|  | F |
SECTION F — MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING

ENGINES OR PUMPS

|  | F01 - F04 |
Note(s) Guide to the use of this subsection (classes Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F01-F04) The following notes are meant to assist in the use of this part of the classification scheme. In this subsection, subclasses or groups designating "engines" or "pumps" cover methods of operating the same, unless otherwise specifically provided for. In this subsection, the following terms or expressions are used with the meanings indicated: "engine" means a device for continuously converting fluid energy into mechanical power. Thus, this term includes, for example, steam piston engines or steam turbines, per se, or internal-combustion piston engines, but it excludes single-stroke devices. "Engine" also includes the fluid-motive portion of a meter unless such portion is particularly adapted for use in a meter; "pump" means a device for continuously raising, forcing, compressing, or exhausting fluid by mechanical or other means. Thus, this term includes fans or blowers; "machine" means a device which could equally be an engine and a pump, and not a device which is restricted to an engine or one which is restricted to a pump; "positive displacement" means the way the energy of a working fluid is transformed into mechanical energy, in which variations of volume created by the working fluid in a working chamber produce equivalent displacements of the mechanical member transmitting the energy, the dynamic effect of the fluid being of minor importance, and vice versa; "non-positive displacement" means the way the energy of a working fluid is transformed into mechanical energy, by transformation of the energy of the working fluid into kinetic energy, and vice versa; "oscillating-piston machine" means a positive-displacement machine in which a fluid-engaging work-transmitting member oscillates. This definition applies also to engines and pumps; "rotary-piston machine" means a positive-displacement machine in which a fluid-engaging work-transmitting member rotates about a fixed axis or about an axis moving along a circular or similar orbit. This definition applies also to engines and pumps; "rotary piston" means the work-transmitting member of a rotary-piston machine and may be of any suitable form, e.g., like a toothed gear; "cooperating members" means the "oscillating piston" or "rotary piston" and another member, e.g., the working-chamber wall, which assists in the driving or pumping action; "movement of the co-operating members" is to be interpreted as relative, so that one of the "co-operating members" may be stationary, even though reference may be made to its rotational axis, or both may move; "teeth or tooth equivalents" include lobes, projections or abutments; "internal-axis type" means that the rotational axes of the inner and outer co-operating members remain at all times within the outer member, e.g., in a similar manner to that of a pinion meshing with the internal teeth of a ring gear; "free piston" means a piston of which the length of stroke is not defined by any member driven thereby; "cylinders" means positive-displacement working chambers in general. Thus, this term is not restricted to cylinders of circular cross-section; "main shaft" means the shaft which converts reciprocating piston motion into rotary motion or vice versa; "plant" means an engine together with such additional apparatus as is necessary to run the engine. For example, a steam engine plant includes a steam engine and means for generating the steam; "working fluid" means the driven fluid in a pump and the driving fluid in an engine. The working fluid may be in a gaseous state, i.e., compressible, or liquid. In the former case coexistence of two states is possible; "steam" includes condensable vapours in general, and "special vapour" is used when steam is excluded; "reaction type" as applied to non-positive-displacement machines or engines means machines or engines in which pressure/velocity transformation takes place wholly or partly in the rotor. Machines or engines with no, or only slight, pressure/velocity transformation in the rotor are called "impulse type". In this subsection: cyclically operating valves, lubricating, gas-flow silencers or exhaust apparatus, or cooling are classified in subclasses Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F01L, Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F01M, Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F01N, Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F01P irrespective of their stated application, unless their classifying features are peculiar to their application, in which case they are classified only in the relevant subclass of classes Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F01-F04; lubricating, gas-flow silencers or exhaust apparatus, or cooling of machines or engines are classified in subclasses Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F01M, Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F01N, Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F01P except for those peculiar to steam engines which are classified in subclass Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F01B. For use of this subsection with a good understanding, it is essential to remember, so far as subclasses Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F01B, Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F01C, Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F01D, Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F03B, and Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F04B, Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F04C, Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F04D, which form its skeleton, are concerned: the principle which resides in their elaboration, the classifying characteristics which they call for, and their complementarity. Principle This concerns essentially the subclasses listed above. Other subclasses, notably those of class Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F02, which cover better-defined matter, are not considered here. Each subclass covers fundamentally a genus of apparatus (engine or pump) and by extension covers equally "machines" of the same kind. Two different subjects, one having a more general character than the other, are thus covered by the same subclass. Subclasses Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F01B, Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F03B, Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F04B, beyond the two subjects which they cover, have further a character of generality in relation to other subclasses concerning the different species of apparatus in the genus concerned. This generality applies as well for the two subjects dealt with, without these always being in relation to the same subclasses. Thus, subclass Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F03B, in its part dealing with "machines", should be considered as being the general class relating to subclasses Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F04B, Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F04C, and in its part dealing with "engines" as being general in relation to subclass Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F03C. Characteristics The principal classifying characteristic of the subclass is that of genera of apparatus, of which there are three possible: Machines; engines; pumps. As stated above, "machines" are always associated with one of the other two genera. These main genera are subdivided according to the general principles of operation of the apparatus: Positive displacement; non-positive displacement. The positive displacement apparatus are further subdivided according to the ways of putting into effect the principle of operation, that is, to the kind of apparatus: Simple reciprocating piston; rotary or oscillating piston; other kind. Another classifying characteristic is that of the working fluid, in respect of which three kinds of apparatus are possible, namely: Liquid and elastic fluid; elastic fluid; liquid. Complementarity This resides in association of pairs of the subclasses listed above, according to the characteristics under consideration in respect of kind of apparatus or working fluid. The subclasses concerned with the various principles, characteristics and complementarity are shown in the subsection index below. It is seen from this index that: For the same kind of apparatus in a given genus, the characteristics of "working fluid" associates: Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F01B and Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F04B to Machines Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F01C and Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F04C to Machines Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F01D and Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F03B to Machines Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F01B and Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F03C to Engines Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F01C and Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F03C to Engines Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F01D and Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F03B to Engines For the same kind of working fluid, the "apparatus" characteristic relates subclasses in the same way as considerations of relative generality.

