H02K0015085000 by laying conductors into slotted stators H02K0015090000 by laying conductors into slotted rotors H02K0015095000 by laying conductors around salient poles H02K0015100000 Applying solid insulation to the stator, or the rotor H02K0015120000 Impregnating, heating or drying of windings, stators, rotors, or machines H02K0015140000 Casings; Enclosures; Supports H02K0015160000 Centering the rotor within the stator; Balancing the rotor (balancing per G01M);; H02K0017000000 Asynchronous induction motors; Asynchronous induction generators H02K0017020000 Asynchronous induction motors H02K0017040000 for single phase current H02K0017060000 having windings arranged for permitting pole-changing H02K0017080000 Motors with auxiliary phase obtained by externally fed auxiliary winding, e.g. capacitor motor H02K0017100000 Motors with auxiliary phase obtained by split-pole carrying short-circuited winding H02K0017120000 for multi-phase current H02K0017140000 having windings arranged for permitting pole-changing H02K0017160000 having rotor with internally short-circuited windings, e.g. cage rotor H02K0017180000 having double- or multiple-cage rotor H02K0017200000 having deep-bar rotor H02K0017220000 having rotor with windings connected to slip-rings H02K0017240000 in which both stator and rotor are fed with ac H02K0017260000 having rotor or stator designed to permit synchronous operation H02K0017280000 having compensating winding for improving phase angle H02K0017300000 Structural association with auxiliary electric devices influencing the characteristic of, or controlling, the motor, e.g. with impedance, with switch (control arrangements external to the motor H02P);; H02K0017320000 Structural association with auxiliary mechanical devices, e.g. clutch, brake (control arrangements external to the motor H02P);; H02K0017340000 Cascade arrangement of an asynchronous motor with another dynamo-electric motor or converter (control of cascade arrangements H02P);; H02K0017360000 with another asynchronous induction motor H02K0017380000 with a commutator machine H02K0017400000 with a rotary ac/dc converter (cascade ac/dc converters H02K0047060000);; H02K0017420000 Asynchronous induction generators H02K0017440000 Structural association with exciting machine H02K0019000000 Synchronous motors or generators (having permanent magnet H02K0021000000);; H02K0019020000 Synchronous motors H02K0019040000 for single-phase current H02K0019060000 Motors having windings on the stator and a variable-reluctance soft-iron rotor without windings, e.g. inductor motor H02K0019080000 Motors having windings on the stator and a smooth rotor of material with large hysteresis without windings, e.g. hysteresis motor H02K0019100000 for multi-phase current H02K0019120000 characterised by the arrangement of exciting windings, e.g. for self-excitation, for compounding, for pole-changing H02K0019140000 having additional short-circuited winding for starting as an asynchronous motor H02K0019160000 Synchronous generators H02K0019180000 having windings each turn of which co-operates only with poles of one polarity, e.g. homopolar generator H02K0019200000 with variable-reluctance soft-iron rotor without winding H02K0019220000 having windings each turn of which co-operates alternately with poles of opposite polarity, e.g. heteropolar generator H02K0019240000 with variable-reluctance soft-iron rotor without winding H02K0019260000 characterised by the arrangement of exciting winding H02K0019280000 for self-excitation H02K0019300000 for compounding H02K0019320000 for pole-changing H02K0019340000 Generators with two or more outputs H02K0019360000 Structural association with auxiliary electric devices influencing the characteristic of, or controlling, the generator, e.g. with impedance, with switch (control arrangements external to the generator H02P);; H02K0019380000 Structural association with exciting machine H02K0021000000 Synchronous motors having permanent magnet; Synchronous generators having permanent magnet H02K0021020000 Details H02K0021040000 Windings on magnet for additional excitation H02K0021060000 Magnets H02K0021080000 Rotating magnets H02K0021100000 Rotating armatures H02K0021120000 with stationary armature and rotating magnet H02K0021140000 Magnet rotating within armature H02K0021160000 having an annular armature core with salient poles (with homopolar co-operation H02K0021200000);; H02K0021180000 having horse-shoe armature core (with homopolar co-operation H02K0021200000);; H02K0021200000 having windings each turn of which co-operates only with poles of one polarity, e.g. homopolar machine H02K0021220000 magnet rotating around armature, e.g. flywheel magneto H02K0021240000 magnet axially facing armature, e.g. hub-type cycle dynamo H02K0021260000 with rotating armature and stationary magnet H02K0021280000 armature rotating within magnet H02K0021300000 having an annular armature core with salient poles (with homopolar co-operation H02K0021360000);; H02K0021320000 having a horse-shoe magnet (with homopolar co-operation H02K0021360000);; H02K0021340000 having bell-shaped or bar-shaped magnet, e.g. for cycle lighting (with homopolar co-operation H02K0021360000);; H02K0021360000 with homopolar co-operation H02K0021380000 with rotating flux distributor, and armature and magnet both stationary H02K0021400000 Flux distributor rotating around magnet and within armature H02K0021420000 Flux distributor rotating around armature and within magnet H02K0021440000 Armature windings wound upon magnet H02K0021460000 Motors having additional short-circuited winding for starting as an asynchronous motor H02K0021480000 Generators with two or more outputs H02K0023000000 Dc commutator motors or generators having mechanical commutator; Universal ac/dc commutator motors H02K0023020000 characterised by the exciting arrangement H02K0023040000 having permanent magnet excitation H02K0023060000 having shunt connection of excitation windings H02K0023080000 having series connection of excitation windings H02K0023100000 having compound connection of excitation windings H02K0023120000 having excitation produced by a current source independent of the armature circuit H02K0023140000 having high-speed excitation or de-excitation, e.g. by neutralising the remanent excitation field H02K0023160000 having angularly adjustable excitation field, e.g. by pole reversing, by pole switching H02K0023180000 having displaceable main or auxiliary brushes H02K0023200000 having additional brushes spaced intermediately of the main brushes on the commutator, e.g. cross-field machine, metadyne, amplidyne, other armature-reaction excited machine H02K0023220000 having compensating or damping winding H02K0023240000 having commutating-pole winding H02K0023260000 characterised by the armature winding H02K0023280000 having open winding, i.e. not closed within armature H02K0023300000 having lap winding; having loop winding H02K0023320000 having wave winding; having undulating winding H02K0023340000 having mixed windings H02K0023360000 having more than one winding; having more than one commutator; having more than one stator H02K0023380000 having winding or connection for improving commutation, e.g. equipotential connection H02K0023400000 characterised by the arrangement of the magnet circuit H02K0023420000 having split poles, i.e. zones for varying reluctance by gaps in poles or by poles with different spacing of the air gap H02K0023440000 having movable or turnable iron parts H02K0023460000 having stationary shunts, i.e. magnetic cross flux H02K0023480000 having adjustable armature H02K0023500000 Generators with two or more outputs H02K0023520000 Motors acting also as generators, e.g. starting motor used as generator for ignition or lighting H02K0023540000 Disc armature motors or generators H02K0023560000 Motors or generators having the iron core separated from armature winding H02K0023580000 Motors or generators having no iron core H02K0023600000 Motors or generators having a rotating armature and a rotating excitation field H02K0023620000 Motors or generators with stationary armature and rotating excitation field H02K0023640000 Motors specially adapted for running on dc or ac by choice H02K0023660000 Structural association with auxiliary electric devices influencing the characteristic of, or controlling, the machine, e.g. with impedance, with switch (control arrangements external to the machine H02P);; H02K0023680000 Structural association with auxiliary mechanical devices, e.g. with clutch, with brake (control arrangements external to the machine H02P);; H02K0024000000 Machines adapted for the instantaneous transmission or reception of the angular displacement of rotating parts, e.g. synchro, selsyn H02K0025000000 Dc interrupter motors or generators H02K0026000000 Machines adapted to function as torque motors, i.e. to exert a torque when stalled H02K0027000000 Ac commutator motors or generators having mechanical commutator (universal ac/dc motors H02K0023640000);; H02K0027020000 characterised by the armature winding H02K0027040000 having single-phase operation in series or shunt connection H02K0027060000 with a single or multiple short-circuited commutator, e.g. repulsion motor H02K0027080000 with multiple-fed armature H02K0027100000 with switching devices for different modes of operation, e.g. repulsion-induction motor H02K0027120000 having multi-phase operation H02K0027140000 in series connection H02K0027160000 in shunt connection with stator feeding H02K0027180000 in shunt connection with rotor feeding H02K0027200000 Structural association with a speed regulating device H02K0027220000 having means for improving commutation, e.g. auxiliary fields, double windings, double brushes H02K0027240000 having two or more commutators H02K0027260000 having disc armature H02K0027280000 Structural association with auxiliary electric devices influencing the characteristic of, or controlling, the machine (control arrangements external to the machine H02P);; H02K0027300000 Structural association with auxiliary mechanical devices, e.g. clutch, brake (control arrangements external to the machine H02P);; H02K0029000000 Commutator motors or generators having non-mechanical commutating devices, e.g. discharge tube, semiconductor device H02K0029020000 Dc motors or generators H02K0029040000 Ac motors H02K0031000000 Acyclic motors or generators, i.e. dc machines having a drum or disc armature with continuous current collectors H02K0031020000 with solid-contact collectors H02K0031040000 with at least one liquid-contact collector H02K0033000000 Motors with reciprocating, oscillating, or vibrating magnet, armature, or coil system H02K0033020000 with armature moved one way by energisation of a single coil system and returned by mechanical force, e.g. by spring H02K0033040000 wherein the frequency of operation is determined by the frequency of uninterrupted ac energisation H02K0033060000 with polarised armature H02K0033080000 with dc energisation superimposed on ac energisation H02K0033100000 wherein the alternate energisation and de-energisation of the single coil system is effected or controlled by movement of the armature H02K0033120000 with armature moving in alternate directions by alternate energisation of two coil systems H02K0033140000 wherein the alternate energisation and de-energisation of the two coil systems are effected or controlled by movement of the armature H02K0033160000 with polarised armature moving in alternate directions by reversal or energisation of a single coil system H02K0033180000 with coil system moving upon intermittent or reversed energisation thereof by interaction with a fixed field system, e.g. permanent magnet H02K0035000000 Generators with reciprocating, oscillating, or vibrating coil system, magnet, armature, or other part of the magnetic circuit H02K0035020000 with moving magnet and stationary coil system H02K0035040000 with moving coil system and stationary magnet H02K0035060000 with moving flux distributor, and both coil system and magnet stationary H02K0037000000 Motors with armature rotating step by step and without interrupter or commutator driven by the armature H02K0039000000 Generators specially adapted for producing a desired non-sinusoidal waveform H02K0041000000 Propulsion systems in which a rigid body is moved along a path due to dynamo-electric interaction between the body and a magnetic field travelling along the path H02K0041020000 Linear motors H02K0041040000 Motors of travelling-wave type H02K0041060000 Rolling motors, i.e. having the rotor axis parallel to the stator axis and following a circular path as the rotor rolls around the inside or outside of the stator H02K0045000000 Machines in which the dynamo-electric interaction between a flow of fluid-borne magnetic particles and a coil system converts energy of mass flow into electrical energy or ; vice versa H02K0047000000 Dynamo-electric converters H02K0047020000 Ac/dc converters or ; vice versa H02K0047040000 Motor/generators H02K0047060000 Cascade converters H02K0047080000 Single-armature converters H02K0047100000 with booster machine on the ac side H02K0047120000 Dc/dc converters H02K0047140000 Motor/generators H02K0047160000 Single-armature converters, e.g. metadyne H02K0047180000 Ac/ac converters H02K0047200000 Motor/generators H02K0047220000 Single-armature frequency converters with or without phase-number conversion H02K0047240000 having windings for different numbers of poles H02K0047260000 operating as under- or over-synchronously running asynchronous induction machines, e.g. cascade arrangement of asynchronous and synchronous machines H02K0047280000 operating as commutator machines with added slip-rings H02K0047300000 Single-armature phase-number converters without frequency conversion H02K0049000000 Dynamo-electric clutches; Dynamo-electric brakes (electrically or magnetically actuated clutches or brakes F16D0027000000, F16D0029000000, F16D0065340000, F16D0065360000;magnetic-particle clutches F16D0037020000; adapted for use as dynamometers G01L) H02K0049020000 Asynchronous induction type H02K0049040000 Eddy-current hysteresis type H02K0049060000 Synchronous type H02K0049080000 Collector armature type H02K0049100000 Permanent-magnet type H02K0049120000 Acyclic type H02K0051000000 Dynamo-electric gears, i.e. dynamo-electric means for transmitting mechanical power from a driving shaft to a driven shaft and comprising structurally interrelated motor and generator parts H02K0053000000 Alleged dynamo-electric ; perpetua mobilia H02M APPARATUS FOR CONVERSION BETWEEN AC AND AC, BETWEEN AC AND DC, OR BETWEEN DC AND DC, AND FOR USE WITH MAINS OR SIMILAR POWER SUPPLY SYSTEMS (transformers H01F;dynamo-electric converters H02K0047000000; control of converters H02P; pulse generators H03K) H02M0001000000 Details of apparatus for conversion H02M0001020000 Circuits specially adapted for the generation of grid-control or igniter-control voltages for discharge tubes incorporated in static converters H02M0001040000 for tubes with grid control H02M0001060000 Circuits specially adapted for extinction of the arc in discharge tubes incorporated in static converters H02M0001080000 Circuits specially adapted for the generation of control voltages for semiconductor devices incorporated in static converters H02M0001100000 Arrangements incorporating converting means for enabling loads to be operated at will from different kinds of power supplies, e.g. from ac or dc H02M0001120000 Arrangements for reducing harmonics from ac input or output H02M0001140000 Arrangements for reducing ripples from dc input or output H02M0001160000 Means for providing current step on switching, e.g. with saturable reactor H02M0001180000 Means for protecting converters (circuit arrangements for providing protection H02H0007100000);; H02M0001200000 Contact mechanisms of dynamic converters H02M0001220000 incorporating collectors and brushes H02M0001240000 incorporating rolling or tumbling contacts H02M0001260000 incorporating cam-operated contacts H02M0001280000 incorporating electromagnetically-operated vibrating contacts H02M0001300000 incorporating liquid contacts H02M0003000000 Conversion of dc power input into dc power output H02M0003020000 without intermediate conversion into ac H02M0003040000 by static converters H02M0003060000 using resistors or capacitors, e.g. potential divider H02M0003080000 using discharge tubes without control electrode or semiconductor devices without control electrode H02M0003100000 using discharge tubes with control electrode or semiconductor devices with control electrode H02M0003120000 using discharge tubes only H02M0003140000 using semiconductor devices only H02M0003160000 by dynamic converters H02M0003180000 using capacitors or batteries which are alternately charged and discharged, e.g. charged in parallel and discharged in series H02M0003200000 by combination of static with dynamic converters; by combination of dynamo-electric with other dynamic or static converters H02M0003220000 with intermediate conversion into ac H02M0003240000 by static converters H02M0003260000 using discharge tubes without control electrode or semiconductor devices without control electrode to produce the intermediate ac H02M0003280000 using discharge tubes with control electrode or semiconductor devices with control electrode to produce the intermediate ac H02M0003300000 using discharge tubes only H02M0003320000 using semiconductor devices only, e.g. transistor H02M0003340000 by dynamic converters H02M0003360000 using mechanical parts to select progressively or to vary continuously the input potential H02M0003380000 using mechanical contact-making and -breaking parts to interrupt a single potential H02M0003400000 wherein the parts are rotating and collectors co-operate with brushes or rollers H02M0003420000 with electromagnetically-operated vibrating contacts, e.g. chopper (self-interrupters in general H01H0051340000);; H02M0003440000 by combination of static with dynamic converters; by combination of dynamo-electric with other dynamic or static converters H02M0005000000 Conversion of ac power input into ac power output, e.g. for change of voltage, for change of frequency, for change of number of phases H02M0005020000 without intermediate conversion into dc H02M0005040000 by static converters H02M0005060000 using impedances H02M0005080000 using capacitors only H02M0005100000 using transformers H02M0005120000 for conversion of voltage or current amplitude only H02M0005140000 for conversion between circuits of different phase number H02M0005160000 for conversion of frequency H02M0005180000 for conversion of waveform H02M0005200000 using discharge tubes without control electrode or semiconductor devices without control electrode H02M0005220000 using discharge tubes with control electrode or semiconductor devices with control electrode H02M0005240000 using discharge tubes only H02M0005260000 for conversion of frequency H02M0005280000 using semiconductor devices only H02M0005300000 for conversion of frequency H02M0005320000 by dynamic converters H02M0005340000 using mechanical contact-making and -breaking parts H02M0005360000 wherein the parts are rotating and collectors co-operate with brushes or rollers H02M0005380000 by combination of static with dynamic converters; by combination of dynamo-electric with other dynamic or static converters H02M0005400000 with intermediate conversion into dc H02M0005420000 by static converters H02M0005440000 using discharge tubes or semiconductor devices to convert the intermediate dc into ac H02M0005460000 by dynamic converters H02M0005480000 by combination of static with dynamic converters; by combination of dynamo-electric with other dynamic or static converters H02M0007000000 Conversion of ac power input into dc power output; Conversion of dc power input into ac power output H02M0007020000 Conversion of ac power input into dc power output without possibility of reversal H02M0007040000 by static converters H02M0007060000 using discharge tubes without control electrode or semiconductor devices without control electrode H02M0007080000 arranged for operation in parallel H02M0007100000 arranged for operation in series, e.g. for multiplication of voltage H02M0007120000 using discharge tubes with control electrode or semiconductor devices with control electrode H02M0007140000 using discharge tubes only H02M0007160000 arranged for operation in parallel H02M0007180000 arranged for operation in series, e.g. for multiplication of voltage H02M0007200000 using semiconductor devices only H02M0007220000 arranged for operation in parallel H02M0007240000 arranged for operation in series, e.g. for multiplication of voltage H02M0007260000 using open-spark devices, e.g. Marx rectifier H02M0007280000 using electrolytic rectifiers H02M0007300000 by dynamic converters H02M0007320000 using mechanical contact-making and -breaking parts H02M0007340000 wherein the parts are rotating and collectors co-operate with brushes or rollers H02M0007360000 with electromagnetically-operated vibrating contacts, e.g. chopper (self-interrupters in general H01H0051340000);; H02M0007380000 using one or more sparking electrodes rotating over counter electrodes H02M0007400000 by combination of static with dynamic converters; by combination of dynamo-electric with other dynamic or static converters H02M0007420000 Conversion of dc power input into ac power output without possibility of reversal H02M0007440000 by static converters H02M0007460000 using discharge tubes without control electrode or semiconductor devices without control electrode H02M0007480000 using discharge tubes with control electrode or semiconductor devices with control electrode H02M0007500000 using discharge tubes only H02M0007520000 using semiconductor devices only H02M0007540000 by dynamic converters H02M0007560000 using mechanical parts to select progressively, or to vary continuously, the input potential H02M0007580000 using mechanical contact-making and -breaking parts to interrupt a single potential H02M0007600000 wherein the parts are rotating and collectors co-operate with brushes or rollers H02M0007620000 with electromagnetically-operated vibrating contacts, e.g. chopper (self-interrupters in general H01H0051340000);; H02M0007640000 by combination of static with dynamic converters; by combination of dynamo-electric with other dynamic or static converters H02M0007660000 with possibility of reversal H02M0007680000 by static converters H02M0007700000 using discharge tubes without control electrode or semiconductor devices without control electrode H02M0007720000 using discharge tubes with control electrode or semiconductor devices with control electrode H02M0007740000 using discharge tubes only H02M0007760000 arranged for operation in parallel H02M0007780000 using semiconductor devices only H02M0007800000 arranged for operation in parallel H02M0007820000 