F
SECTION F — MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
  
ENGINES OR PUMPS
 F01 - 
F04

Note(s)

Guide to the use of this subsection (classes F01-F04)

The following notes are meant to assist in the use of this part of the classification scheme.

  1. In this subsection, subclasses or groups designating "engines" or "pumps" cover methods of operating the same, unless otherwise specifically provided for.
  2. In this subsection, the following terms or expressions are used with the meanings indicated:
    • "engine" means a device for continuously converting fluid energy into mechanical power. Thus, this term includes, for example, steam piston engines or steam turbines, per se, or internal-combustion piston engines, but it excludes single-stroke devices. "Engine" also includes the fluid-motive portion of a meter unless such portion is particularly adapted for use in a meter;
    • "pump" means a device for continuously raising, forcing, compressing, or exhausting fluid by mechanical or other means. Thus, this term includes fans or blowers;
    • "machine" means a device which could equally be an engine and a pump, and not a device which is restricted to an engine or one which is restricted to a pump;
    • "positive displacement" means the way the energy of a working fluid is transformed into mechanical energy, in which variations of volume created by the working fluid in a working chamber produce equivalent displacements of the mechanical member transmitting the energy, the dynamic effect of the fluid being of minor importance, and vice versa;
    • "non-positive displacement" means the way the energy of a working fluid is transformed into mechanical energy, by transformation of the energy of the working fluid into kinetic energy, and vice versa;
    • "oscillating-piston machine" means a positive-displacement machine in which a fluid-engaging work-transmitting member oscillates. This definition applies also to engines and pumps;
    • "rotary-piston machine" means a positive-displacement machine in which a fluid-engaging work-transmitting member rotates about a fixed axis or about an axis moving along a circular or similar orbit. This definition applies also to engines and pumps;
    • "rotary piston" means the work-transmitting member of a rotary-piston machine and may be of any suitable form, e.g., like a toothed gear;
    • "cooperating members" means the "oscillating piston" or "rotary piston" and another member, e.g., the working-chamber wall, which assists in the driving or pumping action;
    • "movement of the co-operating members" is to be interpreted as relative, so that one of the "co-operating members" may be stationary, even though reference may be made to its rotational axis, or both may move;
    • "teeth or tooth equivalents" include lobes, projections or abutments;
    • "internal-axis type" means that the rotational axes of the inner and outer co-operating members remain at all times within the outer member, e.g., in a similar manner to that of a pinion meshing with the internal teeth of a ring gear;
    • "free piston" means a piston of which the length of stroke is not defined by any member driven thereby;
    • "cylinders" means positive-displacement working chambers in general. Thus, this term is not restricted to cylinders of circular cross-section;
    • "main shaft" means the shaft which converts reciprocating piston motion into rotary motion or vice versa;
    • "plant" means an engine together with such additional apparatus as is necessary to run the engine. For example, a steam engine plant includes a steam engine and means for generating the steam;
    • "working fluid" means the driven fluid in a pump and the driving fluid in an engine. The working fluid may be in a gaseous state, i.e., compressible, or liquid. In the former case coexistence of two states is possible;
    • "steam" includes condensable vapours in general, and "special vapour" is used when steam is excluded;
    • "reaction type" as applied to non-positive-displacement machines or engines means machines or engines in which pressure/velocity transformation takes place wholly or partly in the rotor. Machines or engines with no, or only slight, pressure/velocity transformation in the rotor are called "impulse type".
  3. In this subsection:
  4. For use of this subsection with a good understanding, it is essential to remember, so far as subclasses F01B, F01C, F01D, F03B, and F04B, F04C, F04D, which form its skeleton, are concerned:
    • the principle which resides in their elaboration,
    • the classifying characteristics which they call for, and
    • their complementarity.
      1. Principle

        This concerns essentially the subclasses listed above. Other subclasses, notably those of class F02, which cover better-defined matter, are not considered here.

        Each subclass covers fundamentally a genus of apparatus (engine or pump) and by extension covers equally "machines" of the same kind. Two different subjects, one having a more general character than the other, are thus covered by the same subclass.

        Subclasses F01B, F03B, F04B, beyond the two subjects which they cover, have further a character of generality in relation to other subclasses concerning the different species of apparatus in the genus concerned.

