C
SECTION C — CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
 C

Note(s)

  1. In section C, the definitions of groups of chemical elements are as follows:

    Alkali metals: Li, Na, K, Rb, Cs, Fr

    Alkaline earth metals: Ca, Sr, Ba, Ra

    Lanthanides: elements with atomic numbers 57 to 71 inclusive

    Rare earths: Sc, Y, Lanthanides

    Actinides: elements with atomic numbers 89 to 103 inclusive

    Refractory metals: Ti, V, Cr, Zr, Nb, Mo, Hf, Ta, W

    Halogens: F, Cl, Br, I, At

    Noble gases: He, Ne, Ar, Kr, Xe, Rn

    Platinum group: Os, Ir, Pt, Ru, Rh, Pd

    Noble metals: Ag, Au, Platinum group

    Light metals: alkali metals, alkaline earth metals, Be, Al, Mg

    Heavy metals: metals other than light metals

    Iron group: Fe, Co, Ni

    Non-metals: H, B, C, Si, N, P, O, S, Se, Te, noble gases, halogens

    Metals: elements other than non-metals

    Transition elements: elements with atomic numbers 21 to 30 inclusive, 39 to 48 inclusive, 57 to 80 inclusive, 89 upwards

  2. Section C covers :
    1. pure chemistry, which covers inorganic compounds, organic compounds, macromolecular compounds, and their methods of preparation;
    2. applied chemistry, which covers compositions containing the above compounds, such as: glass, ceramics, fertilisers, plastics compositions, paints, products of the petroleum industry. It also covers certain compositions on account of their having particular properties rendering them suitable for certain purposes, as in the case of explosives, dyestuffs, adhesives, lubricants, and detergents;
    3. certain marginal industries, such as the manufacture of coke and of solid or gaseous fuels, the production and refining of oils, fats and waxes, the fermentation industry (e.g., brewing and wine-making), the sugar industry;
    4. certain operations or treatments, which are either purely mechanical, e.g., the mechanical treatment of leather and skins, or partly mechanical, e.g., the treatment of water or the prevention of corrosion in general;
    5. metallurgy, ferrous or non-ferrous alloys.
  3. In all sections of the IPC, in the absence of an indication to the contrary, the Periodic System of chemical elements referred to is the one with 8 groups as represented in the table below. For example, group C07F 3/00 "Compounds containing elements of the 2nd Group of the Periodic System" refers to the elements of columns IIa and IIb. [2009.01]

    1. In the case of operations, treatments, products or articles having both a chemical and a non-chemical part or aspect, the general rule is that the chemical part or aspect is covered by section C.
    2. In some of these cases, the chemical part or aspect brings with it a non-chemical one, even though purely mechanical, because this latter aspect either is essential to the operation or treatment or constitutes an important element thereof. It has seemed, in fact, more logical not to dissociate the different parts or aspects of a coherent whole. This is the case for applied chemistry and for the industries, operations and treatments mentioned in Notes (1)(c), (d) and (e). For example, furnaces peculiar to the manufacture of glass are covered by class C03 and not by class F27.
    3. There are, however, some exceptions in which the mechanical (or non-chemical) aspect carries with it the chemical aspect, for example:
    4. In still other cases, the pure chemical aspect is covered by section C and the applied chemical aspect by another section, such as A, B or F, e.g., the use of a substance or composition for:
    5. When the chemical and mechanical aspects are so closely interlocked that a neat and simple division is not possible, or when certain mechanical processes follow as a natural or logical continuation of a chemical treatment, section C may cover, in addition to the chemical aspect, a part only of the mechanical aspect, e.g., after-treatment of artificial stone, covered by class C04. In this latter case, a note or a reference is usually given to make the position clear, even if sometimes the division is rather arbitrary.
  
CHEMISTRY
 C10
PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
 C10L
FUELS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; NATURAL GAS; SYNTHETIC NATURAL GAS OBTAINED BY PROCESSES NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C10G OR  C10K; LIQUEFIED PETROLEUM GAS;  USE OF ADDITIVES TO FUELS OR FIRES;  FIRE-LIGHTERS  [5]
P:60 C10L 1/00
Liquid carbonaceous fuels
 C10L 1/02
·  essentially based on components consisting of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen only
 C10L 1/04
·  essentially based on blends of hydrocarbons
 C10L 1/06
·  ·  for spark ignition
 C10L 1/08
·  ·  for compression ignition
 C10L 1/10
·  containing additives
 C10L 1/12 - 
C10L 1/14

