In section C, the definitions of groups of chemical elements are as follows:
Alkali metals: Li, Na, K, Rb, Cs, Fr
Alkaline earth metals: Ca, Sr, Ba, Ra
Lanthanides: elements with atomic numbers 57 to 71 inclusive
Rare earths: Sc, Y, Lanthanides
Actinides: elements with atomic numbers 89 to 103 inclusive
Refractory metals: Ti, V, Cr, Zr, Nb, Mo, Hf, Ta, W
Halogens: F, Cl, Br, I, At
Noble gases: He, Ne, Ar, Kr, Xe, Rn
Platinum group: Os, Ir, Pt, Ru, Rh, Pd
Noble metals: Ag, Au, Platinum group
Light metals: alkali metals, alkaline earth metals, Be, Al, Mg
Heavy metals: metals other than light metals
Iron group: Fe, Co, Ni
Non-metals: H, B, C, Si, N, P, O, S, Se, Te, noble gases, halogens
Metals: elements other than non-metals
Transition elements: elements with atomic numbers 21 to 30 inclusive, 39 to 48 inclusive, 57 to 80 inclusive, 89 upwards
Section C covers :
pure chemistry, which covers inorganic compounds, organic compounds, macromolecular compounds, and their methods of preparation;
applied chemistry, which covers compositions containing the above compounds, such as: glass, ceramics, fertilisers, plastics compositions, paints, products of the petroleum industry. It also covers certain compositions on account of their having particular properties rendering them suitable for certain purposes, as in the case of explosives, dyestuffs, adhesives, lubricants, and detergents;
certain marginal industries, such as the manufacture of coke and of solid or gaseous fuels, the production and refining of oils, fats and waxes, the fermentation industry (e.g., brewing and wine-making), the sugar industry;
certain operations or treatments, which are either purely mechanical, e.g., the mechanical treatment of leather and skins, or partly mechanical, e.g., the treatment of water or the prevention of corrosion in general;
metallurgy, ferrous or non-ferrous alloys.
In all sections of the IPC, in the absence of an indication to the contrary, the Periodic System of chemical elements referred to is the one with 8 groups as represented in the table below. For example, group Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...C07F 3/00 "Compounds containing elements of the 2nd Group of the Periodic System" refers to the elements of columns IIa and IIb. [2009.01]
In the case of operations, treatments, products or articles having both a chemical and a non-chemical part or aspect, the general rule is that the chemical part or aspect is covered by section C.
In some of these cases, the chemical part or aspect brings with it a non-chemical one, even though purely mechanical, because this latter aspect either is essential to the operation or treatment or constitutes an important element thereof. It has seemed, in fact, more logical not to dissociate the different parts or aspects of a coherent whole. This is the case for applied chemistry and for the industries, operations and treatments mentioned in Notes (1)(c), (d) and (e). For example, furnaces peculiar to the manufacture of glass are covered by class Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...C03 and not by class Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F27.
There are, however, some exceptions in which the mechanical (or non-chemical) aspect carries with it the chemical aspect, for example:
Photographic materials and processes, in class Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...G03, and, generally, the chemical treatment of textiles and the production of cellulose or paper, in section D.
In still other cases, the pure chemical aspect is covered by section C and the applied chemical aspect by another section, such as A, B or F, e.g., the use of a substance or composition for:
When the chemical and mechanical aspects are so closely interlocked that a neat and simple division is not possible, or when certain mechanical processes follow as a natural or logical continuation of a chemical treatment, section C may cover, in addition to the chemical aspect, a part only of the mechanical aspect, e.g., after-treatment of artificial stone, covered by class Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...C04. In this latter case, a note or a reference is usually given to make the position clear, even if sometimes the division is rather arbitrary.
