H
SECTION H — ELECTRICITY
 H

Note(s)

These Notes cover the basic principles and general instructions for use of section H.

  1. Section H covers:
    1. basic electric elements, which cover all electric units and the general mechanical structure of apparatus and circuits, including the assembly of various basic elements into what are called printed circuits and also cover to a certain extent the manufacture of these elements (when not covered elsewhere);
    2. generation of electricity, which covers the generation, conversion and distribution of electricity together with the controlling of the corresponding gear;
    3. applied electricity, which covers:
      1. general utilisation techniques, viz. those of electric heating and electric lighting circuits;
      2. some special utilisation techniques, either electric or electronic in the strict sense, which are not covered by other sections of the Classification, including:
        1. electric light sources, including lasers;
        2. electric X-ray technique;
        3. electric plasma technique and the generation and acceleration of electrically charged particles or neutrons;
    4. basic electronic circuits and their control;
    5. radio or electric communication technique;
    6. the use of a specified material for the manufacture of the article or element described. In this connection, paragraphs 88 to 90 of the Guide should be referred to.
  2. In this section, the following general rules apply:
    1. Subject to the exceptions stated in I(c), above, any electric aspect or part peculiar to a particular operation, process, apparatus, object or article, classified in one of the sections of the Classification other than section H, is always classified in the subclass for that operation, process, apparatus, object or article. Where common characteristics concerning technical subjects of similar nature have been brought out at class level, the electric aspect or part is classified, in conjunction with the operation, process, apparatus, object or article, in a subclass which covers entirely the general electrical applications for the technical subject in question;
    2. The electrical applications referred to under (a), above, either general or particular, include:
      1. the therapeutic processes and apparatus, in class A61;
      2. the electric processes and apparatus used in various laboratory or industrial operations, in classes B01 and B03 and in subclass B23K;
      3. the electricity supply, electric propulsion and electric lighting of vehicles in general and of particular vehicles, in the subsection "Transporting" of section B;
      4. the electric ignition systems of internal-combustion engines, in subclass F02P, and of combustion apparatus in general, in subclass F23Q;
      5. the whole electrical part of section G, i.e. measuring devices including apparatus for measuring electric variables, checking, signalling and calculating. Electricity in that section is generally dealt with as a means and not as an end in itself;
    3. All electrical applications, both general and particular, presuppose that the "basic electricity" aspect appears in section H (see I(a) above) as regards the electric "basic elements" which they comprise. This rule is also valid for applied electricity, referred to in I(c), above, which appears in section H itself.
  3. In this section, the following special cases occur:
    1. Among the general applications covered by sections other than section H, it is worth noting that electric heating in general is covered by subclasses F24D or F24H or class F27, and that electric lighting in general is partly covered by class F21, since in section H (see I(c), above) there are places in H05B which cover the same technical subjects;
    2. In the two cases referred to under (a), above, the subclasses of section F, which deal with the respective subjects, essentially cover in the first place the whole mechanical aspect of the apparatus or devices, whereas the electrical aspect, as such, is covered by subclass H05B;
    3. In the case of lighting, this mechanical aspect should be taken to cover the material arrangement of the various electric elements, i.e., their geometrical or physical position in relation to one another; this aspect is covered by subclass F21V, the elements themselves and the primary circuits remaining in section H. The same applies to electric light sources, when combined with light sources of a different kind. These are covered by subclass H05B, whereas the physical arrangement which their combination constitutes is covered by the various subclasses of class F21;
    4. As regards heating, not only the electric elements and circuitry designs, as such, are covered by subclass H05B, but also the electric aspects of their arrangement, where these concern cases of general application; electric furnaces being considered as such. The physical disposition of the electric elements in furnaces is covered by section F. If a comparison is made with electric welding circuits, which are covered by subclass B23K in connection with welding, it can be seen that electric heating is not covered by the general rule stated in II, above.

 H03
BASIC ELECTRONIC CIRCUITRY
 H03D
DEMODULATION OR TRANSFERENCE OF MODULATION FROM ONE CARRIER TO ANOTHER (masers, lasers H01S; circuits capable of acting both as modulator and demodulator H03C; details applicable to both modulators and frequency-changers H03C; demodulating pulses H03K 9/00; transforming types of pulse modulation H03K 11/00; coding, decoding or code conversion, in general H03M; repeater stations H04B 7/14; demodulators adapted for digitally modulated-carrier systems H04L 27/00; synchronous demodulators adapted for colour television H04N 9/66)
 H03D

Note(s)

This subclass covers only:

  • demodulation or transference of signals modulated on a sinusoidal carrier or on electromagnetic waves;
  • comparing phase or frequency of two mutually-independent oscillations.

