In section C, the definitions of groups of chemical elements are as follows:
Alkali metals: Li, Na, K, Rb, Cs, Fr
Alkaline earth metals: Ca, Sr, Ba, Ra
Lanthanides: elements with atomic numbers 57 to 71 inclusive
Rare earths: Sc, Y, Lanthanides
Actinides: elements with atomic numbers 89 to 103 inclusive
Refractory metals: Ti, V, Cr, Zr, Nb, Mo, Hf, Ta, W
Halogens: F, Cl, Br, I, At
Noble gases: He, Ne, Ar, Kr, Xe, Rn
Platinum group: Os, Ir, Pt, Ru, Rh, Pd
Noble metals: Ag, Au, Platinum group
Light metals: alkali metals, alkaline earth metals, Be, Al, Mg
Heavy metals: metals other than light metals
Iron group: Fe, Co, Ni
Non-metals: H, B, C, Si, N, P, O, S, Se, Te, noble gases, halogens
Metals: elements other than non-metals
Transition elements: elements with atomic numbers 21 to 30 inclusive, 39 to 48 inclusive, 57 to 80 inclusive, 89 upwards
Section C covers :
pure chemistry, which covers inorganic compounds, organic compounds, macromolecular compounds, and their methods of preparation;
applied chemistry, which covers compositions containing the above compounds, such as: glass, ceramics, fertilisers, plastics compositions, paints, products of the petroleum industry. It also covers certain compositions on account of their having particular properties rendering them suitable for certain purposes, as in the case of explosives, dyestuffs, adhesives, lubricants, and detergents;
certain marginal industries, such as the manufacture of coke and of solid or gaseous fuels, the production and refining of oils, fats and waxes, the fermentation industry (e.g., brewing and wine-making), the sugar industry;
certain operations or treatments, which are either purely mechanical, e.g., the mechanical treatment of leather and skins, or partly mechanical, e.g., the treatment of water or the prevention of corrosion in general;
metallurgy, ferrous or non-ferrous alloys.
In all sections of the IPC, in the absence of an indication to the contrary, the Periodic System of chemical elements referred to is the one with 8 groups as represented in the table below. For example, group Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...C07F 3/00 "Compounds containing elements of the 2nd Group of the Periodic System" refers to the elements of columns IIa and IIb. [2009.01]
In the case of operations, treatments, products or articles having both a chemical and a non-chemical part or aspect, the general rule is that the chemical part or aspect is covered by section C.
In some of these cases, the chemical part or aspect brings with it a non-chemical one, even though purely mechanical, because this latter aspect either is essential to the operation or treatment or constitutes an important element thereof. It has seemed, in fact, more logical not to dissociate the different parts or aspects of a coherent whole. This is the case for applied chemistry and for the industries, operations and treatments mentioned in Notes (1)(c), (d) and (e). For example, furnaces peculiar to the manufacture of glass are covered by class Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...C03 and not by class Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F27.
There are, however, some exceptions in which the mechanical (or non-chemical) aspect carries with it the chemical aspect, for example:
Photographic materials and processes, in class Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...G03, and, generally, the chemical treatment of textiles and the production of cellulose or paper, in section D.
In still other cases, the pure chemical aspect is covered by section C and the applied chemical aspect by another section, such as A, B or F, e.g., the use of a substance or composition for:
When the chemical and mechanical aspects are so closely interlocked that a neat and simple division is not possible, or when certain mechanical processes follow as a natural or logical continuation of a chemical treatment, section C may cover, in addition to the chemical aspect, a part only of the mechanical aspect, e.g., after-treatment of artificial stone, covered by class Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...C04. In this latter case, a note or a reference is usually given to make the position clear, even if sometimes the division is rather arbitrary.