|  | F01 - F04 |
Subsection index
MACHINES |
positive displacement |
rotary or oscillating piston |
liquid and elastic fluid or elastic fluid | F01C
liquid only | F04C
reciprocating piston or other |
liquid and elastic fluid or elastic fluid | F01B
liquid only | F04B
non-positive displacement |
liquid and elastic fluid or elastic fluid | F01D
liquid only | F03B
ENGINES |
positive displacement |
rotary or oscillating piston |
liquid and elastic fluid or elastic fluid | F01C
liquid only | F03C
reciprocating piston or other |
liquid and elastic fluid or elastic fluid | F01B
liquid only | F03C
non-positive displacement |
liquid and elastic fluid or elastic fluid | F01D
liquid only | F03B
PUMPS |
positive displacement |
rotary or oscillating piston | F04C
reciprocating piston or other | F04B
non-positive displacement | F04D

|  | F02 |
COMBUSTION ENGINES (cyclically operating valves therefor, lubricating, exhausting, or silencing engines Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F01); HOT-GAS OR COMBUSTION-PRODUCT ENGINE PLANTS

|  | F02D |
CONTROLLING COMBUSTION ENGINES (vehicle fittings, acting on a single sub-unit only, for automatically controlling vehicle speed Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...B60K 31/00; conjoint control of vehicle sub-units of different type or different function, road vehicle drive control systems for purposes other than the control of a single sub-unit Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...B60W; cyclically operating valves for combustion engines Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F01L; controlling combustion engine lubrication Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F01M; cooling internal-combustion engines Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F01P; supplying combustion engines with combustible mixtures or constituents thereof, e.g. carburettors, injection pumps, Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F02M; starting of combustion engines Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F02N; controlling of ignition Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F02P; controlling gas-turbine plants, jet-propulsion plants, or combustion-product engine plants, see the relevant subclasses for these plants) [4,8]

|  | F02D |
Note(s) In this subclass, the following term or expression is used with the meanings indicated: "fuel injection" means the introduction of a combustible substance into a space, e.g. cylinder, by means of a pressure source, e.g. a pump, continuously or cyclically acting behind the substance; "supercharging" means supplying to the working space, e.g. cylinder, combustion-air pressurised by means of a pressure source, e.g. a pump. Attention is drawn to the Notes preceding class Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F01. In this subclass, electrical aspects of control arrangements are classified in groups Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F02D 41/00-F02D 45/00. [4]

