In section C, the definitions of groups of chemical elements are as follows:
Alkali metals: Li, Na, K, Rb, Cs, Fr
Alkaline earth metals: Ca, Sr, Ba, Ra
Lanthanides: elements with atomic numbers 57 to 71 inclusive
Rare earths: Sc, Y, Lanthanides
Actinides: elements with atomic numbers 89 to 103 inclusive
Refractory metals: Ti, V, Cr, Zr, Nb, Mo, Hf, Ta, W
Halogens: F, Cl, Br, I, At
Noble gases: He, Ne, Ar, Kr, Xe, Rn
Platinum group: Os, Ir, Pt, Ru, Rh, Pd
Noble metals: Ag, Au, Platinum group
Light metals: alkali metals, alkaline earth metals, Be, Al, Mg
Heavy metals: metals other than light metals
Iron group: Fe, Co, Ni
Non-metals: H, B, C, Si, N, P, O, S, Se, Te, noble gases, halogens
Metals: elements other than non-metals
Transition elements: elements with atomic numbers 21 to 30 inclusive, 39 to 48 inclusive, 57 to 80 inclusive, 89 upwards
Section C covers :
pure chemistry, which covers inorganic compounds, organic compounds, macromolecular compounds, and their methods of preparation;
applied chemistry, which covers compositions containing the above compounds, such as: glass, ceramics, fertilisers, plastics compositions, paints, products of the petroleum industry. It also covers certain compositions on account of their having particular properties rendering them suitable for certain purposes, as in the case of explosives, dyestuffs, adhesives, lubricants, and detergents;
certain marginal industries, such as the manufacture of coke and of solid or gaseous fuels, the production and refining of oils, fats and waxes, the fermentation industry (e.g., brewing and wine-making), the sugar industry;
certain operations or treatments, which are either purely mechanical, e.g., the mechanical treatment of leather and skins, or partly mechanical, e.g., the treatment of water or the prevention of corrosion in general;
metallurgy, ferrous or non-ferrous alloys.
In all sections of the IPC, in the absence of an indication to the contrary, the Periodic System of chemical elements referred to is the one with 8 groups as represented in the table below. For example, group Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...C07F 3/00 "Compounds containing elements of the 2nd Group of the Periodic System" refers to the elements of columns IIa and IIb. [2009.01]
In the case of operations, treatments, products or articles having both a chemical and a non-chemical part or aspect, the general rule is that the chemical part or aspect is covered by section C.
In some of these cases, the chemical part or aspect brings with it a non-chemical one, even though purely mechanical, because this latter aspect either is essential to the operation or treatment or constitutes an important element thereof. It has seemed, in fact, more logical not to dissociate the different parts or aspects of a coherent whole. This is the case for applied chemistry and for the industries, operations and treatments mentioned in Notes (1)(c), (d) and (e). For example, furnaces peculiar to the manufacture of glass are covered by class Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...C03 and not by class Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F27.
There are, however, some exceptions in which the mechanical (or non-chemical) aspect carries with it the chemical aspect, for example:
Photographic materials and processes, in class Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...G03, and, generally, the chemical treatment of textiles and the production of cellulose or paper, in section D.
In still other cases, the pure chemical aspect is covered by section C and the applied chemical aspect by another section, such as A, B or F, e.g., the use of a substance or composition for:
When the chemical and mechanical aspects are so closely interlocked that a neat and simple division is not possible, or when certain mechanical processes follow as a natural or logical continuation of a chemical treatment, section C may cover, in addition to the chemical aspect, a part only of the mechanical aspect, e.g., after-treatment of artificial stone, covered by class Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...C04. In this latter case, a note or a reference is usually given to make the position clear, even if sometimes the division is rather arbitrary.
