C
SECTION C — CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
 C

Note(s)

  1. In section C, the definitions of groups of chemical elements are as follows:

    Alkali metals: Li, Na, K, Rb, Cs, Fr

    Alkaline earth metals: Ca, Sr, Ba, Ra

    Lanthanides: elements with atomic numbers 57 to 71 inclusive

    Rare earths: Sc, Y, Lanthanides

    Actinides: elements with atomic numbers 89 to 103 inclusive

    Refractory metals: Ti, V, Cr, Zr, Nb, Mo, Hf, Ta, W

    Halogens: F, Cl, Br, I, At

    Noble gases: He, Ne, Ar, Kr, Xe, Rn

    Platinum group: Os, Ir, Pt, Ru, Rh, Pd

    Noble metals: Ag, Au, Platinum group

    Light metals: alkali metals, alkaline earth metals, Be, Al, Mg

    Heavy metals: metals other than light metals

    Iron group: Fe, Co, Ni

    Non-metals: H, B, C, Si, N, P, O, S, Se, Te, noble gases, halogens

    Metals: elements other than non-metals

    Transition elements: elements with atomic numbers 21 to 30 inclusive, 39 to 48 inclusive, 57 to 80 inclusive, 89 upwards

  2. Section C covers:
    1. pure chemistry, which covers inorganic compounds, organic compounds, macromolecular compounds, and their methods of preparation;
    2. applied chemistry, which covers compositions containing the above compounds, such as: glass, ceramics, fertilisers, plastics compositions, paints, products of the petroleum industry. It also covers certain compositions on account of their having particular properties rendering them suitable for certain purposes, as in the case of explosives, dyestuffs, adhesives, lubricants, and detergents;
    3. certain marginal industries, such as the manufacture of coke and of solid or gaseous fuels, the production and refining of oils, fats and waxes, the fermentation industry (e.g., brewing and wine-making), the sugar industry;
    4. certain operations or treatments, which are either purely mechanical, e.g., the mechanical treatment of leather and skins, or partly mechanical, e.g., the treatment of water or the prevention of corrosion in general;
    5. metallurgy, ferrous or non-ferrous alloys.
    1. In the case of operations, treatments, products or articles having both a chemical and a non-chemical part or aspect, the general rule is that the chemical part or aspect is covered by section C.
    2. In some of these cases, the chemical part or aspect brings with it a non-chemical one, even though purely mechanical, because this latter aspect either is essential to the operation or treatment or constitutes an important element thereof. It has seemed, in fact, more logical not to dissociate the different parts or aspects of a coherent whole. This is the case for applied chemistry and for the industries, operations and treatments mentioned in Notes (1)(c), (d) and (e). For example, furnaces peculiar to the manufacture of glass are covered by class C03 and not by class F27.
    3. There are, however, some exceptions in which the mechanical (or non-chemical) aspect carries with it the chemical aspect, for example:
    4. In still other cases, the pure chemical aspect is covered by section C and the applied chemical aspect by another section, such as A, B or F, e.g., the use of a substance or composition for:
    5. When the chemical and mechanical aspects are so closely interlocked that a neat and simple division is not possible, or when certain mechanical processes follow as a natural or logical continuation of a chemical treatment, section C may cover, in addition to the chemical aspect, a part only of the mechanical aspect, e.g., after-treatment of artificial stone, covered by class C04. In this latter case, a note or a reference is usually given to make the position clear, even if sometimes the division is rather arbitrary.
  
CHEMISTRY
 C04
CEMENTS; CONCRETE; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES (alloys based on refractory metals C22C)  [4]
 C04

Note(s)

This class does not cover mechanical features provided for elsewhere, e.g. mechanical working B28, kilns F27.

