|  | F |
SECTION F — MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING

ENGINES OR PUMPS

|  | F01 - F04 |
Note(s) Guide to the use of this subsection (classes Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F01-F04) The following notes are meant to assist in the use of this part of the classification scheme. In this subsection, subclasses or groups designating "engines" or "pumps" cover methods of operating the same, unless otherwise specifically provided for. In this subsection, the following terms or expressions are used with the meanings indicated: "engine" means a device for continuously converting fluid energy into mechanical power. Thus, this term includes, for example, steam piston engines or steam turbines, per se, or internal-combustion piston engines, but it excludes single-stroke devices. "Engine" also includes the fluid-motive portion of a meter unless such portion is particularly adapted for use in a meter; "pump" means a device for continuously raising, forcing, compressing, or exhausting fluid by mechanical or other means. Thus, this term includes fans or blowers; "machine" means a device which could equally be an engine and a pump, and not a device which is restricted to an engine or one which is restricted to a pump; "positive displacement" means the way the energy of a working fluid is transformed into mechanical energy, in which variations of volume created by the working fluid in a working chamber produce equivalent displacements of the mechanical member transmitting the energy, the dynamic effect of the fluid being of minor importance, and vice versa; "non-positive displacement" means the way the energy of a working fluid is transformed into mechanical energy, by transformation of the energy of the working fluid into kinetic energy, and vice versa; "oscillating-piston machine" means a positive-displacement machine in which a fluid-engaging work-transmitting member oscillates. This definition applies also to engines and pumps; "rotary-piston machine" means a positive-displacement machine in which a fluid-engaging work-transmitting member rotates about a fixed axis or about an axis moving along a circular or similar orbit. This definition applies also to engines and pumps; "rotary piston" means the work-transmitting member of a rotary-piston machine and may be of any suitable form, e.g., like a toothed gear; "cooperating members" means the "oscillating piston" or "rotary piston" and another member, e.g., the working-chamber wall, which assists in the driving or pumping action; "movement of the co-operating members" is to be interpreted as relative, so that one of the "co-operating members" may be stationary, even though reference may be made to its rotational axis, or both may move; "teeth or tooth equivalents" include lobes, projections or abutments; "internal-axis type" means that the rotational axes of the inner and outer co-operating members remain at all times within the outer member, e.g., in a similar manner to that of a pinion meshing with the internal teeth of a ring gear; "free piston" means a piston of which the length of stroke is not defined by any member driven thereby; "cylinders" means positive-displacement working chambers in general. Thus, this term is not restricted to cylinders of circular cross-section; "main shaft" means the shaft which converts reciprocating piston motion into rotary motion or vice versa; "plant" means an engine together with such additional apparatus as is necessary to run the engine. For example, a steam engine plant includes a steam engine and means for generating the steam; "working fluid" means the driven fluid in a pump and the driving fluid in an engine. The working fluid may be in a gaseous state, i.e., compressible, or liquid. In the former case coexistence of two states is possible; "steam" includes condensable vapours in general, and "special vapour" is used when steam is excluded; "reaction type" as applied to non-positive-displacement machines or engines means machines or engines in which pressure/velocity transformation takes place wholly or partly in the rotor. Machines or engines with no, or only slight, pressure/velocity transformation in the rotor are called "impulse type". In this subsection: cyclically operating valves, lubricating, gas-flow silencers or exhaust apparatus, or cooling are classified in subclasses Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F01L, Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F01M, Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F01N, Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F01P irrespective of their stated application, unless their classifying features are peculiar to their application, in which case they are classified only in the relevant subclass of classes Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F01-F04; lubricating, gas-flow silencers or exhaust apparatus, or cooling of machines or engines are classified in subclasses Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F01M, Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F01N, Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F01P except for those peculiar to steam engines which are classified in subclass Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F01B. For use of this subsection with a good understanding, it is essential to remember, so far as subclasses Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F01B, Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F01C, Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F01D, Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F03B, and Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F04B, Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F04C, Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F04D, which form its skeleton, are concerned: the principle which resides in their elaboration, the classifying characteristics which they call for, and their complementarity. Principle This concerns essentially the subclasses listed above. Other subclasses, notably those of class Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F02, which cover better-defined matter, are not considered here. Each subclass covers fundamentally a genus of apparatus (engine or pump) and by extension covers equally "machines" of the same kind. Two different subjects, one having a more general character than the other, are thus covered by the same subclass. Subclasses Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F01B, Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F03B, Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F04B, beyond the two subjects which they cover, have further a character of generality in relation to other subclasses concerning the different species of apparatus in the genus concerned. This generality applies as well for the two subjects dealt with, without these always being in relation to the same subclasses. Thus, subclass Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F03B, in its part dealing with "machines", should be considered as being the general class relating to subclasses Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F04B, Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F04C, and in its part dealing with "engines" as being general in relation to subclass Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F03C. Characteristics The principal classifying characteristic of the subclass is that of genera of apparatus, of which there are three possible: Machines; engines; pumps. As stated above, "machines" are always associated with one of the other two genera. These main genera are subdivided according to the general principles of operation of the apparatus: Positive displacement; non-positive displacement. The positive displacement apparatus are further subdivided according to the ways of putting into effect the principle of operation, that is, to the kind of apparatus: Simple reciprocating piston; rotary or oscillating piston; other kind. Another classifying characteristic is that of the working fluid, in respect of which three kinds of apparatus are possible, namely: Liquid and elastic fluid; elastic fluid; liquid. Complementarity This resides in association of pairs of the subclasses listed above, according to the characteristics under consideration in respect of kind of apparatus or working fluid. The subclasses concerned with the various principles, characteristics and complementarity are shown in the subsection index below. It is seen from this index that: For the same kind of apparatus in a given genus, the characteristics of "working fluid" associates: Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F01B and Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F04B to Machines Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F01C and Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F04C to Machines Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F01D and Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F03B to Machines Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F01B and Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F03C to Engines Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F01C and Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F03C to Engines Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F01D and Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F03B to Engines For the same kind of working fluid, the "apparatus" characteristic relates subclasses in the same way as considerations of relative generality.