using open-spark devices, e.g. Marx rectifier H02M0007840000 using electrolytic rectifiers H02M0007860000 by dynamic converters H02M0007880000 using mechanical parts to select progressively or to vary continuously the input potential H02M0007900000 using mechanical contact-making and -breaking parts to interrupt a single potential H02M0007920000 wherein the parts are rotating and collectors co-operate with brushes or rollers H02M0007940000 wherein the parts are operated by rotating cams or cam-like devices H02M0007950000 with electromagnetically-operated vibrating contacts, e.g. chopper (self-interrupters in general H01H0051340000);; H02M0007960000 with moving liquid contacts H02M0007980000 by combination of static with dynamic converters; by combination of dynamo-electric with other dynamic or static converters H02N ELECTRIC MACHINES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR H02N0001000000 Electrostatic generators or motors using a solid moving electrostatic charge carrier H02N0001040000 Friction generators H02N0001060000 Influence generators H02N0001080000 with conductive charge carrier, i.e. capacitor machines H02N0001100000 with non-conductive charge carrier H02N0001120000 in the form of a conveyer belt, e.g. van de Graaff machine H02N0003000000 Generators in which thermal energy is converted into electrical energy by ionisation of a fluid and removal of the charge therefrom (discharge tubes functioning as thermionic generators H01J0045000000);; H02N0004000000 Generators or motors in which interaction between a plasma or a flow of conductive liquid or of fluid-borne conductive particles and a magnetic field converts kinetic or thermal energy into electric energy or ; vice versa H02N0004020000 Magnetohydrodynamic generators H02N0004200000 Electrodynamic pumps H02N0007000000 Motors using thermal expansion or contraction of solid bodies between the electrical input and the mechanical output H02N0011000000 Other generators or motors (H02N0001000000-H02N0007000000; take precedence);;Alleged electric or magnetic ; perpetua mobilia H02N0013000000 Clutches or holding devices using electrostatic attraction, e.g. using Johnson-Rahbek effect H02P CONTROLLING ELECTRIC MOTORS, GENERATORS, OR CONVERTERS (structure of the starter, brake, or other control devices, see the appropriate sub-class, e.g. mechanical brake F16D, mechanical speed regulator G05D, variable resistor H01C, starter switch H01H;arrangements structurally associated with motors, generators, or converters, see the relevant sub-classes for the motors, generators, or convertersconnection or control of one generator, transformer, or converter with regard to conjoint operation with a similar or other source of supply H02J) H02P0001000000 Arrangements for starting electric motors or converters H02P0001020000 Details H02P0001040000 Means for controlling progress of starting sequence in dependence upon time or upon current, speed, or other motor parameter H02P0001060000 Manually-operated multi-position starters H02P0001080000 Manually-operated on/off switch controlling power-operated multi-position switch or impedances for starting a motor H02P0001100000 Manually-operated on/off switch controlling relays or contactors operating sequentially for starting a motor (sequence determined by power-operated multi-position switch H02P0001080000);; H02P0001120000 Switching devices centrifugally operated by the motor H02P0001140000 Pressure-sensitive resistors centrifugally operated by the motor H02P0001160000 for starting dynamo-electric motors or dynamo-electric converters H02P0001180000 for starting an individual dc motor H02P0001200000 by progressive reduction of resistance in series with armature winding H02P0001220000 in either direction of rotation H02P0001240000 for starting an individual ac commutator motor (starting of ac/dc commutator motors H02P0001180000);; H02P0001260000 for starting an individual polyphase induction motor H02P0001280000 by progressive increase of voltage applied to primary circuit of motor H02P0001300000 by progressive increase of frequency of supply to primary circuit of motor H02P0001320000 by star-delta switching H02P0001340000 by progressive reduction of impedance in secondary circuit H02P0001360000 the impedance being a liquid resistance H02P0001380000 by pole-changing H02P0001400000 in either direction of rotation H02P0001420000 for starting an individual single-phase induction motor H02P0001440000 by phase-splitting with a capacitor H02P0001460000 for starting an individual synchronous motor H02P0001480000 by pole-changing H02P0001500000 by changing over from asynchronous to synchronous operation (H02P0001480000 takes precedence);; H02P0001520000 by progressive increase of frequency of supply to motor H02P0001540000 for starting two or more dynamo-electric motors H02P0001560000 simultaneously H02P0001580000 sequentially H02P0003000000 Arrangements for stopping electric motors, generators, or converters H02P0003020000 Details H02P0003040000 Means for stopping by a separate brake, e.g. friction brake, eddy-current brake (brakes F16D, H02K);; H02P0003060000 for stopping an individual dynamo-electric motor or dynamo-electric converter H02P0003080000 for stopping a dc motor H02P0003100000 by reversal of supply connections H02P0003120000 by short-circuit or resistive braking H02P0003140000 by regenerative braking H02P0003160000 by combined electrical and mechanical braking H02P0003180000 for stopping an ac motor H02P0003200000 by reversal of phase sequence of connections to the motor H02P0003220000 by short-circuit or resistive braking H02P0003240000 by applying dc to the motor H02P0003260000 by combined electrical and mechanical braking H02P0005000000 Arrangements for speed regulation of electric motors wherein the motor speed is measured and compared with a given physical value so as to adjust the motor speed H02P0005040000 for speed regulation of an individual motor by means of a separate brake H02P0005060000 for speed regulation of an individual dc dynamo-electric motor by varying field or armature current H02P0005080000 using centrifugal devices, e.g. switch, resistor H02P0005100000 using a periodic interrupter, e.g. Tirrill regulator (H02P0005080000 takes precedence);; H02P0005120000 using discharge tubes or semiconductor devices H02P0005140000 using discharge tubes H02P0005160000 using semiconductor devices H02P0005180000 using magnetic devices with controllable degree of saturation, i.e. transductors H02P0005200000 using armature-reaction-excited machines, e.g. metadyne, amplidyne, rototrol H02P0005220000 using Ward-Leonard set H02P0005240000 in which only the generator field is controlled H02P0005260000 in which both generator and motor fields are controlled H02P0005280000 for speed regulation of an individual ac motor by varying stator or rotor current H02P0005300000 using centrifugal devices, e.g. switch, resistor H02P0005320000 using a periodic interrupter (H02P0005300000 takes precedence);; H02P0005340000 by varying frequency of supply to rotor or stator H02P0005360000 using discharge tubes or semiconductor devices H02P0005380000 using discharge tubes H02P0005400000 using semiconductor devices H02P0005420000 using magnetic devices with controllable degree of saturation, i.e. transductors H02P0005440000 using brush shifting arrangements H02P0005460000 for speed regulation of two or more dynamo-electric motors in relation to one another H02P0005480000 by comparing mechanical values representing the speeds H02P0005500000 by comparing electrical values representing the speeds H02P0005520000 additionally providing control of relative angular displacement H02P0007000000 Arrangements for controlling the speed and/or torque of electric motors (H02P0001000000, H02P0003000000, H02P0005000000 take precedence);; H02P0007040000 for controlling an individual motor by means of a separate brake H02P0007060000 for controlling an individual dc dynamo-electric motor by varying field or armature current H02P0007080000 by manual control without auxiliary power H02P0007100000 of motor field only H02P0007120000 Switching field from series to shunt excitation or ; vice versa H02P0007140000 of voltage applied to the armature with or without control of field H02P0007160000 Ward-Leonard control H02P0007180000 by master control with auxiliary power H02P0007200000 using multi-position switch, e.g. drum, controlling motor circuit by means of relays H02P0007220000 using multi-position switch, e.g. drum, controlling motor circuit by means of pilot-motor-operated multi-position switch or pilot-motor-operated variable resistance H02P0007240000 using discharge tubes or semiconductor devices H02P0007260000 using discharge tubes H02P0007280000 using semiconductor devices H02P0007300000 using magnetic devices with controllable degree of saturation, i.e. transductors H02P0007320000 using armature-reaction-excited machines, e.g. metadyne, amplidyne, rototrol H02P0007340000 using Ward-Leonard arrangements H02P0007360000 for controlling an individual ac dynamo-electric motor by varying stator or rotor current H02P0007380000 by manual control without auxiliary power H02P0007400000 using variable impedance in stator or rotor circuit H02P0007420000 using variable-frequency supply H02P0007440000 wherein only rotor or only stator circuit is supplied with ac H02P0007460000 wherein both rotor and stator circuits are supplied with ac, the frequency of supply to one circuit being variable H02P0007480000 by pole-changing H02P0007500000 by shifting the brushes of a commutator motor H02P0007520000 by master control with auxiliary power H02P0007540000 using multi-position switch, e.g. drum, controlling motor circuit by means of relays H02P0007560000 using multi-position switch, e.g. drum, controlling motor circuit by means of pilot-motor-operated multi-position switch or pilot-motor-operated variable resistance H02P0007580000 using discharge tubes or semiconductor devices H02P0007600000 using discharge tubes H02P0007620000 using semiconductor devices H02P0007640000 using magnetic devices with controllable degree of saturation, i.e. transductors H02P0007660000 using an ac generator to supply the motor, the motor being controlled by a control effected upon the generator H02P0007680000 for controlling two or more dc dynamo-electric motors H02P0007700000 by master control with auxiliary power H02P0007720000 for changing between series and parallel connections of motors H02P0007740000 for controlling two or more ac dynamo-electric motors H02P0007760000 by master control with auxiliary power H02P0007780000 for cascade connection between motors, e.g. motors permanently connected in cascade, motors switched from parallel to cascade connection H02P0007800000 for controlling combinations of dc and ac dynamo-electric motors H02P0009000000 Arrangements for controlling electric generators for the purpose of obtaining a desired output (Ward-Leonard arrangements H02P0007340000;feeding a network by two or more generators H02J) H02P0009020000 Details H02P0009040000 Control effected upon non-electric prime mover and dependent upon electric output value of the generator (effecting control of the prime mover in general, see the relevant classes);; H02P0009060000 Control effected upon clutch or other mechanical power transmission means and dependent upon electric output value of the generator (effecting control of the power transmission means, see the relevant classes);; H02P0009080000 Control of generator circuit during starting or stopping of driving means, e.g. for initiating excitation H02P0009100000 Control effected upon generator excitation circuit to reduce harmful effects of overloads or transients, e.g. sudden application of load, sudden removal of load, sudden change of load H02P0009120000 for demagnetising; for reducing effects of remanence; for preventing pole reversal H02P0009140000 by variation of field H02P0009160000 due to variation of ohmic resistance in field circuit, using resistances switched in or out of circuit step by step H02P0009180000 the switching being caused by a servomotor, measuring instrument, or relay H02P0009200000 due to variation of continuously-variable ohmic resistance H02P0009220000 comprising carbon pile resistance H02P0009240000 due to variation of make-to-break ratio of intermittently-operating contacts, e.g. using Tirrill regulator H02P0009260000 using discharge tubes or semiconductor devices H02P0009280000 using discharge tubes H02P0009300000 using semiconductor devices H02P0009320000 using magnetic devices with controllable degree of saturation H02P0009340000 using magnetic devices with controllable degree of saturation in combination with controlled discharge tube or controlled semiconductor device H02P0009360000 using armature-reaction-excited machines H02P0009380000 Self-excitation by current derived from rectification of both output voltage and output current of generator H02P0009400000 by variation of reluctance of magnetic circuit of generator H02P0009420000 to obtain desired frequency without varying speed of the generator H02P0009440000 Control of frequency and voltage in predetermined relation, e.g. constant ratio H02P0009460000 Control of asynchronous generator by variation of capacitor H02P0011000000 Arrangements for controlling dynamo-electric or other non-static converters (starting H02P0001000000;stopping or slowing H02P0003000000; feeding a network in conjunction with a generator or another converter H02J) H02P0011040000 for controlling dynamo-electric converters having a dc output H02P0011060000 for controlling dynamo-electric converters having an ac output H02P0011080000 for controlling converters which operate by contact making and breaking H02P0013000000 Arrangements for controlling static converters for the purpose of obtaining a desired output (feeding a network in conjunction with a generator or another converter H02J);; H02P0013040000 for controlling transformers, reactors, or choke coils (in converters using electronic devices H02P0013140000, H02P0013160000);; H02P0013060000 by tap-changing; by rearranging interconnections of windings H02P0013080000 by sliding current collector along winding H02P0013100000 by moving core, coil winding, or shield, e.g. by induction regulator H02P0013120000 by varying magnetic bias H02P0013140000 for controlling converters which use discharge tubes or semiconductor devices (H02P0013160000 takes precedence);; H02P0013160000 for controlling converters which use discharge tubes with control electrode or semiconductor devices with control electrode H02P0013180000 Controlling dc-ac converters; Controlling dc-ac conversion stage in dc-ac-dc or in ac-dc-ac converters H02P0013200000 dependent upon output of dc-ac conversion stage H02P0013220000 dependent upon final dc output in dc-ac-dc converters H02P0013240000 Controlling ac-dc converters; Controlling ac-dc conversion stage in ac-dc-ac or in dc-ac-dc converters H02P0013260000 dependent upon output of ac-dc conversion stage H02P0013280000 dependent upon final ac output in ac-dc-ac converters H02P0013300000 Controlling ac-ac converters without intermediate conversion to dc H02P0013320000 Controlling dc-dc converters without intermediate conversion to ac H02P0015000000 Arrangements for controlling dynamo-electric brakes or clutches (controlling speed of dynamo-electric motors by means of a separate brake H02P0005000000, H02P0007000000);; H03 BASIC ELECTRONIC CIRCUITRY H03B GENERATION OF OSCILLATIONS (measuring, testing G01R;generators adapted for electrophonic musical instruments G10H; masers, lasers H01S; dynamo-electric machines H02K; power inverter circuits H02M; details applicable both to generators of sinusoidal oscillations and to generators of non-sinusoidal oscillations H03K; generation of substantially non-sinusoidal oscillations H03K; generation of sinusoidal or non-sinusoidal oscillations at will H03K; generation of oscillations in plasma H05H) H03B0001000000 Details H03B0001020000 Structural details of power oscillators, e.g. for heating H03B0001040000 Reducing undesired oscillations, e.g. harmonics H03B0003000000 Regulation; Synchronisation; Arrangements for supplying a predetermined amount of energy (modification of specific types of generator H03B0005000000-H03B0023000000); H03B0003020000 of amplitude H03B0003040000 synchronisation of frequency or phase (frequency or phase discriminators H03D;tuning of resonant circuits H03J) H03B0003060000 Synchronisation of the frequency or phase of a free-running generator with a signal of the same frequency applied directly to the generator; Phase locking H03B0003080000 for synchronising the generator to a desired one of a number of predetermined frequencies, e.g. harmonically-related frequencies; for adjusting the local oscillator of a receiver to a desired one of a number of predetermined frequencies H03B0003100000 for regulating the mean frequency of a frequency modulated generator H03B0003120000 by comparison with a reference frequency determined by energy levels of molecules, atoms, or subatomic particles H03B0003140000 of power output H03B0003160000 by varying the degree of coupling between generator and load H03B0003180000 Arrangements for supplying a predetermined amount of energy from generator to a load, e.g. within a predetermined time H03B0005000000 Generation of oscillations using amplifier with regenerative feedback from output to input (H03B0009000000, H03B0015000000 take precedence);; H03B0005020000 Details H03B0005040000 Modifications of generator to compensate for variations in physical values, e.g. power supply, load, temperature H03B0005060000 Modifications of generator to ensure starting of oscillations H03B0005080000 with frequency-determining element comprising lumped inductance and capacitance H03B0005100000 active element in amplifier being vacuum tube (H03B0005140000 takes precedence);; H03B0005120000 active element in amplifier being semiconductor device (H03B0005140000 takes precedence);; H03B0005140000 frequency-determining element connected via bridge circuit to closed ring around which signal is transmitted H03B0005160000 active element in amplifier being vacuum tube H03B0005180000 with frequency-determining element comprising distributed inductance and capacitance H03B0005200000 with frequency-determining element comprising resistance and either capacitance or inductance, e.g. phase-shift oscillator H03B0005220000 active element in amplifier being vacuum tube (H03B0005260000 takes precedence);; H03B0005240000 active element in amplifier being semiconductor device (H03B0005260000 takes precedence);; H03B0005260000 frequency-determining element being part of bridge circuit in closed ring around which signal is transmitted; frequency-determining element being connected via a bridge circuit to such a closed ring, e.g. Wien-Bridge oscillator, parallel-T oscillator H03B0005280000 active element in amplifier being vacuum tube H03B0005300000 with frequency-determining element being electromechanical resonator H03B0005320000 being a piezo-electric resonator (selection of piezo-electric material H01V0007020000);; H03B0005340000 active element in amplifier being vacuum tube (H03B0005380000 takes precedence);; H03B0005360000 active element in amplifier being semiconductor device (H03B0005380000 takes precedence);; H03B0005380000 frequency-determining element being connected via bridge circuit to closed ring around which signal is transmitted H03B0005400000 being a magnetostrictive resonator (H03B0005420000 takes precedence;selection of magnetostrictive material H01V0009020000) H03B0005420000 frequency-determining element connected via bridge circuit to closed ring around which signal is transmitted H03B0007000000 Generation of oscillations using active element having a negative resistance between two of its electrodes (H03B0009000000 takes precedence);; H03B0007020000 Frequency-determining element comprising lumped inductance and capacitance H03B0007040000 active element being vacuum tube H03B0007060000 active element being semiconductor device H03B0007080000 tunnel diode H03B0007100000 active element being gas-discharge or arc-discharge tube H03B0007120000 Frequency-determining element comprising distributed inductance and capacitance H03B0007140000 active element being semiconductor device H03B0009000000 Generation of oscillations using electron transit-time effects in discharge tube (construction of tube and circuit arrangements not adapted to a particular application H01J);; H03B0009020000 using a retarding-field tube (using klystrons H03B0009040000);; H03B0009040000 using a klystron H03B0009060000 using a reflex klystron H03B0009080000 using a travelling-wave tube H03B0009100000 using a magnetron H03B0011000000 Generation of oscillations using a shock-excited tuned circuit (with feedback H03B0005000000);; H03B0011020000 excited by spark (spark gaps therefor H01T0009000000);; H03B0011040000 excited by interrupter H03B0011060000 by mechanical interrupter H03B0011080000 interrupter being discharge tube H03B0011100000 interrupter being semiconductor device H03B0013000000 Generation of oscillations using deflection of electron beam in a cathode-ray tube H03B0015000000 Generation of oscillations using galvano-magnetic devices, e.g. Hall-effect devices, or using super-conducting effects (galvano-magnetic devices per H01V0003000000);; H03B0017000000 Generation of oscillations using radiation source and detector, e.g. with interposed variable obturator H03B0019000000 Generation of oscillations by multiplication or division of the frequency a signal from a separate source H03B0019020000 by varying permeability of magnetic material H03B0019040000 by varying dielectric constant of dielectric material H03B0019060000 by means of discharge device or semiconductor device with more than two electrodes H03B0019080000 by means of a discharge device H03B0019100000 using multiplication only H03B0019120000 using division only H03B0019140000 by means of a semiconductor device H03B0021000000 Generation of oscillations by beating unmodulated signals of different frequencies (frequency changing circuits in general H03D);; H03B0021020000 by plural beating, i.e. for frequency synthesis H03B0023000000 Generation of oscillations periodically swept over a predetermined frequency range (angle-modulating circuits in general H03C0003000000);; H03B0025000000 Simultaneous generation by a free-running oscillator of oscillations having different frequencies H03B0027000000 Generation of oscillations providing a plurality of outputs of the same frequency but differing in phase, other than merely two anti-phase outputs H03B0029000000 Generation of noise currents and voltages H03C MODULATION (measuring, testing G01R;masers, lasers H01S; modulators specially adapted for use in dc amplifiers H03F0003380000; so-called modulators capable only of switching between predetermined