 C04B
LIME; MAGNESIA; SLAG; CEMENTS; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF, e.g. MORTARS, CONCRETE OR LIKE BUILDING MATERIALS; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS (devitrified glass-ceramics C03C 10/00); REFRACTORIES; TREATMENT OF NATURAL STONE  [4]
 C04B

Note(s)

In this subclass, the following terms or expressions are used with the meanings indicated: [6]

  • "fillers" includes pigments, aggregates and fibrous reinforcing materials; [6]
  • "active ingredients" includes processing aids or property improvers, e.g. grinding aids used after the burning process or used in the absence of a burning process; [6]
  • "mortars", "concrete" and "artificial stone" are to be considered as a single group of materials, and therefore, in the absence of an indication to be contrary, they include mortar, concrete and other cementitious compositions. [6]

 C04B
Subclass index
LIME, MAGNESIA; SLAG 2/00; 5/00
CEMENTS 7/00 - 12/00
MORTARS; CONCRETE; ARTIFICIAL STONE
Compositions 26/00 - 32/00
Fillers 14/00 - 20/00
Active ingredients 22/00, 24/00
Porous products 38/00
Influencing or modifying the properties of mortars 40/00
After-treatment 41/00
CERAMICS
Clay-wares 33/00
Other ceramics 35/00
Joining 37/00
Porous products 38/00
After-treatment 41/00
TREATMENT OF NATURAL STONE 41/00
 C04B 2/00 - 
C04B 5/00
Lime; Magnesia; Slag
P:210 C04B 2/00
Lime, magnesia or dolomite (decarbonation during burning of cement raw materials or hydraulic lime cements C04B 7/00)  [4]
P:30 C04B 5/00
Treatment of molten slag (manufacture of slag wool C03B; in, or for, the production of metals C21B, C22B); Artificial stone from molten slag (mechanical aspects B28B 1/00)  [4]
 C04B 7/00 - 
C04B 12/00
Cements
 C04B 7/00 - 
C04B 32/00

Note(s)

In groups C04B 7/00-C04B 32/00, in the absence of an indication to the contrary, classification is made in the last appropriate place. [4]

P:190 C04B 7/00
Hydraulic cements (calcium sulfate cements C04B 11/00)
P:180 C04B 9/00
Magnesium cements or silimar cements
P:170 C04B 11/00
Calcium sulfate cements (calcium sulfate cement mixtures with gypsum-containing Portland cements or metallurgical slag-containing cements C04B 7/00)
P:200 C04B 12/00
Cements not provided for in groups C04B 7/00-C04B 11/00  [4]
 C04B 14/00 - 
C04B 20/00
Use of materials as fillers (ceramics C04B 33/00, C04B 35/00; reinforcing elements for building materials E04C 5/00)  [4]
P:160 C04B 14/00
Use of inorganic materials as fillers, e.g. pigments, for mortars, concrete or artificial stone; Treatment of inorganic materials specially adapted to enhance their filling properties in mortars, concrete or artificial stone (expanding or defibrillating materials C04B 20/00)  [4]
 C04B 14/02
·  Granular materials  [4]
 C04B 14/38
·  Fibrous materials; Whiskers  [4]
P:150 C04B 16/00
Use of organic materials as fillers, e.g. pigments, for mortars, concrete or artificial stone; Treatment of organic materials specially adapted to enhance their filling properties in mortars, concrete or artificial stone  [4]
P:140 C04B 18/00
Use of agglomerated or waste materials or refuse as fillers for mortars, concrete or artificial stone (use of waste materials for the manufacture of cement C04B 7/00); Treatment of agglomerated or waste materials or refuse, specially adapted to enhance their filling properties in mortars, concrete or artificial stone  [4]
 C04B 18/04
·  Waste materials; Refuse  [4]
P:130 C04B 20/00
Use of materials as fillers for mortars, concrete or artificial stone according to more than one of groups C04B 14/00-C04B 18/00 and characterised by shape or grain distribution; Treatment of materials according to more than one of the groups C04B 14/00-C04B 18/00 specially adapted to enhance their filling properties in mortars, concrete or artificial stone; Expanding or defibrillating materials  [4]
 C04B 22/00 - 
C04B 24/00
Use of materials as active ingredients  [4]
 C04B 22/00 - 
C04B 24/00

Note(s)

