F
SECTION F — MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
  
ENGINES OR PUMPS
 F01 - 
F04

Note(s)

Guide to the use of this subsection (classes F01-F04)

The following notes are meant to assist in the use of this part of the classification scheme.

  1. In this subsection, subclasses or groups designating "engines" or "pumps" cover methods of operating the same, unless otherwise specifically provided for.
  2. In this subsection, the following terms or expressions are used with the meanings indicated:
    • "engine" means a device for continuously converting fluid energy into mechanical power. Thus, this term includes, for example, steam piston engines or steam turbines, per se, or internal-combustion piston engines, but it excludes single-stroke devices. "Engine" also includes the fluid-motive portion of a meter unless such portion is particularly adapted for use in a meter;
    • "pump" means a device for continuously raising, forcing, compressing, or exhausting fluid by mechanical or other means. Thus, this term includes fans or blowers;
    • "machine" means a device which could equally be an engine and a pump, and not a device which is restricted to an engine or one which is restricted to a pump;
    • "positive displacement" means the way the energy of a working fluid is transformed into mechanical energy, in which variations of volume created by the working fluid in a working chamber produce equivalent displacements of the mechanical member transmitting the energy, the dynamic effect of the fluid being of minor importance, and vice versa;
    • "non-positive displacement" means the way the energy of a working fluid is transformed into mechanical energy, by transformation of the energy of the working fluid into kinetic energy, and vice versa;
    • "oscillating-piston machine" means a positive-displacement machine in which a fluid-engaging work-transmitting member oscillates. This definition applies also to engines and pumps;
    • "rotary-piston machine" means a positive-displacement machine in which a fluid-engaging work-transmitting member rotates about a fixed axis or about an axis moving along a circular or similar orbit. This definition applies also to engines and pumps;
    • "rotary piston" means the work-transmitting member of a rotary-piston machine and may be of any suitable form, e.g., like a toothed gear;
    • "cooperating members" means the "oscillating piston" or "rotary piston" and another member, e.g., the working-chamber wall, which assists in the driving or pumping action;
    • "movement of the co-operating members" is to be interpreted as relative, so that one of the "co-operating members" may be stationary, even though reference may be made to its rotational axis, or both may move;
    • "teeth or tooth equivalents" include lobes, projections or abutments;
    • "internal-axis type" means that the rotational axes of the inner and outer co-operating members remain at all times within the outer member, e.g., in a similar manner to that of a pinion meshing with the internal teeth of a ring gear;
    • "free piston" means a piston of which the length of stroke is not defined by any member driven thereby;
    • "cylinders" means positive-displacement working chambers in general. Thus, this term is not restricted to cylinders of circular cross-section;
    • "main shaft" means the shaft which converts reciprocating piston motion into rotary motion or vice versa;
    • "plant" means an engine together with such additional apparatus as is necessary to run the engine. For example, a steam engine plant includes a steam engine and means for generating the steam;
    • "working fluid" means the driven fluid in a pump and the driving fluid in an engine. The working fluid may be in a gaseous state, i.e., compressible, or liquid. In the former case coexistence of two states is possible;
    • "steam" includes condensable vapours in general, and "special vapour" is used when steam is excluded;
    • "reaction type" as applied to non-positive-displacement machines or engines means machines or engines in which pressure/velocity transformation takes place wholly or partly in the rotor. Machines or engines with no, or only slight, pressure/velocity transformation in the rotor are called "impulse type".
  3. In this subsection:
  4. For use of this subsection with a good understanding, it is essential to remember, so far as subclasses F01B, F01C, F01D, F03B, and F04B, F04C, F04D, which form its skeleton, are concerned:
    • the principle which resides in their elaboration,
    • the classifying characteristics which they call for, and
    • their complementarity.
      1. Principle

        This concerns essentially the subclasses listed above. Other subclasses, notably those of class F02, which cover better-defined matter, are not considered here.

        Each subclass covers fundamentally a genus of apparatus (engine or pump) and by extension covers equally "machines" of the same kind. Two different subjects, one having a more general character than the other, are thus covered by the same subclass.

        Subclasses F01B, F03B, F04B, beyond the two subjects which they cover, have further a character of generality in relation to other subclasses concerning the different species of apparatus in the genus concerned.

