|  | F |
SECTION F — MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING

ENGINES OR PUMPS

|  | F01 - F04 |
Note(s) Guide to the use of this subsection (classes Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F01-F04) The following notes are meant to assist in the use of this part of the classification scheme. In this subsection, subclasses or groups designating "engines" or "pumps" cover methods of operating the same, unless otherwise specifically provided for. In this subsection, the following terms or expressions are used with the meanings indicated: "engine" means a device for continuously converting fluid energy into mechanical power. Thus, this term includes, for example, steam piston engines or steam turbines, per se, or internal-combustion piston engines, but it excludes single-stroke devices. "Engine" also includes the fluid-motive portion of a meter unless such portion is particularly adapted for use in a meter; "pump" means a device for continuously raising, forcing, compressing, or exhausting fluid by mechanical or other means. Thus, this term includes fans or blowers; "machine" means a device which could equally be an engine and a pump, and not a device which is restricted to an engine or one which is restricted to a pump; "positive displacement" means the way the energy of a working fluid is transformed into mechanical energy, in which variations of volume created by the working fluid in a working chamber produce equivalent displacements of the mechanical member transmitting the energy, the dynamic effect of the fluid being of minor importance, and vice versa; "non-positive displacement" means the way the energy of a working fluid is transformed into mechanical energy, by transformation of the energy of the working fluid into kinetic energy, and vice versa; "oscillating-piston machine" means a positive-displacement machine in which a fluid-engaging work-transmitting member oscillates. This definition applies also to engines and pumps; "rotary-piston machine" means a positive-displacement machine in which a fluid-engaging work-transmitting member rotates about a fixed axis or about an axis moving along a circular or similar orbit. This definition applies also to engines and pumps; "rotary piston" means the work-transmitting member of a rotary-piston machine and may be of any suitable form, e.g., like a toothed gear; "cooperating members" means the "oscillating piston" or "rotary piston" and another member, e.g., the working-chamber wall, which assists in the driving or pumping action; "movement of the co-operating members" is to be interpreted as relative, so that one of the "co-operating members" may be stationary, even though reference may be made to its rotational axis, or both may move; "teeth or tooth equivalents" include lobes, projections or abutments; "internal-axis type" means that the rotational axes of the inner and outer co-operating members remain at all times within the outer member, e.g., in a similar manner to that of a pinion meshing with the internal teeth of a ring gear; "free piston" means a piston of which the length of stroke is not defined by any member driven thereby; "cylinders" means positive-displacement working chambers in general. Thus, this term is not restricted to cylinders of circular cross-section; "main shaft" means the shaft which converts reciprocating piston motion into rotary motion or vice versa; "plant" means an engine together with such additional apparatus as is necessary to run the engine. For example, a steam engine plant includes a steam engine and means for generating the steam; "working fluid" means the driven fluid in a pump and the driving fluid in an engine. The working fluid may be in a gaseous state, i.e., compressible, or liquid. In the former case coexistence of two states is possible; "steam" includes condensable vapours in general, and "special vapour" is used when steam is excluded; "reaction type" as applied to non-positive-displacement machines or engines means machines or engines in which pressure/velocity transformation takes place wholly or partly in the rotor. Machines or engines with no, or only slight, pressure/velocity transformation in the rotor are called "impulse type". In this subsection: cyclically operating valves, lubricating, gas-flow silencers or exhaust apparatus, or cooling are classified in subclasses Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F01L, Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F01M, Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F01N, Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F01P irrespective of their stated application, unless their classifying features are peculiar to their application, in which case they are classified only in the relevant subclass of classes Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F01-F04; lubricating, gas-flow silencers or exhaust apparatus, or cooling of machines or engines are classified in subclasses Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F01M, Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F01N, Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F01P except for those peculiar to steam engines which are classified in subclass Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F01B. For use of this subsection with a good understanding, it is essential to remember, so far as subclasses Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F01B, Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F01C, Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F01D, Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F03B, and Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F04B, Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F04C, Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F04D, which form its skeleton, are concerned: the principle which resides in their elaboration, the classifying characteristics which they call for, and their complementarity. Principle This concerns essentially the subclasses listed above. Other subclasses, notably those of class Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F02, which cover better-defined matter, are not considered here. Each subclass covers fundamentally a genus of apparatus (engine or pump) and by extension covers equally "machines" of the same kind. Two different subjects, one having a more general character than the other, are thus covered by the same subclass. Subclasses Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F01B, Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F03B, Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F04B, beyond the two subjects which they cover, have further a character of generality in relation to other subclasses concerning the different species of apparatus in the genus concerned. This generality applies as well for the two subjects dealt with, without these always being in relation to the same subclasses. Thus, subclass Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F03B, in its part dealing with "machines", should be considered as being the general class relating to subclasses Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F04B, Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F04C, and in its part dealing with "engines" as being general in relation to subclass Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F03C. Characteristics The principal classifying characteristic of the subclass is that of genera of apparatus, of which there are three possible: Machines; engines; pumps. As stated above, "machines" are always associated with one of the other two genera. These main genera are subdivided according to the general principles of operation of the apparatus: Positive displacement; non-positive displacement. The positive displacement apparatus are further subdivided according to the ways of putting into effect the principle of operation, that is, to the kind of apparatus: Simple reciprocating piston; rotary or oscillating piston; other kind. Another classifying characteristic is that of the working fluid, in respect of which three kinds of apparatus are possible, namely: Liquid and elastic fluid; elastic fluid; liquid. Complementarity This resides in association of pairs of the subclasses listed above, according to the characteristics under consideration in respect of kind of apparatus or working fluid. The subclasses concerned with the various principles, characteristics and complementarity are shown in the subsection index below. It is seen from this index that: For the same kind of apparatus in a given genus, the characteristics of "working fluid" associates: Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F01B and Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F04B to Machines Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F01C and Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F04C to Machines Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F01D and Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F03B to Machines Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F01B and Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F03C to Engines Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F01C and Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F03C to Engines Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F01D and Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F03B to Engines For the same kind of working fluid, the "apparatus" characteristic relates subclasses in the same way as considerations of relative generality.