|  | F02D |
Subclass index
CONTROLLING COMBUSTION ENGINES IN GENERAL |
Characterised by action on engine operation |
on injection: general; low pressure; other means | 1/00; 3/00; 7/00
by throttling air or fuel-and-air induction or exhaust | 9/00
on valve-operating cycle; varying compression ratio | 13/00; 15/00
cutting-out cylinders, rendering engines inoperative or idling | 17/00
on delivery of fuel or combustion-air, not otherwise provided for | 33/00
on two or more associated functions not otherwise provided for | 37/00
Characterised by initiating or actuating means |
non-automatic initiation, e.g. by operator | 11/00
initiation by speed-sensing governors or by interior or exterior conditions, not otherwise provided for | 31/00, 35/00
Programme control | 28/00
CONTROL OF PARTICULAR ENGINES |
engines: characterised by fuel; by combustion medium used; by supercharge | 19/00; 21/00; 23/00
co-operating engines; reversible engines; engines driving vehicle or particular devices | 25/00; 27/00; 29/00
OTHER CONTROL |
Non-electrical | 39/00
Electrical | 41/00 - 45/00

|  | F02D 1/00 - F02D 7/00 |
Controlling, e.g. regulating, fuel injection

P:100 |  | F02D 1/00 |
Controlling fuel-injection pumps, e.g. of high-pressure injection type (Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F02D 3/00 takes precedence) [2]

|  | F02D 1/02 |
· | not restricted to adjustment of injection timing, e.g. varying amount of fuel delivered

|  | F02D 1/04 |
· · | by mechanical means dependent on engine speed, e.g. using centrifugal governors (Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F02D 1/08 takes precedence)

|  | F02D 1/08 |
· · | Transmission of control impulse to pump control, e.g. with power drive or power assistance

P:90 |  | F02D 3/00 |
Controlling low-pressure fuel injection, i.e. where the air-fuel mixture containing fuel thus injected will be substantially compressed by the compression stroke of the engine, by means other than controlling only an injection pump (carburettors Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F02M) [2]

|  | F02D 3/00 |
Note(s) When the control apparatus or system forms part of the low-pressure fuel-injection apparatus it is classified in group Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F02M 69/00. [5]

P:110 |  | F02D 7/00 |
Other non-electrical fuel injection control [4]

P:70 |  | F02D 9/00 |
Controlling engines by throttling air or fuel-and-air induction conduits or exhaust conduits

|  | F02D 9/02 |
· | concerning induction conduits (throttle valves, or arrangements thereof in conduits Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F02D 9/08)

|  | F02D 9/08 |
· | Throttle valves specially adapted therefor; Arrangements of such valves in conduits (throttle valves modified for use in, or arranged in, carburettors Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F02M; throttle valves in general Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F16K)

P:190 |  | F02D 11/00 |
Arrangements for, or adaptations to, non-automatic engine control initiation means, e.g. operator initiated (specially for reversing Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F02D 27/00; arrangement or mounting of prime-mover control devices in vehicles Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...B60K 26/00) [2,5]

|  | F02D 11/06 |
· | characterised by non-mechanical control linkages, e.g. fluid control linkages or by control linkages with power drive or assistance [5]

|  | F02D 11/10 |
· · | of the electric type [5]

P:80 |  | F02D 13/00 |
Controlling the engine output power by varying inlet or exhaust valve operating characteristics, e.g. timing (modifying valve gear Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F01L)

|  | F02D 13/02 |
· | during engine operation

|  | F02D 13/04 |
· · | using engine as brake

|  | F02D 13/06 |
· · | Cutting-out cylinders

P:60 |  | F02D 15/00 |
Varying compression ratio (modifying valve-gear Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F01L)

P:50 |  | F02D 17/00 |
Controlling engines by cutting-out individual cylinders; Rendering engines inoperative or idling (controlling or rendering inoperative by varying inlet or exhaust valve operating characteristics Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F02D 13/00; cutting-out engines in multiple-engine arrangements Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F02D 25/00; dependent on lubricating conditions Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F01M 1/00; dependent on cooling Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F01P 5/00)

|  | F02D 19/00 - F02D 29/00 |
Controlling peculiar to specified types or adaptations of engines

P:20 |  | F02D 19/00 |
Controlling engines characterised by their use of non-liquid fuels, pluralities of fuels, or non-fuel substances added to the combustible mixtures (the non-fuel substances being gaseous Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F02D 21/00)

P:10 |  | F02D 21/00 |
Controlling engines characterised by their being supplied with non-airborne oxygen or other non-fuel gas

P:30 |  | F02D 23/00 |
Controlling engines characterised by their being supercharged

P:40 |  | F02D 25/00 |
Controlling two or more co-operating engines

P:0 |  | F02D 27/00 |
Controlling engines characterised by their being reversible

