In section C, the definitions of groups of chemical elements are as follows:
Alkali metals: Li, Na, K, Rb, Cs, Fr
Alkaline earth metals: Ca, Sr, Ba, Ra
Lanthanides: elements with atomic numbers 57 to 71 inclusive
Rare earths: Sc, Y, Lanthanides
Actinides: elements with atomic numbers 89 to 103 inclusive
Refractory metals: Ti, V, Cr, Zr, Nb, Mo, Hf, Ta, W
Halogens: F, Cl, Br, I, At
Noble gases: He, Ne, Ar, Kr, Xe, Rn
Platinum group: Os, Ir, Pt, Ru, Rh, Pd
Noble metals: Ag, Au, Platinum group
Light metals: alkali metals, alkaline earth metals, Be, Al, Mg
Heavy metals: metals other than light metals
Iron group: Fe, Co, Ni
Non-metals: H, B, C, Si, N, P, O, S, Se, Te, noble gases, halogens
Metals: elements other than non-metals
Transition elements: elements with atomic numbers 21 to 30 inclusive, 39 to 48 inclusive, 57 to 80 inclusive, 89 upwards
Section C covers :
pure chemistry, which covers inorganic compounds, organic compounds, macromolecular compounds, and their methods of preparation;
applied chemistry, which covers compositions containing the above compounds, such as: glass, ceramics, fertilisers, plastics compositions, paints, products of the petroleum industry. It also covers certain compositions on account of their having particular properties rendering them suitable for certain purposes, as in the case of explosives, dyestuffs, adhesives, lubricants, and detergents;
certain marginal industries, such as the manufacture of coke and of solid or gaseous fuels, the production and refining of oils, fats and waxes, the fermentation industry (e.g., brewing and wine-making), the sugar industry;
certain operations or treatments, which are either purely mechanical, e.g., the mechanical treatment of leather and skins, or partly mechanical, e.g., the treatment of water or the prevention of corrosion in general;
metallurgy, ferrous or non-ferrous alloys.
In all sections of the IPC, in the absence of an indication to the contrary, the Periodic System of chemical elements referred to is the one with 8 groups as represented in the table below. For example, group Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...C07F 3/00 "Compounds containing elements of the 2nd Group of the Periodic System" refers to the elements of columns IIa and IIb. [2009.01]
In the case of operations, treatments, products or articles having both a chemical and a non-chemical part or aspect, the general rule is that the chemical part or aspect is covered by section C.
In some of these cases, the chemical part or aspect brings with it a non-chemical one, even though purely mechanical, because this latter aspect either is essential to the operation or treatment or constitutes an important element thereof. It has seemed, in fact, more logical not to dissociate the different parts or aspects of a coherent whole. This is the case for applied chemistry and for the industries, operations and treatments mentioned in Notes (1)(c), (d) and (e). For example, furnaces peculiar to the manufacture of glass are covered by class Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...C03 and not by class Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F27.
There are, however, some exceptions in which the mechanical (or non-chemical) aspect carries with it the chemical aspect, for example:
Photographic materials and processes, in class Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...G03, and, generally, the chemical treatment of textiles and the production of cellulose or paper, in section D.
In still other cases, the pure chemical aspect is covered by section C and the applied chemical aspect by another section, such as A, B or F, e.g., the use of a substance or composition for:
When the chemical and mechanical aspects are so closely interlocked that a neat and simple division is not possible, or when certain mechanical processes follow as a natural or logical continuation of a chemical treatment, section C may cover, in addition to the chemical aspect, a part only of the mechanical aspect, e.g., after-treatment of artificial stone, covered by class Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...C04. In this latter case, a note or a reference is usually given to make the position clear, even if sometimes the division is rather arbitrary.