 H03D
Subclass index
DEMODULATION
Amplitude; angle; combined; super-regenerative 1/00; 3/00; 5/00, 9/00; 11/00
TRANSFERENCE 7/00, 9/00
COMPARING PHASE OR FREQUENCY 13/00
SUBJECT MATTER NOT PROVIDED FOR IN OTHER GROUPS OF THIS SUBCLASS 99/00
P:50 H03D 1/00
Demodulation of amplitude-modulated oscillations (H03D 5/00, H03D 9/00, H03D 11/00 take precedence)
 H03D 1/02
·  Details
 H03D 1/04
·  ·  Modifications of demodulators to reduce interference by undesired signals
 H03D 1/06
·  ·  Modifications of demodulators to reduce distortion, e.g. by negative feedback
 H03D 1/08
·  by means of non-linear two-pole elements (H03D 1/22, H03D 1/26, H03D 1/28 take precedence)
 H03D 1/10
·  ·  of diodes
 H03D 1/12
·  ·  ·  with provision for equalising ac and dc loads
 H03D 1/14
·  by means of non-linear elements having more than two poles (H03D 1/22, H03D 1/26, H03D 1/28 take precedence)
 H03D 1/16
·  ·  of discharge tubes
 H03D 1/18
·  ·  of semiconductor devices
 H03D 1/20
·  ·  with provision for preventing undesired type of demodulation, e.g. preventing anode detection in a grid detection circuit
 H03D 1/22
·  Homodyne or synchrodyne circuits
 H03D 1/24
·  ·  for demodulation of signals wherein one sideband or the carrier has been wholly or partially suppressed
 H03D 1/26
·  by means of transit-time tubes
 H03D 1/28
·  by deflecting an electron beam in a discharge tube (H03D 1/26 takes precedence)
P:40 H03D 3/00
Demodulation of angle-modulated oscillations (H03D 5/00, H03D 9/00, H03D 11/00 take precedence)
 H03D 3/02
·  by detecting phase difference between two signals obtained from input signal (H03D 3/28-H03D 3/32 take precedence; limiting arrangements H03G 11/00)
 H03D 3/04
·  ·  by counting or integrating cycles of oscillations
 H03D 3/06
·  ·  by combining signals additively or in product demodulators
 H03D 3/08
·  ·  ·  by means of diodes, e.g. Foster-Seeley discriminator
 H03D 3/10
·  ·  ·  ·  in which the diodes are simultaneously conducting during the same half period of the signal, e.g. ratio detector
 H03D 3/12
·  ·  ·  by means of discharge tubes having more than two electrodes
 H03D 3/14
·  ·  ·  by means of semiconductor devices having more than two electrodes
 H03D 3/16
·  ·  ·  by means of electromechanical resonators
 H03D 3/18
·  ·  by means of synchronous gating arrangements
 H03D 3/20
·  ·  ·  producing pulses whose amplitude or duration depends on the phase difference
 H03D 3/22
·  ·  by means of active elements with more than two electrodes to which two signals are applied derived from the signal to be demodulated and having a phase difference related to the frequency deviation, e.g. phase detector
 H03D 3/24
·  ·  Modifications of demodulators to reject or remove amplitude variations by means of locked-in oscillator circuits
 H03D 3/26
·  by means of sloping amplitude/frequency characteristic of tuned or reactive circuit (H03D 3/28-H03D 3/32 take precedence)
 H03D 3/28
·  Modifications of demodulators to reduce effect of temperature variations (automatic frequency control H03L)
 H03D 3/30
·  by means of transit-time tubes
 H03D 3/32
·  by deflecting an electron beam in a discharge tube (H03D 3/30 takes precedence)
 H03D 3/34
·  by means of electromechanical devices (H03D 3/16 takes precedence)  [3]
P:30 H03D 5/00
Circuits for demodulating amplitude-modulated or angle-modulated oscillations at will (H03D 9/00, H03D 11/00 take precedence)
P:20 H03D 7/00
Transference of modulation from one carrier to another, e.g. frequency-changing (H03D 9/00, H03D 11/00 take precedence; dielectric amplifiers, magnetic amplifiers, parametric amplifiers used as frequency-changers H03F)
 H03D 7/02
·  by means of diodes (H03D 7/14-H03D 7/22 take precedence)
 H03D 7/04
·  ·  having negative resistance characteristic, e.g. tunnel diode
 H03D 7/06
·  by means of discharge tubes having more than two electrodes (H03D 7/14-H03D 7/22 take precedence)
 H03D 7/08
·  ·  the signals to be mixed being applied between the same two electrodes
 H03D 7/10
·  ·  the signals to be mixed being applied between different pairs of electrodes
 H03D 7/12
·  by means of semiconductor devices having more than two electrodes (H03D 7/14-H03D 7/22 take precedence)
 H03D 7/14
·  Balanced arrangements
 H03D 7/16
·  Multiple frequency-changing
 H03D 7/18
·  Modifications of frequency-changers for eliminating image frequencies
 H03D 7/20
·  by means of transit-time tubes
 H03D 7/22
·  by deflecting an electron beam in a discharge tube (H03D 7/20 takes precedence)
P:10 H03D 9/00
Demodulation or transference of modulation of modulated electromagnetic waves (devices or arrangements for demodulating light, transferring modulation in light waves G02F 2/00)
 H03D 9/02
·  Demodulation using distributed inductance and capacitance, e.g. in feeder lines
 H03D 9/04
·  ·  for angle-modulated oscillations
 H03D 9/06
·  Transference of modulation using distributed inductance and capacitance
P:0 H03D 11/00
Super-regenerative demodulator circuits
 H03D 11/02
·  for amplitude-modulated oscillations
 H03D 11/04
·  ·  by means of semiconductor devices having more than two electrodes
 H03D 11/06
·  for angle-modulated oscillations
 H03D 11/08
·  ·  by means of semiconductor devices having more than two electrodes
P:60 H03D 13/00
Circuits for comparing the phase or frequency of two mutually-independent oscillations
P:70 H03D 99/00
Subject matter not provided for in other groups of this subclass  [8]