        This generality applies as well for the two subjects dealt with, without these always being in relation to the same subclasses.

        Thus, subclass F03B, in its part dealing with "machines", should be considered as being the general class relating to subclasses F04B, F04C, and in its part dealing with "engines" as being general in relation to subclass F03C.

      2. Characteristics
        1. The principal classifying characteristic of the subclass is that of genera of apparatus, of which there are three possible:

          Machines; engines; pumps.

        2. As stated above, "machines" are always associated with one of the other two genera. These main genera are subdivided according to the general principles of operation of the apparatus:

          Positive displacement; non-positive displacement.

        3. The positive displacement apparatus are further subdivided according to the ways of putting into effect the principle of operation, that is, to the kind of apparatus:

          Simple reciprocating piston; rotary or oscillating piston; other kind.

        4. Another classifying characteristic is that of the working fluid, in respect of which three kinds of apparatus are possible, namely:

          Liquid and elastic fluid; elastic fluid; liquid.

      3. Complementarity

        This resides in association of pairs of the subclasses listed above, according to the characteristics under consideration in respect of kind of apparatus or working fluid.

        The subclasses concerned with the various principles, characteristics and complementarity are shown in the subsection index below.

It is seen from this index that:

 F01 - 
F04
Subsection index
MACHINES
positive displacement
rotary or oscillating piston
liquid and elastic fluid or elastic fluidF01C
liquid onlyF04C
reciprocating piston or other
liquid and elastic fluid or elastic fluidF01B
liquid onlyF04B
non-positive displacement
liquid and elastic fluid or elastic fluidF01D
liquid onlyF03B
ENGINES
positive displacement
rotary or oscillating piston
liquid and elastic fluid or elastic fluidF01C
liquid onlyF03C
reciprocating piston or other
liquid and elastic fluid or elastic fluidF01B
liquid onlyF03C
non-positive displacement
liquid and elastic fluid or elastic fluidF01D
liquid onlyF03B
PUMPS
positive displacement
rotary or oscillating pistonF04C
reciprocating piston or otherF04B
non-positive displacementF04D
 F02
COMBUSTION ENGINES (cyclically operating valves therefor, lubricating, exhausting, or silencing engines F01); HOT-GAS OR COMBUSTION-PRODUCT ENGINE PLANTS
 F02M
SUPPLYING COMBUSTION ENGINES IN GENERAL WITH COMBUSTIBLE MIXTURES OR CONSTITUENTS THEREOF (charging such engines F02B)
 F02M

Note(s)