states of amplitude, frequency or phase H03K0017000000, H04L; synchronous modulators specially adapted for colour television H04N0009500000) H03C0001000000 Amplitude modulation (H03C0005000000, H03C0007000000 take precedence);; H03C0001020000 Details H03C0001040000 Means in, or combined with, modulating stage for reducing angle modulation H03C0001060000 Modification of modulator to reduce distortion, e.g. by feedback, and clearly applicable to more than one type of modulator H03C0001080000 by means of variable impedance element (H03C0001280000-H03C0001340000, H03C0001460000-H03C0001520000, H03C0001620000 take precedence);; H03C0001100000 the element being a current-dependent inductor H03C0001120000 the element being a voltage-dependent capacitor H03C0001140000 the element being a diode H03C0001160000 by means of discharge device having at least three electrodes (H03C0001280000-H03C0001340000, H03C0001500000, H03C0001520000, H03C0001620000 take precedence);; H03C0001180000 carrier applied to control grid H03C0001200000 modulating signal applied to anode H03C0001220000 modulating signal applied to same grid H03C0001240000 modulating signal applied to different grid H03C0001260000 modulating signal applied to cathode H03C0001280000 by means of transit-time tube H03C0001300000 by means of a magnetron H03C0001320000 by deflection of electron beam in discharge tube H03C0001340000 by means of light-sensitive element H03C0001360000 by means of semiconductor device having at least three electrodes (H03C0001340000, H03C0001500000, H03C0001520000, H03C0001620000 take precedence);; H03C0001380000 carrier applied to base of a transistor H03C0001400000 modulating signal applied to collector H03C0001420000 modulating signal applied to base H03C0001440000 modulating signal applied to emitter H03C0001460000 Modulators with mechanically- or acoustically-driven parts H03C0001480000 by means of Hall-effect devices H03C0001500000 by converting angle modulation to amplitude modulation (H03C0001280000-H03C0001340000, H03C0001460000, H03C0001480000 take precedence);; H03C0001520000 Modulators in which carrier or one sideband is wholly or partially suppressed (H03C0001280000-H03C0001340000, H03C0001460000, H03C0001480000 take precedence);; H03C0001540000 Balanced modulators, e.g. bridge type, ring type, double balanced type H03C0001560000 comprising variable two-pole elements only H03C0001580000 comprising diodes H03C0001600000 with one sideband wholly or partially suppressed H03C0001620000 Modulators in which amplitude of carrier component in output is dependent upon strength of modulating signal, e.g. no carrier output when no modulating signal is present (H03C0001280000-H03C0001340000, H03C0001460000, H03C0001480000 take precedence);; H03C0003000000 Angle modulation (H03C0005000000, H03C0007000000 take precedence);; H03C0003020000 Details H03C0003040000 Means in, or combined with, modulating stage for reducing amplitude modulation H03C0003060000 Means for changing frequency deviation H03C0003080000 Modification of modulator to linearise modulation, e.g. by feedback, and clearly applicable to more than one type of modulator H03C0003100000 by means of variable impedance (H03C0003300000-H03C0003380000; take precedence);; H03C0003120000 by means of a variable reactive element H03C0003140000 simulated by circuit comprising active element with at least three electrodes, e.g. reactance-tube circuit H03C0003160000 in which the active element simultaneously serves as the active element of an oscillator H03C0003180000 the element being a current-dependent inductor H03C0003200000 the element being a voltage-dependent capacitor H03C0003220000 the element being a semiconductor diode, e.g. varicap diode H03C0003240000 by means of a variable resistive element, e.g. tube H03C0003260000 comprising two elements controlled in push-pull by modulating signal H03C0003280000 using variable impedance driven mechanically or acoustically H03C0003300000 by means of transit-time tube H03C0003320000 the tube being a magnetron H03C0003340000 by deflection of electron beam in discharge tube H03C0003360000 by means of light-sensitive element H03C0003380000 by converting amplitude modulation to angle modulation H03C0003400000 using two signal paths the outputs of which have a predetermined phase difference and at least one output being amplitude-modulated H03C0005000000 Amplitude modulation and angle modulation produced simultaneously or at will by the same modulating signal (H03C0007000000 takes precedence);; H03C0005020000 by means of transit-time tube H03C0005040000 the tube being a magnetron H03C0005060000 by deflection of electron beam in discharge tube H03C0007000000 Modulating electromagnetic waves (modulating light G02F0001000000;for generating oscillations H03B, H03K) H03C0007020000 in transmission line, waveguide, cavity resonator, or radiation field of aerial H03C0007040000 Polarisation of transmitted wave being modulated H03D DEMODULATION OR TRANSFERENCE OF MODULATION FROM ONE CARRIER TO ANOTHER (masers, lasers H01S;circuits capable of acting both as modulator and demodulator H03C; details applicable to both modulators and frequency-changers H03C; repeater stations H04B0007140000; so-called "demodulators" capable only of discriminating between predetermined states of amplitude frequency, or phase H04L; synchronous demodulators adapted for colour television H04N0009500000) H03D0001000000 Demodulation of amplitude-modulated oscillations (H03D0005000000, H03D0009000000, H03D0011000000 take precedence);; H03D0001020000 Details H03D0001040000 Modifications of demodulators to reduce interference by undesired signals H03D0001060000 Modifications of demodulators to reduce distortion, e.g. by negative feedback H03D0001080000 by means of non-linear two-pole elements (H03D0001220000, H03D0001260000, H03D0001280000 take precedence);; H03D0001100000 of diodes H03D0001120000 with provision for equalising ac and dc loads H03D0001140000 by means of non-linear elements having more than two poles (H03D0001220000, H03D0001260000, H03D0001280000 take precedence);; H03D0001160000 of discharge tubes H03D0001180000 of semiconductor devices H03D0001200000 with provision for preventing undesired type of demodulation, e.g. preventing anode detection in a grid detection circuit H03D0001220000 Homodyne or synchrodyne circuits H03D0001240000 for demodulation of signals wherein one sideband or the carrier has been wholly or partially suppressed H03D0001260000 by means of transit-time tubes H03D0001280000 by deflecting an electron beam in a discharge tube (H03D0001260000 takes precedence);; H03D0003000000 Demodulation of angle-modulated oscillations (H03D0005000000, H03D0009000000, H03D0011000000 take precedence);; H03D0003020000 by detecting phase difference between two signals obtained from input signal (H03D0003280000-H03D0003320000; take precedence;limiting arrangements H03G0011000000) H03D0003040000 by counting or integrating cycles of oscillations H03D0003060000 by combining signals additively or in product demodulators H03D0003080000 by means of diodes, e.g. Foster-Seeley discriminator H03D0003100000 in which the diodes are simultaneously conducting during the same half period of the signal, e.g. ratio detector H03D0003120000 by means of discharge tubes having more than two electrodes H03D0003140000 by means of semiconductor devices having more than two electrodes H03D0003160000 by means of electromechanical resonators H03D0003180000 by means of synchronous gating arrangements H03D0003200000 producing pulses whose amplitude or duration depends on the phase difference H03D0003220000 by means of active elements with more than two electrodes to which two signals are applied derived from the signal to be demodulated and having a phase difference related to the frequency deviation, e.g. phase detector H03D0003240000 Modifications of demodulators to reject or remove amplitude variations by means of locked-in oscillator circuits H03D0003260000 by means of sloping amplitude/frequency characteristic of tuned or reactive circuit (H03D0003280000-H03D0003320000; take precedence);; H03D0003280000 Modifications of demodulators to reduce effect of temperature variations (automatic frequency control H03B0003040000);; H03D0003300000 by means of transit-time tubes H03D0003320000 by deflecting an electron beam in a discharge tube (H03D0003300000 takes precedence);; H03D0005000000 Circuits for demodulating amplitude-modulated or angle-modulated oscillations at will (H03D0009000000, H03D0011000000 take precedence);; H03D0007000000 Transference of modulation from one carrier to another, e.g. frequency-changing (H03D0009000000, H03D0011000000 take precedence;dielectric amplifiers, magnetic amplifiers, parametric amplifiers used as frequency-changers H03F) H03D0007020000 by means of diodes (H03D0007140000-H03D0007220000; take precedence);; H03D0007040000 having negative resistance characteristic, e.g. tunnel diode H03D0007060000 by means of discharge tubes having more than two electrodes (H03D0007140000-H03D0007220000; take precedence);; H03D0007080000 the signals to be mixed being applied between the same two electrodes H03D0007100000 the signals to be mixed being applied between different pairs of electrodes H03D0007120000 by means of semiconductor devices having more than two electrodes (H03D0007140000-H03D0007220000; take precedence);; H03D0007140000 Balanced arrangements H03D0007160000 Multiple frequency-changing H03D0007180000 Modifications of frequency-changers for eliminating image frequencies H03D0007200000 by means of transit-time tubes H03D0007220000 by deflecting an electron beam in a discharge tube (H03D0007200000 takes precedence);; H03D0009000000 Demodulation or transference of modulation of modulated electromagnetic waves (demodulating light, transferring modulation in light waves G02F0002000000);; H03D0009020000 Demodulation using distributed inductance and capacitance, e.g. in feeder lines H03D0009040000 for angle-modulated oscillations H03D0009060000 Transference of modulation using distributed inductance and capacitance H03D0011000000 Super-regenerative demodulator circuits H03D0011020000 for amplitude-modulated oscillations H03D0011040000 by means of semiconductor devices having more than two electrodes H03D0011060000 for angle-modulated oscillations H03D0011080000 by means of semiconductor devices having more than two electrodes H03D0013000000 Circuits for comparing the phase or frequency of two mutually-independent oscillations H03F AMPLIFIERS (measuring, testing G01R;masers, lasers H01S; coupling arrangements quite independent of the nature of the amplifier H03H; amplifiers capable only of dealing with pulses H03K) H03F0001000000 Details of amplifiers with only discharge tubes, or only semiconductor devices as amplifying elements H03F0001020000 Modifications of amplifiers to raise the efficiency, e.g. gliding Class A stages, use of an auxiliary oscillation H03F0001040000 in discharge-tube amplifiers H03F0001060000 to raise the efficiency of amplifying modulated radio frequency waves, e.g. Doherty type; to raise the efficiency of amplifiers acting also as modulators H03F0001080000 Modifications of amplifiers to reduce influences of internal impedances of amplifying elements (wide-band amplifiers with inter-stage coupling networks incorporating these impedances H03F0001420000);; H03F0001100000 by use of amplifying elements with multiple electrode connections H03F0001120000 by use of attenuating means H03F0001140000 by use of neutralising means H03F0001160000 in discharge-tube amplifiers H03F0001180000 by use of distributed coupling H03F0001200000 in discharge-tube amplifiers H03F0001220000 by use of cascode coupling, i.e. earthed cathode or emitter stage followed by earthed grid or base stage respectively H03F0001240000 in discharge-tube amplifiers H03F0001260000 Modifications of amplifiers to reduce influence of noise generated by amplifying elements H03F0001280000 in discharge-tube amplifiers H03F0001300000 Modifications of amplifiers to reduce influence of variations of temperature or supply voltage (by negative feedback H03F0001340000);; H03F0001320000 Modifications of amplifiers to reduce non-linear distortion (by negative feedback H03F0001340000);; H03F0001340000 Negative-feedback-circuit arrangements with or without positive feedback (H03F0003500000 takes precedence;for neutralisation purposes H03F0001140000) H03F0001360000 in discharge-tube amplifiers H03F0001380000 Positive-feedback circuit arrangements without negative feedback H03F0001400000 in discharge-tube amplifiers H03F0001420000 Modifications of amplifiers to extend the bandwidth H03F0001440000 of tuned amplifiers H03F0001460000 with tubes only H03F0001480000 of aperiodic amplifiers H03F0001500000 with tubes only H03F0003000000 Amplifiers with only discharge tubes or only semiconductor devices as amplifying elements H03F0003020000 with tubes only (subsequent sub-groups take precedence) H03F0003040000 with semiconductor devices only (subsequent sub-groups take precedence); H03F0003060000 using hole storage effect H03F0003080000 controlled by light H03F0003100000 with diodes H03F0003120000 with Esaki diodes H03F0003140000 with amplifying devices having more than three electrodes or more than two PN junctions H03F0003160000 with field-effect devices H03F0003180000 with semiconductor devices of complementary types (subsequent sub-groups take precedence); H03F0003200000 Power amplifiers, e.g. Class B amplifier, Class C amplifier (H03F0003260000-H03F0003320000; take precedence);; H03F0003220000 with tubes only (H03F0003240000 takes precedence);; H03F0003240000 of transmitter output stages H03F0003260000 Push-pull amplifiers; Phase-splitters therefor (duplicated single-ended push-pull arrangements or phase-splitters therefor H03F0003300000);; H03F0003280000 with tubes only H03F0003300000 Single-ended push-pull amplifiers; Phase-splitters therefor H03F0003320000 with tubes only H03F0003340000 Dc amplifiers in which all stages are dc-coupled H03F0003360000 with tubes only H03F0003380000 Dc amplifiers with modulator at input and demodulator at output; Modulators or demodulators specially adapted for use in such amplifiers (modulators in general H03C;demodulators in general H03D) H03F0003400000 with tubes only H03F0003420000 Amplifiers with two or more amplifying elements having their dc paths in series, the control electrode of each element being excited by at least part of the input signal, e.g. so-called totem-pole amplifiers H03F0003440000 with tubes only H03F0003460000 Reflex amplifiers H03F0003480000 with tubes only H03F0003500000 Amplifiers in which input is applied to, or output is derived from, an impedance common to input and output circuits of the amplifying element, e.g. cathode follower H03F0003520000 with tubes only H03F0003540000 Amplifiers using transit-time effect in tubes H03F0003560000 using klystrons H03F0003580000 using travelling-wave tubes H03F0003600000 Amplifiers in which coupling networks have distributed constants, e.g. with waveguide resonators (H03F0003540000 takes precedence);; H03F0003620000 Two-way amplifiers H03F0003640000 with tubes only H03F0003660000 Amplifiers simultaneously generating oscillations of one frequency and amplifying signals of another frequency H03F0003680000 Combinations of amplifiers, e.g. multi-channel amplifiers for stereophonics H03F0005000000 Amplifiers with both discharge tubes and semiconductor devices as amplifying elements H03F0007000000 Parametric amplifiers H03F0007020000 using variable-inductance element; using variable-permeability element H03F0007040000 using variable-capacitance element; using variable-permittivity element H03F0007060000 with electron beam tube H03F0009000000 Magnetic amplifiers H03F0011000000 Dielectric amplifiers H03F0013000000 Amplifiers using amplifying element consisting of two mechanically- or acoustically-coupled transducers, e.g. telephone-microphone amplifier H03F0015000000 Amplifiers using galvano-magnetic effects not involving mechanical movement, e.g. using Hall effect H03F0017000000 Amplifiers using electroluminescent element or photocell H03F0019000000 Amplifiers using superconductivity effects H03F0021000000 Amplifiers not covered by groups H03F0003000000-H03F0019000000; (dynamo-electric amplifiers H02K);; H03G CONTROL OF AMPLIFICATION (control of transmission in lines H04B0003040000);; H03G0001000000 Details of arrangements for controlling amplification H03G0001020000 Remote control of amplification, tone, or bandwidth (remote control in general G05, G08;combined with remote tuning or selection of resonant circuits H03J) H03G0001040000 Modifications of control circuit to reduce distortion caused by control (modifications to reduce influence of variations of internal impedance of amplifying elements caused by control H03F0001080000);; H03G0003000000 Gain control in amplifiers or frequency changers (peculiar to television receivers H04N);; H03G0003020000 Manually-operated control H03G0003040000 in untuned amplifiers H03G0003060000 having discharge tubes H03G0003080000 incorporating negative feedback H03G0003100000 having semiconductor devices H03G0003120000 incorporating negative feedback H03G0003140000 in frequency-selective amplifiers H03G0003160000 having discharge tubes H03G0003180000 having semiconductor devices H03G0003200000 Automatic control (combined with volume compression or expansion H03G0007000000);; H03G0003220000 in amplifiers having discharge tubes H03G0003240000 Control dependent upon ambient noise level or sound level H03G0003260000 Muting amplifier when no signal is present H03G0003280000 in frequency-modulation receivers H03G0003300000 in amplifiers having semiconductor devices H03G0003320000 the control being dependent upon ambient noise level or sound level H03G0003340000 Muting amplifier when no signal is present H03G0005000000 Tone control or bandwidth control in amplifiers H03G0005020000 Manually-operated control (variable bandpass filters H03H0007120000);; H03G0005040000 in untuned amplifiers H03G0005060000 having discharge tubes H03G0005080000 incorporating negative feedback H03G0005100000 having semiconductor devices H03G0005120000 incorporating negative feedback H03G0005140000 in frequency-selective amplifiers H03G0005160000 Automatic control H03G0005180000 in untuned amplifiers H03G0005200000 having discharge tubes H03G0005220000 having semiconductor devices H03G0005240000 in frequency-selective amplifiers H03G0005260000 having discharge tubes H03G0005280000 having semiconductor devices H03G0007000000 Volume compression or expansion in amplifiers H03G0007020000 having discharge tubes H03G0007040000 incorporating negative feedback H03G0007060000 having semiconductor devices H03G0007080000 incorporating negative feedback H03G0009000000 Combinations of two or more types of control, e.g. gain control and tone control H03G0009020000 in untuned amplifiers (combined tone controls for low and high frequencies H03G0005000000);; H03G0009040000 having discharge tubes H03G0009060000 for gain control and tone control H03G0009080000 incorporating negative feedback H03G0009100000 for tone control and volume expansion or compression H03G0009120000 having semiconductor devices H03G0009140000 for gain control and tone control H03G0009160000 incorporating negative feedback H03G0009180000 for tone control and volume expansion or compression H03G0009200000 in frequency-selective amplifiers H03G0009220000 having discharge tubes H03G0009240000 having semiconductor devices H03G0009260000 in untuned amplifying stages as well as in frequency-selective amplifying stages (gain control in both stages H03G0003000000;tone control and bandwidth control H03G0005000000) H03G0009280000 all amplifying stages having discharge tubes H03G0009300000 all amplifying stages having semiconductor devices H03G0011000000 Limiting amplitude; Limiting rate of change of amplitude H03G0011020000 by means of diodes (H03G0011040000, H03G0011060000, H03G0011080000 take precedence);; H03G0011040000 Limiting level dependent on strength of signal; Limiting level dependent on strength of carrier on which signal is modulated H03G0011060000 Limiters of angle-modulated signals; such limiters combined with discriminators (discriminators having an inherent limiting action H03D0003000000);; H03G0011080000 Limiting rate of change of amplitude H03H IMPEDANCE NETWORKS; RESONANT CIRCUITS; RESONATORS (measuring, testing G01R;impedance networks or resonators comprising of distributed impedance elements only i.e. of the waveguide type, H01P; networks specially designed for coupling between the active elements in an amplifier, e.g. wide-band coupling networks, H03F; networks for modifying the frequency characteristics of communication cables, e.g. equalising networks, H04B0003140000) H03H0001000000 Constructional details of impedance networks whose electrical mode of operation is not specified or applicable to more than one type of network H03H0003000000 Apparatus or processes specially adapted for the manufacture of impedance networks, resonating circuits, resonators H03H0003020000 for the manufacture of piezo-electric or electrostrictive resonators H03H0003040000 for obtaining desired frequency or temperature coefficient H03H0003060000 for the manufacture of magnetostrictive resonators H03H0005000000 One-port networks (comprising electromechanical devices H03H0009000000;networks simulating the impedance of a communication cable, e.g. for balancing purposes, H04B0003000000) H03H0005020000 with no voltage- or current-dependent elements H03H0005040000 comprising only non-adjustable elements H03H0005060000 Resonant circuits, i.e. consisting of lumped inductance and capacitance H03H0005080000 comprising at least one adjustable element (tuning of resonant circuits H03J);; H03H0005100000 comprising at least one element with prescribed temperature coefficient H03H0005120000 with at least one voltage- or current-dependent element H03H0007000000 Multiple-port networks (comprising electromechanical devices H03H0009000000;comprising distributed impedance elements H03H0013000000; receiver input circuits H04B0001180000; networks simulating a length of communication cable H04B0003400000) H03H0007020000 Frequency-selective networks with non-adjustable characteristics H03H0007040000 with only passive elements as essential network components H03H0007060000 with resistors and either capacitors or inductors H03H0007080000 Bandpass filters consisting of two or more coupled tuned circuits H03H0007100000 Frequency-selective networks with adjustable characteristics (automatic adjustment of filters H03G0005160000;tunable bandpass filters H03J) H03H0007120000 Bandpass filters with adjustable bandwidth and fixed centre frequency (automatic bandwidth control in receivers H03G0005160000);; H03H0007140000 Networks for modifying shape of frequency