CRACKING HYDROCARBON OILS; PRODUCTION OF LIQUID HYDROCARBON MIXTURES, e.g. BY DESTRUCTIVE HYDROGENATION, OLIGOMERISATION, POLYMERISATION (cracking to hydrogen or synthesis gas Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...C01B; cracking or pyrolysis of hydrocarbon gases to individual hydrocarbons or mixtures thereof of definite or specified constitution Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...C07C; cracking to cokes Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...C10B); RECOVERY OF HYDROCARBON OILS FROM OIL-SHALE, OIL-SAND, OR GASES; REFINING MIXTURES MAINLY CONSISTING OF HYDROCARBONS; REFORMING OF NAPHTHA; MINERAL WAXES (inhibiting corrosion or incrustation in general Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...C23F) [6]
In this subclass, the following terms or expressions are used with the meanings indicated:
"in the presence of hydrogen" or "in the absence of hydrogen" mean treatments in which hydrogen, in free form or as hydrogen generating compounds, is added, or not added, respectively; [3]
Production of liquid hydrocarbon mixtures from oil shale, oil-sand, or non-melting solid carbonaceous or similar materials, e.g. wood, coal (mechanical winning of oil from oil-shales, oil-sand, or the like Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...B03B)
Production of liquid hydrocarbon mixtures of undefined composition from oxides of carbon [5]
P:320
C10G 3/00
Production of liquid hydrocarbon mixtures from oxygen-containing organic materials, e.g. fatty oils, fatty acids (production from non-melting solid oxygen-containing carbonaceous materials Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...C10G 1/00; preparation of individual hydrocarbons or mixtures thereof of definite or specified constitution Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...C07C)
P:310
C10G 5/00
Recovery of liquid hydrocarbon mixtures from gases, e.g. natural gas
Stabilising gasoline by removing gases by fractioning
C10G 7/04
·
De-watering
C10G 7/06
·
Vacuum distillation [3]
C10G 7/08
·
Azeotropic or extractive distillation (refining of hydrocarbon oils, in the absence of hydrogen, by extraction with selective solvents Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...C10G 21/00) [3]
Crystalline alumino-silicates, e.g. molecular sieves [3]
C10G 11/06
· ·
Sulfides
C10G 11/08
· ·
Halides
C10G 11/10
·
with stationary catalyst bed
C10G 11/12
·
with discontinuously preheated non-moving solid catalysts, e.g. blast and run
C10G 11/14
·
with preheated moving solid catalysts
C10G 11/16
· ·
according to the "moving bed" technique
C10G 11/18
· ·
according to the "fluidised bed" technique
C10G 11/20
·
by direct contact with inert heated gases or vapours
C10G 11/22
· ·
produced by partial combustion of the material to be cracked
P:270
C10G 15/00
Cracking of hydrocarbon oils by electric means, electromagnetic or mechanical vibrations, by particle radiation or with gases superheated in electric arcs
C10G 15/08
·
by electric means or by electromagnetic or mechanical vibrations [3]
C10G 15/10
·
by particle radiation [3]
C10G 15/12
·
with gases superheated in an electric arc, e.g. plasma [3]
C10G 17/00 - C10G 31/00
Refining in the absence of hydrogen
P:240
C10G 17/00
Refining of hydrocarbon oils, in the absence of hydrogen, with acids, acid-forming compounds, or acid-containing liquids, e.g. acid sludge
C10G 17/02
·
with acids or acid-containing liquids, e.g. acid sludge
C10G 17/04
· ·
Liquid-liquid treatment forming two immiscible phases
C10G 17/06
· · ·
using acids derived from sulfur or acid sludge thereof
Refining of hydrocarbon oils, in the absence of hydrogen, with solid sorbents
C10G 25/00
Note(s)
When classifying in this group, classification is also made in group Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...B01D 15/08 insofar as subject matter of general interest relating to chromatography is concerned. [8]
C10G 25/02
·
with ion-exchange material
C10G 25/03
· ·
with crystalline alumino-silicates, e.g. molecular sieves [3]
C10G 25/05
· · ·
Removal of non-hydrocarbon compounds, e.g. sulfur compounds [3]
C10G 25/06
·
with moving sorbents or sorbents dispersed in the oil