  1. In this subclass, the following terms or expressions are used with the meanings indicated:
    • "carburettors" means essentially apparatus for mixing fuel with air, the fuel being brought into mixing contact with the air by lowering the air pressure, e.g. in a venturi;
    • "fuel-injection apparatus" means apparatus for introducing fuel into a space, e.g. engine cylinder, by pressurising the fuel, e.g. by a pump acting behind the fuel, and thus includes the so-called "solid-fuel injection" in which liquid fuel is introduced without any admixture of gas;
    • "low-pressure fuel injection" means fuel injection in which the fuel-air mixture containing fuel thus injected will be substantially compressed in the compression stroke of the engine;
    • "pumping element" means a single piston-cylinder unit in a reciprocating-piston fuel-injection pump or the equivalent unit in any other type of fuel-injection pump.
  2. Attention is drawn to the Notes preceding class F01.
 F02M
Subclass index
SUPPLYING WITH LIQUID FUEL
Carburettors
starting, idling; float-controlled fuel level; mixture control; throttling, mixing chambers 1/00, 3/00; 5/00; 7/00; 9/00
heating, cooling, insulating 15/00
multi-stage, register type; combinations of carburettors or fuels; combination with low-pressure injection 11/00; 13/00; 71/00
other characteristics; other details, or accessories 17/00; 19/00
Injection apparatus
general characteristics, injection without gas
with two or more sequentially-fed injectors; with two or more liquids 41/00; 43/00
with cyclic delivery characteristics; with fluid-actuated valves 45/00; 47/00
with pump or injector actuated by cylinder pressure or by the piston 49/00
electrically-operated 51/00
with heating, cooling, or insulating means; characterised by fuel pipes or venting means 53/00; 55/00
injectors combined with other devices 57/00
arrangements of apparatus relative to engine, related pump drives 39/00
other adaptations of pumps; other injectors 59/00; 61/00
other apparatus, details, or accessories 63/00, 69/00
testing 65/00
using high-pressure gas 67/00
low-pressure apparatus 51/02, 69/00, 71/00
SUPPLYING WITH NON-LIQUID FUEL 21/00
FEEDING OR PRETREATING AIR, FUEL, OR FUEL-AIR MIXTURE
Pre-treating fuel, air, or mixture
adding secondary air; adding non-fuel substances or secondary fuel 23/00; 25/00
by catalytic, electrical, or magnetic means, or by sound or radiation; thermally 27/00; 31/00
by re-atomising or homogenising; air cleaning; other treatment 29/00; 35/00; 33/00
Air intakes or silencers, induction systems 35/00
Fuel transfer to carburettors or injection apparatus 37/00
SUBJECT MATTER NOT PROVIDED FOR IN OTHER GROUPS OF THIS SUBCLASS 99/00
 F02M 1/00 - 
F02M 19/00
Carburettors (for gaseous fuels F02M 21/00; combined with low-pressure fuel-injection apparatus F02M 71/00)
P:210 F02M 1/00
Carburettors with means for facilitating engine's starting or its idling below operational temperatures
P:220 F02M 3/00
Idling devices (with means for facilitating idling below operational temperatures F02M 1/00)
P:250 F02M 5/00
Float-controlled apparatus for maintaining a constant fuel level
P:230 F02M 7/00
Carburettors with means for influencing, e.g. enriching or keeping constant, fuel/air ratio of charge under varying conditions (choke valves for starting F02M 1/00)
P:240 F02M 9/00
Carburettors having air or fuel-air mixture passage throttling valves other than of butterfly type (register-type carburettors F02M 11/00); Carburettors having fuel-air mixing chambers of variable shape or position
P:200 F02M 11/00
Multi-stage carburettors; Register-type carburettors, i.e. with slidable or rotatable throttling valves in which a plurality of fuel nozzles, other than only an idling nozzle and a main one, are sequentially exposed to air stream by throttling valve
P:190 F02M 13/00
Arrangements of two or more separate carburettors (apparatus for testing, tuning, or synchronising carburettors F02M 19/00; re-atomising condensed fuel or homogenising fuel-air mixture F02M 29/00); Carburettors using more than one fuel (apparatus for adding small quantities of secondary fuel F02M 25/00)
P:180 F02M 15/00
Carburettors with heating, cooling, or thermal insulating means for combustion-air, fuel, or fuel-air mixture (heating, cooling, or thermally insulating float apparatus F02M 5/00; apparatus for thermally treating combustion-air, fuel, or fuel-air mixture, not being part of a carburettor F02M 31/00)
P:260 F02M 17/00
Carburettors having pertinent characteristics not provided for in, or of interest apart from, the apparatus of main groups F02M 1/00-F02M 15/00 (external control gear F02M 19/00; apparatus for treating combustion-air, fuel, or fuel-air mixture by catalysts, electric means, magnetism, rays, sonic waves, or the like F02M 27/00; combinations of carburettors and low-pressure fuel-injection apparatus F02M 71/00)
P:270 F02M 19/00
Details, component parts, or accessories of carburettors, not provided for in, or of interest apart from, the apparatus of groups F02M 1/00-F02M 17/00 (measuring or testing apparatus in general G01)
   