In this class, the following term is used with the meaning indicated:
"preparation" covers purification, separation, stabilisation or use of additives, unless a separate place is provided therefor. [4]
Biocidal, pest repellant, pest attractant or plant growth regulatory activity of compounds or preparations is further classified in subclass Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...A01P. [8]
In subclasses Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...C07C-C07K and within each of theses subclasses, in the absence of an indication to the contrary, and with the exception referred to below, a compound is classified in the last appropriate place. For example, 2-butyl-pyridine, which contains an acyclic chain and a heterocyclic ring, is classified only as a heterocyclic compound, in subclass Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...C07D. In general, and in the absence of an indication to the contrary (such as groups Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...C07C 59/00), the terms "acyclic" and "aliphatic" are used to describe compounds in which there is no ring; and, if a ring were present, the compound would be taken by the "last place" rule to a later group for cycloaliphatic or aromatic compounds, if such a group exists. Where a compound or an entire group of compounds exists in tautomeric forms, it is classified as though existing in the form which is classified last in the system, unless the other form is specifically mentioned earlier in the system.
Chemical compounds and their preparation are classified in the groups for the type of compound prepared. The processes of preparation are also classified in the groups for the types of reaction employed, if of interest. General processes for the preparation of a class of compounds falling into more than one main group are classified in the groups for the processes employed, when such groups exist. The compounds prepared are also classified in the groups for the types of compound prepared, if of interest.
In this class, in the absence of an indication to the contrary, the compounds containing carboxyl or thiocarboxyl groups are classified as the relevant carboxylic or thiocarboxylic acids, unless the "last place rule" (see Note (3), above) dictates otherwise; a carboxyl group being a carbon atom having three bonds, and no more than three, to hetero atoms, other than nitrogen atoms of nitro or nitroso groups, with at least one multiple bond to the same hetero atom and a thiocarboxyl group being a carboxyl group having at least one bond to a sulfur atom, e.g. amides or nitriles of carboxylic acids, are classified with the corresponding acids. [5]
In this subclass, the following terms or expressions are used with the meanings indicated:
"bridged" means the presence of at least one fusion other than ortho, peri or spiro;
two rings are "condensed" if they share at least one ring member, i.e. "spiro" and "bridged" are considered as condensed;
"condensed ring system" is a ring system in which all rings are condensed among themselves;
"number of rings" in a condensed ring system equals the number of scissions necessary to convert the ring system into one acyclic chain;
"quinones" are compounds derived from compounds containing a six-membered aromatic ring or a system comprising six-membered aromatic rings (which system may be condensed or not condensed) by replacing two or four CH groups of the six-membered aromatic rings by C=O groups, and by removing one or two carbon-to-carbon double bonds, respectively, and rearranging the remaining carbon-to-carbon double bonds to give a ring or ring system with alternating double bonds, including the carbon-to-oxygen bonds; this means that acenaphthenequinone or camphorquinone are not considered as quinones. [5]
When classifying in this subclass, classification is also made in group Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...B01D 15/08insofar as subject matter of general interest relating to chromatography is concerned. [8]
In this subclass, in the absence of an indication to the contrary, a process is classified in the last appropriate place. [3]
In this subclass, in the absence of an indication to the contrary, "quaternary ammonium compounds" are classified with the corresponding "non-quaternised nitrogen compounds". [5]