C10G 25/08
· ·
according to the "moving bed" technique
C10G 25/09
· ·
according to the "fluidised bed" technique [3]
C10G 25/11
· ·
Distillation in the presence of moving sorbents [3]
C10G 25/12
·
Recovery of used adsorbent
P:210
C10G 27/00
Refining of hydrocarbon oils, in the absence of hydrogen, by oxidation
C10G 27/02
·
with halogen or compounds generating halogen; Hypochlorous acid or salts thereof
C10G 27/04
·
with oxygen or compounds generating oxygen
C10G 27/06
· ·
in the presence of alkaline solutions
C10G 27/08
· ·
in the presence of copper chloride
C10G 27/10
· ·
in the presence of metal-containing organic complexes, e.g. chelates, or cationic ion-exchange resins [3]
to eliminate hetero atoms without changing the skeleton of the hydrocarbon involved and without cracking into lower boiling hydrocarbons; Hydrofinishing [3]
C10G 45/04
· ·
characterised by the catalyst used [3]
C10G 45/06
· · ·
containing nickel or cobalt metal, or compounds thereof [3]
C10G 45/08
· · · ·
in combination with chromium, molybdenum, or tungsten metals, or compounds thereof [3]
C10G 45/10
· · ·
containing platinum group metals or compounds thereof [3]
C10G 45/12
· · ·
containing crystalline alumino-silicates, e.g. molecular sieves [3]
C10G 45/14
· ·
with moving solid particles [3]
C10G 45/16
· · ·
suspended in the oil, e.g. slurries [3]
C10G 45/18
· · ·
according to the "moving bed" technique [3]
C10G 45/20
· · ·
according to the "fluidised bed" technique [3]
C10G 45/22
· ·
with hydrogen dissolved or suspended in the oil [3]
C10G 45/24
· ·
with hydrogen-generating compounds [3]
C10G 45/26
· · ·
Steam or water [3]
C10G 45/28
· · ·
Organic compounds; Autofining [3]
C10G 45/30
· · · ·
characterised by the catalyst used [3]
C10G 45/32
·
Selective hydrogenation of the diolefin or acetylene compounds [3]
C10G 45/34
· ·
characterised by the catalyst used [3]
C10G 45/36
· · ·
containing nickel or cobalt metal, or compounds thereof [3]
C10G 45/38
· · · ·
in combination with chromium, molybdenum or tungsten metals, or compounds thereof [3]
C10G 45/40
· · ·
containing platinum group metals or compounds thereof [3]
C10G 45/42
· ·
with moving solid particles [3]
C10G 45/44
·
Hydrogenation of the aromatic hydrocarbons [3]
C10G 45/46
· ·
characterised by the catalyst used [3]
C10G 45/48
· · ·
containing nickel or cobalt metal, or compounds thereof [3]
C10G 45/50
· · · ·
in combination with chromium, molybdenum or tungsten metal, or compounds thereof [3]
C10G 45/52
· · ·
containing platinum group metals or compounds thereof [3]
C10G 45/54
· · ·
containing crystalline alumino-silicates, e.g. molecular sieves [3]
C10G 45/56
· ·
with moving solid particles [3]
C10G 45/58
·
to change the structural skeleton of some of the hydrocarbon content without cracking the other hydrocarbons present, e.g. lowering pour point; Selective hydrocracking of normal paraffins (Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...C10G 32/00 takes precedence; improving or increasing the octane number or aromatic content of naphtha Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...C10G 35/00) [3]
C10G 45/60
· ·
characterised by the catalyst used [3]
C10G 45/62
· · ·
containing platinum group metals or compounds thereof [3]
C10G 45/64
· · ·
containing crystalline alumino-silicates, e.g. molecular sieves [3]
Production of liquid hydrocarbon mixtures from lower carbon number hydrocarbons, e.g. by oligomerisation (preparation of individual hydrocarbons or mixtures thereof of definite or specified constitution Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...C07C) [6]
Treatment of hydrocarbon oils, in the absence of hydrogen, by two or more cracking processes only [3]
C10G 51/02
·
plural serial stages only [3]
C10G 51/04
· ·
including only thermal and catalytic cracking steps [3]
C10G 51/06
·
plural parallel stages only [3]
P:110
C10G 53/00
Treatment of hydrocarbon oils, in the absence of hydrogen, by two or more refining processes [3]
C10G 53/02
·
plural serial stages only [3]
C10G 53/04
· ·
including at least one extraction step [3]
C10G 53/06
· · ·