P:0 F02M 21/00
Apparatus for supplying engines with non-liquid fuels, e.g. gaseous fuels stored in liquid form
 F02M 21/02
·  for gaseous fuels (apparatus for vaporising liquid fuel by heat F02M 31/00; engines with apparatus generating gas from solid fuel, e.g. from wood, F02B 43/00)
 F02M 21/04
·  ·  Gas-air mixing apparatus (carburettors adapted to use liquid and gaseous fuels F02M 13/00; carburetting gases in general C10J)
 F02M 21/06
·  ·  Apparatus for de-liquefying, e.g. by heating (discharging liquefied gases in general F17C)
 F02M 23/00 - 
F02M 37/00
Engine-pertinent apparatus for feeding, or treating before their admission to engine, combustion-air, fuel, or fuel-air mixture
P:280 F02M 23/00
Apparatus for adding secondary air to fuel-air mixture
P:290 F02M 25/00
Engine-pertinent apparatus for adding non-fuel substances or small quantities of secondary fuel to combustion-air, main fuel, or fuel-air mixture (F02M 43/00 takes precedence; adding secondary air to fuel-air mixture F02M 23/00; using rays and simultaneously generating ozone F02M 27/00)
 F02M 25/06
·  adding lubricant vapours or exhaust gases
 F02M 25/07
·  ·  adding exhaust gases  [5]
 F02M 25/08
·  adding fuel vapours drawn from engine fuel reservoir
P:310 F02M 27/00
Apparatus for treating combustion-air, fuel, or fuel-air mixture, by catalysts, electric means, magnetism, rays, sonic waves, or the like
P:320 F02M 29/00
Apparatus for re-atomising condensed fuel or homogenising fuel-air mixture (combined with secondary-air supply F02M 23/00)
P:300 F02M 31/00
Apparatus for thermally treating combustion-air, fuel, or fuel-air mixture (F02M 21/06, F02M 21/00 take precedence; such apparatus being part of a carburettor or fuel-injection apparatus F02M 15/00, F02M 53/00; adding hot secondary air to fuel-air mixture F02M 23/00)
 F02M 31/02
·  for heating
P:350 F02M 33/00
Other apparatus for treating combustion-air, fuel or fuel-air mixture (combustion-air cleaners F02M 35/00; arrangements for purifying liquid fuel F02M 37/22)
P:330 F02M 35/00
Combustion-air cleaners, air intakes, intake silencers, or induction systems specially adapted for, or arranged on, internal-combustion engines (air cleaners in general B01D)
 F02M 35/02
·  Air cleaners
 F02M 35/10
·  Air intakes; Induction systems (using kinetic or wave energy of charge in induction systems for improving quantity of charge F02B)
 F02M 35/104
·  ·  Intake manifolds  [6]
 F02M 35/12
·  Intake silencers
 F02M 35/14
·  Combined air cleaners and silencers
P:340 F02M 37/00
Apparatus or systems for feeding liquid fuel from storage containers to carburettors or fuel-injection apparatus (F02M 69/00 takes precedence; feeding liquid fuel to combustion apparatus, in general F23K 5/00; fuel supply to apparatus for generating combustion products of high pressure or high velocity F23R 3/28); Arrangements for purifying liquid fuel specially adapted for, or arranged on, internal-combustion engines (separating apparatus, filters per se B01D; centrifuges B04B)  [5]
 F02M 37/02
·  Feeding by means of suction apparatus, e.g. by air flow through carburettors (by driven pumps F02M 37/04)
 F02M 37/04
·  Feeding by means of driven pumps (pump construction F04)
 F02M 37/06
·  ·  mechanically driven
 F02M 37/08
·  ·  electrically driven
 F02M 37/18
·  ·  characterised by provision of main and auxiliary pumps
 F02M 37/20
·  characterised by means for preventing vapour lock
 F02M 37/22
·  Arrangements for purifying liquid fuel specially adapted for, or arranged on, internal-combustion engines, e.g. arrangement in the feeding system  [3]
 F02M 39/00 - 
F02M 65/00
Fuel-injection apparatus (carrying the fuel into cylinders by high-pressure gas F02M 67/00; low-pressure fuel-injection F02M 69/00)
P:130 F02M 39/00
Arrangements of fuel-injection apparatus with respect to engines; Pump drives adapted to such arrangements (F02M 49/00 takes precedence; arrangements of injectors F02M 61/00)
P:40 F02M 41/00
Fuel-injection apparatus with two or more injectors fed from a common pressure-source sequentially by means of a distributor
 F02M 41/08
·  the distributor and pumping elements being combined
P:50 F02M 43/00
Fuel-injection apparatus operating simultaneously on two or more fuels or on a liquid fuel and another liquid, e.g. the other liquid being an anti-knock additive
P:60 F02M 45/00