characteristics of a transmission path (tone control circuits H03G0005000000;for communication cables H04B0003140000) H03H0007160000 the network being continuously adjustable H03H0007180000 Networks for phase shifting H03H0007200000 continuously adjustable H03H0007220000 with provision for adjusting the attenuation also H03H0007240000 Frequency-independent attenuators H03H0007260000 comprising resistors only H03H0007280000 Time domain networks, i.e. networks having an impulse response which approximates a prescribed function of time, e.g. matched filter H03H0007300000 Time-delay networks H03H0007320000 with lumped inductance and capacitance H03H0007340000 with lumped and distributed reactance H03H0007360000 with delay time continuously adjustable H03H0007380000 Impedance-matching networks H03H0007400000 Automatic matching of load impedance to source impedance H03H0007420000 Balance-unbalance networks H03H0007440000 Networks comprising gyrators H03H0007460000 Networks for connecting several sources or loads, working on different frequencies, to a common load or source (for use in multiplex transmission systems H04J0001000000);; H03H0007480000 Networks for connecting several sources or loads, working on the same frequency to a common load or source (hybrid circuits for two-way transmission H04B);; H03H0007500000 for obtaining two output voltages having a phase difference substantially independent of frequency H03H0007520000 One-way transmission networks (H03H0007440000 takes precedence);; H03H0009000000 Networks comprising electromechanical or electro-acoustic devices; Electromechanical resonators (H03H0013000000 takes precedence;making crystals B01J0017000000; selection of materials thereof H01V; electromechanical transducers H04R) H03H0009020000 Details of resonators H03H0009040000 Holders; Driving means, e.g. electrodes, coils; Supports H03H0009060000 Adjustable, elastic, or damping electrodes or supporting means H03H0009080000 Holders with means for regulating temperature H03H0009100000 Mounting resonators in sealed enclosures H03H0009120000 for luminous resonators H03H0009140000 Constructions of single resonators consisting of piezo-electric or electrostrictive material H03H0009160000 with two electrodes H03H0009180000 consisting of quartz H03H0009200000 with more than two electrodes H03H0009220000 Constructions of single resonators consisting of magnetostrictive material H03H0009240000 Constructions of single resonators, consisting wholly or partially of material which is not piezo-electric, electrostrictive, or magnetostrictive H03H0009260000 Structural combinations of mechanically coupled resonators H03H0009280000 Combinations of a piezo-electric or electrostrictive resonator and a magnetostrictive resonator H03H0009300000 Constructions of delay lines H03H0009320000 Networks comprising piezo-electric or electrostrictive resonators and no other resonators H03H0009340000 Networks comprising magnetostrictive resonators and no other resonators H03H0011000000 Networks simulating reactances and comprising discharge tubes or semiconductor devices H03H0013000000 Networks comprising distributed impedance elements, e.g. cavity resonators, together with lumped impedance elements (time-delay networks H03H0007300000);; H03J TUNING RESONANT CIRCUITS; SELECTING RESONANT CIRCUITS (indicating arrangements for measuring G01D;measuring, testing G01R; remote-control in general G05, G08; control of generators H03B) H03J0001000000 Details of adjusting, driving, indicating, or remote-control arrangements for resonant circuits in general (machine elements in general F16;coupling of knobs to shafts F16D) H03J0001020000 Indicating arrangements H03J0001040000 with optical indicating means H03J0001060000 Driving or adjusting arrangements; Combined with other driving or adjusting arrangements, e.g. of gain control H03J0001080000 Toothed-gear drive; Worm drive H03J0001100000 Rope drive; Chain drive H03J0001120000 Friction drive H03J0001140000 Special arrangements for fine and coarse tuning H03J0001160000 Single control means independently performing two or more functions H03J0001180000 Control by auxiliary power H03J0001200000 the auxiliary power being switched on as long as controlling current is switched on H03J0001220000 with stepping arrangements actuated by control pulses H03J0003000000 Continuous tuning (combination of continuous and discontinuous tuning other than for band spreading H03J0005000000);; H03J0003020000 Details H03J0003040000 Arrangements for compensating for variations of physical values, e.g. temperature (automatic control of ambient conditions G05D);; H03J0003060000 Arrangements for obtaining constant bandwidth or gain throughout tuning range or ranges (automatic gain control H03G);; H03J0003080000 by varying a second parameter simultaneously with the tuning, e.g. coupling bandpass filter H03J0003100000 Circuit arrangements for fine tuning, e.g. bandspreading H03J0003120000 Electrically-operated arrangements for indicating correct tuning H03J0003140000 Visual indication, e.g. magic eye H03J0003160000 Tuning without displacement of reactive element, e.g. by varying permeability H03J0003180000 by discharge tube or semiconductor device simulating variable reactance H03J0003200000 of single resonant circuit by varying inductance only or capacitance only H03J0003220000 of single resonant circuit by varying inductance and capacitance simultaneously H03J0003240000 of more than one resonant circuit simultaneously, the circuits being tuned to substantially the same frequency, e.g. for single-knob tuning H03J0003260000 the circuits being coupled so as to form a bandpass filter H03J0003280000 of more than one resonant circuit simultaneously, the tuning frequencies of the circuits having a substantially constant difference throughout the tuning range H03J0003300000 Arrangements for ensuring tracking with variable inductors H03J0003320000 Arrangements for ensuring tracking with variable capacitors H03J0005000000 Discontinuous tuning; Selecting predetermined frequencies; Selecting frequency bands with or without continuous tuning in one or more of the bands, e.g. push-button tuning, turret tuner (for bandspreading H03J0003100000);; H03J0005020000 with variable tuning element having a number of predetermined settings and adjustable to a desired one of these settings H03J0005040000 operated by hand H03J0005060000 Settings determined by single indexing means with snap action H03J0005080000 Settings determined by a number of separately-actuated positioning means H03J0005100000 Settings determined by a number of positioning means mounted on a common support, which is adjustable to desired positions, a different positioning means being in operation in each position H03J0005120000 Settings determined by a number of separately-actuated driving means which adjust the tuning element directly to desired settings H03J0005140000 operated by auxiliary power H03J0005160000 Settings determined by a number of separate positioning means actuated by hand H03J0005180000 Settings determined by a number of separate positioning means actuated by electromagnets H03J0005200000 Settings determined by a number of positioning means actuated by a second means adjustable to different positions by the same or by a second auxiliary power H03J0005220000 Settings determined by a number of separately actuated driving means which adjust the tuning element directly to desired settings H03J0005240000 with a number of separate pretuned tuning circuits or separate tuning elements selectively brought into circuit, e.g. for waveband selection, for television channel selection (switches in general H01H);; H03J0005260000 operated by hand H03J0005280000 Tuning circuits or elements supported on a revolving member with contacts arranged in a plane perpendicular to the axis H03J0005300000 Tuning circuits or elements supported on a revolving member with contacts arranged in lines parallel to the axis H03J0005320000 Stationary tuning circuits or elements selected by push-button H03K PULSE TECHNIQUE (measuring pulse characteristics G01R;mechanical counters having an electrical input G06M; storage devices G11; construction of switches involving contact making and breaking for generation of pulses, e.g. by using a moving magnet, H01H; generators of substantially sinusoidal oscillations H03B; modulating sinusoidal oscillations with pulses H03C, H04L; discriminator circuits involving pulse counting H03D) H03K0001000000 Details of generators (modifications of specific types of generators H03K0003000000, H03K0004000000);; H03K0001020000 Modifications of generator to compensate for variations of physical values, e.g. power supply, load H03K0001040000 for variations in temperature alone H03K0001060000 Modifications of generator to ensure starting of oscillations H03K0001080000 Modifications of generator to maintain constant energy content with change of pulse repetition rate H03K0001100000 Modificaion of generator to prevent operation by noise or inteference H03K0001120000 Regulation of generator output (by modification of generator H03K0001020000);; H03K0001140000 of amplitude H03K0001160000 of frequency or repetition rate H03K0001180000 of width; of duty cycle H03K0003000000 Generating electric pulses (H03K0004000000 takes precedence;by distortion of other wave forms H03K0005000000) H03K0003020000 Generators characterised by the type of circuit or other means used for producing pulses (H03K0003640000-H03K0003820000; take precedence);; H03K0003040000 using as active elements vacuum tubes only, with positive feedback H03K0003050000 using means other than a transformer for feedback H03K0003060000 using at least two tubes so coupled that the input of one is derived from the output of another, e.g. multivibrator H03K0003080000 astable H03K0003100000 mono-stable H03K0003120000 bi-stable H03K0003140000 multi-stable H03K0003150000 Circuits of which the state is dependent on the level of the input signal, e.g. Schmitt trigger H03K0003160000 using a transformer for feedback, e.g. blocking oscillator with saturable core H03K0003220000 specially adapted for amplitude comparison, i.e. Multiar H03K0003260000 using as active elements transistors with internal or external positive feedback H03K0003280000 using means other than a transformer for feedback H03K0003281000 using at least two transistors so coupled that the input of one is derived from the output of another, e.g. multivibrator H03K0003282000 astable H03K0003284000 mono-stable H03K0003286000 bi-stable H03K0003290000 multi-stable H03K0003295000 Circuits of which the state is dependent on the level of the input signal, e.g. Schmitt trigger H03K0003300000 using a transformer for feedback, e.g. blocking oscillator H03K0003310000 using as active elements semiconductor devices with two electrodes and exhibiting negative resistance characteristic H03K0003315000 using tunnel diodes H03K0003330000 using as active elements semiconductor devices exhibiting hole storage or enhancement effect H03K0003335000 using as active elements semiconductor devices with more than two electrodes and exhibiting avalanche effect H03K0003350000 using as active elements semiconductor devices with more than two PN junctions, or more than three electrodes, or more than one electrode in the same conductivity region H03K0003370000 using gas-filled tubes as active elements, e.g. astable trigger circuits (H03K0003550000 takes precedence);; H03K0003380000 using cryotrons as active elements H03K0003400000 using electrochemical cells as active elements H03K0003420000 using electro-optical devices as active elements to produce electric pulses H03K0003430000 using beam deflection tubes as active elements H03K0003450000 using as active elements non-linear magnetic devices; using as active elements non-linear dielectric devices H03K0003470000 using parametrons H03K0003490000 using ferro-resonant devices H03K0003510000 using multi-aperture magnetic cores, e.g. transfluxor H03K0003530000 using an energy-accumulating element discharged through the load by a switching device controlled by an external signal and not incorporating positive feedback (H03K0003335000 takes precedence);; H03K0003550000 using gas-filled tubes having a control electrode H03K0003570000 using semiconductor devices H03K0003640000 Generators producing trains of pulses, i.e. finite sequences of pulses H03K0003660000 by interrupting the output of a generator H03K0003700000 time intervals between all adjacent pulses of one train being equal H03K0003720000 with means for varying repetition rate of trains H03K0003780000 Generating a single train of pulses having a predetermined pattern, e.g. a predetermined number H03K0003800000 Generating trains of sinusoidal oscillations (by interrupting H03C, H04L);; H03K0003820000 Generating pulses at random intervals H03K0004000000 Generating pulses having essentially a finite slope or stepped portions (by distorting other waveforms H03K0006000000);; H03K0004020000 having stepped portions, e.g. staircase waveform H03K0004040000 having parabolic shape H03K0004060000 having triangular shape H03K0004080000 having sawtooth shape H03K0004100000 using as active elements vacuum tubes only H03K0004120000 in which a sawtooth voltage is produced across a capacitor H03K0004140000 using two tubes so coupled that the input of each one is derived from the output of the other, e.g. multivibrator H03K0004160000 using a single tube with positive feedback through transformer, e.g. blocking oscillator H03K0004180000 using a single tube exhibiting negative resistance between two of its electrodes, e.g. transitron, dynatron H03K0004200000 using a tube with negative feedback by capacitor, e.g. Miller integrator H03K0004220000 combined with transitron, e.g. phantastron, sanatron H03K0004240000 Boot-strap generators H03K0004260000 in which a sawtooth current is produced through an inductor H03K0004280000 using an amplifier operating as a switching device and driven only by substantially rectangular voltage pulses H03K0004300000 using a tube with negative feedback through a capacitor, el g. Miller integrator H03K0004320000 combined with means for generating the driving pulses H03K0004340000 using a single tube with positive feedback through a transformer H03K0004360000 using a single tube exhibiting negative resistance between two of its electrodes, e.g. transitron, dynatron H03K0004380000 combined with Miller integrator H03K0004400000 using an amplifier driven only by substantially sawtooth voltage pulses H03K0004420000 combined with means for generating the driving pulses H03K0004440000 using an amplifier driven by a combination of sawtooth and rectangular voltage pulses H03K0004460000 combined with means for generating the driving pulses H03K0004480000 using as active elements semiconductor devices (H03K0004780000-H03K0004840000; take precedence);; H03K0004500000 in which a sawtooth voltage is produced across a capacitor H03K0004520000 using two semiconductor devices so coupled that the input of each one is derived from the output of the other, e.g. multivibrator H03K0004540000 using a single semiconductor device with positive feedback through a transformer, e.g. blocking oscillator H03K0004560000 using a semiconductor device with negative feedback through a capacitor, e.g. Miller integrator H03K0004580000 Boot-strap generators H03K0004600000 in which a sawtooth current is produced through an inductor H03K0004620000 using amplifier operating as a switching device and driven by substantially rectangular pulses only H03K0004640000 combined with means for generating the driving pulses H03K0004660000 using a single device with positive feedback, e.g. blocking oscillator H03K0004680000 Generators in which the switching device is conducting during the fly-back part of the cycle H03K0004700000 using an amplifier driven substantially sawtooth pulses only H03K0004720000 combined with means for generating the driving pulses H03K0004740000 using an amplifier driven by a combination of sawtooth and rectangular pulses H03K0004760000 combined with means for generating the driving pulses H03K0004780000 using as active elements tunnel diodes H03K0004800000 using as active elements multi-layer diodes H03K0004820000 using as active elements semiconductor more than three electrodes H03K0004840000 Generators in which the semiconductor device is conducting during the fly-back part of the cycle H03K0004860000 using as active elements gas-filled tubes H03K0004880000 using as active elements electrochemical cells H03K0005000000 Manipulating pulses not covered by one of the other main groups in this sub-class (circuits with regenerative action H03K0003000000, H03K0004000000;using non-linear magnetic or dielectric devices H03K0003450000) H03K0005010000 Shaping pulses H03K0005020000 by amplifying (H03K0005040000 takes precedence;wide-band amplifiers in general H03F) H03K0005040000 by increasing duration; by decreasing duration H03K0005080000 by limiting, by thresholding, by slicing, i.e. combined limiting and thresholding (by comparing one pulse with another H03K0005200000);; H03K0005120000 by steepening leading or trailing edges H03K0005130000 Arrangements having a single output and transforming input signals into pulses delivered at desired time intervals H03K0005153000 Arrangements in which a pulse is delivered at the instant when a predetermined characteristic of an input signal is present or at a fixed time interval after this instant H03K0005156000 Arrangements in which a continuous pulse train is transformed into a train having a desired pattern H03K0005159000 Applications of delay lines not covered by the foregoing sub-groups H03K0005180000 Monitoring individual pulses; Monitoring pulse trains; Monitoring selected pulses therein H03K0005200000 Comparing one pulse with another pulse; Sorting pulses, e.g. according to amplitude H03K0006000000 Manipulating pulses having a finite slope and not covered by one of the other main groups of this sub-class (circuits with regenerative action H03K0004000000);; H03K0006020000 Amplifying pulses H03K0006040000 Modifying slopes of pulses H03K0006060000 Producing pulses by distortion of sinusoidal waveforms H03K0007000000 Modulating pulses with a continuously-variable modulating signal H03K0007020000 Amplitude modulation, i.e. PAM H03K0007040000 Position modulation, i.e. PPM H03K0007060000 Frequency or rate modulation, i.e. PFM or PRM H03K0007080000 Duration or width modulation H03K0007100000 Combined modulation, e.g. rate modulation and amplitude modulation H03K0009000000 Demodulating pulses which have been modulated with a continuously-variable signal H03K0009020000 of amplitude-modulated pulses H03K0009040000 of position-modulated pulses H03K0009060000 of frequency- or rate-modulated H03K0009080000 of duration- or width-modulated H03K0009100000 of pulses having combined modulation H03K0011000000 Transforming types of modulation, e.g. position-modulated pulses into duration-modulated pulses H03K0013000000 Coding; Decoding H03K0013020000 Analogue/digital conversion; Digital/analogue conversion H03K0013040000 by adding selected weighted values H03K0013060000 using successive addition or subtraction and repeated comparison with predetermined amplitudes H03K0013070000 with magnetic flux storage H03K0013100000 with charge storage (H03K0013140000, H03K0013160000 takes precedence);; H03K0013120000 Supplying successive charges of different duration or amplitude H03K0013140000 by using stepped impedance H03K0013160000 by using different decay times of charges initially produced; by using exponentially varying voltages H03K0013170000 in which several reference values of different magnitudes are compared with the analogue value in succession, i.e. iterative type H03K0013175000 in which several reference values are compared simultaneously with the analogue value, i.e. direct comparing type H03K0013180000 by direct conversion, i.e. by reading a selected entry from a conversion device, e.g. coded tube H03K0013200000 by intermediate conversion to a duration or frequency and subsequent counting H03K0013220000 Delta modulation; Differential modulation H03K0013240000 Converting from one code into another code H03K0013243000 Static code converters in which one or more input lines are connected to one or more output lines, e.g. matrix type H03K0013247000 using magnetic elements, e.g. transfluxors H03K0013250000 using semiconductor devices (H03K0013252000 takes precedence);; H03K0013252000 using diodes H03K0013254000 using resistive or capacitive elements H03K0013256000 Dynamic code converters, in which a succession of pulses in one line is converted into several simultaneously occurring pulses in several parallel lines or ; vice versa, e.g. series /parallel converter H03K0013258000 using shift registers (shift registers per G11C);; H03K0013320000 Error detection; Error correction; Monitoring H03K0013340000 Ensuring error-free coding or decoding, e.g. using parity check H03K0017000000 Electronic switching or gating, i.e. not by contact-making and -breaking H03K0017020000 Details (modifications of specific types H03K0017520000-H03K0017880000); H03K0017040000 Modifications for accelerating switching H03K0017060000 Modifications for ensuring a fully conducting state H03K0017080000 Modifications for protecting switching circuit against overload H03K0017100000 Modifications for increasing the maximum permissible switched voltage H03K0017120000 Modifications for increasing the maximum permissible switched current H03K0017140000 Compensating for effects of temperature changes H03K0017160000 Modifications for eliminating interference voltages or currents H03K0017180000 Modifications for indicating state of switch H03K0017200000 Modifications for resetting core switching units to a predetermined state H03K0017220000 Modifications for ensuring a predetermined initial state when the supply voltage has been applied (bi-stable generators H03K0003120000);; H03K0017240000 Storing the actual state when the supply voltage fails H03K0017260000 Modifications for temporary blocking after receipt of control pulses H03K0017280000 Modifications for introducing a time delay before switching H03K0017300000 Modifications for providing a predetermined threshold before switching H03K0017520000 using gas-filled tubes H03K0017540000 using vacuum tubes (diodes H03K0017740000);; H03K0017560000 using semiconductor devices (diodes H03K0017740000);; H03K0017580000 using tunnel diodes H03K0017600000 using transistors H03K0017620000 Distributing arrangements (code converters H03K0013240000);; H03K0017640000 having inductive loads H03K0017660000 Switching arrangements for passing the current in either direction at will; Switching arrangements for reversing the current at will H03K0017680000 specially adapted for switching ac currents or voltages H03K0017700000 having two electrodes and exhibiting