|  | F01 - F04 |
Subsection index
MACHINES |
positive displacement |
rotary or oscillating piston |
liquid and elastic fluid or elastic fluid | F01C
liquid only | F04C
reciprocating piston or other |
liquid and elastic fluid or elastic fluid | F01B
liquid only | F04B
non-positive displacement |
liquid and elastic fluid or elastic fluid | F01D
liquid only | F03B
ENGINES |
positive displacement |
rotary or oscillating piston |
liquid and elastic fluid or elastic fluid | F01C
liquid only | F03C
reciprocating piston or other |
liquid and elastic fluid or elastic fluid | F01B
liquid only | F03C
non-positive displacement |
liquid and elastic fluid or elastic fluid | F01D
liquid only | F03B
PUMPS |
positive displacement |
rotary or oscillating piston | F04C
reciprocating piston or other | F04B
non-positive displacement | F04D

|  | F01 |
MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL (combustion engines Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F02; machines for liquids Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F03, Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F04); ENGINE PLANTS IN GENERAL; STEAM ENGINES

|  | F01L |
CYCLICALLY OPERATING VALVES FOR MACHINES OR ENGINES (valves in general Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F16K)

|  | F01L |
Note(s) Groups Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F01L 1/00-F01L 13/00 cover only valve-gear or valve arrangements without provision for variable fluid distribution. [2009.01] Valve gear or valve arrangements specially adapted for steam engines are covered by groups Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F01L 15/00-F01L 35/00. [2009.01] Valve-gear or valve arrangements specially adapted for machines or engines with variable working-fluid distribution are covered by groups Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F01L 15/00-F01L 35/00. [2009.01] Attention is drawn to the Notes preceding class Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F01, especially Note (3). As regards the above-mentioned Note (3), attention is drawn to Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F01B 3/00, Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F01B 15/00, Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F01C 20/00, Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F01C 21/00, Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F02B 53/00, Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F03C 1/00, Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F04B 1/12, Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F04B 7/00, Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F04B 39/08, Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F04B 39/10, Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F04C 14/00, Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F04C 15/00, Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F04C 28/00and Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F04C 29/12.