Active ingredients which react with cement compounds for forming new or modified mineralogical phases and are added before the hardening process, as well as cements added as additives to other cements, are classified in groups C04B 7/00-C04B 12/00[4]

P:120 C04B 22/00
Use of inorganic materials as active ingredients for mortars, concrete or artificial stone, e.g. accelerators  [4]
P:110 C04B 24/00
Use of organic materials as active ingredients for mortars, concrete or artificial stone, e.g. plasticisers  [4]
 C04B 26/00 - 
C04B 32/00
Compositions of mortars, concrete or artificial stone (artificial stone from molten slag C04B 5/00)  [4]
 C04B 26/00 - 
C04B 32/00

Note(s)

  1. Any ingredient of compositions of mortars, concrete or artificial stone, classified in groups C04B 26/00-C04B 32/00 according to the last place rule, and which itself is determined to be novel and non-obvious, must also be classified in the last appropriate place in groups C04B 7/00-C04B 24/00[4,8]
  2. Any ingredient of compositions of mortars, concrete or artificial stone, which is not identified by the classification in groups C04B 26/00-C04B 32/00 according to the last place rule, and which is considered to represent information of particular interest for search, may also be classified in the last appropriate place in groups C04B 7/00-C04B 24/00. This can for example be the case when it is considered of interest to enable searching of compositions using a combination of classification symbols.  Such non-obligatory classification should be given as "additional information". For example, a well defined Portland cement mortar mixture containing clay as an essential or characterising filler is classified in group C04B 28/00 and may also additionally be classified in group C04B 14/02[4,8]
P:90 C04B 26/00
Compositions of mortars, concrete or artificial stone, containing only organic binders  [4]
P:80 C04B 28/00
Compositions of mortars, concrete or artificial stone, containing inorganic binders or the reaction product of an inorganic and an organic binder, e.g. polycarboxylate cements (refractory mortars or monolithic refractories, containing aluminous cements other than calcium sulfates C04B 35/66)  [4]
P:70 C04B 30/00
Compositions for artificial stone, not containing binders  [4]
P:100 C04B 32/00
Artificial stone not provided for in other groups of this subclass  [4]
 C04B 33/00 - 
C04B 37/00
Ceramics
P:50 C04B 33/00
Clay-wares (monolithic refractories or refractory mortars C04B 35/66; porous products C04B 38/00)  [2]
 C04B 33/02
·  Preparing or treating the raw materials individually or as batches (macroscopic reinforcing agents as compounding ingredients C04B 35/71)
 C04B 33/32
·  Burning methods
P:40 C04B 35/00
Shaped ceramic products characterised by their composition (porous products C04B 38/00; articles characterised by particular shape, see the relevant classes, e.g. linings for casting ladles, tundishes, cups or the like B22D 41/02); Ceramic compositions (containing free metal bonded to carbides, diamond, oxides, borides, nitrides, silicides, e.g. cermets, or other metal compounds, e.g. oxynitrides or sulfides, other than as macroscopic reinforcing agents C22C); Processing powders of inorganic compounds preparatory to the manufacturing of ceramic products (chemical preparation of powders of inorganic compounds C01)  [4]
 C04B 35/00

Note(s)