        This generality applies as well for the two subjects dealt with, without these always being in relation to the same subclasses.

        Thus, subclass F03B, in its part dealing with "machines", should be considered as being the general class relating to subclasses F04B, F04C, and in its part dealing with "engines" as being general in relation to subclass F03C.

      2. Characteristics
        1. The principal classifying characteristic of the subclass is that of genera of apparatus, of which there are three possible:

          Machines; engines; pumps.

        2. As stated above, "machines" are always associated with one of the other two genera. These main genera are subdivided according to the general principles of operation of the apparatus:

          Positive displacement; non-positive displacement.

        3. The positive displacement apparatus are further subdivided according to the ways of putting into effect the principle of operation, that is, to the kind of apparatus:

          Simple reciprocating piston; rotary or oscillating piston; other kind.

        4. Another classifying characteristic is that of the working fluid, in respect of which three kinds of apparatus are possible, namely:

          Liquid and elastic fluid; elastic fluid; liquid.

      3. Complementarity

        This resides in association of pairs of the subclasses listed above, according to the characteristics under consideration in respect of kind of apparatus or working fluid.

        The subclasses concerned with the various principles, characteristics and complementarity are shown in the subsection index below.

It is seen from this index that:

 F01 - 
F04
Subsection index
MACHINES
positive displacement
rotary or oscillating piston
liquid and elastic fluid or elastic fluidF01C
liquid onlyF04C
reciprocating piston or other
liquid and elastic fluid or elastic fluidF01B
liquid onlyF04B
non-positive displacement
liquid and elastic fluid or elastic fluidF01D
liquid onlyF03B
ENGINES
positive displacement
rotary or oscillating piston
liquid and elastic fluid or elastic fluidF01C
liquid onlyF03C
reciprocating piston or other
liquid and elastic fluid or elastic fluidF01B
liquid onlyF03C
non-positive displacement
liquid and elastic fluid or elastic fluidF01D
liquid onlyF03B
PUMPS
positive displacement
rotary or oscillating pistonF04C
reciprocating piston or otherF04B
non-positive displacementF04D
 F04
POSITIVE-DISPLACEMENT MACHINES FOR LIQUIDS; PUMPS FOR LIQUIDS OR ELASTIC FLUIDS (portable fire extinguishers with manually-operated pumps A62C 11/00, with power-driven pumps A62C 25/00; charging or scavenging combustion engines by pumps F02B; engine fuel-injection pumps F02M; ion pumps H01J 41/00; electrodynamic pumps H02K 44/00)
 F04

Note(s)

Combinations of positive-displacement and non-positive-displacement pumps are classified in subclass F04B as a general subclass for pumps, and in subclasses F04C, F04D in respect of matter specific to those subclasses.

 F04D
NON-POSITIVE-DISPLACEMENT PUMPS
 F04D

Note(s)

