In section C, the definitions of groups of chemical elements are as follows:
Alkali metals: Li, Na, K, Rb, Cs, Fr
Alkaline earth metals: Ca, Sr, Ba, Ra
Lanthanides: elements with atomic numbers 57 to 71 inclusive
Rare earths: Sc, Y, Lanthanides
Actinides: elements with atomic numbers 89 to 103 inclusive
Refractory metals: Ti, V, Cr, Zr, Nb, Mo, Hf, Ta, W
Halogens: F, Cl, Br, I, At
Noble gases: He, Ne, Ar, Kr, Xe, Rn
Platinum group: Os, Ir, Pt, Ru, Rh, Pd
Noble metals: Ag, Au, Platinum group
Light metals: alkali metals, alkaline earth metals, Be, Al, Mg
Heavy metals: metals other than light metals
Iron group: Fe, Co, Ni
Non-metals: H, B, C, Si, N, P, O, S, Se, Te, noble gases, halogens
Metals: elements other than non-metals
Transition elements: elements with atomic numbers 21 to 30 inclusive, 39 to 48 inclusive, 57 to 80 inclusive, 89 upwards
Section C covers:
pure chemistry, which covers inorganic compounds, organic compounds, macromolecular compounds, and their methods of preparation;
applied chemistry, which covers compositions containing the above compounds, such as: glass, ceramics, fertilisers, plastics compositions, paints, products of the petroleum industry. It also covers certain compositions on account of their having particular properties rendering them suitable for certain purposes, as in the case of explosives, dyestuffs, adhesives, lubricants, and detergents;
certain marginal industries, such as the manufacture of coke and of solid or gaseous fuels, the production and refining of oils, fats and waxes, the fermentation industry (e.g., brewing and wine-making), the sugar industry;
certain operations or treatments, which are either purely mechanical, e.g., the mechanical treatment of leather and skins, or partly mechanical, e.g., the treatment of water or the prevention of corrosion in general;
metallurgy, ferrous or non-ferrous alloys.
In the case of operations, treatments, products or articles having both a chemical and a non-chemical part or aspect, the general rule is that the chemical part or aspect is covered by section C.
In some of these cases, the chemical part or aspect brings with it a non-chemical one, even though purely mechanical, because this latter aspect either is essential to the operation or treatment or constitutes an important element thereof. It has seemed, in fact, more logical not to dissociate the different parts or aspects of a coherent whole. This is the case for applied chemistry and for the industries, operations and treatments mentioned in Notes (1)(c), (d) and (e). For example, furnaces peculiar to the manufacture of glass are covered by class Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...C03 and not by class Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F27.
There are, however, some exceptions in which the mechanical (or non-chemical) aspect carries with it the chemical aspect, for example:
Photographic materials and processes, in class Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...G03, and, generally, the chemical treatment of textiles and the production of cellulose or paper, in section D.
In still other cases, the pure chemical aspect is covered by section C and the applied chemical aspect by another section, such as A, B or F, e.g., the use of a substance or composition for:
When the chemical and mechanical aspects are so closely interlocked that a neat and simple division is not possible, or when certain mechanical processes follow as a natural or logical continuation of a chemical treatment, section C may cover, in addition to the chemical aspect, a part only of the mechanical aspect, e.g., after-treatment of artificial stone, covered by class Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...C04. In this latter case, a note or a reference is usually given to make the position clear, even if sometimes the division is rather arbitrary.