LIME; MAGNESIA; SLAG; CEMENTS; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF, e.g. MORTARS, CONCRETE OR LIKE BUILDING MATERIALS; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS (devitrified glass-ceramics Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...C03C 10/00); REFRACTORIES; TREATMENT OF NATURAL STONE [4]
C04B
Note(s)
In this subclass, the following terms or expressions are used with the meanings indicated: [6]
"fillers" includes pigments, aggregates and fibrous reinforcing materials; [6]
"active ingredients" includes processing aids or property improvers, e.g. grinding aids used after the burning process or used in the absence of a burning process; [6]
"mortars", "concrete" and "artificial stone" are to be considered as a single group of materials, and therefore, in the absence of an indication to be contrary, they include mortar, concrete and other cementitious compositions. [6]
Use of materials as fillers for mortars, concrete or artificial stone [4]
P:160
C04B 14/00
Use of inorganic materials as fillers, e.g. pigments, for mortars, concrete or artificial stone; Treatment of inorganic materials specially adapted to enhance their filling properties in mortars, concrete or artificial stone (reinforcing elements for building Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...E04C 5/00) [4]
Use of organic materials as fillers, e.g. pigments, for mortars, concrete or artificial stone; Treatment of organic materials specially adapted to enhance their filling properties in mortars, concrete or artificial stone (reinforcing elements for building Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...E04C 5/00) [4]
Use of agglomerated or waste materials or refuse as fillers for mortars, concrete or artificial stone; Treatment of agglomerated or waste materials or refuse, specially adapted to enhance their filling properties in mortars, concrete or artificial stone (reinforcing elements for building Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...E04C 5/00) [4]
C04B 18/02
·
Agglomerated materials [4]
C04B 18/04
·
Waste materials; Refuse [4]
C04B 18/06
· ·
Combustion residues, e.g. purification products of smoke, fumes or exhaust gases [4]
Use of inorganic materials as active ingredients for mortars, concrete or artificial stone, e.g. accelerators [4]
C04B 22/02
·
Elements [4]
C04B 22/04
· ·
Metals, e.g. aluminium used as blowing agent [4]
C04B 22/06
·
Oxides; Hydroxides [4]
C04B 22/08
·
Acids or salts thereof [4]
C04B 22/10
· ·
containing carbon in the anion, e.g. carbonates [4]
C04B 22/12
· ·
containing halogen in the anion, e.g. calcium chloride [4]
C04B 22/14
· ·
containing sulfur in the anion, e.g. sulfides [4]
C04B 22/16
· ·
containing phosphorus in the anion, e.g. phosphates [4]
P:110
C04B 24/00
Use of organic materials as active ingredients for mortars, concrete or artificial stone, e.g. plasticisers [4]
C04B 24/02
·
Alcohols; Phenols; Ethers [4]
C04B 24/04
·
Carboxylic acids; Salts, anhydrides or esters thereof [4]
C04B 24/06
· ·
containing hydroxy groups [4]
C04B 24/08
·
Fats; Fatty oils; Ester type waxes; Higher fatty acids, i.e. having at least seven carbon atoms in an unbroken chain bound to a carboxyl group; Oxidised oils or fats [4]
C04B 24/10
·
Carbohydrates or derivatives thereof [4]
C04B 24/12
·
Nitrogen containing compounds [4]
C04B 24/14
· ·
Peptides; Proteins; Derivatives thereof [4]
C04B 24/16
·
Sulfur-containing compounds [4]
C04B 24/18
· ·
Lignin sulfonic acid or derivatives thereof, e.g. sulfite lye [4]
Compositions of mortars, concrete or artificial stone, containing only organic binders [4]
C04B 26/02
·
Macromolecular compounds [4]
C04B 26/04
· ·
obtained by reactions only involving carbon-to-carbon unsaturated bonds [4]
C04B 26/06
· · ·
Acrylates [4]
C04B 26/08
· · ·
containing halogen [4]
C04B 26/10
· ·
obtained otherwise than by reactions only involving carbon-to-carbon unsaturated bonds [4]
C04B 26/12
· · ·
Condensation polymers of aldehydes or ketones [4]
C04B 26/14
· · ·
Polyepoxides [4]
C04B 26/16
· · ·
Polyurethanes [4]
C04B 26/18
· · ·
Polyesters; Polycarbonates [4]
C04B 26/20
· · ·
Polyamides [4]
C04B 26/22
· ·
Natural resins, e.g. rosin [4]
C04B 26/24
· · ·
Cellulosic waste liquor, e.g. sulfite lye [4]
C04B 26/26
· ·
Bituminous materials, e.g. tar, pitch [4]
C04B 26/28
· ·
Polysaccharides or derivatives thereof [4]
C04B 26/30
·
Compounds having one or more carbon-to-metal or carbon-to-silicon linkages [4]
C04B 26/32
· ·
containing silicon [4]
P:80
C04B 28/00
Compositions of mortars, concrete or artificial stone, containing inorganic binders or the reaction product of an inorganic and an organic binder, e.g. polycarboxylate cements [4]
C04B 28/02
·
containing hydraulic cements other than calcium sulfates [4]
C04B 28/04
· ·
Portland cements [4]
C04B 28/06
· ·
Aluminous cements [4]
C04B 28/08
· ·
Slag cements [4]
C04B 28/10
· ·
Lime cements or magnesium oxide cements [4]
C04B 28/12
· · ·
Hydraulic lime [4]
C04B 28/14
·
containing calcium sulfate cements [4]
C04B 28/16
· ·
containing anhydrite [4]
C04B 28/18
·
containing mixtures of the silica-lime type [4]
C04B 28/20
· ·