|  | F01 - F04 |
Subsection index
MACHINES |
positive displacement |
rotary or oscillating piston |
liquid and elastic fluid or elastic fluid | F01C
liquid only | F04C
reciprocating piston or other |
liquid and elastic fluid or elastic fluid | F01B
liquid only | F04B
non-positive displacement |
liquid and elastic fluid or elastic fluid | F01D
liquid only | F03B
ENGINES |
positive displacement |
rotary or oscillating piston |
liquid and elastic fluid or elastic fluid | F01C
liquid only | F03C
reciprocating piston or other |
liquid and elastic fluid or elastic fluid | F01B
liquid only | F03C
non-positive displacement |
liquid and elastic fluid or elastic fluid | F01D
liquid only | F03B
PUMPS |
positive displacement |
rotary or oscillating piston | F04C
reciprocating piston or other | F04B
non-positive displacement | F04D

|  | F04 |
POSITIVE-DISPLACEMENT MACHINES FOR LIQUIDS; PUMPS FOR LIQUIDS OR ELASTIC FLUIDS (portable fire extinguishers with manually-operated pumps Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...A62C 11/00, with power-driven pumps Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...A62C 25/00; charging or scavenging combustion engines by pumps Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F02B; engine fuel-injection pumps Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F02M; ion pumps Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...H01J 41/00; electrodynamic pumps Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...H02K 44/00)

|  | F04 |
Note(s) Combinations of positive-displacement and non-positive-displacement pumps are classified in subclass Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F04B as a general subclass for pumps, and in subclasses Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F04C, Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F04D in respect of matter specific to those subclasses.

|  | F04B |
POSITIVE-DISPLACEMENT MACHINES FOR LIQUIDS; PUMPS (machines for liquids, or pumps, of rotary-piston or oscillating-piston type Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F04C; non-positive-displacement pumps Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F04D; pumping of fluid by direct contact of another fluid or by using inertia of fluid to be pumped Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F04F; crankshafts, crossheads, connecting-rods Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F16C; flywheels Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F16F; gearings for interconverting rotary motion and reciprocating motion in general Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F16H; pistons, piston-rods, cylinders, in general Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F16J)

|  | F04B |
Note(s) In this subclass, the following term is used with the meaning indicated: "piston" also covers a plunger. Attention is drawn to the Notes following the titles of class Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...B81 and subclass Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...B81Brelating to "micro-structural devices" and "micro-structural systems". [7] Attention is drawn to the Notes preceding class Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F01, especially as regards the definitions of "machines", "pumps", and "positive-displacement". Machines, pumps or pumping installations having flexible working members are classified in groups Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F04B 43/00 or Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F04B 45/00. [2009.01]

