In section C, the definitions of groups of chemical elements are as follows:
Alkali metals: Li, Na, K, Rb, Cs, Fr
Alkaline earth metals: Ca, Sr, Ba, Ra
Lanthanides: elements with atomic numbers 57 to 71 inclusive
Rare earths: Sc, Y, Lanthanides
Actinides: elements with atomic numbers 89 to 103 inclusive
Refractory metals: Ti, V, Cr, Zr, Nb, Mo, Hf, Ta, W
Halogens: F, Cl, Br, I, At
Noble gases: He, Ne, Ar, Kr, Xe, Rn
Platinum group: Os, Ir, Pt, Ru, Rh, Pd
Noble metals: Ag, Au, Platinum group
Light metals: alkali metals, alkaline earth metals, Be, Al, Mg
Heavy metals: metals other than light metals
Iron group: Fe, Co, Ni
Non-metals: H, B, C, Si, N, P, O, S, Se, Te, noble gases, halogens
Metals: elements other than non-metals
Transition elements: elements with atomic numbers 21 to 30 inclusive, 39 to 48 inclusive, 57 to 80 inclusive, 89 upwards
Section C covers:
pure chemistry, which covers inorganic compounds, organic compounds, macromolecular compounds, and their methods of preparation;
applied chemistry, which covers compositions containing the above compounds, such as: glass, ceramics, fertilisers, plastics compositions, paints, products of the petroleum industry. It also covers certain compositions on account of their having particular properties rendering them suitable for certain purposes, as in the case of explosives, dyestuffs, adhesives, lubricants, and detergents;
certain marginal industries, such as the manufacture of coke and of solid or gaseous fuels, the production and refining of oils, fats and waxes, the fermentation industry (e.g., brewing and wine-making), the sugar industry;
certain operations or treatments, which are either purely mechanical, e.g., the mechanical treatment of leather and skins, or partly mechanical, e.g., the treatment of water or the prevention of corrosion in general;
metallurgy, ferrous or non-ferrous alloys.
In the case of operations, treatments, products or articles having both a chemical and a non-chemical part or aspect, the general rule is that the chemical part or aspect is covered by section C.
In some of these cases, the chemical part or aspect brings with it a non-chemical one, even though purely mechanical, because this latter aspect either is essential to the operation or treatment or constitutes an important element thereof. It has seemed, in fact, more logical not to dissociate the different parts or aspects of a coherent whole. This is the case for applied chemistry and for the industries, operations and treatments mentioned in Notes (1)(c), (d) and (e). For example, furnaces peculiar to the manufacture of glass are covered by class Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...C03 and not by class Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...F27.
There are, however, some exceptions in which the mechanical (or non-chemical) aspect carries with it the chemical aspect, for example:
Photographic materials and processes, in class Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...G03, and, generally, the chemical treatment of textiles and the production of cellulose or paper, in section D.
In still other cases, the pure chemical aspect is covered by section C and the applied chemical aspect by another section, such as A, B or F, e.g., the use of a substance or composition for:
When the chemical and mechanical aspects are so closely interlocked that a neat and simple division is not possible, or when certain mechanical processes follow as a natural or logical continuation of a chemical treatment, section C may cover, in addition to the chemical aspect, a part only of the mechanical aspect, e.g., after-treatment of artificial stone, covered by class Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...C04. In this latter case, a note or a reference is usually given to make the position clear, even if sometimes the division is rather arbitrary.