Note(s)

  1. In groups C10L 1/12-C10L 1/14, in the absence of an indication to the contrary, a compound is classified in the last appropriate place.
  2. If an additive is a mixture of compounds, classification is made for each compound of interest.  [8]
  3. A metal salt or an ammonium salt of a compound is classified as that compound, e.g. a chromium sulfonate is classified as a sulfonate in group C10L 1/24 and not in group C10L 1/30.
 C10L 1/12
·  ·  Inorganic compounds
 C10L 1/14
·  ·  Organic compounds
 C10L 1/16
·  ·  ·  Hydrocarbons
 C10L 1/18
·  ·  ·  containing oxygen
 C10L 1/182
·  ·  ·  ·  containing hydroxy groups; Salts thereof  [8]
 C10L 1/183
·  ·  ·  ·  ·  at least one hydroxy group bound to an aromatic carbon atom  [8]
 C10L 1/185
·  ·  ·  ·  Ethers; Acetals; Ketals; Aldehydes; Ketones  [8]
 C10L 1/188
·  ·  ·  ·  Carboxylic acids; Salts thereof  [8]
 C10L 1/189
·  ·  ·  ·  ·  having at least one carboxyl group bound to an aromatic carbon atom  [8]
 C10L 1/19
·  ·  ·  ·  Esters  [8]
 C10L 1/192
·  ·  ·  ·  Macromolecular compounds  [8]
 C10L 1/195
·  ·  ·  ·  ·  obtained by reactions involving only carbon-to-carbon unsaturated bonds  [8]
 C10L 1/196
·  ·  ·  ·  ·  ·  derived from monomers containing a carbon-to-carbon unsaturated bond and a carboxyl group or salts, anhydrides or esters thereof  [8]
 C10L 1/197
·  ·  ·  ·  ·  ·  derived from monomers containing a carbon-to-carbon unsaturated bond and an acyloxy group of a saturated carboxylic or carbonic acid  [8]
 C10L 1/198
·  ·  ·  ·  ·  obtained otherwise than by reactions involving only carbon-to-carbon unsaturated bonds  [8]
 C10L 1/20
·  ·  ·  containing halogen
 C10L 1/22
·  ·  ·  containing nitrogen
 C10L 1/222
·  ·  ·  ·  containing at least one carbon-to-nitrogen single bond  [8]
 C10L 1/223
·  ·  ·  ·  ·  having at least one amino group bound to an aromatic carbon atom  [8]
 C10L 1/224
·  ·  ·  ·  ·  Amides; Imides  [8]
 C10L 1/226
·  ·  ·  ·  containing at least one nitrogen-to-nitrogen bond, e.g. azo compounds, azides, hydrazines  [8]
 C10L 1/228
·  ·  ·  ·  containing at least one carbon-to-nitrogen double bond, e.g. guanidines, hydrazones, semicarbazones, imines; containing at least one carbon-to-nitrogen triple bond, e.g. nitriles  [8]
 C10L 1/23
·  ·  ·  ·  containing at least one nitrogen-to-oxygen bond, e.g. nitro-compounds, nitrates, nitrites  [8]
 C10L 1/232
·  ·  ·  ·  containing nitrogen in a heterocyclic ring  [8]
 C10L 1/233
·  ·  ·  ·  ·  containing nitrogen and oxygen in the ring, e.g. oxazoles  [8]
 C10L 1/234
·  ·  ·  ·  Macromolecular compounds  [8]
 C10L 1/236
·  ·  ·  ·  ·  obtained by reactions involving only carbon-to-carbon unsaturated bonds  [8]
 C10L 1/238
·  ·  ·  ·  ·  obtained otherwise than by reactions involving only carbon-to-carbon unsaturated bonds  [8]
 C10L 1/2383
·  ·  ·  ·  ·  ·  Polyamines or polyimines, or derivatives thereof  [8]
 C10L 1/2387
·  ·  ·  ·  ·  ·  ·  Polyoxyalkyleneamines  [8]
 C10L 1/24
·  ·  ·  containing sulfur, selenium or tellurium
 C10L 1/26
·  ·  ·  containing phosphorus
 C10L 1/28
·  ·  ·  containing silicon
 C10L 1/30
·  ·  ·  containing elements not mentioned in groups C10L 1/16-C10L 1/28
 C10L 1/32
·  consisting of coal-oil suspensions or aqueous emulsions
P:50 C10L 3/00
Gaseous fuels; Natural gas; Synthetic natural gas obtained by processes not covered by subclasses C10G, C10K; Liquefied petroleum gas  [5]