  1. This subclass covers non-positive-displacement pumps for liquids, for elastic fluids, or for liquids and elastic fluids whether rotary or not having pure rotation.
  2. This subclass does not cover combinations of non-positive-displacement pumps with other pumps, which are covered by subclass F04B, except that the use of such other pumps for priming or boosting non-positive-displacement is covered by this subclass.
  3. Attention is drawn to the Notes preceding class F01, especially as regards the definition of "pump".
 F04D
Subclass index
ROTARY PUMPS FOR LIQUID AND ELASTIC FLUID OR LIQUID ALONE
Kind of flow: radial or helico-centrifugal; axial; circumferential or transverse; other 1/00; 3/00; 5/00; 11/00
For handling specific fluids 7/00
Priming, preventing vapour lock 9/00
Pumping installations or systems; control 13/00; 15/00
ROTARY PUMPS FOR ELASTIC FLUID
Kind of flow: radial or helico-centrifugal; axial; other 17/00; 19/00; 23/00
Involving supersonic speed of fluid 21/00
Pumping installations; control 25/00; 27/00
DETAILS OR ACCESSORIES 29/00
OTHER KINDS OF PUMPS
Pumping liquid and elastic fluid at the same time 31/00
With other than pure rotation 33/00
Wave producers 35/00
 F04D 1/00 - 
F04D 15/00
Pumping liquids, or liquids and elastic fluids, by rotary pumps (pumping liquids and elastic fluids at the same time F04D 31/00)
P:40 F04D 1/00
Radial-flow pumps, e.g. centrifugal pumps; Helico-centrifugal pumps (adapted for pumping specific fluids F04D 7/00; priming or boosting F04D 9/00)
P:50 F04D 3/00
Axial-flow pumps (priming or boosting F04D 9/00)
P:60 F04D 5/00
Pumps with circumferential or transverse flow
P:20 F04D 7/00
Pumps adapted for handling specific fluids, e.g. by selection of specific materials for pumps or pump parts
P:30 F04D 9/00
Priming; Preventing vapour lock
P:70 F04D 11/00
Other rotary non-positive-displacement pumps (pumping installations or systems F04D 13/00)
P:10 F04D 13/00
Pumping installations or systems (controlling F04D 15/00)
 F04D 13/02
·  Units comprising pumps and their driving means (predominant aspects of the driving means, see the relevant classes for such means)
 F04D 13/06
·  ·  the pump being electrically driven
P:0 F04D 15/00
Control, e.g. regulation, of pumps, pumping installations, or systems
 F04D 15/02
·  Stopping of pumps, or operating valves, on occurrence of unwanted conditions
 F04D 17/00 - 
F04D 27/00
Pumping elastic fluids by rotary pumps
P:110 F04D 17/00
Radial-flow pumps, e.g. centrifugal pumps; Helico-centrifugal pumps (F04D 21/00 takes precedence)
P:120 F04D 19/00
Axial-flow pumps (F04D 21/00 takes precedence)
P:100 F04D 21/00
Pumps involving supersonic speed of pumped fluids
P:130 F04D 23/00
Other rotary non-positive-displacement pumps (pumping installations or systems F04D 25/00)
P:90 F04D 25/00
Pumping installations or systems (controlling F04D 27/00)
 F04D 25/02
·  Units comprising pumps and their driving means (predominant aspects of the driving means, see the relevant classes for such means)
P:80 F04D 27/00
Control, e.g. regulation, of pumps, pumping installations, or systems
 F04D 27/02
·  Surge control
   
P:170 F04D 29/00
Details, component parts, or accessories (machine elements in general F16)
 F04D 29/04
·  Shafts or bearings, or assemblies thereof (specially adapted for elastic fluid pumps F04D 29/05)  [1,8]
 F04D 29/05
·  Shafts or bearings, or assemblies therof, specially adapted for elastic fluid pumps  [8]
 F04D 29/06
·  Lubrication  [1,8]
 F04D 29/08
·  Sealings
 F04D 29/18
·  Rotors (specially adapted for elastic fluids F04D 29/26)
 F04D 29/26
·  Rotors specially adapted for elastic fluids
 F04D 29/28
·  ·  for centrifugal or helico-centrifugal pumps
 F04D 29/30
·  ·  ·  Vanes
 F04D 29/32
·  ·  for axial-flow pumps
 F04D 29/38
·  ·  ·  Blades
 F04D 29/40
·  Casings; Connections for working fluid
 F04D 29/42
·  ·  for radial or helico-centrifugal pumps
 F04D 29/44
·  ·  ·  Fluid-guiding means, e.g. diffusers
 F04D 29/46
·  ·  ·  ·  adjustable
 F04D 29/58
·  Cooling (of machines or engines in general F01P); Heating; Diminishing heat transfer
 F04D 29/60
·  Mounting; Assembling; Disassembling
 F04D 29/66
·  Combating cavitation, whirls, noise, vibration, or the like (gas-flow silencers for machines or engines in general F01N); Balancing (surge control F04D 27/02)
 F04D 31/00 - 
F04D 35/00
Other non-positive-displacement pumps
P:140 F04D 31/00
Pumping liquids and elastic fluids at the same time
P:160 F04D 33/00
Non-positive-displacement pumps with other than pure rotation, e.g. of oscillating type (F04D 35/00 takes precedence; hand-held fans A45B)  [2]
P:150 F04D 35/00
Pumps producing waves in liquids, i.e. wave-producers (for bath tubs A47K 3/10)  [2]