C
SECTION C — CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
 C

Note(s)

  1. In section C, the definitions of groups of chemical elements are as follows:

    Alkali metals: Li, Na, K, Rb, Cs, Fr

    Alkaline earth metals: Ca, Sr, Ba, Ra

    Lanthanides: elements with atomic numbers 57 to 71 inclusive

    Rare earths: Sc, Y, Lanthanides

    Actinides: elements with atomic numbers 89 to 103 inclusive

    Refractory metals: Ti, V, Cr, Zr, Nb, Mo, Hf, Ta, W

    Halogens: F, Cl, Br, I, At

    Noble gases: He, Ne, Ar, Kr, Xe, Rn

    Platinum group: Os, Ir, Pt, Ru, Rh, Pd

    Noble metals: Ag, Au, Platinum group

    Light metals: alkali metals, alkaline earth metals, Be, Al, Mg

    Heavy metals: metals other than light metals

    Iron group: Fe, Co, Ni

    Non-metals: H, B, C, Si, N, P, O, S, Se, Te, noble gases, halogens

    Metals: elements other than non-metals

    Transition elements: elements with atomic numbers 21 to 30 inclusive, 39 to 48 inclusive, 57 to 80 inclusive, 89 upwards

  2. Section C covers :
    1. pure chemistry, which covers inorganic compounds, organic compounds, macromolecular compounds, and their methods of preparation;
    2. applied chemistry, which covers compositions containing the above compounds, such as: glass, ceramics, fertilisers, plastics compositions, paints, products of the petroleum industry. It also covers certain compositions on account of their having particular properties rendering them suitable for certain purposes, as in the case of explosives, dyestuffs, adhesives, lubricants, and detergents;
    3. certain marginal industries, such as the manufacture of coke and of solid or gaseous fuels, the production and refining of oils, fats and waxes, the fermentation industry (e.g., brewing and wine-making), the sugar industry;
    4. certain operations or treatments, which are either purely mechanical, e.g., the mechanical treatment of leather and skins, or partly mechanical, e.g., the treatment of water or the prevention of corrosion in general;
    5. metallurgy, ferrous or non-ferrous alloys.
  3. In all sections of the IPC, in the absence of an indication to the contrary, the Periodic System of chemical elements referred to is the one with 8 groups as represented in the table below. For example, group C07F 3/00 "Compounds containing elements of the 2nd Group of the Periodic System" refers to the elements of columns IIa and IIb. [2009.01]

    1. In the case of operations, treatments, products or articles having both a chemical and a non-chemical part or aspect, the general rule is that the chemical part or aspect is covered by section C.
    2. In some of these cases, the chemical part or aspect brings with it a non-chemical one, even though purely mechanical, because this latter aspect either is essential to the operation or treatment or constitutes an important element thereof. It has seemed, in fact, more logical not to dissociate the different parts or aspects of a coherent whole. This is the case for applied chemistry and for the industries, operations and treatments mentioned in Notes (1)(c), (d) and (e). For example, furnaces peculiar to the manufacture of glass are covered by class C03 and not by class F27.
    3. There are, however, some exceptions in which the mechanical (or non-chemical) aspect carries with it the chemical aspect, for example:
    4. In still other cases, the pure chemical aspect is covered by section C and the applied chemical aspect by another section, such as A, B or F, e.g., the use of a substance or composition for:
    5. When the chemical and mechanical aspects are so closely interlocked that a neat and simple division is not possible, or when certain mechanical processes follow as a natural or logical continuation of a chemical treatment, section C may cover, in addition to the chemical aspect, a part only of the mechanical aspect, e.g., after-treatment of artificial stone, covered by class C04. In this latter case, a note or a reference is usually given to make the position clear, even if sometimes the division is rather arbitrary.
  