In this subclass, an operation is considered as pretreatment or after-treatment when it is specially adapted for, but quite distinct from, the coating process concerned and constitutes an independent operation. If an operation results in the formation of a permanent sub- or upper layer, it is not considered as pretreatment or after-treatment and is classified as a multi-coating process. [4]
Removing excess of molten coatings; Controlling or regulating the coating thickness (controlling or regulating thickness in general Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...G05D 5/02) [4]
C23C 2/16
· ·
using fluids under pressure, e.g. air knives [4]
C23C 2/18
· · ·
Removing excess of molten coatings from elongated material [4]
Pretreatment of the material to be coated, e.g. for coating on selected surface areas [4]
C23C 4/04
·
characterised by the coating material [4]
C23C 4/06
· ·
Metallic material [4]
C23C 4/08
· · ·
containing only metal elements [4]
C23C 4/10
· ·
Oxides, borides, carbides, nitrides, silicides or mixtures thereof [4]
C23C 4/12
·
characterised by the method of spraying [4]
C23C 4/14
· ·
for covering elongated material [4]
C23C 4/16
· · ·
Wires; Tubes [4]
C23C 4/18
·
After-treatment [4]
P:90
C23C 6/00
Coating by casting molten material on the substrate [4]
C23C 8/00 - C23C 12/00
Solid state diffusion into metallic material surfaces [4]
P:60
C23C 8/00
Solid state diffusion of only non-metal elements into metallic material surfaces (diffusion of silicon Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...C23C 10/00); Chemical surface treatment of metallic material by reaction of the surface with a reactive gas, leaving reaction products of surface material in the coating, e.g. conversion coatings, passivation of metals (Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...C23C 14/00 takes precedence) [4]
Treatment of selected surface areas, e.g. using masks [4]
C23C 8/06
·
using gases [4]
C23C 8/08
· ·
only one element being applied [4]
C23C 8/10
· · ·
Oxidising [4]
C23C 8/12
· · · ·
using elemental oxygen or ozone [4]
C23C 8/14
· · · · ·
Oxidising of ferrous surfaces [4]
C23C 8/16
· · · ·
using oxygen-containing compounds, e.g. H2O, CO2 [4]
C23C 8/18
· · · · ·
Oxidising of ferrous surfaces [4]
C23C 8/20
· · ·
Carburising [4]
C23C 8/22
· · · ·
of ferrous surfaces [4]
C23C 8/24
· · ·
Nitriding [4]
C23C 8/26
· · · ·
of ferrous surfaces [4]
C23C 8/28
· ·
more than one element being applied in one step [4]
C23C 8/30
· · ·
Carbo-nitriding [4]
C23C 8/32
· · · ·
of ferrous surfaces [4]
C23C 8/34
· ·
more than one element being applied in more than one step [4]
C23C 8/36
· ·
using ionised gases, e.g. ionitriding (discharge tubes with provision for introducing objects or material to be exposed to the discharge Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...H01J 37/00) [4]
C23C 8/38
· · ·
Treatment of ferrous surfaces [4]
C23C 8/40
·
using liquids, e.g. salt baths, liquid suspensions [4]
C23C 8/42
· ·
only one element being applied [4]
C23C 8/44
· · ·
Carburising [4]
C23C 8/46
· · · ·
of ferrous surfaces [4]
C23C 8/48
· · ·
Nitriding [4]
C23C 8/50
· · · ·
of ferrous surfaces [4]
C23C 8/52
· ·
more than one element being applied in one step [4]
C23C 8/54
· · ·
Carbo-nitriding [4]
C23C 8/56
· · · ·
of ferrous surfaces [4]
C23C 8/58
· ·
more than one element being applied in more than one step [4]
Embedding in a powder mixture, i.e. pack cementation [4]
C23C 10/36
· · ·
only one element being diffused [4]
C23C 10/38
· · · ·
Chromising [4]
C23C 10/40
· · · · ·
of ferrous surfaces [4]
C23C 10/42
· · · · · ·
in the presence of volatile transport additives, e.g. halogenated substances [4]
C23C 10/44
· · · ·
Siliconising [4]
C23C 10/46
· · · · ·
of ferrous surfaces [4]
C23C 10/48
· · · ·
Aluminising [4]
C23C 10/50
· · · · ·
of ferrous surfaces [4]
C23C 10/52
· · ·
more than one element being diffused in one step [4]
C23C 10/54
· · · ·
Diffusion of at least chromium [4]
C23C 10/56
· · · · ·
and at least aluminium [4]
C23C 10/58
· · ·
more than one element being diffused in more than one step [4]
C23C 10/60
·
After-treatment [4]
P:50
C23C 12/00
Solid state diffusion of at least one non-metal element other than silicon and at least one metal element or silicon into metallic material surfaces [4]
C23C 12/02
·
Diffusion in one step [4]
C23C 14/00
Coating by vacuum evaporation, by sputtering or by ion implantation [4]
P:10
C23C 14/00
Coating by vacuum evaporation, by sputtering or by ion implantation of the coating forming material (discharge tubes with provision for introducing objects or material to be exposed to the discharge Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...H01J 37/00) [4]
Chemical coating by decomposition of gaseous compounds, without leaving reaction products of surface material in the coating, i.e. chemical vapour deposition (CVD) processes (reactive sputtering or vacuum evaporation Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...C23C 14/00) [4]
C23C 16/01
·
on temporary substrates, e.g. on substrates subsequently removed by etching [7]
Chemical surface treatment of metallic material by reaction of the surface with a reactive liquid, leaving reaction products of surface material in the coating, e.g. conversion coatings, passivation of metals (wash primers Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...C09D 5/12) [4]
C23C 22/00
Note(s)
This group covers also suspensions containing reactive liquids and non-reactive solid particles. [4]
Rejuvenating of the bath is classified in the appropriate place for the specific bath composition. [4]