|  | F01L |
Subclass index
VALVE-GEAR OR VALVE ARRANGEMENTS IN GENERAL |
General features | 1/00
Operation |
mechanical | 1/00
non-mechanical | 9/00
Lift valves | 3/00
Slide valves | 5/00, 7/00
Arrangements in piston or piston-rod | 11/00
Modified to facilitate engine operations | 13/00
VALVE-GEAR OR VALVE ARRANGEMENTS FOR VARIABLE WORKING-FLUID DISTRIBUTION |
General features | 1/00
With slide valves |
surrounding cylinder or piston | 17/00
with rotary or oscillatory motion; combined | 33/00; 19/00
other features | 15/00
With lift valves | 35/00
Arrangements with particular characteristics; reversing gear | 21/00 - 27/00; 29/00
Other valve-gear or valve arrangements | 15/00
Drive, control, or adjustment | 25/00, 31/00

|  | F01L 1/00 - F01L 13/00 |
Valve-gear or valve arrangements for positive-displacement machines or engines other than steam engines, e.g. for internal-combustion piston engines, without provision for variable fluid distribution

P:60 |  | F01L 1/00 |
Valve-gear or valve arrangements, e.g. lift-valve gear (lift valve and valve seat assemblies per se Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F01L 3/00; slide-valve gear Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F01L 5/00; actuated non-mechanically Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F01L 9/00; valve arrangements in working piston or piston-rod Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F01L 11/00; modifications of valve-gear to facilitate reversing, braking, starting, changing compression ratio, or other specific operations Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F01L 13/00)

|  | F01L 1/02 |
· | Valve drive (transmitting-gear between valve drive and valve Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F01L 1/12)

|  | F01L 1/04 |
· · | by means of cams, camshafts, cam discs, eccentrics, or the like (Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F01L 1/10 takes precedence)

|  | F01L 1/08 |
· · · | Shape of cams

|  | F01L 1/10 |
· · | by means of crank- or eccentric-driven rods

|  | F01L 1/12 |
· | Transmitting-gear between valve drive and valve (simultaneously operating two or more valves Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F01L 1/26)

|  | F01L 1/14 |
· · | Tappets; Push-rods

|  | F01L 1/18 |
· · | Rocking arms or levers

|  | F01L 1/20 |
· | Adjusting or compensating clearance, i.e. lash adjustment

|  | F01L 1/26 |
· | characterised by the provision of two or more valves operated simultaneously by same transmitting-gear; peculiar to machines or engines with more than two lift valves per cylinder (with coaxial valves Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F01L 1/28)

|  | F01L 1/28 |
· | characterised by the provision of coaxial valves; characterised by the provision of valves co-operating with both intake and exhaust ports

|  | F01L 1/34 |
· | characterised by the provision of means for changing the timing of the valves without changing the duration of opening

|  | F01L 1/344 |
· · | changing the angular relationship between crankshaft and camshaft, e.g. using helicoidal gear [6]

P:50 |  | F01L 3/00 |
Lift valves, i.e. cut-off apparatus with closure members having at least a component of their opening and closing motion perpendicular to the closing faces; Parts or accessories thereof

|  | F01L 3/02 |
· | Selecting particular materials for valve members or valve seats; Valve members or valve seats composed of two or more materials

|  | F01L 3/10 |
· | Connecting springs to valve members

P:30 |  | F01L 5/00 |
Slide-valve gear or valve arrangements (with pure rotary or oscillatory movement Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F01L 7/00)

P:40 |  | F01L 7/00 |
Rotary or oscillatory slide-valve gear or valve arrangements (slide valves with combined rotary and non-rotary movements, combinations of rotary and non-rotary slide valves Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F01L 5/00)

