H
SECTION H — ELECTRICITY
 H

Note(s)

These Notes cover the basic principles and general instructions for use of section H.

  1. Section H covers:
    1. basic electric elements, which cover all electric units and the general mechanical structure of apparatus and circuits, including the assembly of various basic elements into what are called printed circuits and also cover to a certain extent the manufacture of these elements (when not covered elsewhere);
    2. generation of electricity, which covers the generation, conversion and distribution of electricity together with the controlling of the corresponding gear;
    3. applied electricity, which covers:
      1. general utilisation techniques, viz. those of electric heating and electric lighting circuits;
      2. some special utilisation techniques, either electric or electronic in the strict sense, which are not covered by other sections of the Classification, including:
        1. electric light sources, including lasers;
        2. electric X-ray technique;
        3. electric plasma technique and the generation and acceleration of electrically charged particles or neutrons;
    4. basic electronic circuits and their control;
    5. radio or electric communication technique;
    6. the use of a specified material for the manufacture of the article or element described. In this connection, paragraphs 88 to 90 of the Guide should be referred to.
  2. In this section, the following general rules apply:
    1. Subject to the exceptions stated in I(c), above, any electric aspect or part peculiar to a particular operation, process, apparatus, object or article, classified in one of the sections of the Classification other than section H, is always classified in the subclass for that operation, process, apparatus, object or article. Where common characteristics concerning technical subjects of similar nature have been brought out at class level, the electric aspect or part is classified, in conjunction with the operation, process, apparatus, object or article, in a subclass which covers entirely the general electrical applications for the technical subject in question;
    2. The electrical applications referred to under (a), above, either general or particular, include:
      1. the therapeutic processes and apparatus, in class A61;
      2. the electric processes and apparatus used in various laboratory or industrial operations, in classes B01 and B03 and in subclass B23K;
      3. the electricity supply, electric propulsion and electric lighting of vehicles in general and of particular vehicles, in the subsection "Transporting" of section B;
      4. the electric ignition systems of internal-combustion engines, in subclass F02P, and of combustion apparatus in general, in subclass F23Q;
      5. the whole electrical part of section G, i.e. measuring devices including apparatus for measuring electric variables, checking, signalling and calculating. Electricity in that section is generally dealt with as a means and not as an end in itself;
    3. All electrical applications, both general and particular, presuppose that the "basic electricity" aspect appears in section H (see I(a) above) as regards the electric "basic elements" which they comprise. This rule is also valid for applied electricity, referred to in I(c), above, which appears in section H itself.
  3. In this section, the following special cases occur:
    1. Among the general applications covered by sections other than section H, it is worth noting that electric heating in general is covered by subclasses F24D or F24H or class F27, and that electric lighting in general is partly covered by class F21, since in section H (see I(c), above) there are places in H05B which cover the same technical subjects;
    2. In the two cases referred to under (a), above, the subclasses of section F, which deal with the respective subjects, essentially cover in the first place the whole mechanical aspect of the apparatus or devices, whereas the electrical aspect, as such, is covered by subclass H05B;
    3. In the case of lighting, this mechanical aspect should be taken to cover the material arrangement of the various electric elements, i.e., their geometrical or physical position in relation to one another; this aspect is covered by subclass F21V, the elements themselves and the primary circuits remaining in section H. The same applies to electric light sources, when combined with light sources of a different kind. These are covered by subclass H05B, whereas the physical arrangement which their combination constitutes is covered by the various subclasses of class F21;
    4. As regards heating, not only the electric elements and circuitry designs, as such, are covered by subclass H05B, but also the electric aspects of their arrangement, where these concern cases of general application; electric furnaces being considered as such. The physical disposition of the electric elements in furnaces is covered by section F. If a comparison is made with electric welding circuits, which are covered by subclass B23K in connection with welding, it can be seen that electric heating is not covered by the general rule stated in II, above.

 H04
ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
 H04

Note(s)

This class covers electrical communication systems with propagation paths employing beams of corpuscular radiation, acoustic waves or electromagnetic waves, e.g. radio or optical communication.  [4]

 H04B
TRANSMISSION (transmission systems for measured values, control or similar signals G08C; speech analysis or synthesis G10L; coding, decoding or code conversion, in general H03M; broadcast communication H04H; multiplex systems H04J; secret communication H04K; transmission of digital information H04L; wireless communication networks H04W)  [4]
 H04B

Note(s)

This subclass covers the transmission of information-carrying signals, the transmission being independent of the nature of the information, and includes monitoring and testing arrangements and the suppression and limitation of noise and interference.