including only extraction steps, e.g. deasphalting by solvent treatment followed by extraction of aromatics (refining in one step with two or more solvents which are introduced or withdrawn separately Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...C10G 21/02) [3]
C10G 53/08
· ·
including at least one sorption step [3]
C10G 53/10
· ·
including at least one acid-treatment step [3]
C10G 53/12
· ·
including at least one alkaline-treatment step [3]
C10G 53/14
· ·
including at least one oxidation step [3]
C10G 53/16
·
plural parallel stages only [3]
P:100
C10G 55/00
Treatment of hydrocarbon oils, in the absence of hydrogen, by at least one refining process and at least one cracking process [3]
C10G 55/02
·
plural serial stages only [3]
C10G 55/04
· ·
including at least one thermal cracking step [3]
C10G 55/06
· ·
including at least one catalytic cracking step [3]
C10G 55/08
·
plural parallel stages only [3]
P:90
C10G 57/00
Treatment of hydrocarbon oils, in the absence of hydrogen, by at least one cracking process or refining process and at least one other conversion process [3]
C10G 57/02
·
with polymerisation [3]
P:70
C10G 59/00
Treatment of naphtha by two or more reforming processes only or by at least one reforming process and at least one process which does not substantially change the boiling range of the naphtha [3]
C10G 59/02
·
plural serial stages only [3]
C10G 59/04
· ·
including at least one catalytic and at least one non-catalytic reforming step [3]
C10G 59/06
·
plural parallel stages only [3]
P:60
C10G 61/00
Treatment of naphtha by at least one reforming process and at least one process of refining in the absence of hydrogen [3]
C10G 61/02
·
plural serial stages only [3]
C10G 61/04
· ·
the refining step being an extraction [3]
C10G 61/06
· ·
the refining step being a sorption process [3]
C10G 61/08
·
plural parallel stages only [3]
C10G 61/10
·
processes also including other conversion steps [3]
Treatment of hydrocarbon oils by two or more hydrotreatment processes only [3]
C10G 65/02
·
plural serial stages only [3]
C10G 65/04
· ·
including only refining steps [3]
C10G 65/06
· · ·
at least one step being a selective hydrogenation of the diolefins [3]
C10G 65/08
· · ·
at least one step being a hydrogenation of the aromatic hydrocarbons [3]
C10G 65/10
· ·
including only cracking steps [3]
C10G 65/12
· ·
including cracking steps and other hydrotreatment steps [3]
C10G 65/14
·
plural parallel stages only [3]
C10G 65/16
· ·
including only refining steps [3]
C10G 65/18
· ·
including only cracking steps [3]
P:30
C10G 67/00
Treatment of hydrocarbon oils by at least one hydrotreatment process and at least one process for refining in the absence of hydrogen only [3]
C10G 67/02
·
plural serial stages only [3]
C10G 67/04
· ·
including solvent extraction as the refining step in the absence of hydrogen [3]
C10G 67/06
· ·
including a sorption process as the refining step in the absence of hydrogen [3]
C10G 67/08
· ·
including acid treatment as the refining step in the absence of hydrogen [3]
C10G 67/10
· ·
including alkaline treatment as the refining step in the absence of hydrogen [3]
C10G 67/12
· ·
including oxidation as the refining step in the absence of hydrogen [3]
C10G 67/14
· ·
including at least two different refining steps in the absence of hydrogen [3]
C10G 67/16
·
plural parallel stages only [3]
P:40
C10G 69/00
Treatment of hydrocarbon oils by at least one hydrotreatment process and at least one other conversion process (Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...C10G 67/00 takes precedence) [3]
C10G 69/02
·
plural serial stages only [3]
C10G 69/04
· ·
including at least one step of catalytic cracking in the absence of hydrogen [3]
C10G 69/06
· ·
including at least one step of thermal cracking in the absence of hydrogen [3]
C10G 69/08
· ·
including at least one step of reforming naphtha [3]
C10G 69/10
· · ·
hydrocracking of higher boiling fractions into naphtha and reforming the naphtha obtained [3]
C10G 69/12
· ·
including at least one polymerisation or alkylation step [3]
Treatment by methods not otherwise provided for of hydrocarbon oils or fatty oils for lubricating purposes (lubricating compositions Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...C10M) [3]