CHEMISTRY
 C10
PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
 C10B
DESTRUCTIVE DISTILLATION OF CARBONACEOUS MATERIALS FOR PRODUCTION OF GAS, COKE, TAR, OR SIMILAR MATERIALS (cracking oils C10G; underground gasification of minerals E21B 43/295)  [5]
 C10B
Subclass index
RETORTS; COKE OVENS
Retorts 1/00
Coke ovens 3/00 - 15/00
Structural features of coke ovens
doors, closures; other features 25/00; 27/00, 29/00
heating 17/00 - 23/00
charging devices 13/00, 31/00 - 35/00
safety devices; preventing or removing incrustations 41/00; 43/00
other details 45/00
CARBONISING OR COKING PROCESSES
By destructive distillation 47/00 - 53/00
Coking mineral oils or the like 55/00
Other processes 57/00
FEATURES OF DESTRUCTIVE DISTILLATION PROCESSES IN GENERAL 7/00, 13/00, 37/00, 39/00, 57/00
 C10B 1/00 - 
C10B 15/00
Retorts or coke ovens
P:120 C10B 1/00
Retorts
 C10B 1/02
·  Stationary retorts
 C10B 1/04
·  ·  Vertical retorts
 C10B 1/06
·  ·  Horizontal retorts
 C10B 1/08
·  ·  Inclined retorts
 C10B 1/10
·  Rotary retorts
P:170 C10B 3/00
Coke ovens with vertical chambers
 C10B 3/02
·  with heat-exchange devices
P:180 C10B 5/00
Coke ovens with horizontal chambers
 C10B 5/02
·  with vertical heating flues
 C10B 5/04
·  ·  with cross-over inter-connections
 C10B 5/06
·  with horizontal heating flues
 C10B 5/08
·  with horizontal and vertical heating flues
 C10B 5/10
·  with heat-exchange devices
 C10B 5/12
·  ·  with regenerators
 C10B 5/14
·  ·  ·  situated in the longitudinal direction of the chambers
 C10B 5/16
·  ·  ·  ·  with separated flues
 C10B 5/18
·  ·  ·  situated in the longitudinal direction of the oven battery
 C10B 5/20
·  ·  with recuperators
P:130 C10B 7/00
Coke ovens with mechanical conveying means for the raw material inside the oven
 C10B 7/02
·  with rotary scraping devices
 C10B 7/04
·  with shaking or vibrating devices
 C10B 7/06
·  with endless conveying devices
 C10B 7/08
·  ·  in vertical direction
 C10B 7/10
·  with conveyer-screws
 C10B 7/12
·  with tilting or rocking means
 C10B 7/14
·  with trucks, containers, or trays
P:150 C10B 9/00
Beehive ovens
P:160 C10B 11/00
Coke ovens with inclined chambers
P:140 C10B 13/00
Coke ovens with means for bringing and keeping the charge under mechanical pressure
P:190 C10B 15/00
Other coke ovens
 C10B 15/02
·  with floor heating
 C10B 17/00 - 
C10B 23/00
Heating of coke ovens
P:80 C10B 17/00
Preheating of coke ovens
P:90 C10B 19/00
Heating of coke ovens by electrical means
P:100 C10B 21/00
Heating of coke ovens with combustible gases
 C10B 21/02
·  with lean gas
 C10B 21/04
·  with rich gas
 C10B 21/06
·  in coke ovens suitable for the use of lean gas or rich gas
 C10B 21/08
·  by applying special heating gases
 C10B 21/10
·  Regulating or controlling the combustion
 C10B 21/12
·  ·  Burners
 C10B 21/14
·  ·  Devices for reversing the draught
 C10B 21/16
·  ·  by controlling or varying the openings between the heating flues and the regenerator flues
 C10B 21/18
·  ·  Recirculating the flue gases
 C10B 21/20
·  Methods of heating ovens of the chamber oven type
 C10B 21/22
·  ·  by introducing the heating gas and air at various levels
 C10B 21/24
·  ·  ·  at the top and the bottom of the vertical heating flues
 C10B 21/26
·  ·  by introducing the heating gas and air at the top of the vertical flues only
P:110 C10B 23/00
Other methods of heating coke ovens
P:250 C10B 25/00
Doors or closures for coke ovens
 C10B 25/02
·  Doors; Door frames
 C10B 25/04
·  ·  for ovens with vertical chambers
 C10B 25/06
·  ·  for ovens with horizontal chambers
 C10B 25/08
·  ·  Closing or opening the doors
 C10B 25/10
·  ·  ·  for ovens with vertical chambers