  1. In this group, in the absence of an indication to the contrary, compositions are classified according to the constituent present in the highest proportion by weight. [3]
  2. In this group, magnesium is considered as an alkaline earth metal. [6]
  3. In this group, a composite is considered as a sintered mixture of different powdered materials, other than sintering aids, the materials being present as separate phases in the sintered product. [6]
  4. In this group, fine ceramics are considered as products having a polycrystalline fine-grained microstructure, e.g. of dimensions below 100 micrometers. [6]
  5. The production of ceramic powder is classified in this group in so far as it relates to the preparation of powder with specific characteristics. [6]
 C04B 35/01
·  based on oxides  [6]
 C04B 35/03
·  ·  based on magnesium oxide, calcium oxide or oxide mixtures derived from dolomite  [6]
 C04B 35/10
·  ·  based on aluminium oxide  [6]
 C04B 35/101
·  ·  ·  Refractories from grain sized mixtures  [6]
 C04B 35/107
·  ·  ·  Refractories by fusion casting  [6]
 C04B 35/111
·  ·  ·  Fine ceramics  [6]
 C04B 35/14
·  ·  based on silica  [6]
 C04B 35/16
·  ·  based on silicates other than clay  [6]
 C04B 35/18
·  ·  ·  rich in aluminium oxide  [6]
 C04B 35/26
·  ·  based on ferrites  [2,6]
 C04B 35/44
·  ·  based on aluminates  [2,6]
 C04B 35/46
·  ·  based on titanium oxides or titanates (containing also zirconium or hafnium oxides, zirconates or hafnates C04B 35/49)  [6]
 C04B 35/462
·  ·  ·  based on titanates  [6]
 C04B 35/48
·  ·  based on zirconium or hafnium oxides or zirconates or hafnates  [6]
 C04B 35/482
·  ·  ·  Refractories from grain sized mixtures  [6]
 C04B 35/484
·  ·  ·  Refractories by fusion casting  [6]
 C04B 35/486
·  ·  ·  Fine ceramics  [6]
 C04B 35/49
·  ·  ·  containing also titanium oxide or titanates  [3,6]
 C04B 35/495
·  ·  based on vanadium, niobium, tantalum, molybdenum or tungsten oxides or solid solutions thereof with other oxides, e.g. vanadates, niobates, tantalates, molybdates or tungstates  [6]
 C04B 35/50
·  based on rare earth compounds
 C04B 35/51
·  based on compounds of actinides (nuclear fuel materials G21C 3/42)  [2]
 C04B 35/515
·  based on non-oxides (C04B 35/50, C04B 35/51 take precedence)  [6]
 C04B 35/52
·  ·  based on carbon, e.g. graphite  [6]
 C04B 35/524
·  ·  ·  obtained from polymer precursors, e.g. glass-like carbon material  [6]
 C04B 35/528
·  ·  ·  obtained from carbonaceous particles with or without other non-organic components  [6]
 C04B 35/536
·  ·  ·  based on expanded graphite  [6]
 C04B 35/56
·  ·  based on carbides  [4]
 C04B 35/563
·  ·  ·  based on boron carbide  [6]
 C04B 35/565
·  ·  ·  based on silicon carbide  [6]
 C04B 35/58
·  ·  based on borides, nitrides or silicides  [4,6]
 C04B 35/581
·  ·  ·  based on aluminium nitride  [6]
 C04B 35/583
·  ·  ·  based on boron nitride  [6]
 C04B 35/584
·  ·  ·  based on silicon nitride  [6]
 C04B 35/597
·  ·  ·  based on silicon oxynitrides  [6]
 C04B 35/622
·  Forming processes; Processing powders of inorganic compounds preparatory to the manufacturing of ceramic products  [6]
 C04B 35/626
·  ·  Preparing or treating the powders individually or as batches  [6]
 C04B 35/63
·  ·  ·  using additives specially adapted for forming the products  [6]
 C04B 35/64
·  ·  Burning or sintering processes (C04B 33/32 takes precedence)  [6]
 C04B 35/645
·  ·  ·  Pressure sintering  [6]
 C04B 35/65
·  ·  ·  Reaction sintering of free metal- or free silicon-containing compositions  [3]
 C04B 35/66
·  Monolithic refractories or refractory mortars, including those whether or not containing clay
 C04B 35/66

Note(s)

Any ingredient of a refractory mortar composition containing a hydraulic cement, e.g. aluminous cement, classified in group C04B 35/66, which is considered to represent information of interest for search, may also be classified in the last appropriate place in groups C04B 7/00-C04B 24/00. This can, for example, be the case when it is considered of interest to enable searching of compositions using a combination of classification symbols. Such non-obligatory classification should be given as "additional information". For example, such an additional classification in group C04B 24/00 may be given for an organic retarder added to the mortar composition. [8]