a compound is classified considering the molecule as a whole (rule of the "whole molecule approach");
a compound is considered to be saturated if it does not contain carbon atoms bound to each other by multiple bonds;
a compound is considered to be unsaturated if it contains carbon atoms bound to each other by multiple bonds, which includes a six-membered aromatic ring,
compounds are classified in accordance with the nature of the carbon atom to which the functional group is attached;
a carbon skeleton is a carbon atom, other than a carbon atom of a carboxyl group, or a chain of carbon atoms bound to each other; a carbon skeleton is considered to be terminated by every bond to an element other than carbon or to a carbon atom of a carboxyl group;
when the molecule contains several functional groups, only functional groups linked to the same carbon skeleton as the one first determined are considered;
a carbon skeleton is considered to be saturated if it does not contain carbon atoms bound to each other by multiple bonds;
a carbon skeleton is considered to be unsaturated if it contains carbon atoms bound to each other by multiple bonds, which includes a six-membered aromatic ring. [5]
Cyclic compounds containing halogen atoms bound to an acyclic carbon atom [5]
P:980
C07C 23/00
Compounds containing at least one halogen atom bound to a ring other than a six-membered aromatic ring
P:970
C07C 25/00
Compounds containing at least one halogen atom bound to a six-membered aromatic ring
C07C 27/00 - C07C 71/00
Compounds containing carbon and oxygen, with or without hydrogen or halogens [2]
P:960
C07C 27/00
Processes involving the simultaneous production of more than one class of oxygen-containing compounds (by reduction of –CHO groups Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...C07C 29/00)
P:950
C07C 29/00
Preparation of compounds having hydroxy or O-metal groups bound to a carbon atom not belonging to a six-membered aromatic ring (by hydrolysis or alcoholysis of esters of organic acids Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...C07C 27/00)
Unsaturated compounds having hydroxy or O-metal groups bound to acyclic carbon atoms
C07C 33/00
Note(s)
In this group, in condensed ring systems of six-membered aromatic rings and other rings, the double bond belonging to a benzene ring is not considered as unsaturated for the non-aromatic ring condensed thereon, e.g. the 1,2,3,4-tetrahydro- naphthalene ring is considered to be saturated outside the aromatic ring. [3]
P:920
C07C 35/00
Compounds having at least one hydroxy or O-metal group bound to a carbon atom of a ring other than a six-membered aromatic ring [2]
P:910
C07C 37/00
Preparation of compounds having hydroxy or O-metal groups bound to a carbon atom of a six-membered aromatic ring
P:900
C07C 39/00
Compounds having at least one hydroxy or O-metal group bound to a carbon atom of a six-membered aromatic ring
C07C 39/00
Note(s)
In this group, in condensed ring systems of six-membered aromatic rings and other rings, the double bond belonging to the benzene ring is not considered as unsaturated for the non-aromatic ring condensed thereon. [3]
P:890
C07C 41/00
Preparation of ethers; Preparation of compounds having groups, groups or groups [3]
P:880
C07C 43/00
Ethers; Compounds having groups, groups or groups
P:870
C07C 45/00
Preparation of compounds having C=O groups bound only to carbon or hydrogen atoms; Preparation of chelates of such compounds [2]
P:860
C07C 46/00
Preparation of quinones [3]
P:850
C07C 47/00
Compounds having —CHO groups
C07C 47/02
·
Saturated compounds having —CHO groups bound to acyclic carbon atoms or to hydrogen
C07C 47/20
·
Unsaturated compounds having —CHO groups bound to acyclic carbon atoms
C07C 47/28
·
Saturated compounds having —CHO groups bound to carbon atoms of rings other than six-membered aromatic rings
C07C 47/38
·
Unsaturated compounds having —CHO groups bound to carbon atoms of rings other than six-membered aromatic rings
C07C 47/52
·
Compounds having —CHO groups bound to carbon atoms of six-membered aromatic rings
by oxidation with ozone; by hydrolysis of ozonides [3]
C07C 51/347
·
by reactions not involving formation of carboxyl groups [3]
C07C 51/41
·