 C10L 3/02
·  Compositions containing acetylene
 C10L 3/04
·  ·  Absorbing compositions, e.g. solvents
 C10L 3/06
·  Natural gas; Synthetic natural gas obtained by processes not covered by C10G, C10K 3/02 or C10K 3/04  [5]
 C10L 3/08
·  ·  Production of synthetic natural gas  [5]
 C10L 3/10
·  ·  Working-up natural gas or synthetic natural gas  [5]
 C10L 3/12
·  Liquefied petroleum gas  [5]
P:40 C10L 5/00
Solid fuels (produced by solidifying fluid fuels C10L 7/00; peat briquettes C10F 7/06)
 C10L 5/02
·  Briquettes consisting mainly of carbonaceous materials of mineral origin (peat briquettes C10F)
 C10L 5/04
·  ·  Raw material to be used; Pretreatment thereof
 C10L 5/06
·  ·  Briquetting processes
 C10L 5/08
·  ·  ·  without the aid of extraneous binders
 C10L 5/10
·  ·  ·  with the aid of binders, e.g. pretreated binders
 C10L 5/12
·  ·  ·  ·  with inorganic binders
 C10L 5/14
·  ·  ·  ·  with organic binders
 C10L 5/16
·  ·  ·  ·  ·  with bituminous binders, e.g. tar, pitch
 C10L 5/18
·  ·  ·  ·  ·  with naphthalene
 C10L 5/20
·  ·  ·  ·  ·  with sulfite lye
 C10L 5/22
·  ·  ·  ·  Methods of applying the binder to the other compounding ingredients; Apparatus therefor
 C10L 5/24
·  ·  Combating dust during briquetting; Safety devices against explosion
 C10L 5/26
·  ·  After-treatment of the briquettes
 C10L 5/28
·  ·  ·  Heating the briquettes; Coking the binders
 C10L 5/30
·  ·  ·  Cooling the briquettes
 C10L 5/32
·  ·  ·  Coating
 C10L 5/34
·  ·  Other details of the briquettes
 C10L 5/36
·  ·  ·  Shape
 C10L 5/38
·  ·  ·  ·  Briquettes consisting of different layers
 C10L 5/40
·  essentially based on materials of non-mineral origin
 C10L 5/42
·  ·  on animal substances or products obtained therefrom
 C10L 5/44
·  ·  on vegetable substances
 C10L 5/46
·  ·  on sewage, house, or town refuse
 C10L 5/48
·  ·  on industrial residues or waste materials (C10L 5/42, C10L 5/44 take precedence)  [4]
P:30 C10L 7/00
Fuels produced by solidifying fluid fuels
 C10L 7/02
·  liquid fuels
 C10L 7/04
·  ·  alcohol
P:70 C10L 8/00
Fuels not provided for in other groups of this subclass  [8]
P:20 C10L 9/00
Treating solid fuels to improve their combustion
 C10L 9/02
·  by chemical means
 C10L 9/04
·  ·  by hydrogenating
 C10L 9/06
·  ·  by oxidation
 C10L 9/08
·  by heat treatment, e.g. calcining
 C10L 9/10
·  by using additives
 C10L 9/12
·  ·  Oxidation means, e.g. oxygen-generating compounds
P:10 C10L 10/00
Use of additives to fuels or fires for particular purposes (using binders for briquetting solid fuels C10L 5/10; using additives to improve the combustion of solid fuels C10L 9/10)  [1,8]
 C10L 10/02
·  for reducing smoke development
 C10L 10/04
·  for minimising corrosion or incrustation
 C10L 10/06
·  for facilitating soot removal
 C10L 10/08
·  for improving lubricity; for reducing wear  [8]
 C10L 10/10
·  for improving the octane number  [8]
 C10L 10/12
·  for improving the cetane number  [8]
 C10L 10/14
·  for improving low temperature properties  [8]
 C10L 10/16
·  ·  Pour-point depressants  [8]
 C10L 10/18
·  use of detergents or dispersants for purposes not provided for in groups C10L 10/02-C10L 10/16  [8]
P:0 C10L 11/00
Fire-lighters
 C10L 11/02
·  based on refractory porous bodies
 C10L 11/04
·  consisting of combustible material (matches C06F)
 C10L 11/06
·  of a special shape
 C10L 11/08
·  Apparatus for the manufacture thereof