H
SECTION H — ELECTRICITY
 H

Note(s)

These Notes cover the basic principles and general instructions for use of section H.

  1. Section H covers:
    1. basic electric elements, which cover all electric units and the general mechanical structure of apparatus and circuits, including the assembly of various basic elements into what are called printed circuits and also cover to a certain extent the manufacture of these elements (when not covered elsewhere);
    2. generation of electricity, which covers the generation, conversion and distribution of electricity together with the controlling of the corresponding gear;
    3. applied electricity, which covers:
      1. general utilisation techniques, viz. those of electric heating and electric lighting circuits;
      2. some special utilisation techniques, either electric or electronic in the strict sense, which are not covered by other sections of the Classification, including:
        1. electric light sources, including lasers;
        2. electric X-ray technique;
        3. electric plasma technique and the generation and acceleration of electrically charged particles or neutrons;
    4. basic electronic circuits and their control;
    5. radio or electric communication technique;
    6. the use of a specified material for the manufacture of the article or element described. In this connection, paragraphs 88 to 90 of the Guide should be referred to.
  2. In this section, the following general rules apply:
    1. Subject to the exceptions stated in I(c), above, any electric aspect or part peculiar to a particular operation, process, apparatus, object or article, classified in one of the sections of the Classification other than section H, is always classified in the subclass for that operation, process, apparatus, object or article. Where common characteristics concerning technical subjects of similar nature have been brought out at class level, the electric aspect or part is classified, in conjunction with the operation, process, apparatus, object or article, in a subclass which covers entirely the general electrical applications for the technical subject in question;
    2. The electrical applications referred to under (a), above, either general or particular, include:
      1. the therapeutic processes and apparatus, in class A61;
      2. the electric processes and apparatus used in various laboratory or industrial operations, in classes B01 and B03 and in subclass B23K;
      3. the electricity supply, electric propulsion and electric lighting of vehicles in general and of particular vehicles, in the subsection "Transporting" of section B;
      4. the electric ignition systems of internal-combustion engines, in subclass F02P, and of combustion apparatus in general, in subclass F23Q;
      5. the whole electrical part of section G, i.e. measuring devices including apparatus for measuring electric variables, checking, signalling and calculating. Electricity in that section is generally dealt with as a means and not as an end in itself;
    3. All electrical applications, both general and particular, presuppose that the "basic electricity" aspect appears in section H (see I(a) above) as regards the electric "basic elements" which they comprise. This rule is also valid for applied electricity, referred to in I(c), above, which appears in section H itself.
  3. In this section, the following special cases occur:
    1. Among the general applications covered by sections other than section H, it is worth noting that electric heating in general is covered by subclasses F24D or F24H or class F27, and that electric lighting in general is partly covered by class F21, since in section H (see I(c), above) there are places in H05B which cover the same technical subjects;
    2. In the two cases referred to under (a), above, the subclasses of section F, which deal with the respective subjects, essentially cover in the first place the whole mechanical aspect of the apparatus or devices, whereas the electrical aspect, as such, is covered by subclass H05B;
    3. In the case of lighting, this mechanical aspect should be taken to cover the material arrangement of the various electric elements, i.e., their geometrical or physical position in relation to one another; this aspect is covered by subclass F21V, the elements themselves and the primary circuits remaining in section H. The same applies to electric light sources, when combined with light sources of a different kind. These are covered by subclass H05B, whereas the physical arrangement which their combination constitutes is covered by the various subclasses of class F21;
    4. As regards heating, not only the electric elements and circuitry designs, as such, are covered by subclass H05B, but also the electric aspects of their arrangement, where these concern cases of general application; electric furnaces being considered as such. The physical disposition of the electric elements in furnaces is covered by section F. If a comparison is made with electric welding circuits, which are covered by subclass B23K in connection with welding, it can be seen that electric heating is not covered by the general rule stated in II, above.

 H04
ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
 H04

Note(s)

This class covers electrical communication systems with propagation paths employing beams of corpuscular radiation, acoustic waves or electromagnetic waves, e.g. radio or optical communication.  [4]

 H04B
TRANSMISSION (transmission systems for measured values, control or similar signals G08C; speech analysis or synthesis G10L; coding, decoding or code conversion, in general H03M; broadcast communication H04H; multiplex systems H04J; secret communication H04K; transmission of digital information H04L)  [4]
 H04B

Note(s)

This subclass covers the transmission of information-carrying signals, the transmission being independent of the nature of the information, and includes monitoring and testing arrangements and the suppression and limitation of noise and interference.