Preparation of salts of carboxylic acids by conversion of the acids or their salts into salts with the same carboxylic acid part (preparation of soap Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...C11D) [3]
C07C 51/42
·
Separation; Purification; Stabilisation; Use of additives [3]
Saturated compounds having only one carboxyl group bound to an acyclic carbon atom or hydrogen
P:800
C07C 55/00
Saturated compounds having more than one carboxyl group bound to acyclic carbon atoms [2]
P:790
C07C 57/00
Unsaturated compounds having carboxyl groups bound to acyclic carbon atoms [2]
P:780
C07C 59/00
Compounds having carboxyl groups bound to acyclic carbon atoms and containing any of the groups OH, O-metal, —CHO, keto, ether, groups, groups, or groups [2]
P:770
C07C 61/00
Compounds having carboxyl groups bound to carbon atoms of rings other than six-membered aromatic rings
P:760
C07C 62/00
Compounds having carboxyl groups bound to carbon atoms of rings other than six-membered aromatic rings and containing any of the groups OH, O-metal, —CHO, keto, ether, groups, groups, or groups [3]
P:750
C07C 63/00
Compounds having carboxyl groups bound to carbon atoms of six-membered aromatic rings [2]
P:740
C07C 65/00
Compounds having carboxyl groups bound to carbon atoms of six-membered aromatic rings and containing any of the groups OH, O-metal, —CHO, keto, ether, groups, groups, or groups
P:730
C07C 66/00
Quinone carboxylic acids [2]
P:720
C07C 67/00
Preparation of carboxylic acid esters
C07C 67/00
Note(s)
In this group, lactones used as reactants are considered as being esters. [3]
P:710
C07C 68/00
Preparation of esters of carbonic or haloformic acids [2]
Attention is drawn to Note (6) following the title of this subclass. [5]
P:690
C07C 71/00
Esters of oxyacids of halogens
C07C 201/00 - C07C 291/00
Compounds containing carbon and nitrogen with or without hydrogen, halogens or oxygen [5]
P:670
C07C 201/00
Preparation of esters of nitric or nitrous acid or of compounds containing nitro or nitroso groups bound to a carbon skeleton [5]
P:660
C07C 203/00
Esters of nitric or nitrous acid [5]
P:650
C07C 205/00
Compounds containing nitro groups bound to a carbon skeleton [5]
P:640
C07C 207/00
Compounds containing nitroso groups bound to a carbon skeleton [5]
P:630
C07C 209/00
Preparation of compounds containing amino groups bound to a carbon skeleton [5]
P:620
C07C 211/00
Compounds containing amino groups bound to a carbon skeleton [5]
P:610
C07C 213/00
Preparation of compounds containing amino and hydroxy, amino and etherified hydroxy or amino and esterified hydroxy groups bound to the same carbon skeleton [5]
P:600
C07C 215/00
Compounds containing amino and hydroxy groups bound to the same carbon skeleton [5]
P:590
C07C 217/00
Compounds containing amino and etherified hydroxy groups bound to the same carbon skeleton [5]
P:580
C07C 219/00
Compounds containing amino and esterified hydroxy groups bound to the same carbon skeleton [5]
P:570
C07C 221/00
Preparation of compounds containing amino groups and doubly-bound oxygen atoms bound to the same carbon skeleton [5]
P:560
C07C 223/00
Compounds containing amino and —CHO groups bound to the same carbon skeleton [5]
P:550
C07C 225/00
Compounds containing amino groups and doubly-bound oxygen atoms bound to the same carbon skeleton, at least one of the doubly-bound oxygen atoms not being part of a —CHO group, e.g. amino ketones [5]
P:540
C07C 227/00
Preparation of compounds containing amino and carboxyl groups bound to the same carbon skeleton [5]
P:530
C07C 229/00
Compounds containing amino and carboxyl groups bound to the same carbon skeleton [5]
P:520
C07C 231/00
Preparation of carboxylic acid amides [5]
P:510
C07C 233/00
Carboxylic acid amides [5]
P:500
C07C 235/00
Carboxylic acid amides, the carbon skeleton of the acid part being further substituted by oxygen atoms [5]
P:490
C07C 237/00
Carboxylic acid amides, the carbon skeleton of the acid part being further substituted by amino groups [5]
P:480
C07C 239/00
Compounds containing nitrogen-to-halogen bonds; Hydroxylamino compounds or ethers or esters thereof [5]
P:470
C07C 241/00
Preparation of compounds containing chains of nitrogen atoms singly-bound to each other, e.g. hydrazines, triazanes [5]
P:460
C07C 243/00
Compounds containing chains of nitrogen atoms singly-bound to each other, e.g. hydrazines, triazanes [5]