negative resistance (using tunnel diodes H03K0017580000);; H03K0017720000 having more than two PN junctions; having more than three electrodes; having more than one electrode at the same conductivity region H03K0017740000 using diodes H03K0017760000 Distributing arrangements (code converters H03K0013240000);; H03K0017780000 using electro-optical devices H03K0017800000 using non-linear magnetic devices; using non-linear dielectric devices H03K0017820000 using transfluxors H03K0017840000 using thin-film devices H03K0017860000 using twistors H03K0017880000 using beam-deflection tubes H03K0019000000 Logic circuits, i.e. having at least two inputs acting on one output; Inverting circuits H03K0019020000 characterised by the components used H03K0019040000 using gas-filled tubes H03K0019060000 using vacuum tubes (using diode rectifiers H03K0019120000);; H03K0019080000 using semiconductor devices (using tunnel diodes H03K0019100000;using diode rectifiers H03K0019120000) H03K0019100000 using tunnel diodes H03K0019120000 using diode rectifiers H03K0019140000 using electro-optical devices H03K0019160000 using saturable magnetic devices H03K0019162000 using parametrons H03K0019164000 using ferro-resonant devices H03K0019166000 using transfluxors H03K0019168000 using thin-film devices H03K0019170000 using twistors H03K0019200000 characterised by logic function (H03K0019020000 takes precedence);; H03K0019220000 AND circuits, i.e. giving output if all inputs exist H03K0019240000 Coincidence circuits, i.e. giving output if trigger criterion exists simultaneously at all inputs H03K0019260000 Amplitude coincidence circuits, i.e. giving output only if all inputs are of equal amplitude (amplitude comparators H03K0003220000);; H03K0019280000 Coincidence circuits with at least one trigger criterion of polarity opposite to the other criteria H03K0019300000 OR circuits, i.e. giving output if trigger criterion exists at least at one input H03K0019320000 EXCLUSIVE OR circuits, i.e. giving output if trigger criterion exists at only one input H03K0019340000 NOR circuits, i.e. giving no output if trigger criterion exists at least at one input H03K0019360000 NAND circuits, i.e. giving no output if trigger criterion exists at all inputs H03K0019380000 BUT NOT circuits, i.e. giving output if trigger criterion exists at least at one input and no inhibiting criterion exists at a predetermined further input H03K0019400000 NOT or inverting circuits, i.e. giving no output if input exists H03K0019420000 Majority circuits, i.e. giving output having the state of the majority of the inputs H03K0019440000 Minority circuits, i.e. giving output having the state of the minority of the inputs H03K0021000000 Details of pulse counters of frequency dividers H03K0021020000 Input circuits for pulses H03K0021040000 comprising pulse-shaping or -differentiating circuits H03K0021060000 comprising logic circuits H03K0021080000 Output circuits for pulses H03K0021100000 comprising logic circuits H03K0021120000 with parallel read-out H03K0021140000 with series read-out of number stored H03K0021160000 Circuits for carrying-over pulses between successive decades H03K0021180000 Circuits for indicating the result H03K0021200000 using glow-discharge lamps H03K0021220000 using multi-cathode lamps H03K0021240000 using incandescent lamps H03K0021260000 using pointer meters, e.g. electrometers H03K0021280000 using amplifying devices H03K0021300000 Circuits for starting, stopping, or monitoring the counter H03K0021320000 Starting-circuits; Resetting-circuits H03K0021340000 Monitoring-circuits H03K0021360000 for predetermined counting, i.e. counters which can be set to a predetermined starting condition or which produce an output signal when a predetermined number of pulses has been received H03K0023000000 Pulse counters comprising counting chains; Frequency dividers comprising counting chains (H03K0029000000 takes precedence);; H03K0023020000 comprising a chain of identical two-state stages which are successively brought from one state into the other by successive pulses, these being applied simultaneously to more than one stage, e.g. ring counter H03K0023030000 using relays H03K0023035000 using two groups of relays, e.g. one for odd- and one for even-digit positions H03K0023040000 using bi-stable regenerative trigger circuits H03K0023060000 in which the active elements are only vacuum tubes H03K0023080000 in which the active elements are only semiconductor devices having at least three electrodes H03K0023100000 using bi-stable magnetic cores; using bi-stable ferro-electric capacitors H03K0023120000 using bi-stable electro-optical devices H03K0023140000 using semiconductor devices having only two electrodes, e.g. Zener diode; using thermistors H03K0023160000 with negative resistance characteristics, e.g. tunnel diode, multi-layer diode H03K0023180000 using gas-filled tubes H03K0023200000 using vacuum tubes (H03K0023060000 takes precedence);; H03K0023220000 using semiconductor devices having at least three electrodes (H03K0023080000 takes precedence);; H03K0023240000 comprising a chain of bi-stable stages, the pulses being applied to one stage only H03K0023250000 using relays H03K0023255000 using two groups of relays, e.g. one for odd- and one for even-digit positions H03K0023260000 using bi-stable regenerative trigger circuits H03K0023280000 in which the active elements are only vacuum tubes H03K0023300000 in which the active elements are only semiconductor devices having at least three electrodes H03K0023320000 using bi-stable magnetic cores; using bi-stable ferro-electric capacitors H03K0023340000 using bi-stable electro-optical devices H03K0023360000 using semiconductor devices having only two electrodes, e.g. tunnel diode, multi-layer diode H03K0023380000 using gas-filled tubes H03K0025000000 Pulse counters with step-by-step integration and static storage; Analogous frequency dividers H03K0025020000 comprising charge storage, e.g. capacitor without polarisation hysteresis H03K0025040000 using auxiliary pulse generator triggered by the incoming pulses (H03K0025100000 takes precedence);; H03K0025060000 with mono-stable multivibrator H03K0025080000 with blocking oscillator H03K0025100000 using feedback for linearisation of successive charges H03K0025120000 comprising hysteresis storage H03K0025140000 using ferro-electric capacitor H03K0025160000 with feedback for linearisation of successive charges H03K0025180000 using ferromagnetic inductor H03K0027000000 Pulse counters in which pulses are continuously circulated in a closed loop; Analogous frequency dividers H03K0027020000 comprising a delay line in the closed loop H03K0029000000 Pulse counters comprising multi-stable elements, e.g. for ternary scale, for decimal scale; Analogous frequency dividers H03K0029020000 comprising multi-cathode gas-discharge tubes, electron-beam switching tubes or analogous semiconductor switching devices H04 ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE H04B TRANSMISSION (broadcast communication H04H;multiplex systems H04J; secret communication H04K) H04B0001000000 Details of systems covered by groups ; H04B0003000000-H04B0013000000 H04B0001020000 Transmitters (spatial arrangements of component circuits in radio pills for living beings A61B0005070000);; H04B0001040000 Circuits (of television transmitters H04N0005380000);; H04B0001060000 Receivers (television receivers H04N0005440000, H04N0005640000);; H04B0001080000 Constructional details, e.g. cabinet H04B0001100000 Means associated with receiver for limiting or suppressing noise or interference H04B0001120000 Neutralising, balancing, or compensation arrangements H04B0001140000 Automatic detuning arrangements H04B0001160000 Circuits H04B0001180000 Input circuits, e.g. for coupling to an aerial or a transmission line (input circuits for amplifiers in general H03F;coupling networks between aerials or lines and receivers independent of the nature of the receiver H03H) H04B0001200000 for coupling gramophone pick-up, recorder output, or microphone to receiver H04B0001220000 for receivers in which no local oscillation is generated H04B0001240000 the receiver comprising at least one semiconductor device having three or more electrodes H04B0001260000 for superheterodyne receivers (multiple frequency-changing H03D0007160000);; H04B0001280000 the receiver comprising at least one semiconductor device having three or more electrodes H04B0001300000 for homodyne or synchrodyne receivers (demodulator circuits H03D0001220000);; H04B0001320000 for stop-on signal receivers, i.e. strength of received signal determines stopping of a continuous tuning action H04B0001340000 in which an automatic frequency correction circuit is brought into action after the continuous tuning has been stopped H04B0001360000 Panoramic receivers, i.e. for indicating reception from active transmitters in continuously swept frequency band H04B0001380000 Transceivers, i.e. devices in which transmitter and receiver form a structural unit and in which at least one part is used for functions of transmitting and receiving H04B0001400000 Circuits H04B0001440000 Transmit-receive switching (tubes therefor H01J;waveguide switches per H01P0001100000) H04B0001460000 by voice-frequency signals; by pilot signals H04B0001480000 in circuit for connecting transmitter and receiver to a common transmission path, e.g. by energy of transmitter (in radar systems G01S);; H04B0001500000 using different frequencies for the two directions of communication H04B0001520000 Hybrid arrangements, i.e. for transition from single-path two-way transmission to single transmission on each of two paths, or ; vice versa H04B0001540000 using the same frequency for both directions of communication (H04B0001440000 takes precedence);; H04B0001560000 with provision for simultaneous communication in both directions H04B0001580000 Hybrid arrangements, i.e. for transition from single-path two-way transmission to single transmission on each of two paths, or ; vice versa H04B0001590000 Responders; Transponders (special circuitry therefor H04B0007140000);; H04B0001600000 Supervising unattended repeaters H04B0001620000 Modifications of systems to provide a predistortion of the signal in the transmitter and corresponding correction in the receiver, e.g. to improve the signal/noise ratio H04B0001640000 Volume compression or expansion arrangements H04B0001660000 Modifications of systems to reduce bandwidth of signals; Modifications of systems to improve efficiency of transmission H04B0001680000 by wholly or partially suppressing the carrier or one side band H04B0001700000 using a sub-carrier H04B0001720000 Circuits or components for simulating aerials, e.g. dummy aerial (dissipative waveguide terminations H01P0001260000);; H04B0003000000 Line transmission systems (combined with near-field transmission systems H04B0005000000;constructional features of cables H01B0011000000) H04B0003020000 Details H04B0003040000 Control of transmission; Equalising (control of amplification in general H03G);; H04B0003060000 by the transmitted signal H04B0003080000 in negative-feedback path of line amplifier H04B0003100000 by pilot signal H04B0003120000 in negative-feedback path of line amplifier H04B0003140000 characterised by the equalising network used H04B0003160000 characterised by the negative-impedance network used H04B0003180000 wherein the network comprises semiconductor devices H04B0003200000 Reducing echo effects or singing; Opening or closing transmitting path; Conditioning for transmission in one direction or the other H04B0003220000 with common one-way device for both directions H04B0003240000 with separate one-way devices H04B0003260000 Improving frequency characteristic by the use of loading coils (loading coils per H01F0017080000);; H04B0003280000 Reducing interference caused by currents induced in cable sheathing or armouring H04B0003300000 Reducing interference caused by unbalance current in a normally balanced line H04B0003320000 Reducing cross-talk, e.g. by compensating H04B0003340000 by systematic interconnection of lengths of cable during laying; by addition of balancing components to cable during laying H04B0003360000 Repeater circuits (H04B0003580000 takes precedence;amplifiers therefor H03F) H04B0003380000 for signals in two different frequency ranges transmitted in opposite directions over the same transmission path H04B0003400000 Artificial lines; Networks simulating a line of certain length H04B0003420000 Circuits for by-passing of ringing signals H04B0003440000 Arrangements for feeding power to a repeater along the transmission line H04B0003460000 Monitoring; Testing H04B0003480000 Testing attenuation H04B0003500000 Systems for transmission between fixed stations via two-conductor transmission lines (H04B0003540000 takes precedence);; H04B0003520000 Systems for transmission between fixed stations via waveguides H04B0003540000 Systems for transmission via power distribution lines H04B0003560000 Circuits for coupling, blocking, or by-passing of signals H04B0003580000 Repeater circuits (amplifiers therefor H03F);; H04B0003600000 Systems for communication between relatively movable stations, e.g. for communication with lift (H04B0003540000 takes precedence);; H04B0005000000 Near-field transmission systems, e.g. inductive loop type H04B0005020000 using transceiver H04B0005040000 Calling systems, e.g. paging system H04B0005060000 using a portable transmitter associated with a microphone H04B0007000000 Radio transmission systems, i.e. using radiation field (H04B0009000000, H04B0015000000 take precedence);; H04B0007020000 Diversity systems (for direction finding G01S0003720000;aerial arrays or systems H01Q) H04B0007040000 using a plurality of spaced independent aerials H04B0007060000 at transmitting station, e.g. time diversity H04B0007080000 at receiving station, e.g. space diversity H04B0007100000 using a single aerial system characterised by its polarisation or directive properties, e.g. polarisation diversity, direction diversity H04B0007120000 Frequency-diversity systems H04B0007140000 Relay systems (interrogator-responder systems G01S0009560000);; H04B0007160000 employing angle modulation H04B0007180000 employing pulse modulation, employing pulse code modulation H04B0007200000 in which at least one station is movable, e.g. mounted on a satellite H04B0007220000 Scatter propagation systems H04B0009000000 Transmission systems employing electromagnetic waves other than radio waves, e.g. light, infra-red H04B0011000000 Transmission systems employing sonic, ultrasonic or infrasonic waves H04B0013000000 Transmission systems not provided for in the preceding groups H04B0013020000 Transmission systems in which the medium consists of the earth or a large mass of water thereon, e.g. earth telegraphy (line transmission systems with earth or water return H04B0003000000);; H04B0015000000 Suppression or limitation of noise or interference (by means associated with receiver H04B0001100000);; H04B0015020000 Reducing interference from electric apparatus by means located at or near the interfering apparatus (structural association with dynamo-electric machines H02K0011000000);; H04B0015040000 the interference being caused by substantially sinusoidal oscillations, e.g. in a receiver, in a tape-recorder (reducing parasitic oscillations H03B, H03F;screening H05K0009000000) H04B0015060000 by local oscillators of receivers H04H BROADCAST COMMUNICATION (transmission in general H04B;multiplex communication H04J) H04H0001000000 Broadcast distribution systems H04H0001020000 Wired systems H04H0001040000 using carrier waves H04H0001060000 having frequencies in two or more frequency bands, e.g. medium wave and VHF H04H0001080000 combined with telephone network over which the broadcast is continuously available (telephone systems in general H04M);; H04H0001100000 using signals not modulated on a carrier H04H0001120000 not sharing the network with any other service H04H0001140000 combined with power distribution network H04H0003000000 Common-wave systems, i.e. using separate transmitters operating on substantially the same frequency H04H0005000000 Stereophonic broadcast systems (multiplex systems in general H04J);; H04H0007000000 Studio equipment (for television H04N);;Interconnection of studios H04H0007020000 Mobile studios H04H0007040000 Monitoring programmes H04H0009000000 Recording the use made of the broadcast service H04J MULTIPLEX COMMUNICATION (transmission in general H04B;peculiar to telegraphic communication H04L0005000000; systems for transmitting television signals simultaneously or sequentially H04N0007080000; in exchanges H04Q0011000000) H04J0001000000 Frequency-division multiplex systems H04J0001020000 Details H04J0001040000 Frequency-transposition arrangements H04J0001060000 Arrangements for supplying the carrier waves H04J0001080000 Arrangements for combining channels H04J0001100000 Intermediate station arrangements, e.g. for branching, for tapping-off H04J0001120000 Arrangements for reducing cross-talk between channels H04J0001140000 Arrangements providing for calling or supervisory signals H04J0001160000 Monitoring arrangements H04J0001180000 Systems in which all the carriers are amplitude-modulated H04J0001200000 Systems in which at least one carrier is angle-modulated H04J0003000000 Time-division multiplex systems H04J0003020000 Details H04J0003040000 Distributors combined with modulators or demodulators (distributors in general H03K0019400000);; H04J0003060000 Synchronising arrangements H04J0003080000 Intermediate station arrangements, e.g. for branching, for tapping-off H04J0003100000 Arrangements for reducing cross-talk between channels H04J0003120000 Arrangements providing for calling or supervisory signals H04J0003140000 Monitoring arrangements H04J0003160000 Systems in which the time allocation to individual channels within a transmission cycle is variable, e.g. to accommodate varying complexity of signals, to vary number of channels transmitted (H04J0005000000 takes precedence);; H04J0003180000 Systems using frequency compression and subsequent expansion of the individual signals H04J0005000000 Multiplex systems in which a transmission channel allotted to a first user may be taken away and re-allotted to a second user if the first user becomes inactive, e.g. TASI H04J0007000000 Multiplex systems in which the amplitudes or durations of the signals in individual channels are characteristic of those channels H04J0007020000 in which the polarity of the amplitude is characteristic H04J0009000000 Multiplex systems in which each channel is represented by a different type of modulation of the carrier H04K SECRET COMMUNICATION; JAMMING OF COMMUNICATION H04K0001000000 Secret communication (systems with reduced bandwidth or suppressed carrier H04B0001660000;by using a sub-carrier H04B0001700000; by multiplexing H04J; secret telegraph or data transmission systems H04L0009000000; secret or subscription television systems H04N0007160000) H04K0001020000 by adding a second signal to make the desired signal unintelligible H04K0001040000 by frequency scrambling, i.e. by transposing or inverting parts of the frequency band or by inverting the whole band H04K0001060000 by transmitting the information or elements thereof at unnatural speeds or in jumbled order or backwards H04K0001080000 by varying the polarisation of transmitted waves H04K0001100000 by using two signals transmitted simultaneously or successively H04K0003000000 Jamming of communication; Counter-measures H04L TELEGRAPHIC COMMUNICATION (typewriters B41J;order telegraphs, fire or police telegraphs, writing telegraphy, visual telegraphy G08B; arrangements common to telegraphic and telephonic communication H04M; selecting H04Q) H04L0001000000 Arrangements for detecting or preventing errors in the information received (correcting synchronisation H04L0007000000;arrangements in the transmission path H04B) H04L0001020000 by diversity reception (in general H04B0007020000);; H04L0001040000 using frequency diversity H04L0001060000 using space diversity H04L0001080000 by repeating transmission, e.g. Verdan system H04L0001100000 by using codes designed for error detection with or without automatic error correction, e.g. using Hamming code, using parity-checking H04L0001120000 by using return channel H04L0001140000 in which the signals are sent back to the transmitter to be checked H04L0001160000 in which the return channel carries supervisory signals, e.g. repetition request signals H04L0001180000 Automatic repetition systems, e.g. van Duuren system H04L0003000000 Arrangements for converting one code into another code (code conversion in general H03K0013240000);; H04L0003020000 Arrangements for converting codes in which each character is represented by the same number of equal-length code elements into error-detecting or error-correcting codes, or ; vice versa, e.g. five-unit code into seven-unit code with three marking and four spacing elements H04L0003040000 Arrangements for converting codes in which each character is represented by the same number of equal-length code elements into dot-and-dash codes or ; vice versa H04L0005000000 Arrangements affording multiple use of the transmission path (multiplex communication in general H04J);; H04L0005020000 Channels characterised by the type of signal H04L0005040000 the signals being represented by different amplitudes or polarities, e.g. quadriplex H04L0005060000 the signals being represented by different frequencies (combined with time-division multiplexing H04L0005260000);; H04L0005080000 each combination of signals in different channels being represented by a predetermined frequency H04L0005100000 with dynamo-electric generation of carriers; with mechanical filters or demodulators H04L0005120000 the signals being represented by different phase modulations of a single carrier H04L0005140000 Two-way operation using the same type of signal, i.e. duplex (conditioning for two-way transmission in general H04B0003200000);; H04L0005160000 Half-duplex systems; Simplex-duplex switching; Transmission of break signals H04L0005180000 Automatic changing of the traffic direction H04L0005200000 using different combinations of lines, e.g. phantom working H04L0005220000 using time-division multiplexing H04L0005240000 with start-stop synchronous converters H04L0005260000 combined with the use of different frequencies H04L0007000000 Arrangements for synchronising receiver with transmitter H04L0007020000 Speed or phase control by the received code signals, the signals containing no special synchronisation information H04L0007040000 Speed or phase control by synchronisation signals H04L0007060000 the synchronisation signals differing from the information signals in amplitude, polarity, or frequency H04L0007080000 the synchronisation signals recurring cyclically H04L0007100000 Arrangements for initial synchronisation H04L0009000000 