Biocidal, pest repellant, pest attractant or plant growth regulatory activity of compounds or preparations is further classified in subclass Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...A01P. [8]
Processes using enzymes or micro-organisms in order to: [5]
liberate, separate or purify a pre-existing compound or composition, or to
treat textiles or clean solid surfaces of materials
In this subclass, tradenames that are often found in scientific and patent literature have been used in order to define precisely the scope of the groups. [6]
Attention is drawn to the definitions of groups of chemical elements following the title of section C. [3]
Hydrogen; Hydrides; Water; Synthesis gas from hydrocarbons
P:180
C01B 3/00
Hydrogen; Gaseous mixtures containing hydrogen; Separation of hydrogen from mixtures containing it (separation of gases by physical means Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...B01D); Purification of hydrogen (production of water-gas or synthesis gas from solid carbonaceous material Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...C10J; purifying or modifying the chemical compositions of combustible gases containing carbon monoxide Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...C10K) [3]
C01B 3/02
·
Production of hydrogen or of gaseous mixtures containing hydrogen [3]
C01B 3/04
· ·
by decomposition of inorganic compounds, e.g. ammonia [3]
C01B 3/06
· ·
by reaction of inorganic compounds containing electro-positively bound hydrogen, e.g. water, acids, bases, ammonia, with inorganic reducing agents (by electrolysis of water Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...C25B 1/04) [3]
C01B 3/08
· · ·
with metals [3]
C01B 3/10
· · · ·
by reaction of water vapour with metals [3]
C01B 3/12
· · ·
by reaction of water vapour with carbon monoxide [3]
C01B 3/14
· · · ·
Handling of heat and steam [3]
C01B 3/16
· · · ·
using catalysts [3]
C01B 3/18
· · · ·
using moving solid particles [3]
C01B 3/20
· · ·
by reaction of metal hydroxides with carbon monoxide [3]
by contacting with liquids; Regeneration of used liquids [3]
C01B 3/54
· · ·
including a catalytic reaction [3]
C01B 3/56
· ·
by contacting with solids; Regeneration of used solids [3]
C01B 3/58
· · ·
including a catalytic reaction [3]
P:170
C01B 4/00
Hydrogen isotopes; Inorganic compounds thereof prepared by isotope exchange, e.g. NH3+D2 NH2D+HD (separation of isotopes Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...B01D 59/00; other chemical reactions to form compounds of hydrogen isotopes, see the relevant groups for hydrogen compounds in class Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...C01) [2]
P:160
C01B 5/00
Water
C01B 5/02
·
Heavy water; Preparation by chemical reaction of hydrogen isotopes or their compounds, e.g. 4ND3+7O2 4NO2+6D2O, 2D2+O2 2D2O
P:150
C01B 6/00
Hydrides of metals; Monoborane or diborane; Addition complexes thereof (higher hydrides of boron, substituted hydrides of boron Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...C01B 35/00) [2]
C01B 6/02
·
Hydrides of transition elements; Addition complexes thereof
C01B 6/04
·
Hydrides of alkali metals, alkaline earth metals, beryllium or magnesium; Addition complexes thereof
C01B 6/06
·
Hydrides of aluminium, gallium, indium, thallium, germanium, tin, lead, arsenic, antimony, bismuth or polonium; Monoborane; Diborane; Addition complexes thereof
Preparation from elemental phosphorus or phosphoric anhydride
C01B 25/22
· · ·
Preparation by reacting phosphate containing material with an acid, e.g. wet process
C01B 25/222
· · · ·
with sulfuric acid, a mixture of acids mainly consisting of sulfuric acid or a mixture of compounds forming it in situ, e.g. a mixture of sulfur dioxide, water and oxygen [3]
C01B 25/223
· · · · ·
only one form of calcium sulfate being formed [3]
C01B 25/225
· · · · · ·
Dihydrate process [3]
C01B 25/226
· · · · · ·
Hemihydrate process [3]
C01B 25/228
· · · · ·
one form of calcium sulfate being formed and then converted to another form [3]
C01B 25/229
· · · · · ·
Hemihydrate-dihydrate process [3]
C01B 25/231
· · · · · ·
Dihydrate-hemihydrate process [3]
C01B 25/232
· · · · ·