 H04B
Subclass index
DETAILS 1/00
SYSTEMS CHARACTERISED BY THE MEDIUM USED FOR TRANSMISSION
Using conductors 3/00
Using free-space propagation 5/00 - 11/00
Others 13/00
SYSTEMS NOT CHARACTERISED BY THE MEDIUM USED FOR TRANSMISSION 14/00
SUPPRESSION OR LIMITATION OF NOISE OR INTERFERENCE 15/00
MONITORING, TESTING 17/00
P:90 H04B 1/00
Details of transmission systems, not covered by a single one of groups H04B 3/00-H04B 13/00; Details of transmission systems not characterised by the medium used for transmission (tuning resonant circuits H03J)  [4]
 H04B 1/02
·  Transmitters (spatial arrangements of component circuits in radio pills for living beings A61B 5/07)
 H04B 1/04
·  ·  Circuits (of television transmitters H04N 5/38)
 H04B 1/06
·  Receivers (control of amplification H03G; television receivers H04N 5/44, H04N 5/64)
 H04B 1/08
·  ·  Constructional details, e.g. cabinet
 H04B 1/10
·  ·  Means associated with receiver for limiting or suppressing noise or interference
 H04B 1/12
·  ·  ·  Neutralising, balancing, or compensation arrangements
 H04B 1/14
·  ·  ·  Automatic detuning arrangements
 H04B 1/16
·  ·  Circuits
 H04B 1/18
·  ·  ·  Input circuits, e.g. for coupling to an aerial or a transmission line (input circuits for amplifiers in general H03F; coupling networks between aerials or lines and receivers independent of the nature of the receiver H03H)
 H04B 1/20
·  ·  ·  for coupling gramophone pick-up, recorder output, or microphone to receiver
 H04B 1/22
·  ·  ·  for receivers in which no local oscillation is generated
 H04B 1/26
·  ·  ·  for superheterodyne receivers (multiple frequency-changing H03D 7/00)
 H04B 1/28
·  ·  ·  ·  the receiver comprising at least one semiconductor device having three or more electrodes
 H04B 1/30
·  ·  ·  for homodyne or synchrodyne receivers (demodulator circuits H03D 1/00)
 H04B 1/38
·  Transceivers, i.e. devices in which transmitter and receiver form a structural unit and in which at least one part is used for functions of transmitting and receiving
 H04B 1/40
·  ·  Circuits
 H04B 1/44
·  ·  ·  Transmit/receive switching (in radar systems G01S; tubes therefor H01J 17/64; waveguide switches H01P 1/10)  [2]
 H04B 1/50
·  ·  ·  using different frequencies for the two directions of communication
 H04B 1/54
·  ·  ·  using the same frequency for both directions of communication (H04B 1/44 takes precedence)
 H04B 1/59
·  Responders; Transponders (relay systems H04B 7/14)
 H04B 1/62
·  for providing a predistortion of the signal in the transmitter and corresponding correction in the receiver, e.g. for improving the signal/noise ratio
 H04B 1/66
·  for reducing bandwidth of signals (in speech analysis-synthesis techniques G10L 19/00; in pictorial communication systems H04N); for improving efficiency of transmission (H04B 1/68 takes precedence)
 H04B 1/68
·  for wholly or partially suppressing the carrier or one side band  [4]
 H04B 1/69
·  Spread spectrum techniques in general (for code multiplex systems H04J 13/02)  [6]
 H04B 1/707
·  ·  using direct sequence modulation  [6]
 H04B 1/74
·  for increasing reliability, e.g. using redundant or spare channels or apparatus  [3]
P:60 H04B 3/00
Line transmission systems (combined with near-field transmission systems H04B 5/00; constructional features of cables H01B 11/00)
 H04B 3/02
·  Details
 H04B 3/04
·  ·  Control of transmission; Equalising (control of amplification in general H03G)
 H04B 3/06
·  ·  ·  by the transmitted signal
 H04B 3/20
·  ·  Reducing echo effects or singing; Opening or closing transmitting path; Conditioning for transmission in one direction or the other
 H04B 3/23
·  ·  ·  using a replica of transmitted signal in the time domain, e.g. echo cancellers  [3]
 H04B 3/36
·  ·  Repeater circuits (H04B 3/54 takes precedence; amplifiers therefor H03F)
 H04B 3/46
·  ·  Monitoring; Testing
 H04B 3/48
·  ·  ·  Testing attenuation
 H04B 3/54
·  Systems for transmission via power distribution lines (in alarm signalling systems G08B 25/01; remote indication of power network conditions, remote control of switching means in a power distribution network H02J 13/00)
P:50 H04B 5/00
Near-field transmission systems, e.g. inductive loop type
 H04B 5/02
·  using transceiver
 H04B 5/04
·  Calling systems, e.g. paging system
P:40 H04B 7/00
Radio transmission systems, i.e. using radiation field (H04B 10/00, H04B 15/00 take precedence)