Arrangements for secret communication (in general H04K);; H04L0009020000 by adding a key-signal to make the desired signal unintelligible H04L0009040000 Arrangements for generating key-code characters H04L0011000000 Exchanges; Connections between exchanges; Connections between exchanges and substations H04L0011020000 Details H04L0011040000 Switch-boards H04L0011060000 Answer-back mechanisms or circuits H04L0011080000 Monitoring arrangements H04L0011100000 Allotting numbers to messages; Counting characters, words, or messages (counting in general G06M);; H04L0011120000 Testing equipment; Routine testing H04L0011140000 Current supply arrangements H04L0011150000 Arrangements for remote connection or disconnection of substations or of equipment thereat H04L0011160000 Party-line systems H04L0011180000 Systems affording broadcast facilities; Systems affording conference facilities H04L0011200000 Message switching systems (permutation-code selecting H04Q0003020000);; H04L0011220000 Manual relay systems, e.g. push-button switching H04L0011240000 with perforated tape storage H04L0013000000 Details of the apparatus or circuits covered by groups ; H04L0015000000 and H04L0017000000 H04L0013020000 Details not particular to receiver or transmitter H04L0013040000 Driving mechanisms; Clutches (in general F16);; H04L0013060000 Tape or page guiding or feeding devices H04L0013080000 Intermediate storage means H04L0013100000 Distributors H04L0013120000 Non-mechanical distributors, e.g. relay distributors H04L0013140000 Electronic distributors (in general H; 03K17/40) H04L0013160000 of transmitters, e.g. code-bars, code-discs H04L0013180000 of receivers H04L0015000000 Apparatus or local circuits for transmitting or receiving dot-and-dash codes, e.g. Morse code (telegraph tapping keys H01H0021860000);; H04L0015020000 Teaching apparatus; Keys structurally combined with sound generators H04L0015040000 Apparatus or circuits at the transmitting end H04L0015060000 with a restricted number of keys, e.g. separate key for each type of code element H04L0015080000 with a single key which transmits dots in one position and dashes in a second position H04L0015100000 combined with perforating apparatus H04L0015120000 with keyboard co-operating with code-bars H04L0015140000 combined with perforating apparatus H04L0015160000 with keyboard co-operating with code discs H04L0015180000 Automatic transmitters, e.g. controlled by perforated tape H04L0015200000 with optical sensing means H04L0015220000 Apparatus or circuits for sending one or a restricted number of signals, e.g. distress signals H04L0015240000 Apparatus or circuits at the receiving end H04L0015260000 Operating only on reception of predetermined code signals, e.g. distress signals, party-line call signals H04L0015280000 Code reproducing apparatus H04L0015300000 Writing recorders H04L0015320000 Perforating recorders H04L0015340000 Apparatus for recording received coded signals after translation, e.g. as type-characters H04L0017000000 Apparatus or local circuits for transmitting or receiving codes wherein each character is represented by the same number of equal-length code elements, e.g. Baudot code H04L0017020000 Apparatus or circuits at the transmitting end H04L0017040000 with keyboard co-operating with code-bars H04L0017060000 Contact operating means H04L0017080000 combined with perforating apparatus H04L0017100000 with keyboard co-operating with code-discs H04L0017120000 Automatic transmitters, e.g. controlled by perforated tape H04L0017140000 with optical sensing means H04L0017160000 Apparatus or circuits at the receiving end H04L0017180000 Code selection mechanisms H04L0017200000 using perforating recorders H04L0017220000 using mechanical translation and type-bar printing H04L0017240000 using mechanical translation and type-head printing, e.g. type-wheel, type-cylinder H04L0017260000 using aggregate motion translation H04L0017280000 using pneumatic or hydraulic translation H04L0017300000 using electric or electronic translation H04L0019000000 Apparatus or local circuits for step-by-step systems H04L0021000000 Apparatus or local circuits for mosaic printer telegraph systems H04L0021020000 at the transmitting end H04L0021040000 at the receiving end H04L0023000000 Apparatus or local circuits for systems other than those covered by groups ; H04L0015000000-H04L0021000000 H04L0025000000 Direct-current systems H04L0025020000 Details (circuits in general for handling pulses H03K;in line transmission systems in general H04B0003020000) H04L0025040000 Passive shaping networks in transmitter or receiver H04L0025060000 Dc level restoring means; Bias distortion correction H04L0025080000 Modifications for reducing interference; Modifications for reducing effects due to line faults H04L0025100000 Compensating for variations in line balance H04L0025120000 Compensating for variations in line impedance H04L0025140000 Channel dividing arrangements H04L0025160000 Interpolating arrangements e.g. earthing of line between pulses H04L0025180000 Arrangements for inductively generating telegraphic signals (induction coil interrupters H01H0051340000;dynamo-electric generators H02K) H04L0025200000 Repeater circuits; Relay circuits H04L0025220000 Repeaters for converting two wires to four wires (in general H04B);;Repeaters for converting single current to double current H04L0025240000 Relay circuits using discharge tubes or semiconductor devices H04L0025260000 Circuits with optical sensing means H04L0025280000 Repeaters using modulation and subsequent demodulation H04L0025300000 Non-synchronous systems H04L0025320000 characterised by the code employed H04L0025340000 using three or more different amplitudes, e.g. cable code H04L0025360000 with electric or magnetic storage of the signals before transmitting or receiving to increase transmission speed H04L0025380000 Synchronous or start-stop systems, e.g. for Baudot code H04L0025400000 Transmitting circuits; Receiving circuits (repeater circuits, relay circuits H04L0025520000);; H04L0025420000 using mechanical distributors H04L0025440000 using relay distributors H04L0025460000 using tuning forks or vibrating reeds H04L0025480000 characterised by the code employed H04L0025500000 with electric or magnetic storage of the signals before transmitting or receiving to increase transmission speed H04L0025520000 Repeater circuits; Relay circuits H04L0025540000 using mechanical distributors H04L0025560000 Non-electrical regenerative repeaters H04L0025580000 using relay distributors H04L0025600000 Regenerative repeaters with electromagnetic switches H04L0025620000 using tuning forks or vibrating reeds H04L0025640000 Start-stop regenerative repeaters using discharge tubes or semiconductor devices H04L0025660000 Synchronous repeaters using discharge tubes or semiconductor devices H04L0027000000 Alternating-current systems H04L0027020000 Amplitude-modulated carrier systems, e.g. using on/off keying H04L0027040000 Modulator circuits (in general H03C);;Transmitter circuits H04L0027060000 Demodulator circuits (in general H03D);;Receiver circuits H04L0027080000 Amplitude regulation arrangements H04L0027100000 Frequency-modulated carrier systems, i.e. using frequency-shift keying H04L0027120000 Modulator circuits (in general H03C);;Transmitter circuits H04L0027140000 Demodulator circuits (in general H03D);;Receiver circuits H04L0027160000 Frequency regulation arrangements H04L0027180000 Phase-modulated carrier systems, i.e. using phase-shift keying H04L0027200000 Modulator circuits (in general H03C);;Transmitter circuits H04L0027220000 Demodulator circuits (in general H03D);;Receiver circuits H04L0027240000 Half-wave signalling systems H04L0027260000 Systems using multi-frequency codes H04L0027280000 with simultaneous transmission of different frequencies each representing one code element H04L0027300000 wherein each code element is represented by a combination of frequencies H04M TELEPHONIC COMMUNICATION (counting mechanisms G06M;circuits for controlling other apparatus via a telephone cable and not involving telephone switching apparatus G08; reels or other take-up devices for cords H02G0011000000; multiplex transmission between switching centres H04J; selecting arrangements H04Q; transducers H04R; coin-freed or check-freed mechanisms G07F) H04M0001000000 Substation equipment, e.g. for use by subscribers; Analogous equipment at exchanges (prepayment telephone coin boxes H04M0017000000;current supply arrangements H04M0019000000) H04M0001020000 Constructional features of telephone sets H04M0001040000 Supports for telephone transmitters or receivers (for transducers in general H04R0001000000);; H04M0001050000 adapted for use on head, throat, or breast H04M0001060000 Hooks; Cradles H04M0001080000 associated with switches operated by weight of receiver or hand-set H04M0001100000 associated with switches operated by magnetic effect due to proximity of receiver or hand-set H04M0001110000 Supports for sets, e.g. incorporating armrests H04M0001120000 Adjustable supports, e.g. extensible H04M0001130000 pantographic H04M0001140000 with resilient means to eliminate extraneous vibrations H04M0001150000 Protection of telephone cord; Guiding telephone cord; Winding-up telephone cord (in general H02G0011000000);; H04M0001180000 Telephone sets modified for use in ships, mines, or other places exposed to adverse environment (H04M0001190000 takes precedence;telephone cabinets per E04H1/10); H04M0001190000 Arrangements of transmitters, receivers, or complete sets to prevent eavesdropping, to attenuate local noise or to prevent undesired transmission; Special mouthpieces or receivers therefor (circuit arrangements for preventing eavesdropping H04M0001680000;telephone cabinets per E04H1/10); H04M0001200000 Arrangements for preventing acoustic feedback (H04M0001620000 takes precedence);; H04M0001210000 Combinations with auxiliary equipment, e.g. with clock, with memoranda pad H04M0001220000 Illuminating; Arrangements for improving visibility of characters on dials H04M0001230000 Construction or mounting of dials or of equivalent devices; Means for facilitating the use thereof (by improving visibility H04M0001220000);; H04M0001240000 Arrangements for testing (measuring electric values G01R;testing transducers H04R0029000000) H04M0001260000 Devices for signalling identity of wanted subscriber (constructional features H04M0001230000);; H04M0001280000 by interrupting current to generate trains of pulses; by periodically opening and closing contacts to generate trains of pulses H04M0001300000 Devices which can set up and transmit only one digit at a time H04M0001320000 Locking setting devices during transmission to prevent interference by user H04M0001340000 Lost-motion or other arrangements for ensuring a pause between successive digit transmissions H04M0001360000 Preventing the sending of predetermined numbers H04M0001380000 Pulses transmitted by a movement variably limited by the setting of a stop H04M0001400000 wherein the setting-operation short-circuits or open-circuits the transmitting mechanism during a variable part of a cycle H04M0001420000 Devices whereby a plurality of digits may be stored simultaneously H04M0001440000 with provision only for storing one subscriber number at a time by keyboard or dial H04M0001450000 with provision for storing more than one subscriber number at a time, e.g. using toothed disc H04M0001460000 using magnetic recording, e.g. on tape H04M0001480000 using punched cards H04M0001500000 by generating or selecting currents of predetermined frequencies or combinations of frequencies H04M0001510000 Devices whereby a plurality of digits may be stored simultaneously H04M0001520000 Arrangements wherein a dial or equivalent is mechanically coupled to a line selector H04M0001540000 Arrangements wherein a dial or equivalent generates identifying signals, e.g. in party-line systems H04M0001560000 Arrangements for indicating the called number at the calling subscriber's set H04M0001580000 Anti-side-tone circuits (hybrid circuits for carrier-frequency operation H04B0001000000);; H04M0001600000 including speech amplifiers H04M0001620000 Constructional arrangements H04M0001640000 Automatic arrangements for answering calls; Automatic arrangements for recording messages for absent subscribers (centralised dictation systems H04M0011100000);; H04M0001660000 with means for preventing unauthorised or fraudulent calling H04M0001680000 Circuit arrangements for preventing eavesdropping H04M0001700000 Lock-out or secrecy arrangements in party-line systems H04M0001720000 Substation extension arrangements H04M0001740000 with means for reducing interference; with means for reducing effects due to line faults H04M0001760000 Compensating for differences in line impedance (in general H04B);; H04M0003000000 Automatic or semi-automatic exchanges H04M0003020000 Ringing or otherwise calling substations (selective calling H04Q);; H04M0003040000 calling signal supplied from final selector H04M0003060000 calling signal supplied from subscriber's line circuit H04M0003080000 Indicating faults in circuits or apparatus H04M0003100000 Providing fault- or trouble-signals H04M0003120000 Marking faulty circuits "busy"; Enabling equipment to disengage itself from faulty circuits H04M0003140000 Signalling existence of persistent "off-hook" condition H04M0003160000 with lock-out or secrecy provision in party-line systems H04M0003180000 with means for reducing interference; with means for reducing effects due to line faults H04M0003200000 with means for interrupting existing connections; with means for breaking-in on conversations H04M0003220000 Supervisory, monitoring, or testing arrangements H04M0003240000 with provision for checking the normal operation H04M0003260000 with means for applying test signals H04M0003280000 Automatic routine testing H04M0003300000 for subscribers' lines H04M0003320000 for lines between exchanges H04M0003340000 Testing for cross-talk (in lines generally H04B);; H04M0003360000 Statistical metering, e.g. recording occasions when traffic exceeds capacity of trunks (statistical apparatus in general G06F0015360000);; H04M0003380000 Graded-service arrangement, i.e. some subscribers prevented from establishing certain connections (queueing arrangements H04Q0003640000);; H04M0003400000 Applications of speech amplifiers H04M0003420000 Systems providing special services to subscribers H04M0003440000 Additional connecting arrangements for providing access to frequently-wanted subscribers H04M0003460000 Arrangements for calling a number of substations in a predetermined sequence until an answer is obtained H04M0003480000 Arrangements for recalling a calling subscriber when the wanted subscriber ceases to be busy H04M0003500000 Centralised arrangements for answering calls; Centralised arrangements for recording messages for absent subscribers (centralised dictation systems H04M0011100000);; H04M0003520000 Arrangements for routing dead-number calls to operators H04M0003540000 Arrangements for diverting calls for one subscriber to another predetermined subscriber H04M0003560000 Arrangements for connecting several subscribers to a common circuit, i.e. affording conference facilities H04M0003580000 Arrangements for transferring received calls from one subscriber to another; Arrangements affording interim conversations between either the calling or the called party and a third party H04M0003600000 Semi-automatic systems, i.e. in which the numerical selection of the outgoing line is under the control of an operator H04M0003620000 Keyboard equipment H04M0003640000 Arrangements for signalling the number or class of the calling line to the operator (between operators in inter-exchange working H04M0005180000);; H04M0005000000 Manual exchanges (substation equipment in general H04M0001000000);; H04M0005020000 Constructional details (jacks, jack-plugs H01R0017000000, H01R0021000000);; H04M0005040000 Arrangements for indicating calls or supervising connections for calling or clearing H04M0005060000 affording automatic call distribution H04M0005080000 using connecting means other than cords H04M0005100000 using separate plug for each subscriber H04M0005120000 Ringing or otherwise calling substations H04M0005140000 Applications of speech amplifiers H04M0005160000 with means for reducing interference; with means for reducing effects due to line faults H04M0005180000 Arrangements for signalling the class or number of called or calling line from one exchange to another H04M0005200000 Number-indicating arrangements for incoming lines H04M0007000000 Interconnection arrangements between switching centres (transmission arrangements in general H04B);; H04M0007020000 modified to compensate for differences of ground potential H04M0007040000 modified to compensate for differences of line impedance H04M0007060000 using auxiliary connections for control or supervision H04M0007080000 adapted for phantom working H04M0007100000 adapted for two-way working, i.e. calls may be set-up in either direction over the same connection H04M0007120000 adapted for working between exchanges having different types of switching equipment, e.g. power-driven and step by step, decimal and non-decimal H04M0007140000 in systems involving main and subordinate switching centres (current supply source at subordinate switching centre charged from main exchange H04M0019060000);; H04M0007160000 in systems employing carrier frequencies H04M0009000000 Interconnection arrangements not involving centralised switching H04M0009020000 involving a common line for all parties H04M0009040000 involving a separate line for each pair of parties H04M0009060000 involving combinations of interconnecting lines H04M0009080000 Two-way loud-speaking telephone systems with means for suppressing echoes or otherwise conditioning for one or other direction of traffic (for line transmission in general H04B0003200000);; H04M0009100000 with switching of direction of transmission by voice frequency H04M0011000000 Telephonic communication systems adapted for combination with other electrical systems H04M0011020000 with bell or annunciator systems (such systems in general G08);; H04M0011040000 with fire, police, burglar, or other alarm systems (such systems in general G08);; H04M0011060000 Simultaneous speech and telegraphic or other data transmission over the same conductors (telegraphy in general H04L);; H04M0011080000 adapted for optional reception of entertainment or informative matter (systems in which the information is continuously available on a carrier over the whole network H04H0001080000);; H04M0011100000 with dictation recording and playback systems (such systems in general G11B);; H04M0013000000 Party-line systems (substation equipment H04M0001000000;exchange equipment H04M0003000000, H04M0005000000; metering arrangements H04M0015360000) H04M0015000000 Metering arrangements; Time-controlling arrangements; Time-indicating arrangements (counters per G06M, H03K);; H04M0015020000 Severing connection after predetermined time H04M0015040000 Recording calls in printed, perforated, or other permanent form H04M0015060000 Recording class or number of calling or of called party H04M0015080000 Metering calls to called party H04M0015100000 Metering calls from calling party H04M0015120000 Discriminative metering H04M0015140000 according to class of calling party H04M0015160000 according to connection obtained H04M0015180000 according to duration of call H04M0015200000 Operator's time recording or indicating arrangements H04M0015220000 according to time of day H04M0015240000 Preventing metering of tax-free calls to certain lines, e.g. to fire or ambulance stations H04M0015260000 Meter at exchange controlled by operator H04M0015280000 with meter at substation H04M0015300000 Meter not controlled from exchange H04M0015320000 Metering arrangements for satellites or concentrators which connect one or more exchange lines with a group of local lines H04M0015340000 Metering arrangements for private branch exchanges H04M0015360000 Metering arrangements for party-lines H04M0015380000 Metering by apparatus not of the mechanical step-by-step counter type H04M0017000000 Prepayment telephone systems H04M0017020000 Coin-freed or check-freed systems H04M0019000000 Current supply arrangements for telephone systems (for selecting equipment H04Q0001280000);; H04M0019020000 providing ringing current or supervisory tones, e.g. dialling tone, busy tone H04M0019040000 ringing-current generated at substation H04M0019060000 Current supply source at subordinate switching centre charged from main exchange H04M0019080000 Current supply source at substation (generating ringing current H04M0019040000);; H04N PICTORIAL COMMUNICATION; TELEVISION (measuring, testing G01;systems for autographic writing, e.g. writing telegraphy, which involve following an outline G08; transferring signals by relative movement between record track and a transducer G11B; broadcast distribution and the recording of use made thereof H04H) H04N0001000000 Pictorial communication, e.g. facsimile transmission H04N0001020000 System details, e.g. signal generator, signal reproducer H04N0001040000 Scanning arrangements H04N0001060000 using cylindrical picture-bearing surfaces H04N0001080000 Mechanisms for mounting or holding the sheet around the drum H04N0001100000 using flat picture-bearing surfaces H04N0001120000 using the sheet-feed movement as the slow scanning component H04N0001140000 using a rotating endless belt carrying the scanning heads H04N0001160000 using a rotating helical element H04N0001180000 arranged for simultaneous transmission of separate parts of one picture H04N0001200000 arranged for simultaneous transmission of two or more separate pictures H04N0001220000 Recording or reproducing arrangements, e.g. scanning head (recording or reproducing in general G11B);; H04N0001240000 Details of scanning heads, e.g. electrode, marker, light-source carriage H04N0001260000 involving production of an intermediate record H04N0001280000 Magnetic record H04N0001300000 Electrostatic record H04N0001320000 Circuits or arrangements for control or supervision between transmitter and receiver H04N0001340000 for coin-freed systems H04N0001360000 for synchronising or phasing transmitter and receiver H04N0001380000 Circuits or arrangements for blanking or otherwise eliminating unwanted parts of pictures H04N0001400000 Picture signal circuits H04N0001420000 Systems for two-way working H04N0001440000 Secrecy systems H04N0001460000 Colour picture communication systems H04N0003000000 Scanning details of television systems H04N0003020000 by optical-mechanical means only H04N0003040000 having a moving aperture H04N0003060000 having a moving lens or other refractor H04N0003080000 having a moving reflector H04N0003100000 by means not exclusively optical-mechanical H04N0003120000 by switched stationary formation of lamps, photocells, or