P:200 |  | F02D 28/00 |
Programme-control of engines (programme-control specific to a type or purpose covered by one of the groups of this subclass, except groups Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F02D 29/00, Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F02D 39/00, or by one group of another subclass, e.g. of Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F01L, see that group) [2]

P:210 |  | F02D 29/00 |
Controlling engines, such controlling being peculiar to the devices driven thereby, the devices being other than parts or accessories essential to engine operation, e.g. controlling of engines by signals external thereto [2]

|  | F02D 29/02 |
· | peculiar to engines driving vehicles; peculiar to engines driving variable-pitch propellers [2]

|  | F02D 29/04 |
· | peculiar to engines driving pumps

|  | F02D 29/06 |
· | peculiar to engines driving electric generators

|  | F02D 31/00 - F02D 39/00 |
Other non-electrical control of combustion engines [4]

P:140 |  | F02D 31/00 |
Use of non-electrical speed-sensing governors to control combustion engines, not otherwise provided for

P:150 |  | F02D 33/00 |
Non-electrical control of delivery of fuel or combustion-air, not otherwise provided for

P:120 |  | F02D 35/00 |
Non-electrical control of engines, dependent on conditions exterior or interior to engines, not otherwise provided for

|  | F02D 35/02 |
· | on interior conditions

P:130 |  | F02D 37/00 |
Non-electrical conjoint control of two or more functions of engines, not otherwise provided for

P:220 |  | F02D 39/00 |
Other non-electrical control [4]

|  | F02D 41/00 - F02D 45/00 |
Electrical control of combustion engines [4]

|  | F02D 41/00 - F02D 45/00 |
Note(s) Groups Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F02D 41/00-F02D 45/00 cover electrical aspects of electrically controlled devices. [6] Groups Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F02D 41/00-F02D 45/00 do not cover: [6] non-electrical aspects of electrically controlled devices, which are covered by groups Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F02D 1/00-F02D 39/00 or by subclass Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F02M; [6] both electrical and non-electrical aspects of electrically controlled devices, which are covered by groups Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F02D 1/00-F02D 39/00 or by subclass Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F02M. [4,6]

P:170 |  | F02D 41/00 |
Electrical control of supply of combustible mixture or its constituents (Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F02D 43/00 takes precedence) [4]

|  | F02D 41/02 |
· | Circuit arrangements for generating control signals [4]

|  | F02D 41/04 |
· · | Introducing corrections for particular operating conditions (Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F02D 41/14 takes precedence) [4]

|  | F02D 41/06 |
· · · | for engine starting or warming up [4]

|  | F02D 41/08 |
· · · | for idling (Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F02D 41/06, Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F02D 41/16 take precedence) [4]

|  | F02D 41/10 |
· · · | for acceleration [4]

|  | F02D 41/12 |
· · · | for deceleration [4]

|  | F02D 41/14 |
· · | Introducing closed-loop corrections [4]

|  | F02D 41/16 |
· · · | for idling [4]

|  | F02D 41/18 |
· · | by measuring intake air flow (measuring flow, in general Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...G01F) [4]

|  | F02D 41/20 |
· | Output circuits, e.g. for controlling currents in command coils (current control in inductive loads in general Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...H03K 17/60) [4]

|  | F02D 41/22 |
· | Safety or indicating devices for abnormal conditions [4]

|  | F02D 41/30 |
· | Controlling fuel injection [4]

|  | F02D 41/32 |
· · | of the low pressure type [4]

|  | F02D 41/34 |
· · · | with means for controlling injection timing or duration (ignition timing Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F02P 5/00) [4]

|  | F02D 41/38 |
· · | of the high pressure type [4]

|  | F02D 41/40 |
· · · | with means for controlling injection timing or duration [4]

P:160 |  | F02D 43/00 |
Conjoint electrical control of two or more functions, e.g. ignition, fuel-air mixture, recirculation, supercharging, exhaust-gas treatment (electrical control of exhaust gas treating apparatus per se Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F01N 9/00) [4]

|  | F02D 43/02 |
· | using only analogue means [4]

|  | F02D 43/04 |
· | using only digital means [4]

P:180 |  | F02D 45/00 |
Electrical control not provided for in groups Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F02D 41/00-F02D 43/00 (electrical control of exhaust gas treating apparatus Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F01N 9/00; electrical control of one of the functions: ignition, lubricating, cooling, starting, intake-heating, see the relevant subclasses for such functions) [4]