 H04B
Subclass index
DETAILS 1/00
SYSTEMS CHARACTERISED BY THE MEDIUM USED FOR TRANSMISSION
Using conductors 3/00
Using free-space propagation 5/00 - 11/00
Others 13/00
SYSTEMS NOT CHARACTERISED BY THE MEDIUM USED FOR TRANSMISSION 14/00
SUPPRESSION OR LIMITATION OF NOISE OR INTERFERENCE 15/00
MONITORING, TESTING 17/00

 H04H
BROADCAST COMMUNICATION (transmission in general H04B; multiplex communication H04J)
 H04H

Note(s)

This subclass covers:

  • distribution of entertainment or informative matter simultaneously to a number of receiving stations over transmission lines or over radio waves;
  • recording of the use made of the broadcast service.


 H04J
MULTIPLEX COMMUNICATION (transmission in general H04B; peculiar to transmission of digital information H04L 5/00; systems for the simultaneous or sequential transmission of more than one television signal H04N 7/08; in exchanges H04Q 11/00; stereophonic systems H04S)
 H04J

Note(s)

This subclass covers:

  • circuits or apparatus for combining or dividing signals for the purpose of transmitting them simultaneously or sequentially over the same transmission path;
  • monitoring arrangements therefor.


 H04K
SECRET COMMUNICATION; JAMMING OF COMMUNICATION
 H04K

Note(s)

In this subclass, the following expression is used with the meaning indicated:

  • "secret communication" includes secret line and radiation transmission systems, i.e. those in which apparatus at the transmitting station modifies the signal in such a way that the information cannot be intelligibly received without corresponding modifying apparatus at the receiving station.


 H04L
TRANSMISSION OF DIGITAL INFORMATION, e.g. TELEGRAPHIC COMMUNICATION (typewriters B41J; order telegraphs, fire or police telegraphs G08B; visual telegraphy G08B, G08C; teleautographic systems G08C; ciphering or deciphering apparatus per se G09C; coding, decoding or code conversion, in general H03M; arrangements common to telegraphic and telephonic communication H04M; selecting H04Q)  [4]
 H04L

Note(s)

This subclass covers transmission of signals having been supplied in digital form and includes data transmission, telegraphic communication, or methods or arrangements for monitoring.

 H04L
Subclass index
SYSTEMS CHARACTERISED BY:
The code used: Morse; Baudot; details 15/00; 17/00; 13/00
Otherwise: step by step; mosaic printers; other systems 19/00; 21/00; 23/00
BASEBAND SYSTEMS 25/00
MODULATED-CARRIER SYSTEMS 27/00
DATA SWITCHING NETWORKS 12/00
ARRANGEMENTS OF GENERAL APPLICATION
Security: errors; secret 1/00; 9/00
Multiple communications; synchronising 5/00; 7/00
OTHER ARRANGEMENTS, APPARATUS OR SYSTEMS 29/00

 H04M
TELEPHONIC COMMUNICATION (counting mechanisms G06M; circuits for controlling other apparatus via a telephone cable and not involving telephone switching apparatus G08; reels or other take-up devices for cords H02G 11/00; multiplex transmission between switching centres H04J; selecting arrangements H04Q; loudspeakers, microphones, gramophone pick-ups or like electromechanical transducers H04R)
 H04M

Note(s)

  1. This subclass covers:
    • telephonic communication systems combined with other electrical systems;
    • testing arrangements peculiar to telephonic communication systems.
  2. In this subclass, the following terms or expressions are used with the meanings indicated:
    • "subscriber" is a general term for terminal equipment, e.g. telephone for public use;
    • "substation" means a subscriber or monitoring equipment which may connect a single subscriber to a line without choice as to subscriber;
    • "satellite" is a type of exchange the operation of which depends upon control signals received from a supervisory exchange;
    • "switching centres" includes exchanges and satellites.
 H04M
Subclass index
TELEPHONIC SYSTEMS
Combined; party-line systems; prepayment systems 11/00; 13/00; 17/00
EQUIPMENTS AND ARRANGEMENTS
Equipments 1/00
Exchanges: automatic; manual 3/00; 5/00
Interconnection arrangements: centralised; non-centralised 7/00; 9/00
Monitoring and control; supply arrangements 15/00; 19/00
SUBJECT MATTER NOT PROVIDED FOR IN OTHER GROUPS OF THIS SUBCLASS 99/00