light relays H04N0003140000 by means of electrically scanned solid-state devices H04N0003160000 by deflecting electron beam in cathode-ray tube (producing sawtooth waveforms H03K0004000000);; H04N0003180000 Generation of supply voltages e.g. of e.h.t. from deflection waveforms H04N0003200000 Prevention of damage to cathode-ray tubes in event of failure of scanning H04N0003220000 Circuits for controlling dimensions, shape or centering of picture on screen (control of sawtooth generators H03K0004000000);; H04N0003240000 Blanking circuits H04N0003260000 Modifications of scanning arrangements to improve focusing (focusing circuits in general H01J);; H04N0003280000 Producing multiple scanning, i.e. using more than one spot at the same time H04N0003300000 otherwise than with constant velocity or otherwise than in pattern formed by unidirectional, straight, substantially horizontal or vertical lines H04N0003320000 Velocity varied in dependence upon picture information H04N0003340000 Elemental scanning area oscillated rapidly in direction transverse to main scanning direction H04N0005000000 Details of television systems (scanning details H04N0003000000);; H04N0005020000 Conversion of standards H04N0005040000 Synchronising H04N0005060000 Generation of synchronising signals H04N0005080000 Separation of synchronising signals from picture signals H04N0005100000 Separation of line synchronising signal from frame synchronising signal H04N0005120000 Separator rendered responsive only during predetermined intervals, e.g. flywheel synchronising H04N0005140000 Picture signal circuitry, e.g. crispening, aperture distortion correction H04N0005160000 Circuitry for reinsertion of direct-current and slowly varying components of signal; Circuitry for preservation of black or white level H04N0005180000 by means of "clamp" circuit operated by switching circuit H04N0005190000 Circuitry for compensating for variations in the brightness of the object H04N0005200000 Circuitry for controlling amplitude response, e.g. gamma control H04N0005210000 Circuitry for suppressing or minimising disturbance, e.g. moiré, halo H04N0005220000 Studio circuit, e.g. mixing, switching, inlay fade-over H04N0005240000 Studio equipment, e.g. arrangement of television cameras (studio equipment in general A63J);; H04N0005260000 Television cameras (optical systems G02B;tubes H01J) H04N0005280000 Mobile studios H04N0005300000 Transforming light or analogous information into electric information (scanning details H04N0003000000;light-transforming elements H01C0007080000, H01J, H01L) H04N0005320000 Transforming X-rays H04N0005340000 Circuit details for pick-up tubes H04N0005360000 in flying-spot scanners H04N0005380000 Transmitter circuitry (picture signal circuitry in general H04N0005140000);; H04N0005400000 Modulation circuits H04N0005420000 for transmitting at will black-and-white or colour signals H04N0005440000 Receiver circuitry (picture signal circuitry in general H04N0005140000);; H04N0005460000 for receiving on more than one standard at will H04N0005480000 for the picture signals H04N0005500000 Tuning indicators; Automatic tuning control H04N0005520000 Automatic gain control H04N0005540000 for positively-modulated picture signals H04N0005560000 for negatively-modulated picture signals H04N0005580000 Picture characteristics, e.g. brightness, controlled in dependence upon ambient light (H04N0005520000 takes precedence);; H04N0005600000 for the sound signals H04N0005620000 Intercarrier circuits, i.e. heterodyning sound and vision carriers H04N0005640000 Constructional details of receivers, e.g. cabinets, dust covers (furniture aspects A47B, e.g. A47B0081060000);; H04N0005645000 Mounting of picture tube on chassis or in housing H04N0005650000 Holding-devices for protective discs or for picture masks H04N0005655000 Construction or mounting of chassis, e.g. for varying the elevation of the tube H04N0005660000 Transforming electric information into light information (scanning details H04N0003000000);; H04N0005680000 Circuit details for cathode-ray display tubes H04N0005700000 Circuit details for electroluminescent devices H04N0005720000 Modifying the appearance of television pictures by optical filters or diffusing screens (optical filters or diffusing screens per G02B0005000000);; H04N0005740000 Projection arrangements for image reproduction, e.g. using eidophor (optical systems in general G02B);; H04N0005760000 Television signal recording (recording in connection with measuring G01D;information storage G11B, G11C) H04N0005780000 using magnetic recording H04N0005800000 using electrostatic recording H04N0005820000 using deformable thermoplastic recording medium H04N0005840000 using photographic recording H04N0005860000 with film moved continuously H04N0005880000 with film moved intermittently H04N0007000000 Television systems (H04N0009000000 takes precedence;details H04N0003000000, H04N0005000000) H04N0007020000 Monitoring arrangements H04N0007040000 Systems for the transmission of one television signal, i.e. both picture and sound, by a single carrier H04N0007060000 Systems for the simultaneous transmission of one television signal, i.e. both picture and sound, by more than one carrier H04N0007080000 Systems for the transmission of more than one television signal simultaneously or sequentially, the signals occupying wholly or partially the same frequency band H04N0007100000 Adaptations for transmission by cable (H04N0007120000 takes precedence);; H04N0007120000 Systems in which the picture signal is transmitted via one channel or a plurality of parallel channels, the bandwidth of each channel being less than the bandwidth of the picture signal (by special scanning H04N0003000000);; H04N0007140000 Systems for two-way working H04N0007160000 Secrecy systems; Subscription systems H04N0007180000 Closed-circuit television systems, i.e. systems in which the signal is not broadcast H04N0009000000 Colour television; Stereoscopic television; Details thereof H04N0009020000 Colour television systems (H04N0009600000 takes precedence);; H04N0009040000 Picture signal generators H04N0009060000 with one pick-up H04N0009080000 with more than one pick-up tube H04N0009100000 using mechanical scanning means only H04N0009120000 Picture reproducers H04N0009140000 using mechanical scanning means only H04N0009160000 using cathode ray tubes (constructions of tubes H01J0031000000);; H04N0009180000 using separate electron beams for the primary colour signals H04N0009200000 with more than one beam in a tube H04N0009220000 using the same gun for more than one primary colour information H04N0009240000 using means, integral with, or external to, the tube, for producing signal indicating instantaneous beam position H04N0009260000 using electron-optical colour selection means, e.g. line grid, deflection means in or near the gun or near the phosphor screen H04N0009280000 Arrangements for convergence or focusing H04N0009300000 using solid-state colour display devices H04N0009320000 Transmission systems characterised by the manner in which the individual colour signals are combined H04N0009340000 using sequential signals (dot sequential systems H04N0009360000);; H04N0009360000 using simultaneous signals H04N0009380000 in which one signal, modulated in phase and amplitude, conveys colour information and a second signal conveys brightness information, e.g. N. T. S. C. system H04N0009400000 using simultaneous and sequential signals, e.g. S. E. C. A. M. system H04N0009420000 in which simultaneous signals are converted into sequential signals or ; vice versa H04N0009440000 Colour synchronisation H04N0009460000 using sub-carrier bursts; using carrier bursts H04N0009480000 Colour-killing; Colour gain control H04N0009500000 Circuits for synchronous modulators and demodulators; Circuits for matrixing H04N0009520000 for matrixing H04N0009530000 Circuits for modifying the colour signals by gamma correction H04N0009540000 Stereoscopic television systems; Details thereof (H04N0009600000 takes precedence);; H04N0009560000 Picture signal generators H04N0009580000 Picture reproducers H04N0009600000 Stereoscopic colour television systems H04Q SELECTING (switches, relays H01H);; H04Q0001000000 Details of selecting apparatus or arrangements (details of selector switches H01H0063000000);; H04Q0001020000 Constructional details H04Q0001040000 Frames or mounting racks for selector switches; Accessories therefor, e.g. frame cover H04Q0001060000 Cable ducts or mountings specially adapted for exchange installations (in general H02G);; H04Q0001080000 Frames or mounting racks for relays; Accessories therefor H04Q0001100000 Exchange station construction H04Q0001120000 Arrangements of multiple bars with or without pivotable frames H04Q0001140000 Distribution frames H04Q0001160000 Wiring arrangements for selector switches or relays in frames H04Q0001180000 Electrical details H04Q0001200000 Testing circuits or apparatus; Circuits or apparatus for detecting, indicating, or signalling faults or troubles H04Q0001220000 Automatic arrangements H04Q0001240000 for connection devices H04Q0001260000 for signalling trouble in unoccupied sub-exchanges H04Q0001280000 Current-supply circuits or arrangements for selection equipment at exchanges H04Q0001300000 Signalling arrangements; Manipulation of signalling currents (telephone substation equipment H04M0001000000);; H04Q0001320000 using trains of dc pulses H04Q0001340000 Impulse regenerators with mechanical or other non-electrical marking arrangements H04Q0001360000 Pulse-correcting arrangements, e.g. for reducing effects due to interference H04Q0001380000 using combinations of direct currents of different amplitudes or polarities over line conductors or combination of line conductors H04Q0001400000 whereby duration of pulse or interval between two pulses is variable H04Q0001420000 involving the position of a pulse in a cycle H04Q0001440000 using alternating current H04Q0001450000 using multi-frequency signalling (H04Q0001460000 takes precedence);; H04Q0001460000 comprising distinguishing between a signalling current of predetermined frequency and a complex current containing that frequency, e.g. speech current H04Q0001480000 Induced-current signalling arrangements H04Q0001500000 Involving signal conversion H04Q0001520000 Switching arrangements for exchange systems using static devices (electronic switching arrangements in general H03K0017000000);; H04Q0001540000 Amplifier switched-on automatically in dependence on automatically selected lines H04Q0001560000 Balancing circuitry switched-on automatically in dependence on automatically selected lines H04Q0003000000 Selecting arrangements (H04Q0005000000, H04Q0007000000, H04Q0009000000, H04Q0011000000 take precedence);; H04Q0003020000 Circuit arrangements for selectors responsive to a permutation code H04Q0003040000 Circuit arrangements for receivers of routing digits H04Q0003060000 for group or trunk group selectors H04Q0003080000 for local or long-distance selectors H04Q0003100000 for PBX selectors, i.e. private branche exchange selectors H04Q0003120000 for line selectors providing transfer of routing digits H04Q0003140000 for two-way operation selectors H04Q0003160000 for marking-switches H04Q0003180000 Circuit arrangements for first stage of hunting switching H04Q0003200000 for preselectors H04Q0003220000 comprising common calling and disconnecting circuit H04Q0003240000 for line finders H04Q0003260000 comprising common calling and disconnecting circuit H04Q0003280000 comprising main groups and sub-groups H04Q0003300000 Selector finders, i.e. allotters H04Q0003320000 Circuit arrangements for second or subsequent stages of hunting switching H04Q0003340000 for the second preselection stage H04Q0003360000 for the second line-finder stage H04Q0003380000 for stages after the group-selector stage H04Q0003400000 for stages after the line selector, e.g. for extension selector H04Q0003420000 Circuit arrangements for indirect selecting controlled by common circuits, e.g. register controller marker H04Q0003440000 using revertive control H04Q0003460000 using signals other than revertive impulses H04Q0003470000 using translators H04Q0003480000 using markers H04Q0003490000 for end-to-end marking H04Q0003495000 for routing connecting paths H04Q0003500000 using semiconductor devices or discharge tubes in switching stages H04Q0003540000 in which the logic circuitry controlling the exchange is centralised, e.g. using a stored programme H04Q0003580000 Arrangements providing connection between main exchange and sub-exchange or satellite H04Q0003600000 for connecting to satellites or concentrators which connect one or more exchange lines with a group of local lines H04Q0003620000 for connecting to private branch exchanges H04Q0003640000 Distributing or queueing H04Q0003660000 Traffic distributors H04Q0003680000 Grouping or interlacing selector groups or stages H04Q0003700000 Identification of class of calling subscriber H04Q0003720000 Finding out and indicating number of calling subscriber H04Q0003740000 Identification of subscriber calling from a party-line H04Q0005000000 Selecting arrangements wherein two or more subscriber stations are connected by the same line to the exchange H04Q0005020000 with direct connection for all subscribers, i.e. party-line system (H04Q0005240000 takes precedence);; H04Q0005040000 Signalling by currents in one or other or both line wires or additional wires H04Q0005060000 Signalling by amplitude or polarity of dc H04Q0005080000 Signalling by continuous ac H04Q0005100000 using single frequencies for different subscribers H04Q0005120000 using combinations of frequencies H04Q0005140000 Signalling by pulses H04Q0005160000 by predetermined number of pulses H04Q0005180000 with indirect connection, i.e. through subordinate switching centre H04Q0005200000 the subordinate centre permitting interconnection of subscribers connected thereto H04Q0005220000 the subordinate centre not permitting interconnection of subscribers connected thereto H04Q0005240000 for two-party-line systems H04Q0007000000 Selecting arrangements to which subscribers are connected via radio links or inductive links H04Q0007020000 for subscribers using radio or inductive link only H04Q0007040000 with possibility of connection to and from line exchanges H04Q0009000000 Arrangements in telecontrol or telemetry systems for selectively calling a substation from a main station, in which substation desired apparatus is selected for applying a control signal thereto or for obtaining measured values therefrom H04Q0009020000 Automatically-operated arrangements H04Q0009040000 Arrangements for synchronous operation H04Q0009060000 Calling by using amplitude or polarity of dc H04Q0009080000 Calling by using continuous ac H04Q0009100000 using single different frequencies H04Q0009120000 using combinations of frequencies H04Q0009140000 Calling by using pulses H04Q0009160000 by predetermined number of pulses H04Q0011000000 Selecting arrangements in which the control signals or multiplex are multiplexed (multiplex systems H04J);; H04Q0011020000 for frequency-division multiplexing H04Q0011040000 for time-division multiplexing H04R ELECTROMECHANICAL TRANSDUCERS (for performing mechanical work B06B;use of transducers as sensing elements for measuring G01, G04; construction or circuits of vibrators whose output is of frequency unrelated to that of the electric supply G10K; recording or reproducing heads incorporating transducers G11B; dynamo-electric machines H02K) H04R0001000000 Details of transducers covered by groups H04R0009000000-H04R0023000000; (diaphragms H04R0007000000;mountings specially adapted for telephone equipment H04M0001020000) H04R0001020000 Casings; Cabinets; Mountings therein (H04R0001280000 takes precedence);; H04R0001040000 Structural association of microphone with electric circuitry therefor (in deaf-aid sets H04R0025000000);; H04R0001060000 Arranging circuit leads; Relieving strain on circuit leads H04R0001080000 Mouthpieces; Attachments therefor H04R0001100000 Earpieces; Attachments therefor H04R0001120000 Sanitary or hygienic devices for mouthpieces or earpieces, e.g. for protecting against infection H04R0001140000 Throat mountings for microphones H04R0001160000 Mounting or connecting stylus to transducer with or without damping means H04R0001180000 Holders for styli; Mounting holders on transducers H04R0001200000 Arrangements for obtaining desired frequency or directional characteristics (for stereophonic purposes H04R0005000000);; H04R0001220000 for obtaining desired frequency characteristic only (circuits for combining transducers having different responses H04R0003000000);; H04R0001240000 Structural combinations of separate transducers or of parts of the same transducer and responsive respectively to two or more frequency ranges H04R0001260000 Spatial arrangement of separate transducers responsive to two or more frequency ranges H04R0001280000 Transducer mountings or enclosures designed for specific frequency response; Transducer enclosures modified by provision of mechanical or acoustic impedances, e.g. resonator, damping means H04R0001300000 Combinations of transducers with horns, e.g. with mechanical matching means (horns in general G10K);; H04R0001320000 for obtaining desired directional characteristic only H04R0001340000 by using a single transducer with sound reflecting, diffracting, directing or guiding means H04R0001360000 by using a single aperture of dimensions not greater than the shortest operating wavelength H04R0001380000 in which sound waves act upon both sides of a diaphragm and incorporating acoustic phase-shifting means, e.g. pressure-gradient microphone H04R0001400000 by combining a number of identical transducers H04R0001420000 Combinations of transducers with fluid-pressure or other non-electrical amplifying means H04R0001440000 Special adaptations for subaqueous use, e.g. for hydrophone H04R0001460000 Special adaptations for use as contact microphones, e.g. on musical instrument, on stethoscope (throat mountings H04R0001140000);; H04R0003000000 Circuits for transducers (for stereophonic arrangements H04R0005040000;amplifiers H03F) H04R0003020000 for preventing acoustic reaction H04R0003040000 for correcting frequency response H04R0003060000 of electrostatic transducers H04R0003080000 of electromagnetic transducers H04R0003100000 of variable-resistance microphones H04R0003120000 for distributing signals to two or more loud-speakers H04R0003140000 Cross-over networks H04R0005000000 Stereophonic arrangements (stereophonic pick-ups H04R0009160000, H04R0011120000, H04R0017080000, H04R0019100000);; H04R0005020000 Spatial or constructional arrangements of loud-speakers H04R0005040000 Circuit arrangements (combinations of amplifiers H03F0003680000);; H04R0007000000 Diaphragms for electromechanical transducers (in general F16J0003000000);;Cones (for musical instruments G10);; H04R0007020000 characterised by the construction H04R0007040000 Plane diaphragms H04R0007060000 comprising a plurality of sections or layers H04R0007080000 comprising superposed layers separated by air or other fluid H04R0007100000 comprising superposed layers in contact H04R0007120000 Non-planar diaphragms or cones H04R0007140000 corrugated, pleated, or ribbed H04R0007160000 Mounting or tensioning of diaphragms or cones H04R0007180000 at the periphery H04R0007200000 Securing diaphragm or cone resiliently to support by flexible material, springs, cords, or strands H04R0007220000 Clamping rim of diaphragm or cone against seating H04R0007240000 Tensioning by means acting directly on free portion of diaphragm or cone H04R0007260000 Damping by means acting directly on free portion of diaphragm or cone (air damping H04R0001280000);; H04R0009000000 Transducers of moving-coil, moving-strip, or moving-wire type H04R0009020000 Details H04R0009040000 Construction, mounting, or centring of coil H04R0009060000 Loud-speakers H04R0009080000 Microphones H04R0009100000 Telephone receivers H04R0009120000 Gramophone pick-ups using a stylus; Recorders using a stylus H04R0009140000 comprising two or more styli or transducers (H04R0009160000 takes precedence);; H04R0009160000 signals being recorded or played-back by vibration of a stylus in two orthogonal directions simultaneously H04R0009180000 Resonant transducers, i.e. adapted to produce maximum output at a predetermined frequency H04R0011000000 Transducers of moving-armature or moving-core type (acoustic diaphragm of magnetisable material directly co-acting with electromagnet H04R0013000000);; H04R0011020000 Loud-speakers H04R0011040000 Microphones H04R0011060000 Telephone receivers H04R0011080000 Gramophone pick-ups using a stylus; Recorders using a stylus H04R0011100000 comprising two or more styli or transducers (H04R0011120000 takes precedence);; H04R0011120000 signals being recorded or played-back by vibration of a stylus in two orthogonal directions simultaneously H04R0011140000 Resonant transducers, i.e. adapted to produce maximum output at a predetermined frequency H04R0013000000 Transducers having an acoustic diaphragm of magnetisable material directly co-acting with electromagnet H04R0013020000 Telephone receivers H04R0015000000 Magnetostrictive transducers (selection of magnetostrictive materials H01V0009020000);; H04R0015020000 Resonant transducers, i.e. adapted to produce maximum output at a predetermined frequency H04R0017000000 Piezo-electric transducers; Electrostrictive transducers (selection of piezo-electric or electrostrictive materials H01V0007020000);; H04R0017020000 Microphones H04R0017040000 Gramophone pick-ups using a stylus; Recorders using a stylus H04R0017060000 comprising two or more styli or transducers (H04R0017080000 takes precedence);; H04R0017080000 signals being recorded or played-back by vibration of a stylus in two orthogonal directions simultaneously H04R0017100000 Resonant transducers, i.e. adapted to produce maximum output at a predetermined frequency H04R0019000000 Electrostatic transducers H04R0019020000 Loud-speakers H04R0019040000 Microphones H04R0019060000 Gramophone pick-ups using a stylus; Recorders using a stylus H04R0019080000 comprising two or more styli or transducers (H04R0019100000 takes precedence);; H04R0019100000 signals being recorded or played-back by vibration of a stylus in two orthogonal directions simultaneously H04R0021000000 Variable-resistance transducers (gaseous-resistance transducers H04R0023000000;magneto-resistive transducers H04R0023000000) H04R0021020000 Microphones H04R0021040000 Gramophone pick-ups using a stylus; Recorders using a stylus H04R0023000000 Transducers other than those covered by groups ; H04R0009000000-H04R0021000000 H04R0023020000 Transducers using more than one principle simultaneously H04R0025000000 Deaf-aid sets (constructions of transducers per H04R0009000000-H04R0023000000; structural combination with