CRACKING HYDROCARBON OILS; PRODUCTION OF LIQUID HYDROCARBON MIXTURES, e.g. BY DESTRUCTIVE HYDROGENATION, OLIGOMERISATION, POLYMERISATION (cracking to hydrogen or synthesis gas Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...C01B; cracking or pyrolysis of hydrocarbon gases to individual hydrocarbons or mixtures thereof of definite or specified constitution Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...C07C; cracking to cokes Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...C10B); RECOVERY OF HYDROCARBON OILS FROM OIL-SHALE, OIL-SAND, OR GASES; REFINING MIXTURES MAINLY CONSISTING OF HYDROCARBONS; REFORMING OF NAPHTHA; MINERAL WAXES (inhibiting corrosion or incrustation in general Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...C23F) [6]
In this subclass, the following terms or expressions are used with the meanings indicated:
"in the presence of hydrogen" or "in the absence of hydrogen" mean treatments in which hydrogen, in free form or as hydrogen generating compounds, is added, or not added, respectively; [3]
Production of liquid hydrocarbon mixtures from oil shale, oil-sand, or non-melting solid carbonaceous or similar materials, e.g. wood, coal (destructive distillation of oil-shale Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...C10B 53/00; mechanical winning of oil from oil-shales, oil-sand, or the like Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...B03B)
P:330
C10G 2/00
Production of liquid hydrocarbon mixtures of undefined composition from oxides of carbon [5]
P:320
C10G 3/00
Production of liquid hydrocarbon mixtures from oxygen-containing organic materials, e.g. fatty oils, fatty acids (production from non-melting solid oxygen-containing carbonaceous materials Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...C10G 1/00; preparation of individual hydrocarbons or mixtures thereof of definite or specified constitution Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...C07C)
P:310
C10G 5/00
Recovery of liquid hydrocarbon mixtures from gases, e.g. natural gas
Cracking of hydrocarbon oils by electric means, electromagnetic or mechanical vibrations, by particle radiation or with gases superheated in electric arcs
C10G 17/00 - C10G 31/00
Refining in the absence of hydrogen
P:240
C10G 17/00
Refining of hydrocarbon oils, in the absence of hydrogen, with acids, acid-forming compounds, or acid-containing liquids, e.g. acid sludge (using acids generating halogen Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...C10G 27/00)
P:230
C10G 19/00
Refining hydrocarbon oils, in the absence of hydrogen, by alkaline treatment
Refining of hydrocarbon oils, in the absence of hydrogen, with solid sorbents
C10G 25/00
Note(s)
When classifying in this group, classification is also made in group Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...B01D 15/08 insofar as subject matter of general interest relating to chromatography is concerned. [8]
to eliminate hetero atoms without changing the skeleton of the hydrocarbon involved and without cracking into lower boiling hydrocarbons; Hydrofinishing [3]
C10G 45/32
·
Selective hydrogenation of the diolefin or acetylene compounds [3]
C10G 45/44
·
Hydrogenation of the aromatic hydrocarbons [3]
C10G 45/58
·
to change the structural skeleton of some of the hydrocarbon content without cracking the other hydrocarbons present, e.g. lowering pour point; Selective hydrocracking of normal paraffins (Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...C10G 32/00 takes precedence; improving or increasing the octane number or aromatic content of naphtha Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...C10G 35/00) [3]
Production of liquid hydrocarbon mixtures from lower carbon number hydrocarbons, e.g. by oligomerisation (preparation of individual hydrocarbons or mixtures thereof of definite or specified constitution Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...C07C) [6]
Treatment of hydrocarbon oils, in the absence of hydrogen, by two or more cracking processes only [3]
P:110
C10G 53/00
Treatment of hydrocarbon oils, in the absence of hydrogen, by two or more refining processes [3]
P:100
C10G 55/00
Treatment of hydrocarbon oils, in the absence of hydrogen, by at least one refining process and at least one cracking process [3]
P:90
C10G 57/00
Treatment of hydrocarbon oils, in the absence of hydrogen, by at least one cracking process or refining process and at least one other conversion process [3]
P:70
C10G 59/00
Treatment of naphtha by two or more reforming processes only or by at least one reforming process and at least one process which does not substantially change the boiling range of the naphtha [3]
P:60
C10G 61/00
Treatment of naphtha by at least one reforming process and at least one process of refining in the absence of hydrogen [3]
Treatment of hydrocarbon oils by two or more hydrotreatment processes only [3]
P:30
C10G 67/00
Treatment of hydrocarbon oils by at least one hydrotreatment process and at least one process for refining in the absence of hydrogen only [3]
P:40
C10G 69/00
Treatment of hydrocarbon oils by at least one hydrotreatment process and at least one other conversion process (Fulltext... Hierarchy... Expanded...C10G 67/00 takes precedence) [3]