|  | F04B |
Subclass index
POSITIVE-DISPLACEMENT MACHINES FOR LIQUIDS, PUMPS IN GENERAL |
General characteristics of machines and pumps |
multiple cylinders; single cylinders, pistons coacting in cylinder; differential-surface pistons; flexible working members | 1/00; 3/00; 5/00; 43/00
positively-driven distribution members; driving or driven means to or from working members | 7/00; 9/00
equalization of pulses, counteracting cavitation | 11/00
other characteristics | 19/00
Characteristics peculiar to pumps, their adaptations or combinations |
delivering measured quantities; handling specific fluids; pumping from great depths | 13/00; 15/00; 47/00
associated with specific driving engines | 17/00
Other characteristics | 19/00
Pumping installations or systems | 23/00, 43/00, 47/00
Component parts, details or accessories | 53/00
PUMPS FOR ELASTIC FLUIDS |
General characteristics |
multiple stages; multiple cylinders | 25/00; 27/00
free piston; flexible working member; actuation by muscle power | 31/00; 45/00; 33/00
driving means | 35/00
For pumping from great depths | 47/00
Other characteristics; other details or accessories | 37/00; 39/00
Pumping installations or systems | 41/00, 45/00, 47/00
CONTROL, SAFETY MEASURES; TESTING | 49/00; 51/00
COMPONENT PARTS, DETAILS OR ACCESSORIES | 53/00

|  | F04B 1/00 - F04B 23/00 |
Pumps for liquids or for liquid and elastic fluids; Positive-displacement machines for liquids

P:50 |  | F04B 1/00 |
Multi-cylinder machines or pumps characterised by number or arrangement of cylinders (Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F04B 3/00 takes precedence; fluid-driven pumps Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F04B 9/00; control of reciprocating machines or pumps in general Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F04B 49/00)

|  | F04B 1/12 |
· | having cylinder axes coaxial with, or parallel or inclined to, main shaft axis

|  | F04B 1/20 |
· · | having rotary cylinder block

P:40 |  | F04B 3/00 |
Machines or pumps with pistons coacting within one cylinder, e.g. multi-stage

P:60 |  | F04B 5/00 |
Machines or pumps with differential-surface pistons

P:90 |  | F04B 7/00 |
Piston machines or pumps characterised by having positively-driven valving (with cylinders in star- or fan-arrangement Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F04B 1/00; with cylinder axes coaxial with, or parallel or inclined to, main shaft axis Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F04B 1/12)

P:100 |  | F04B 9/00 |
Piston machines or pumps characterised by the driving or driven means to or from their working members

|  | F04B 9/02 |
· | the means being mechanical (with cylinder axes coaxial with, or parallel or inclined to, main shaft axis Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F04B 1/12)

P:70 |  | F04B 11/00 |
Equalisation of pulses, e.g. by use of air vessels; Counteracting cavitation

P:80 |  | F04B 13/00 |
Pumps specially modified to deliver fixed or variable measured quantities (for transferring liquid from bulk storage containers or reservoirs into vehicles or into portable containers Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...B67D 5/40)

P:110 |  | F04B 15/00 |
Pumps adapted to handle specific fluids, e.g. by selection of specific materials for pumps or pump parts

P:120 |  | F04B 17/00 |
Pumps characterised by combination with, or adaptation to, specific driving engines or motors

|  | F04B 17/03 |
· | driven by electric motors [6]

P:140 |  | F04B 19/00 |
Machines or pumps having pertinent characteristics not provided for in, or of interest apart from, groups Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F04B 1/00-F04B 17/00

P:130 |  | F04B 23/00 |
Pumping installations or systems (Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F04B 17/00 takes precedence)

|  | F04B 25/00 - F04B 41/00 |
Pumps specially adapted for elastic fluids

P:150 |  | F04B 25/00 |
Multi-stage pumps specially adapted for elastic fluids

P:160 |  | F04B 27/00 |
Multi-cylinder pumps specially adapted for elastic fluids and characterised by number or arrangement of cylinders (Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F04B 25/00 takes precedence; control of reciprocating machines or pumps in general Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F04B 49/00)

|  | F04B 27/08 |
· | having cylinders coaxial with, or parallel or inclined to, main shaft axis

|  | F04B 27/10 |
· · | having stationary cylinders [6]

|  | F04B 27/14 |
· · | Control [6]