 H04B 7/005
·  Control of transmission; Equalising  [3]
 H04B 7/01
·  Reducing phase shift  [3]
 H04B 7/015
·  Reducing echo effects  [3]
 H04B 7/02
·  Diversity systems (for direction finding G01S 3/02; aerial arrays or systems H01Q)
 H04B 7/04
·  ·  using a plurality of spaced independent aerials
 H04B 7/08
·  ·  ·  at receiving station
 H04B 7/14
·  Relay systems (interrogator-responder radar systems G01S 13/00)  [2]
 H04B 7/145
·  ·  Passive relay systems  [2]
 H04B 7/15
·  ·  Active relay systems  [2]
 H04B 7/155
·  ·  ·  Ground-based stations (H04B 7/204 takes precedence)  [2,5]
 H04B 7/185
·  ·  ·  Space-based or airborne stations (H04B 7/204 takes precedence)  [2,5]
 H04B 7/19
·  ·  ·  ·  Earth-synchronous stations  [2]
 H04B 7/195
·  ·  ·  ·  Non-synchronous stations  [2]
 H04B 7/204
·  ·  ·  Multiple access  [5]
 H04B 7/212
·  ·  ·  ·  Time-division multiple access  [5]
 H04B 7/22
·  Scatter propagation systems
 H04B 7/24
·  for communication between two or more posts (wireless communication networks H04W)  [2]
 H04B 7/26
·  ·  at least one of which is mobile  [2]
P:20 H04B 10/00
Transmission systems employing beams of corpuscular radiation, or electromagnetic waves other than radio waves, e.g. light, infra-red (optical coupling, mixing or splitting G02B; light guides G02B 6/00; switching, modulation, demodulation of light beams G02B, G02F; devices or arrangements for the control, e.g. modulation, of light beams G02F 1/00; devices or arrangements for demodulating light, transferring the modulation or changing the frequency of light G02F 2/00; optical multiplex systems H04J 14/00)  [5]
 H04B 10/02
·  Details  [5]
 H04B 10/04
·  ·  Transmitters  [5]
 H04B 10/06
·  ·  Receivers  [5]
 H04B 10/08
·  ·  Equipment for monitoring, testing or fault measuring  [5]
 H04B 10/10
·  Transmission through free space, e.g. through the atmosphere (H04B 10/22, H04B 10/24, H04B 10/30 take precedence)  [5,7]
 H04B 10/105
·  ·  specially adapted for satellite links  [6]
 H04B 10/12
·  Transmission through light guides, e.g. optical fibres (H04B 10/22, H04B 10/24, H04B 10/30 take precedence)  [5,7]
 H04B 10/13
·  ·  using multimodal transmission  [6]
 H04B 10/135
·  ·  using single mode transmission  [6]
 H04B 10/14
·  ·  Terminal stations  [5]
 H04B 10/142
·  ·  ·  Coherent homodyne or heterodyne systems  [6]
 H04B 10/152
·  ·  ·  Non-coherent direct-detection systems  [6]
 H04B 10/16
·  ·  Repeaters  [5]
 H04B 10/17
·  ·  ·  in which processing or amplification is carried out without conversion of the signal from optical form  [6]
 H04B 10/18
·  ·  Arrangements for reducing or eliminating distortion or dispersion, e.g. equalisers  [5]
 H04B 10/20
·  ·  Arrangements for networking, e.g. bus or star coupling  [5]
 H04B 10/207
·  ·  ·  using a star-type coupler  [6]
 H04B 10/213
·  ·  ·  using a T-type coupler  [6]
 H04B 10/22
·  Transmission between two stations which are mobile relative to each other (H04B 10/30 takes precedence)  [5,7]
 H04B 10/24
·  Bidirectional transmission (H04B 10/22, H04B 10/30 take precedence)  [5,7]
 H04B 10/26
·  ·  using a single light source for both stations involved  [6]
 H04B 10/28
·  ·  using a single device as a light source or a light receiver  [6]
 H04B 10/30
·  Transmission systems employing beams of corpuscular radiation (arrangements for handling beams of corpuscular radiation, e.g. focusing, moderating, G21K 1/00)  [7]
P:30 H04B 11/00
Transmission systems employing ultrasonic, sonic or infrasonic waves
P:70 H04B 13/00
Transmission systems characterised by the medium used for transmission, not provided for in groups H04B 3/00-H04B 11/00
P:80 H04B 14/00
Transmission systems not characterised by the medium used for transmission (details thereof H04B 1/00)  [4]
 H04B 14/02
·  characterised by the use of pulse modulation (in radio transmission relays H04B 7/155)  [4]
 H04B 14/04
·  ·  using pulse code modulation (analogue/digital or digital/analogue conversion H03M 1/00)  [4]
P:10 H04B 15/00
Suppression or limitation of noise or interference (by means associated with receiver H04B 1/10)
 H04B 15/02
·  Reducing interference from electric apparatus by means located at or near the interfering apparatus (structural association with dynamo-electric machines H02K 11/00; screening H05K 9/00)
P:0 H04B 17/00
Monitoring; Testing  [2]
 H04B 17/02
·  of relay systems  [2]