 C10B 25/12
·  ·  ·  for ovens with horizontal chambers
 C10B 25/14
·  ·  ·  Devices for lifting doors
 C10B 25/16
·  ·  Sealing; Means for sealing
 C10B 25/18
·  ·  Cooling
 C10B 25/20
·  Lids or closures for charging holes
 C10B 25/22
·  ·  for ovens with vertical chambers
 C10B 25/24
·  ·  for ovens with horizontal chambers
P:210 C10B 27/00
Arrangements for withdrawal of the distillation gases
 C10B 27/02
·  with outlets arranged at different levels in the chamber
 C10B 27/04
·  during the charging operation of the oven
 C10B 27/06
·  Conduit details, e.g. valves
P:260 C10B 29/00
Other details of coke ovens
 C10B 29/02
·  Brickwork, e.g. casings, linings, walls
 C10B 29/04
·  Controlling or preventing expansion or contraction
 C10B 29/06
·  Preventing or repairing leakages of the brickwork
 C10B 29/08
·  Bracing or foundation of the ovens
 C10B 31/00 - 
C10B 37/00
Devices for charging or discharging coke ovens; Mechanical treatments of coal charges
P:230 C10B 31/00
Charging devices for coke ovens
 C10B 31/02
·  for charging vertically
 C10B 31/04
·  ·  coke ovens with horizontal chambers
 C10B 31/06
·  for charging horizontally
 C10B 31/08
·  ·  coke ovens with horizontal chambers
 C10B 31/10
·  ·  ·  with one compact charge
 C10B 31/12
·  for liquid materials
P:240 C10B 33/00
Discharging devices for coke ovens; Coke guides
 C10B 33/02
·  Extracting coke with built-in devices, e.g. gears, screws
 C10B 33/04
·  Pulling-out devices
 C10B 33/06
·  ·  for horizontal chambers
 C10B 33/08
·  Pushers, e.g. rams
 C10B 33/10
·  ·  for horizontal chambers
 C10B 33/12
·  Discharge valves
 C10B 33/14
·  Coke guides
P:220 C10B 35/00
Combined charging and discharging devices for coke ovens
P:60 C10B 37/00
Mechanical treatments of coal charges in the oven
 C10B 37/02
·  Levelling charges, e.g. with bars
 C10B 37/04
·  Compressing charges (during coking C10B 47/12)
 C10B 37/06
·  Forming holes in charges
P:0 C10B 39/00
Cooling or quenching coke
 C10B 39/02
·  Dry cooling outside the oven
 C10B 39/04
·  Wet quenching
 C10B 39/06
·  ·  in the oven
 C10B 39/08
·  ·  Coke-quenching towers
 C10B 39/10
·  combined with agitating means, e.g. rotating tables or drums
 C10B 39/12
·  combined with conveying means
 C10B 39/14
·  Cars
 C10B 39/16
·  combined with sorting
 C10B 39/18
·  Coke ramps
P:200 C10B 41/00
Safety devices, e.g. signalling or controlling devices for use in the discharge of coke
 C10B 41/02
·  for discharging coke
 C10B 41/04
·  ·  by electrical means
 C10B 41/06
·  ·  by pneumatic or hydraulic means
 C10B 41/08
·  for the withdrawal of the distillation gases
P:70 C10B 43/00
Preventing or removing incrustations
 C10B 43/02
·  Removing incrustations
 C10B 43/04
·  ·  by mechanical means
 C10B 43/06
·  ·  ·  from conduits, valves or the like
 C10B 43/08
·  ·  with liquids
 C10B 43/10
·  ·  by burning out
 C10B 43/12
·  ·  ·  Burners
 C10B 43/14
·  Preventing incrustations
P:270 C10B 45/00
Other details
 C10B 45/02
·  Devices for producing compact unified coal charges outside the oven (briquetting presses B30B)
 C10B 47/00 - 
C10B 57/00
Carbonising or coking processes
P:50 C10B 47/00
Destructive distillation of solid carbonaceous materials with indirect heating, e.g. by external combustion
 C10B 47/02
·  with stationary charge
 C10B 47/04
·  ·  in shaft furnaces
 C10B 47/06
·  ·  in retorts
 C10B 47/08
·  ·  in beehive ovens
 C10B 47/10
·  ·  in coke ovens of the chamber type
 C10B 47/12
·  ·  in which the charge is subjected to mechanical pressure during coking
 C10B 47/14
·  ·  with the aid of hot liquids, e.g. molten salts
 C10B 47/16