P:20 |  | F01L 9/00 |
Valve-gear or valve arrangements actuated non-mechanically

|  | F01L 9/04 |
· | by electric means

P:10 |  | F01L 11/00 |
Valve arrangements in working piston or piston-rod

P:0 |  | F01L 13/00 |
Modifications of valve-gear to facilitate reversing, braking, starting, changing compression ratio, or other specific operations

|  | F01L 13/02 |
· | for reversing

|  | F01L 13/04 |
· | for starting by means of fluid pressure

|  | F01L 13/06 |
· | for braking

|  | F01L 13/08 |
· | for decompression, e.g. during starting; for changing compression ratio

|  | F01L 15/00 - F01L 31/00 |
Valve-gear or valve arrangements specially adapted for steam engines, or specially adapted for other positive-displacement machines or engines with variable working-fluid distribution

|  | F01L 15/00 - F01L 31/00 |
Note(s) Groups Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F01L 15/00-F01L 31/00 cover: valve drive or means external to valves for adjustment during operation; tripping-gear; reversing-gear; use of pistons or piston-rods as valves or as valve-supporting elements; valve-gear or valve arrangements peculiar to free-piston machines or engines. Groups Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F01L 15/00-F01L 31/00 do not fully cover subject matter restricted to rotary, oscillatory, or lift-valve gear or valve arrangements, which is covered by group Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F01L 33/00 or Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F01L 35/00.

P:140 |  | F01L 15/00 |
Valve-gear or valve arrangements, e.g. with reciprocatory slide valves, other than provided for in groups Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F01L 17/00-F01L 29/00 (valve drive or external valve-adjustment during operation, see the relevant groups, e.g. Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F01L 31/00; tripping-gear or tripping of valves Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F01L 31/00)

P:70 |  | F01L 17/00 |
Slide-valve gear or valve arrangements with cylindrical, sleeve, or part-annularly-shaped valves surrounding working cylinder or piston

P:80 |  | F01L 19/00 |
Slide-valve gear or valve arrangements with reciprocatory and other movement of same valve, other than provided for in group Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F01L 17/00, e.g. longitudinally and in cross direction of working cylinder

P:90 |  | F01L 21/00 |
Use of working pistons or piston-rods as fluid-distributing valves or as valve-supporting elements, e.g. in free-piston machines

P:100 |  | F01L 23/00 |
Valves controlled by impact of piston, e.g. in free-piston machines

P:110 |  | F01L 25/00 |
Drive, or adjustment during operation, of distribution or expansion valves by non-mechanical means

P:120 |  | F01L 27/00 |
Distribution or expansion-valve gear peculiar to free-piston machines or engines and not provided for in groups Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F01L 21/00-F01L 25/00

P:130 |  | F01L 29/00 |
Reversing-gear (equally usable for control of degree of working fluid admission, and reversing being of secondary importance Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F01L 31/00)

P:150 |  | F01L 31/00 |
Valve drive, valve adjustment during operation, or other valve control, not provided for in groups Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F01L 15/00-F01L 29/00 (sensing elements measuring the variable or condition to be controlled or regulated Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F01B)

|  | F01L 33/00 - F01L 35/00 |
Rotary or oscillatory slide-valve gear or lift-valve gear or such valve arrangements specially adapted for steam engines, or specially adapted for other positive-displacement machines or engines with variable working-fluid distribution

P:160 |  | F01L 33/00 |
Rotary or oscillatory slide-valve gear or valve arrangements, specially adapted for machines or engines with variable fluid distribution (drive, adjustment during operation, tripping-gear, reversing-gear, use of working pistons or piston-rods as valves or as valve-supporting elements, valve-gear or valve arrangements peculiar to free-piston machines or engines Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F01L 15/00-F01L 31/00)

P:170 |  | F01L 35/00 |
Lift-valve gear or valve arrangements specially adapted for machines or engines with variable fluid distribution (drive, adjustment during operation, tripping-gear, reversing-gear, use of working pistons or piston-rods as valves or as valve-supporting elements, valve-gear or valve arrangements peculiar to free-piston machines or engines Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F01L 15/00-F01L 31/00)