Sand-lime [4]
C04B 28/22
· ·
Lime and pozzuolanas [4]
C04B 28/24
·
containing alkyl ammonium or alkali metal silicates; containing silica sols [4]
C04B 28/26
· ·
Silicates of the alkali metals [4]
C04B 28/28
·
containing organic polyacids, e.g. polycarboxylate cements [4]
Shaped ceramic products characterised by their composition; Ceramic compositions (containing free metal bonded to carbides, diamond, oxides, borides, nitrides, silicides, e.g. cermets, or other metal compounds, e.g. oxynitrides or sulfides, other than as macroscopic reinforcing agents Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...C22C); Processing powders of inorganic compounds preparatory to the manufacturing of ceramic products [4]
C04B 35/00
Note(s)
In this group, in the absence of an indication to the contrary, compositions are classified according to the constituent present in the highest proportion by weight. [3]
In this group, magnesium is considered as an alkaline earth metal. [6]
In this group, a composite is considered as a sintered mixture of different powdered materials, other than sintering aids, the materials being present as separate phases in the sintered product. [6]
In this group, fine ceramics are considered as products having a polycrystalline fine-grained microstructure, e.g. of dimensions below 100 micrometers. [6]
The production of ceramic powder is classified in this group in so far as it relates to the preparation of powder with specific characteristics. [6]
C04B 35/01
·
based on oxides [6]
C04B 35/03
· ·
based on magnesium oxide, calcium oxide or oxide mixtures derived from dolomite [6]
C04B 35/035
· · ·
Refractories from grain sized mixtures containing non-oxide refractory materials, e.g. carbon [6]
based on zirconium or hafnium oxides or zirconates or hafnates [6]
C04B 35/482
· · ·
Refractories from grain sized mixtures [6]
C04B 35/484
· · ·
Refractories by fusion casting [6]
C04B 35/486
· · ·
Fine ceramics [6]
C04B 35/488
· · · ·
Composites [6]
C04B 35/49
· · ·
containing also titanium oxide or titanates [3,6]
C04B 35/491
· · · ·
based on lead zirconates and lead titanates [6]
C04B 35/493
· · · · ·
containing also other lead compounds [6]
C04B 35/495
· ·
based on vanadium, niobium, tantalum, molybdenum or tungsten oxides or solid solutions thereof with other oxides, e.g. vanadates, niobates, tantalates, molybdates or tungstates [6]
Monolithic refractories or refractory mortars, including those whether or not containing clay
C04B 35/66
Note(s)
Any ingredient of a refractory mortar composition containing a hydraulic cement, e.g. aluminous cement, classified in group Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...C04B 35/66, which is considered to represent information of interest for search, may also be classified in the last appropriate place in groups Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...C04B 7/00-C04B 24/00. This can, for example, be the case when it is considered of interest to enable searching of compositions using a combination of classification symbols. Such non-obligatory classification should be given as "additional information". For example, such an additional classification in group Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...C04B 24/00 may be given for an organic retarder added to the mortar composition. [8]
Fibres, filaments, whiskers, platelets, or the like [2]
C04B 35/78
· ·
containing non-metallic materials [2]
C04B 35/80
· · ·
Fibres, filaments, whiskers, platelets, or the like [2]
C04B 35/81
· · · ·
Whiskers [6]
C04B 35/82
· · · ·
Asbestos; Glass; Fused silica [2]
C04B 35/83
· · · ·
Carbon fibres in a carbon matrix [6]
C04B 35/83
Note(s)
The products covered by this group are usually referred to as "carbon-carbon composites". [6]
C04B 35/84
· · ·
Impregnated or coated materials [2]
P:0
C04B 37/00
Joining burned ceramic articles with other burned ceramic articles or other articles by heating
C04B 37/02
·
with metallic articles
C04B 37/04
·
with articles made from glass
P:10
C04B 38/00
Porous mortars, concrete, artificial stone or ceramic ware; Preparation thereof (treating slag with gases or gas generating material Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...C04B 5/06) [4,6]
Inhibiting the setting, e.g. mortars of the deferred action type containing water in breakable containers [4]
P:20
C04B 41/00
After-treatment of mortars, concrete, artificial stone or ceramics; Treatment of natural stone (glazes, other than cold glazes, Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...C03C 8/00) [3]
C04B 41/00
Note(s)
In this group, the following terms or expressions are used with the meanings indicated: [6]
"mortars", "concrete" and "artificial stone" cover materials after primary shaping. [6]
Treating, e.g. coating or impregnating, a material with the same material or with a substance which ultimately is transformed into the same material is not considered after-treatment for this group but is classified as preparation of the material, e.g. a carbon body impregnated with a carbonisable substance is classified in Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...C04B 35/52.