In this section, the following term is used with the meaning indicated:
"variable" (as a noun) means a feature or property (e.g., a dimension, a physical condition such as temperature, a quality such as density or colour) which, in respect of a particular entity (e.g., an object, a quantity of a substance, a beam of light) and at a particular instant, is capable of being measured; the variable may change, so that its numerical expression may assume different values at different times, in different conditions or in individual cases, but may be constant in respect of a particular entity in certain conditions or for practical purposes (e.g., the length of a bar may be regarded as constant for many purposes).
Attention is drawn to the definitions of terms or expressions used, appearing in the notes of several of the classes in this section, in particular those of "measuring" in class Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...G01 and "control" and "regulation" in class Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...G05.
Classification in this section may present more difficulty than in other sections, because the distinction between different fields of use rests to a considerable extent on differences in the intention of the user rather than on any constructional differences or differences in the manner of use, and because the subjects dealt with are often in effect systems or combinations, which have features or parts in common, rather than "things", which are readily distinguishable as a whole. For example, information (e.g., a set of figures) may be displayed for the purpose of education or advertising (Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...G09), for enabling the result of a measurement to be known (Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...G01), for signalling the information to a distant point or for giving information which has been signalled from a distant point (Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...G08). The words used to describe the purpose depend on features that may be irrelevant to the form of the apparatus concerned, for example, such features as the desired effect on the person who sees the display, or whether the display is controlled from a remote point. Again, a device which responds to some change in a condition, e.g., in the pressure of a fluid, may be used, without modification of the device itself, to give information about the pressure (Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...G01L) or about some other condition linked to the pressure (another subclass of class Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...G01, e.g., Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...G01K for temperature), to make a record of the pressure or of its occurrence (Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...G07C), to give an alarm (Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...G08B), or to control another apparatus (Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...G05).
The classification scheme is intended to enable things of a similar nature (as indicated above) to be classified together. It is therefore particularly necessary for the real nature of any technical subject to be decided before it can be properly classified.
This class covers methods, systems, and apparatus for controlling, in general.
In this class, the following terms or expressions are used with the meanings indicated:
"controlling" means influencing a variable in any way, e.g. changing its direction or its value (including changing it to or from zero), maintaining it constant, limiting its range of variation;
"regulation" means maintaining a variable automatically at a desired value or within a desired range of values. The desired value or range may be fixed, or manually varied, or may vary with time according to a predetermined "programme" or according to variation of another variable. Regulation is a form of control;
"automatic control" is often used in the art as a synonym for "regulation".
Attention is drawn to the Notes following the title of section G, especially as regards the definition of the term "variable".
systems specially adapted for the control of particular machines or apparatus provided for in a single other subclass, which are classified in the relevant subclass for such machines or apparatus, provided that there is specific provision for control or regulation relevant to the special adaptation (see Note (5), below). Otherwise, classification is made in the most appropriate place in this subclass. [7]
In this subclass, the following terms or expressions are used with the meanings indicated:
"automatic controller" means a system, circuit, or device in which a signal from the detecting element is compared with a signal representing the desired value and which operates in such a way as to reduce the deviation. The automatic controller generally does not include the sensitive element, i.e. that element which measures the value of the condition to be corrected, or the correcting element, i.e. that element which adjusts the condition to be corrected;
"electric" includes "electromechanical", "electrohydraulic" or "electropneumatic".
In this subclass, details of specific control systems are classified in the group relevant to the system, if not otherwise provided for.
This Note lists places in the IPC where there is specific provision of the kind referred to in Note (2)(c), above; where such provision is at a general level, the places are listed under the heading "General references"; where the provision is related to programme control, the places are listed under the heading "Places related to group Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...G05B 19/00". [7]
Heat-exchange apparatus with intermediate heat-transfer medium in closed tubes passing into or through conduit walls, in which the medium condenses and evaporates [7]
Comparing elements, i.e. elements for effecting comparison directly or indirectly between a desired value and existing or anticipated values (comparing phase or frequency of two electric signals Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...H03D 13/00)
P:100
G05B 5/00
Anti-hunting arrangements
P:110
G05B 6/00
Internal feedback arrangements for obtaining particular characteristics, e.g. proportional, integral, differential (in automatic controllers Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...G05B 11/00)
P:80
G05B 7/00
Arrangements for obtaining smooth engagement or disengagement of automatic control
Programmable logic controllers, e.g. simulating logic interconnections of signals according to ladder diagrams or function charts [5]
G05B 19/18
· ·
Numerical control (NC), i.e. automatically operating machines, in particular machine tools, e.g. in a manufacturing environment, so as to execute positioning, movement or co-ordinated operations by means of programme data in numerical form (Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...G05B 19/418 takes precedence) [6]
G05B 19/19
· · ·
characterised by positioning or contouring control systems, e.g. to control position from one programmed point to another or to control movement along a programmed continuous path [3,6]
G05B 19/19
Note(s)
In this group, the measuring system for an axis is used to measure the displacement along that axis. This measurement is used as position-feedback in the servo-control system. [6]
G05B 19/40
· · · ·
Open loop systems, e.g. using stepping motor [3]
G05B 19/401
· · ·
characterised by control arrangements for measuring, e.g. calibration and initialisation, measuring workpiece for machining purposes (Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...G05B 19/19 takes precedence) [6]
G05B 19/402
· · ·
characterised by control arrangements for positioning, e.g. centring a tool relative to a hole in the workpiece, additional detection means to correct position (Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...G05B 19/19 takes precedence) [6]
characterised by part programming, e.g. entry of geometrical information as taken from a technical drawing, combining this with machining and material information to obtain control information, named part programme, for the NC machine [6]
Total factory control, i.e. centrally controlling a plurality of machines, e.g. direct or distributed numerical control (DNC), flexible manufacturing systems (FMS), integrated manufacturing systems (IMS), computer integrated manufacturing (CIM) [6]
G05B 19/42
· ·
Recording and playback systems, i.e. in which the programme is recorded from a cycle of operations, e.g. the cycle of operations being manually controlled, after which this record is played back on the same machine
G05B 19/421
· · ·
Teaching successive positions by mechanical means, e.g. by mechanically-coupled handwheels to position tool head or end effector (Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...G05B 19/423 takes precedence) [6]
G05B 19/423
· · ·
Teaching successive positions by walk-through, i.e. the tool head or end effector being grasped and guided directly, with or without servo-assistance, to follow a path [6]
G05B 19/425
· · ·
Teaching successive positions by numerical control, i.e. commands being entered to control the positioning servo of the tool head or end effector [6]
G05B 19/427
· · ·
Teaching successive positions by tracking the position of a joystick or handle to control the positioning servo of the tool head, master-slave control (Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...G05B 19/423 takes precedence) [6]