P:170 |  | F04B 31/00 |
Free-piston pumps specially adapted for elastic fluids; Systems incorporating such pumps (muscle-driven pumps in which the stroke is not defined by gearing Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F04B 33/00; free-piston combustion engines, free-piston gas generators Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F02B 71/00; systems predominated by prime mover aspects, see the relevant class for the prime mover)

P:180 |  | F04B 33/00 |
Pumps specially adapted for elastic fluids actuated by muscle power, e.g. for inflating

P:190 |  | F04B 35/00 |
Piston pumps specially adapted for elastic fluids and characterised by the driving means to their working members, or by combination with, or adaptation to, specific driving engines or motors, not otherwise provided for (predominant aspects of the engines or motors, see the relevant classes)

P:210 |  | F04B 37/00 |
Pumps specially adapted for elastic fluids and having pertinent characteristics not provided for in, or of interest apart from, groups Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F04B 25/00-F04B 35/00

P:220 |  | F04B 39/00 |
Component parts, details, or accessories, of pumps or pumping systems specially adapted for elastic fluids, not otherwise provided for in, or of interest apart from, groups Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F04B 25/00-F04B 37/00 (for controlling Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F04B 49/00)

|  | F04B 39/02 |
· | Lubrication (of machines or engines in general Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F01M)

|  | F04B 39/04 |
· | Measures to avoid lubricant contaminating the pumped fluid

|  | F04B 39/06 |
· | Cooling (of machines or engines in general Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F01P); Heating; Prevention of freezing

|  | F04B 39/08 |
· | Actuation of distribution members

|  | F04B 39/10 |
· | Adaptation or arrangement of distribution members

|  | F04B 39/12 |
· | Casings (casings for machines or engines in general Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F16M); Cylinders; Cylinder heads; Fluid connections

|  | F04B 39/14 |
· | Provisions for readily assembling or disassembling

|  | F04B 39/16 |
· | Filtration; Moisture separation

P:200 |  | F04B 41/00 |
Pumping installations or systems specially adapted for elastic fluids (Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F04B 31/00, Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F04B 35/00 take precedence)

|  | F04B 43/00 - F04B 45/00 |
Machines or pumps having flexible working members

P:30 |  | F04B 43/00 |
Machines, pumps, or pumping installations having flexible working members (pumps or pumping installations specially adapted for elastic fluids Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F04B 45/00)

|  | F04B 43/02 |
· | having plate-like flexible members, e.g. diaphragms (Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F04B 43/12 takes precedence) [3]

|  | F04B 43/06 |
· · | Pumps having fluid drive

|  | F04B 43/12 |
· | having peristaltic action

P:20 |  | F04B 45/00 |
Pumps or pumping installations having flexible working members and specially adapted for elastic fluids

P:10 |  | F04B 47/00 |
Pumps or pumping installations specially adapted for raising fluids from great depths, e.g. well pumps (by using positive or negative pressurised fluid medium acting directly on the liquid to be pumped Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F04F 1/00)

P:230 |  | F04B 49/00 |
Control of, or safety measures for, machines, pumps, or pumping installations, not otherwise provided for in, or of interest apart from, groups Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F04B 1/00-F04B 47/00

|  | F04B 49/02 |
· | Stopping, starting, unloading, or idling control (controlled electrically Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F04B 49/06) [6]

|  | F04B 49/04 |
· | Regulating by means of floats (Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F04B 49/02 takes precedence) [6]

|  | F04B 49/06 |
· | Control using electricity (regulating by means of floats actuating electric switches Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F04B 49/04)

|  | F04B 49/08 |
· | Regulating by delivery pressure

|  | F04B 49/10 |
· | Other safety measures

|  | F04B 49/12 |
· | by varying the length of stroke of the working members [6]

|  | F04B 49/16 |
· | by adjusting the capacity of dead spaces of working chambers [6]

|  | F04B 49/18 |
· | by changing the effective cross-section of the working surface of the piston [6]

|  | F04B 49/20 |
· | by changing the driving speed (controlled electrically Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F04B 49/06) [6]

|  | F04B 49/22 |
· | by means of valves (Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F04B 49/02 takes precedence) [6]

P:0 |  | F04B 51/00 |
Testing machines, pumps, or pumping installations

P:240 |  | F04B 53/00 |
Component parts, details or accessories not provided for in, or of interest apart from, groups Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F04B 1/00-F04B 23/00 or Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F04B 39/00-F04B 47/00 [6]

|  | F04B 53/10 |
· | Valves; Arrangement of valves [6]