·  ·  with indirect heating means both inside and outside the retorts
 C10B 47/18
·  with moving charge
 C10B 47/20
·  ·  according to the "moving bed" technique (C10B 47/26 takes precedence)
 C10B 47/22
·  ·  in dispersed form (C10B 47/26 takes precedence)
 C10B 47/24
·  ·  ·  according to the "fluidised bed" technique
 C10B 47/26
·  ·  with the aid of hot liquids, e.g. molten salts
 C10B 47/28
·  Other processes
 C10B 47/30
·  ·  in rotary ovens or retorts
 C10B 47/32
·  ·  in ovens with mechanical conveying means
 C10B 47/34
·  ·  ·  with rotary scraping devices
 C10B 47/36
·  ·  ·  ·  in multi-stage ovens
 C10B 47/38
·  ·  ·  with shaking or vibrating devices
 C10B 47/40
·  ·  ·  with endless conveying devices
 C10B 47/42
·  ·  ·  ·  in vertical direction
 C10B 47/44
·  ·  ·  with conveyer-screws
 C10B 47/46
·  ·  ·  with trucks, containers, or trays
 C10B 47/48
·  ·  ·  with tilting or rocking means
P:40 C10B 49/00
Destructive distillation of solid carbonaceous materials by direct heating with heat-carrying agents including the partial combustion of the solid material to be treated
 C10B 49/02
·  with hot gases or vapours, e.g. hot gases obtained by partial combustion of the charge
 C10B 49/04
·  ·  while moving the solid material to be treated
 C10B 49/06
·  ·  ·  according to the "moving bed" technique
 C10B 49/08
·  ·  ·  in dispersed form
 C10B 49/10
·  ·  ·  ·  according to the "fluidised bed" technique
 C10B 49/12
·  ·  ·  ·  by mixing tangentially, e.g. in vortex chambers
 C10B 49/14
·  with hot liquids, e.g. molten metals
 C10B 49/16
·  with moving solid heat-carriers in divided form
 C10B 49/18
·  ·  according to the "moving bed" technique
 C10B 49/20
·  ·  in dispersed form
 C10B 49/22
·  ·  ·  according to the "fluidised bed" technique
P:30 C10B 51/00
Destructive distillation of solid carbonaceous materials by combined direct and indirect heating
P:20 C10B 53/00
Destructive distillation, specially adapted for particular solid raw materials or solid raw materials in special form (wet carbonising of peat C10F)
 C10B 53/02
·  of cellulose-containing material (production of pyroligneous acid C10C 5/00)
 C10B 53/04
·  of powdered coal
 C10B 53/06
·  of oil shale or bituminous rocks
 C10B 53/07
·  of synthetic polymeric materials, e.g. tyres (recovery or working-up of waste materials of organic macromolecular compounds or compositions based thereon by dry-heat treatment for obtaining partially depolymerised materials C08J 11/10; production of liquid hydrocarbon mixtures from rubber or rubber waste C10G 1/10)  [8]
 C10B 53/08
·  in the form of briquettes, lumps or the like
P:10 C10B 55/00
Coking mineral oils, bitumen, tar or the like, or mixtures thereof, with solid carbonaceous materials (cracking oils C10G)
 C10B 55/02
·  with solid materials
 C10B 55/04
·  ·  with moving solid materials
 C10B 55/06
·  ·  ·  according to the "moving bed" technique
 C10B 55/08
·  ·  ·  in dispersed form
 C10B 55/10
·  ·  ·  ·  according to the "fluidised bed" technique
P:280 C10B 57/00
Other carbonising or coking processes; Features of destructive distillation processes in general
 C10B 57/02
·  Multi-step carbonising or coking processes
 C10B 57/04
·  using charges of special composition
 C10B 57/06
·  ·  containing additives
 C10B 57/08
·  Non-mechanical pretreatment of the charge (C10L 9/00 takes precedence)
 C10B 57/10
·  ·  Drying
 C10B 57/12
·  Applying additives during coking
 C10B 57/14
·  Features of low-temperature carbonising processes
 C10B 57/16
·  Features of high-temperature carbonising processes
 C10B 57/18
·  Modifying the properties of the distillation gases in the oven (outside the oven C10K)