P:450
C07C 245/00
Compounds containing chains of at least two nitrogen atoms with at least one nitrogen-to-nitrogen multiple bond (azoxy compound Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...C07C 291/00) [5]
Compounds containing carboxyl groups, the doubly-bound oxygen atom of a carboxyl group being replaced by a doubly-bound nitrogen atom, this nitrogen atom not being further bound to an oxygen atom, e.g. imino-ethers, amidines [5]
P:380
C07C 259/00
Compounds containing carboxyl groups, an oxygen atom of a carboxyl group being replaced by a nitrogen atom, this nitrogen atom being further bound to an oxygen atom and not being part of nitro or nitroso groups [5]
P:370
C07C 261/00
Derivatives of cyanic acid [5]
P:360
C07C 263/00
Preparation of derivatives of isocyanic acid [5]
P:350
C07C 265/00
Derivatives of isocyanic acid [5]
P:340
C07C 267/00
Carbodiimides [5]
P:330
C07C 269/00
Preparation of derivatives of carbamic acid, i.e. compounds containing any of the groups the nitrogen atom not being part of nitro or nitroso groups [5]
P:320
C07C 271/00
Derivatives of carbamic acid, i.e. compounds containing any of the groups the nitrogen atom not being part of nitro or nitroso groups [5]
P:310
C07C 273/00
Preparation of urea or its derivatives, i.e. compounds containing any of the groups the nitrogen atoms not being part of nitro or nitroso groups [5]
P:300
C07C 275/00
Derivatives of urea, i.e. compounds containing any of the groups the nitrogen atoms not being part of nitro or nitroso groups [5]
P:290
C07C 277/00
Preparation of guanidine or its derivatives, i.e. compounds containing the group the singly-bound nitrogen atoms not being part of nitro or nitroso groups [5]
P:280
C07C 279/00
Derivatives of guanidine, i.e. compounds containing the group the singly-bound nitrogen atoms not being part of nitro or nitroso groups [5]
Compounds containing carbon together with sulfur, selenium or tellurium, with or without hydrogen, halogens, oxygen or nitrogen [5]
P:250
C07C 301/00
Esters of sulfurous acid [5]
P:240
C07C 303/00
Preparation of esters or amides of sulfuric acids; Preparation of sulfonic acids or of their esters, halides, anhydrides or amides [5]
P:230
C07C 305/00
Esters of sulfuric acids [5]
P:220
C07C 307/00
Amides of sulfuric acids, i.e. compounds having singly-bound oxygen atoms of sulfate groups replaced by nitrogen atoms, not being part of nitro or nitroso groups [5]
Amides of sulfonic acids, i.e. compounds having singly-bound oxygen atoms of sulfo groups replaced by nitrogen atoms, not being part of nitro or nitroso groups [5]
P:190
C07C 313/00
Sulfinic acids; Sulfenic acids; Halides, esters or anhydrides thereof; Amides of sulfinic or sulfenic acids, i.e. compounds having singly-bound oxygen atoms of sulfinic or sulfenic groups replaced by nitrogen atoms, not being part of nitro or nitroso groups [5]
P:180
C07C 315/00
Preparation of sulfones; Preparation of sulfoxides [5]
P:170
C07C 317/00
Sulfones; Sulfoxides [5]
P:160
C07C 319/00
Preparation of thiols, sulfides, hydropolysulfides or polysulfides [5]
P:150
C07C 321/00
Thiols, sulfides, hydropolysulfides or polysulfides [5]
P:140
C07C 323/00
Thiols, sulfides, hydropolysulfides or polysulfides substituted by halogen, oxygen or nitrogen atoms, or by sulfur atoms not being part of thio groups [5]
Irradiation products of cholesterol or its derivatives; Vitamin D derivatives, 9,10-seco cyclopenta[a]phenanthrene or analogues obtained by chemical preparation without irradiation [5]
P:30
C07C 403/00
Derivatives of cyclohexane or of a cyclohexene, having a side-chain containing an acyclic unsaturated part of at least four carbon atoms, this part being directly attached to the cyclohexane or cyclohexene rings, e.g. vitamin A, beta-carotene, beta-ionone [5]
P:20
C07C 405/00
Compounds containing a five-membered ring having two side-chains in ortho position to each other, and having oxygen atoms directly attached to the ring in ortho position to one of the side-chains, one side-chain containing, not directly attached to the ring, a carbon atom having three bonds to hetero atoms with at the most one bond to halogen, and the other side-chain having oxygen atoms attached in gamma-position to the ring, e.g. prostaglandins [5]