 H04N
PICTORIAL COMMUNICATION, e.g. TELEVISION (measuring, testing G01; systems for autographic writing, e.g. writing telegraphy, which involve following an outline G08; information storage based on relative movement between record carrier and transducer G11B; coding, decoding or code conversion, in general H03M; broadcast distribution or the recording of use made thereof H04H)  [4]
 H04N

Note(s)

  1. This subclass covers:
    • transmission of pictures or their transient or permanent reproduction either locally or remotely, by methods involving both the following steps:

      step (a): the scanning of a picture, i.e. resolving the whole picture-containing area into individual picture-elements and the derivation of picture-representative electric signals related thereto, simultaneously or in sequence;

      step (b): the reproduction of the whole picture-containing area by the reproduction of individual picture-elements into which the picture is resolved by means of picture-representative electric signals derived therefrom, simultaneously or in sequence;  [4]

    • (in group H04N 1/00) systems for the transmission or the reproduction of arbitrarily composed pictures or patterns in which the local light variations composing a picture are not subject to variation with time, e.g. documents (both written and printed), maps, charts, photographs (other than cinematograph films);
    • circuits specially designed for dealing with pictorial communication signals, e.g. television signals, as distinct from merely signals of a particular frequency range.
  2. This subclass does not cover:
  3. In this subclass, the following expression is used with the meaning indicated:
    • "television systems" means those systems for the transmission and reproduction of arbitrarily composed pictures in which the local light variations composing a picture may change with time, e.g. natural "live" scenes, recordings of such scenes such as cinematograph films.

 H04Q
SELECTING (switches, relays, selectors H01H; electronic switches H03K 17/00)
 H04Q

Note(s)

  1. This subclass covers:
    • methods, circuits, or apparatus for establishing selectively a connection between a desired number of stations (normally two), or between a main station and a desired number of substations (normally one) for the purpose of transferring information via this connection after it has been established;
    • selective calling arrangements over connections already established. In either case, the connection may be by means of electric conductors or electromagnetic waves.
  2. In this subclass, the following terms or expressions are used with the meanings indicated:
    • "subscriber" is a general term for terminal equipment, e.g. telephone for public use;
    • "substation" means a subscriber or monitoring equipment which may connect a single subscriber to a line without choice as to subscriber;
    • "satellite" is a kind of exchange the operation of which depends upon control signals received from a supervisory exchange;
    • "switching centres" includes exchanges and satellites.
 H04Q
Subclass index
SELECTING ARRANGEMENTS
General; by line; via radio or inductive links; multiplex 3/00; 5/00; 7/00; 11/00
DISPOSITIONS FOR TELECONTROL OR TELEMETRY 9/00
DETAILS 1/00

 H04R
LOUDSPEAKERS, MICROPHONES, GRAMOPHONE PICK-UPS OR LIKE ACOUSTIC ELECTROMECHANICAL TRANSDUCERS; DEAF-AID SETS; PUBLIC ADDRESS SYSTEMS (generating mechanical vibrations in general B06B; transducers for measuring particular variables G01; transducers in clocks G04; producing sounds with frequency not determined by supply frequency G10K; transducers in recording or reproducing heads G11B; transducers in motors H02)  [6]
 H04R

Note(s)

  1. This subclass covers:
    • loudspeakers, microphones, gramophone pick-ups or like transducers producing acoustic waves or variations of electric current or voltage;
    • arrangements actuated by variations of electric current or voltage for cutting grooves in records;
    • circuits for the above-mentioned arrangements;
    • monitoring or testing the above-mentioned equipment.
  2. Attention is drawn to the Notes following the titles of class B81 and subclass B81B relating to "micro-structural devices" and "micro-structural systems". [7]
 H04R
Subclass index
TYPES OF TRANSDUCER
With magnetic circuit:
moving coil; moving armature; magnetisable diaphragm; magnetostriction 9/00; 11/00; 13/00; 15/00
Without magnetic circuit:
piezo-electric; electrostatic; with variable resistance 17/00; 19/00; 21/00
Other types 23/00
Details
general; circuits; diaphragms and cones 1/00; 3/00; 7/00
APPLICATIONS
Stereophonic arrangements; deaf-aid; public address systems 5/00; 25/00; 27/00
MONITORING, TESTING; MANUFACTURE 29/00; 31/00

 H04S
STEREOPHONIC SYSTEMS (information storage on discs or tapes G11B; broadcast systems for the distribution of stereophonic information H04H 5/00; multiplex systems in general H04J)  [3]
 H04S

Note(s)

In this subclass, the following expression is used with the meaning indicated:

  • "stereophonic systems" covers quadraphonic or similar systems.  [3]