spectacle frames G02C0011060000) H04R0025020000 adapted to be supported entirely by ear H04R0025040000 comprising pocket amplifiers H04R0027000000 Public address systems (circuits for preventing acoustic reaction H04R0003020000;circuits for distributing signals to loud-speakers H04R0003120000; amplifiers H03F) H04R0027020000 Amplifying systems for the deaf H04R0027040000 Electric megaphones H04R0029000000 Monitoring arrangements; Testing arrangements H04R0031000000 Apparatus or processes specially adapted for the manufacture of transducers or diaphragms therefor H05 ELECTRIC TECHNIQUES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR H05B ELECTRIC HEATING; ELECTRIC LIGHTING NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR (apparatus for special application, see the relevant class or sub-class, e.g. A47J, F21V, F24D, F24H, F;27;C);; H05B0001000000 Details of electric heating devices H05B0001020000 Automatic switching arrangements specially adapted to heating apparatus (control of temperature in general G05D0023000000;thermally-actuated switches H01H0037000000) H05B0003000000 Ohmic-resistance heating H05B0003020000 Details H05B0003040000 Waterproof or air-tight seals for heaters H05B0003060000 Heater elements structurally combined with coupling elements or with holders H05B0003080000 having electric connections specially adapted for high temperatures H05B0003100000 Heater elements characterised by the composition or nature of the materials or by the arrangement of the conductor (compositions per, see the relevant sub-classes);; H05B0003120000 characterised by the composition or nature of the conductive material H05B0003140000 the material being non-metallic H05B0003160000 the conductor being mounted on an insulating base H05B0003180000 the conductor being embedded in an insulating material H05B0003200000 Heating elements having extended surface area substantially in a two-dimensional plane, e.g. plate-heater (H05B0003620000, H05B0003680000, H05B0003780000 take precedence);; H05B0003220000 non-flexible H05B0003240000 heating conductor being self-supporting H05B0003260000 heating conductor mounted on insulating base H05B0003280000 heating conductor embedded in insulating material H05B0003300000 on or between metallic plates H05B0003320000 heating conductor mounted on insulators on a metallic frame H05B0003340000 flexible, e.g. heating nets or webs H05B0003360000 heating conductor embedded in insulating material H05B0003380000 Powder conductors H05B0003400000 Heating elements having the shape of rods or tubes (H05B0003620000, H05B0003680000, H05B0003780000 take precedence);; H05B0003420000 non-flexible H05B0003440000 heating conductor arranged within rods or tubes of insulating material H05B0003460000 heating conductor mounted on insulating base H05B0003480000 heating conductor embedded in insulating material H05B0003500000 heating conductor arranged in metal tubes, the radiating surface having heat-conducting fins H05B0003520000 Apparatus or processes for filling or compressing insulating material in tubes H05B0003540000 flexible H05B0003560000 Heating cables H05B0003580000 Heating hoses; Heating collars H05B0003600000 Heating arrangements wherein the heating current flows through granular, powdered or fluid material, e.g. salt-bath furnace, electrolytic heating (H05B0003380000 takes precedence);; H05B0003620000 Heating elements specially adapted for furnaces (H05B0003600000 takes precedence;arrangements of such elements in furnaces F27, e.g. F27D0011000000) H05B0003640000 using ribbon, rod, or wire heater H05B0003660000 Supports or mountings for heaters on or in the wall or roof H05B0003680000 Heating arrangements specially adapted for cooking plates or analogous hot-plates (H05B0003760000 takes precedence over H05B0003700000, H05B0003720000, H05B0003740000);; H05B0003700000 Plates of cast metal H05B0003720000 Plates of sheet metal H05B0003740000 Non-metallic plates H05B0003760000 Plates with spirally-wound heating tubes H05B0003780000 Heating arrangements specially adapted for immersion heating H05B0003800000 Portable immersion heaters H05B0003820000 Fixed mounted immersion heaters H05B0005000000 Induction heating H05B0005020000 Details H05B0005040000 Controlling, e.g. starting (automatic switching arrangements H05B0001020000);; H05B0005060000 using specially-adapted compensating or balancing arrangements H05B0005080000 Electric arrangements for inductively-heated apparatus other than furnaces H05B0005100000 Electric or magnetic parts of furnaces having a core H05B0005120000 of furnaces having a melting basin H05B0005140000 of furnaces having a melting channel only H05B0005160000 Electric or magnetic parts of furnaces without a core H05B0005180000 Coils H05B0007000000 Heating by electric discharge (electron beam or ion beam tubes for localised treatment of objects H01J0037300000);; H05B0007020000 Details H05B0007060000 Electrodes H05B0007080000 non-consumable H05B0007100000 Mountings, supports, or terminals for electrodes H05B0007120000 Arrangements for cooling, sealing, protecting, feeding, or guiding electrodes H05B0007140000 Arrangements for connecting successive electrodes H05B0007160000 Heating by glow discharge H05B0007180000 Heating by arc discharge H05B0009000000 Heating by electromagnetic fields (low-frequency induction heating H05B0005000000;for therapeutic purposes A61N0005060000; welding plastics B29C0027020000; generation of oscillations H03B) H05B0009020000 Induction coils H05B0009040000 Capacitors for dielectric heating H05B0009060000 Elements of the waveguide type H05B0011000000 Heating by combined application of processes covered ty two or more of groups ; H05B0003000000-H05B0009000000 H05B0031000000 Electric arc lamps (regulating electric characteristics of arcs G05F0001020000;with non-consumable electrodes H01J0061000000) H05B0031020000 Details H05B0031040000 Housings H05B0031060000 Electrodes H05B0031080000 Carbon electrodes H05B0031100000 Cored carbon electrodes H05B0031120000 Beck-effect electrodes H05B0031140000 Metal electrodes H05B0031160000 Apparatus or processes specially adapted for manufacturing electrodes H05B0031180000 Mountings for electrodes; Electrode feeding devices H05B0031200000 Mechanical arrangements for feeding electrodes H05B0031220000 Electromagnetic arrangements for feeding electrodes H05B0031240000 Cooling arrangements H05B0031260000 Influencing the shape of arc discharge by gas blowing devices H05B0031280000 Influencing the shape of arc discharge by magnetic means H05B0031300000 Starting; Igniting H05B0031320000 Switching-off H05B0031340000 Indicating consumption of electrodes H05B0031360000 having two electrodes in line H05B0031380000 specially adapted for ac H05B0031400000 having two electrodes at an angle H05B0031420000 specially adapted for ac H05B0031440000 having two parallel electrodes H05B0031460000 specially adapted for ac H05B0031480000 having more than two electrodes H05B0031500000 specially adapted for ac H05B0031520000 electrodes energised from different phases of the supply H05B0033000000 Electroluminescent light sources (semi-conductor devices in general H01L);; H05B0033020000 Details H05B0033040000 Sealing arrangements H05B0033060000 Electrode terminals H05B0033080000 Circuit arrangements not adapted to a particular application H05B0033100000 Apparatus or processes specially adapted to the manufacture of electroluminescent light sources H05B0033120000 Light sources with substantially two-dimensional radiating surfaces H05B0033140000 characterised by the chemical or physical composition or the arrangement of the electroluminescent material (compositions per, see the relevant sub-classes);; H05B0033160000 having one or more PN junctions H05B0033180000 characterised by the nature or concentration of the activator H05B0033200000 characterised by the chemical or physical composition or the arrangement of the material in which the electroluminescent material is embedded (compositions per, see the relevant sub-classes);; H05B0033220000 characterised by the chemical or physical composition or the arrangement of auxiliary dielectric or reflective layers (compositions per, see the relevant sub-classes);; H05B0033240000 of metallic reflective layers (H05B0033260000 takes precedence);; H05B0033260000 characterised by the composition or arrangement of the conductive material used as an electrode (composition per see the relevant sub-classes);; H05B0033280000 of translucent electrodes H05B0035000000 Electric light sources using a combination of different types of light generation (combinations of dissimilar light sources F21, H01J0061960000);; H05B0037000000 Circuit arrangements for light sources in general H05B0037020000 Controlling (regulating voltage or current G05F);; H05B0037030000 Detecting lamp failure H05B0037040000 Circuits providing for substitution of the light source in case of its failure H05B0039000000 Circuit arrangements or apparatus for operating incandescent light sources and not adapted to a particular application H05B0039020000 Switching-on, e.g. with predetermined rate of increase of lighting current H05B0039040000 Controlling (regulating voltage or current G05F);; H05B0039060000 Switching arrangements, e.g. from series operation to parallel operation H05B0039080000 by shifting phase of trigger voltage applied to gas-filled controlling tubes H05B0039090000 in which the lamp is fed by pulses H05B0039100000 Circuits providing for substitution of the light source in case of its failure H05B0041000000 Circuit arrangements or apparatus for igniting or operating discharge lamps H05B0041020000 Details H05B0041040000 Starting switches H05B0041060000 thermal only H05B0041080000 heated by glow discharge H05B0041100000 magnetic only H05B0041120000 combined thermal and magnetic H05B0041140000 Circuit arrangements H05B0041160000 in which the lamp is fed by dc or by low-frequency ac, e.g. by 50 cycles/sec ac (H05B0041260000 takes precedence);; H05B0041180000 having a starting switch H05B0041190000 for lamps having an auxiliary starting electrode H05B0041200000 having no starting switch H05B0041220000 for lamps having an auxiliary starting electrode H05B0041230000 for lamps not having an auxiliary starting electrode H05B0041231000 for high-pressure lamps H05B0041232000 for low-pressure lamps H05B0041233000 using resonance circuitry H05B0041234000 to eliminate stroboscopic effects, e.g. feeding two lamps with different phases H05B0041240000 in which the lamp is fed by high-frequency ac (H05B0041260000 takes precedence);; H05B0041260000 in which the lamp is fed by power derived from dc by means of a converter, e.g. by high-voltage dc H05B0041280000 using static converters H05B0041290000 using semiconductor devices H05B0041300000 in which the lamp is fed by pulses, e.g. flash lamp H05B0041320000 for single flash operation H05B0041340000 to provide a sequence of flashes H05B0041360000 Controlling (regulating voltage or current G05F);; H05B0041380000 Controlling the intensity of light H05B0041390000 continuously H05B0041391000 using saturable magnetic devices H05B0041392000 using semiconductor devices, e.g. thyristor H05B0041400000 discontinuously H05B0041420000 in two steps only H05B0041440000 for providing special optical effects, e.g. progressive motion of light H05B0041460000 Circuits providing for substitution in case of failure of the lamp H05B0043000000 Circuit arrangements for light sources, not otherwise provided for (H05B0037000000 takes precedence);; H05B0043020000 for light sources using a charge of combustible material H05C ELECTRIC CIRCUITS OR APPARATUS SPECIALLY DESIGNED FOR USE IN EQUIPMENT FOR KILLING, STUNNING, OR GUIDING LIVING BEINGS H05C0001000000 Circuits or apparatus for generating electric shock effects H05C0001020000 providing continuous feeding of dc or ac voltage H05C0001040000 providing pulse voltages (mechanical self-interrupters H01H;electronic pulse-generators H03K) H05C0001060000 operating only when touched H05C0003000000 Other circuits H05F STATIC ELECTRICITY; NATURALLY-OCCURRING ELECTRICITY (electrostatic machines H02N;uses of electricity in performing operations, e.g. precipitation, see the relevant sub-classes for the operations); H05F0001000000 Preventing the formation of electrostatic charges H05F0001020000 by surface treatment H05F0003000000 Carrying-off electrostatic charges (from living beings A61N0001140000);; H05F0003020000 by means of earthing connections H05F0003040000 by means of spark gaps or other discharge devices H05F0003060000 by means of ionising radiation H05F0007000000 Using naturally-occurring electricity H05G X-RAY TECHNIQUE (X-ray therapy A61N;testing by X-rays G01N; apparatus for X-ray photography G03B; X-ray tubes H01J0035000000) H05G0001000000 X-ray apparatus or circuits therefor (X-ray therapy A61N0005100000);; H05G0001020000 Constructional details H05G0001040000 Mounting the X-ray tube within a closed housing H05G0001060000 X-ray tube and at least part of the power supply apparatus being mounted within the same housing H05G0001080000 Electrical details H05G0001100000 Power supply arrangements for feeding the X-ray tube H05G0001120000 with dc or rectified single-phase ac H05G0001140000 with single-phase low-frequency ac H05G0001160000 Reducing the peak-inverse voltage H05G0001180000 with polyphase ac of low frequency H05G0001200000 with high-frequency ac; with pulse trains H05G0001220000 with single pulses H05G0001240000 Obtaining pulses by using energy storage devices (pulse generators H03K);; H05G0001260000 Measuring, controlling, protecting (measuring electric values G01R;measuring X-ray intensity G01T) H05G0001280000 Measuring or recording actual exposure time; Counting number of exposures; Measuring required exposure time H05G0001300000 Controlling H05G0001320000 supply voltage of the X-ray apparatus or tube (regulating supply without reference to operating characteristics of the apparatus G05F);; H05G0001340000 anode current, heater current, heater voltage of X-ray tube (regulating supply without reference to operating characteristics of the apparatus G05F);; H05G0001360000 temperature of anode; brightness of image H05G0001380000 exposure time H05G0001400000 using adjustable time switch H05G0001420000 using arrangements for switching when a predetermined dose of radiation has been applied, e.g. in which the switching instant is determined by measuring the electrical energy supplied to the tube H05G0001440000 in which the switching instant is determined by measuring the amount of radiation directly H05G0001460000 Combined control of different quantities, e.g. exposure time as well as voltage or current H05G0001480000 Compensating the voltage drop occurring at the instant of switching-on of the apparatus (regulating supply without reference to operating characteristics of the apparatus G05F);; H05G0001500000 Passing the tube current only during a restricted portion of the voltage waveform H05G0001520000 target size or shape; direction of electron beam, e.g. in tubes with one anode and more than one cathode H05G0001540000 Protecting (overload protection combined with control H05G0001460000);; H05G0001560000 Switching-on; Switching-off H05G0001580000 Switching arrangements for changing-over from one mode of operation to another, e.g. from radioscopy to radiography, from radioscopy to irradiation H05G0001600000 Circuit arrangements for obtaining a series of X-ray photographs or for X-ray cinematography H05G0001620000 Circuit arrangements for obtaining X-ray photography at predetermined instants in the movement of an object, e.g. X-ray stroboscopy H05G0001640000 Circuit arrangements for X-ray apparatus incorporating image intensifiers H05G0001660000 Circuit arrangements for X-ray tubes with target movable relatively to the anode H05G0001680000 Circuit arrangements for Lilienfeld tubes; Circuit arrangements for gas-filled X-ray tubes H05G0001700000 Circuit arrangements for X-ray tubes with more than one anode; Circuit arrangements for apparatus comprising more than one X-ray tube H05G0003000000 X-ray filters (shielding X-rays in general G21F);; H05H PLASMA TECHNIQUE (thermonuclear reactors G21B;magnetohydrodynamic generators H02N0004020000); PRODUCTION OF ACCELERATED ELECTRICALLY-CHARGED PARTICLES OR OF NEUTRONS (obtaining neutrons from radioactive sources, e.g. in nuclear reactors G21;details not specially adapted to particle accelerators H01J) H05H0001000000 Generating plasma; Handling plasma H05H0001020000 Arrangements for confining plasma by electric or magnetic fields; Arrangements for heating plasma (electron "optics " H01J);; H05H0001040000 using magnetic fields substantially generated by the discharge in the plasma H05H0001060000 longitudinal pinch devices H05H0001080000 Theta pinch devices H05H0001100000 using externally-applied magnetic fields only H05H0001120000 wherein the containment vessel forms a closed loop, e.g. stellarator H05H0001140000 wherein the containment vessel is straight and has magnetic mirrors H05H0001160000 using externally-applied electric and magnetic fields H05H0001180000 wherein the fields oscillate at a very high frequency, e.g. in the microwave range H05H0001200000 Ohmic heating H05H0001220000 for injection heating H05H0005000000 Direct voltage accelerators; Accelerators using single pulses H05H0005020000 Details H05H0005040000 energised by electrostatic generators, e.g. by van de Graaff generator H05H0005060000 Tandem accelerators; Multi-stage accelerators H05H0007000000 Details of devices of the types covered by groups ; H05H0009000000, H05H0011000000, H05H0013000000 H05H0007020000 Circuits or systems for supplying or feeding radio-frequency energy (radio-frequency generators H03B);; H05H0007040000 Magnet systems; Energisation thereof H05H0007060000 Two-beam arrangements; Multi-beam arrangements H05H0007080000 Arrangements for injecting particles into orbits H05H0007100000 Arrangements for ejecting particles from orbits H05H0007120000 Arrangements for varying final energy of beam H05H0009000000 Linear accelerators (H05H0011000000 takes precedence);; H05H0009020000 Travelling-wave linear accelerators H05H0009040000 Standing-wave linear accelerators H05H0011000000 Magnetic induction accelerators, e.g. betatrons H05H0011020000 Air-cored betatrons H05H0011040000 Biased betatrons H05H0013000000 Magnetic resonance accelerators; Cyclotrons H05H0013020000 Synchrocyclotrons, i.e. frequency-modulated cyclotrons H05H0013040000 Synchrotrons H05H0013060000 Air-cored magnetic resonance accelerators H05H0013080000 Alternating-gradient magnetic resonance accelerators H05K PRINTED CIRCUITS; CASINGS OR CONSTRUCTIONAL DETAILS OF ELECTRIC APPARATUS; MANUFACTURE OF ASSEMBLAGES OF ELECTRICAL COMPONENTS (casings for, or constructional details of, types of apparatus, see the relevant sub-classesprocesses involving only a single technical art, e.g. heating, spraying, for which provision exists elsewhere, see the relevant class); H05K0001000000 Printed circuits H05K0001020000 Details H05K0001040000 Means for providing electric connection to or between printed circuits H05K0001060000 by edge connectors H05K0001070000 disconnectible H05K0001080000 by surface connectors H05K0001100000 non-disconnectible H05K0001120000 disconnectible H05K0001140000 Structural association of two or more printed circuits (providing electric connection to or between printed circuits H05K0001040000);; H05K0001160000 incorporating printed electric components, e.g. printed resistor, capacitor, inductor H05K0001180000 Structurally associated with non-printed electric components (H05K0001160000 takes precedence);; H05K0003000000 Apparatus or processes for manufacturing printed circuits (printing printed circuits B41M0003080000;involving the manufacture of a semiconductor device H01L) H05K0003020000 in which the conductive material is applied to the surface of the insulating support and is thereafter removed from such areas of the surface which are not intended for current conducting or shielding H05K0003040000 the conductive material being removed mechanically, e.g. by punching H05K0003060000 the conductive material being removed chemically or electrolytically, e.g. by photo-etch process H05K0003080000 the conductive material being removed by electric discharge, e.g. by spark erosion H05K0003100000 in which conductive material is applied to the insulating support in such a manner as to form the desired conductive pattern H05K0003120000 using printing techniques to apply the conductive material H05K0003140000 using spraying techniques to apply the conductive material H05K0003160000 by cathodic sputtering H05K0003180000 using precipitation techniques to apply the conductive material H05K0003200000 by affixing prefabricated conductor pattern H05K0003220000 Secondary treatment of printed circuits H05K0003240000 Reinforcing of the conductive pattern H05K0003260000 Cleaning or polishing of the conductive pattern H05K0003280000 Applying non-metallic protective coatings H05K0003300000 Assembling printed circuits with electric components, e.g. with resistor H05K0003320000 electrically connecting electric components or wires to printed circuits H05K0003340000 by soldering H05K0003360000 Assembling printed circuits with other printed circuits H05K0005000000 Casings, cabinets or drawers for electric apparatus (in general A47B);; H05K0005020000 Details H05K0005030000 Covers H05K0005040000 Metal casings H05K0005060000 Hermetically-sealed casings H05K0007000000 Constructional details common to different types of electric apparatus (casings, cabinets, drawers H05K0005000000);; H05K0007020000 Arrangements of circuit components or wiring on supporting structure H05K0007040000 on conductive chassis H05K0007060000 on insulating boards H05K0007080000 on perforated boards H05K0007100000 Plug-in assemblages of components H05K0007120000 Resilient or clamping means for holding component to structure (holding two-part couplings together H01R0013000000);; H05K0007140000 Mounting supporting structure in casing or on frame or rack H05K0007160000 on hinges or pivots H05K0007180000 Construction of rack or frame H05K0007200000 Modifications to facilitate cooling, ventilating, or heating H05K0009000000 Screening of apparatus or components against electric or magnetic fields (devices for absorbing radiation from an aerial H01Q0017000000);; H05K0010000000 Arrangements for improving the operating reliability of electronic equipment, e.g. by providing a similar stand-by unit H05K0011000000 Combinations of a radio or television receiver with apparatus having a different main function H05K0011020000 with vehicles H05K0013000000 Apparatus or processes specially adapted for manufacturing or adjusting assemblages of electric components H05K0013020000 Feeding of components (in general B65G);; H05K0013040000 Mounting of components H05K0013060000 Wiring by machine H05K0013080000 Monitoring manufacture of assemblages