Fuel-injection apparatus characterised by having a cyclic delivery of specific time/pressure or time/quantity relationship (fuel injectors having such deliveries by means of valves furnished at seated ends with pintle- or plug-shaped extensions F02M 61/00)
P:110 F02M 47/00
Fuel-injection apparatus operated cyclically with fuel-injection valves actuated by fluid pressure (F02M 49/00 takes precedence; apparatus with injection valves opened by fuel pressure and closed by non-fluid means, see the groups providing for other characteristics)
 F02M 47/02
·  of accumulator-injector type, i.e. having fuel pressure of accumulator tending to open, and fuel pressure in other chamber tending to close, injection valves, and having means for periodically releasing that closing pressure
P:100 F02M 49/00
Fuel-injection apparatus in which injection pumps are driven, or injectors are actuated, by the pressure in engine working cylinders, or by impact of engine working piston
P:70 F02M 51/00
Fuel-injection apparatus characterised by being operated electrically
 F02M 51/02
·  specially for low-pressure fuel-injection (pumps per se F02M 51/04; injectors per se F02M 51/08)
 F02M 51/04
·  Pumps peculiar thereto
 F02M 51/06
·  Injectors peculiar thereto
 F02M 51/08
·  ·  specially for low-pressure fuel-injection
P:120 F02M 53/00
Fuel-injection apparatus characterised by having heating, cooling, or thermally-insulating means
P:140 F02M 55/00
Fuel-injection apparatus characterised by their fuel conduits or their venting means
 F02M 55/02
·  Conduits between injection pumps and injectors
P:30 F02M 57/00
Fuel injectors combined or associated with other devices
P:160 F02M 59/00
Pumps specially adapted for fuel-injection and not provided for in groups F02M 39/00-F02M 57/00 (general features of pumps F04)
 F02M 59/20
·  Varying fuel delivery in quantity or timing
P:150 F02M 61/00
Fuel injectors not provided for in groups F02M 39/00-F02M 57/00
P:170 F02M 63/00
Other fuel-injection apparatus having pertinent characteristics not provided for in groups F02M 39/00-F02M 57/00; Details, component parts, or accessories of fuel-injection apparatus, not provided for in, or of interest apart from, the apparatus of groups F02M 39/00-F02M 61/00
P:20 F02M 65/00
Testing fuel-injection apparatus, e.g. testing injection timing
 F02M 67/00 - 
F02M 71/00
Fuel-injection by high-pressure gas carrying the fuel into engine working cylinders; Low-pressure fuel-injection
P:90 F02M 67/00
Apparatus in which fuel-injection is effected by means of high-pressure gas, the gas carrying the fuel into working cylinders of the engine, e.g. air-injection type (using compressed air for low-pressure fuel-injection apparatus F02M 69/08)
P:80 F02M 69/00
Low-pressure fuel-injection apparatus (electrically- operated F02M 51/00)
 F02M 69/02
·  Pumps peculiar thereto
 F02M 69/04
·  Injectors peculiar thereto
 F02M 69/06
·  characterised by the pressurisation of the fuel being caused by centrifugal force acting on the fuel
 F02M 69/08
·  characterised by the fuel being carried by compressed air into main stream of combustion-air
 F02M 69/10
·  peculiar to scavenged two-stroke engines, e.g. injecting into crankcase-pump chamber
 F02M 69/12
·  comprising a fuel-displaced free piston for intermittently metering and supplying fuel to injection nozzles  [5]
 F02M 69/14
·  having cyclically-operated valves connecting injection nozzles to a source of fuel under pressure during the injection period  [5]
 F02M 69/16
·  characterised by means for metering continuous fuel flow to injectors or means for varying fuel pressure upstream of injectors  [5]
 F02M 69/28
·  characterised by means for cutting-out the fuel supply to the engine or to main injectors during certain operating periods, e.g. deceleration  [5]
 F02M 69/30
·  characterised by means for facilitating the starting-up or idling of engines or by means for enriching fuel charge, e.g. below operational temperatures or upon high power demand of engines (at acceleration F02M 69/44)  [5]
 F02M 69/44
·  characterised by means for supplying extra fuel to the engine on sudden air throttle opening, e.g at acceleration  [5]
 F02M 69/46
·  Details, component parts or accessories not provided for in, or of interest apart from, the apparatus covered by groups F02M 69/02-F02M 69/44  [5]
P:10 F02M 71/00
Combinations of carburettors and low-pressure fuel-injection apparatus (means for enriching charge on sudden air throttle opening of carburettors F02M 7/00)
   
P:360 F02M 99/00
Subject matter not provided for in other groups of this subclass  [8]