Preparation by reacting phosphate containing material with concentrated sulfuric acid and subsequently lixiviating the obtained mass, e.g. clincker process [3]
by reduction of silica or silica-containing material [5]
C01B 33/025
· · · ·
with carbon or a solid carbonaceous material, i.e. carbo-thermal process [5]
C01B 33/027
· · ·
by decomposition or reduction of gaseous or vaporised silicon compounds other than silica or silica-containing material [5]
C01B 33/029
· · · ·
by decomposition of monosilane [5]
C01B 33/03
· · · ·
by decomposition of silicon halides or halosilanes or reduction thereof with hydrogen as the only reducing agent [5]
C01B 33/031
· · · · ·
by decomposition of silicon tetraiodide [5]
C01B 33/033
· · · ·
by reduction of silicon halides or halosilanes with a metal or a metallic alloy as the only reducing agents [5]
C01B 33/035
· · · ·
by decomposition or reduction of gaseous or vaporised silicon compounds in the presence of heated filaments of silicon, carbon or a refractory metal, e.g. tantalum or tungsten, or in the presence of heated silicon rods on which the formed silicon is deposited, a silicon rod being obtained, e.g. Siemens process [5]
Layered base-exchange silicates, e.g. clays, micas or alkali metal silicates of kenyaite or magadiite type [6]
C01B 33/40
· · · ·
Clays [6]
C01B 33/42
· · · ·
Micas [6]
C01B 33/44
· · · ·
Products obtained from layered base-exchange silicates by ion-exchange with organic compounds such as ammonium, phosphonium or sulfonium compounds or by intercalation of organic compounds, e.g. organoclay material [6]
In this group, the following term is used with the meaning indicated: [6]
"zeolites" means: [6]
crystalline aluminosilicates with base-exchange and molecular sieve properties, having three dimensional, microporous lattice framework structure of tetrahedral oxide units; [6]
compounds isomorphous to those of the former category, wherein the aluminium or silicon atoms in the framework are partly or wholly replaced by atoms of other elements, e.g. by gallium, germanium, phosphorus or boron. [6]
C01B 39/02
·
Crystalline aluminosilicate zeolites; Isomorphous compounds thereof; Direct preparation thereof; Preparation thereof starting from a reaction mixture containing a crystalline zeolite of another type, or from preformed reactants: After-treatment thereof [6]
C01B 39/04
· ·
using at least one organic template directing agent, e.g. an ionic quaternary ammonium compound or an aminated compound [6]
C01B 39/06
· ·
Preparation of isomorphous zeolites characterised by measures to replace the aluminium or silicon atoms in the lattice framework by atoms of other elements [6]
C01B 39/08
· · ·
the aluminium atoms being wholly replaced [6]
C01B 39/10
· · ·
the replacing atoms being phosphorus atoms [6]
C01B 39/12
· · ·
the replacing atoms being boron atoms [6]
C01B 39/14
· ·
Type A [6]
C01B 39/16
· · ·
from aqueous solutions of an alkali metal aluminate and an alkali metal silicate excluding any other source of alumina or silica but seeds [6]
C01B 39/18
· · ·
from a reaction mixture containing at least one aluminium silicate or aluminosilicate of a clay type, e.g. kaolin or metakaolin or its exotherm modification or allophane [6]
C01B 39/20
· ·
Faujasite type, e.g. type X or Y [6]
C01B 39/22
· · ·
Type X [6]
C01B 39/24
· · ·
Type Y [6]
C01B 39/26
· ·
Mordenite type [6]
C01B 39/28
· ·
Phillipsite or harmotome type, e.g. type B [6]
C01B 39/30
· ·
Erionite or offretite type, e.g. zeolite T [6]
C01B 39/32
· ·
Type L [6]
C01B 39/34
· ·
Type ZSM-4 or type [6]
C01B 39/36
· ·
Pentasil type, e.g. types ZSM-5, ZSM-8 or ZSM-11 [6]
C01B 39/38
· · ·
Type ZSM-5 [6]
C01B 39/40
· · · ·
using at least one organic template directing agent [6]
C01B 39/42
· ·
Type ZSM-12 [6]
C01B 39/44
· ·
Ferrierite type, e.g. types ZSM-21, ZSM-35 or ZSM-38 [6]
C01B 39/46
· ·
Other types characterised by their X-ray diffraction pattern and their defined composition [6]
C01B 39/48
· · ·
using at least one organic template directing agent [6]
C01B 39/50
·
Zeolites wherein inorganic bases or salts occlude channels in the lattice framework, e.g. sodalite, cancrinite, nosean, hauynite [6]