 C04B 35/71
·  Ceramic products containing macroscopic reinforcing agents (C04B 35/66 takes precedence)  [3,4]
 C04B 35/78
·  ·  containing non-metallic materials  [2]
 C04B 35/80
·  ·  ·  Fibres, filaments, whiskers, platelets, or the like  [2]
 C04B 35/81
·  ·  ·  ·  Whiskers  [6]
 C04B 35/82
·  ·  ·  ·  Asbestos; Glass; Fused silica  [2]
 C04B 35/83
·  ·  ·  ·  Carbon fibres in a carbon matrix  [6]
 C04B 35/83

Note(s)

The products covered by this group are usually referred to as "carbon-carbon composites".  [6]

P:0 C04B 37/00
Joining burned ceramic articles with other burned ceramic articles or other articles by heating (laminated products B32B, E04C)
 C04B 37/02
·  with metallic articles
 C04B 37/04
·  with articles made from glass
   
P:10 C04B 38/00
Porous mortars, concrete, artificial stone or ceramic ware; Preparation thereof (treating slag with gases or gas generating material C04B 5/00)  [4,6]
 C04B 38/00

Note(s)

Porous mortars, concrete, artificial stone or ceramic ware characterised by the ingredients or compositions are also classified in groups C04B 2/00-C04B 35/00.  [4]

 C04B 38/02
·  by adding chemical blowing agents  [4]
 C04B 38/04
·  by dissolving-out added substances  [4]
 C04B 38/06
·  by burning-out added substances  [4]
 C04B 38/08
·  by adding porous substances  [4]
 C04B 38/10
·  by using foaming agents (C04B 38/02 takes precedence)  [4]
P:60 C04B 40/00
Processes, in general, for influencing or modifying the properties of mortars, concrete or artificial stone compositions, e.g. their setting or hardening ability (active ingredients C04B 22/00-C04B 24/00; hardening of a well-defined composition C04B 26/00-C04B 28/00; making porous, cellular or lightening C04B 38/00; mechanical aspects B28, e.g. conditioning the materials prior to shaping B28B 17/00)  [4,6]
 C04B 40/02
·  Selection of the hardening environment  [4]
P:20 C04B 41/00
After-treatment of mortars, concrete, artificial stone or ceramics; Treatment of natural stone (conditioning of the materials prior to shaping C04B 40/00; applying liquids or other fluent materials to surfaces, in general B05; grinding or polishing B24; apparatus or processes for treating or working shaped articles of clay or other ceramic compositions, slag or mixtures containing cementitious material B28B 11/00; working stone or stone-like materials B28D; glazes, other than cold glazes, C03C 8/00; etching, surface-brightening or pickling compositions C09K 13/00)  [3]
 C04B 41/00

Note(s)

  1. In this group, the following terms or expressions are used with the meanings indicated: [6]
    • "mortars", "concrete" and "artificial stone" cover materials after primary shaping. [6]
  2. Treating, e.g. coating or impregnating, a material with the same material or with a substance which ultimately is transformed into the same material is not considered after-treatment for this group but is classified as preparation of the material, e.g. a carbon body impregnated with a carbonisable substance is classified in C04B 35/52.
  3. In groups C04B 41/45-C04B 41/80, in the absence of an indication to the contrary, classification is made in the last appropriate place. [4]
 C04B 41/45
·  Coating or impregnating (paints C09D)  [4]
 C04B 41/53
·  involving the removal of part of the materials of the treated article  [4]
 C04B 41/60
·  of only artificial stone  [4]
 C04B 41/80
·  of only ceramics  [4]
 C04B 41/81
·  ·  Coating or impregnating  [4]
 C04B 41/82
·  ·  ·  with organic materials  [4]
 C04B 41/85
·  ·  ·  with inorganic materials  [4]
 C04B 41/86
·  ·  ·  ·  Glazes; Cold glazes  [4]
 C04B 41/87
·  ·  ·  ·  Ceramics  [4]
 C04B 41/88
·  ·  ·  ·  Metals  [4]
 C04B 41/89
·  ·  ·  for obtaining at least two superposed coatings having different compositions  [4]
 C04B 41/91
·  ·  involving the removal of part of the materials of the treated articles, e.g. etching  [4]