F
SECTION F — MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
  
ENGINES OR PUMPS
 F01 - 
F04

Note(s)

Guide to the use of this subsection (classes F01-F04)

The following notes are meant to assist in the use of this part of the classification scheme.

  1. In this subsection, subclasses or groups designating "engines" or "pumps" cover methods of operating the same, unless otherwise specifically provided for.
  2. In this subsection, the following terms or expressions are used with the meanings indicated:
    • "engine" means a device for continuously converting fluid energy into mechanical power. Thus, this term includes, for example, steam piston engines or steam turbines, per se, or internal-combustion piston engines, but it excludes single-stroke devices. "Engine" also includes the fluid-motive portion of a meter unless such portion is particularly adapted for use in a meter;
    • "pump" means a device for continuously raising, forcing, compressing, or exhausting fluid by mechanical or other means. Thus, this term includes fans or blowers;
    • "machine" means a device which could equally be an engine and a pump, and not a device which is restricted to an engine or one which is restricted to a pump;
    • "positive displacement" means the way the energy of a working fluid is transformed into mechanical energy, in which variations of volume created by the working fluid in a working chamber produce equivalent displacements of the mechanical member transmitting the energy, the dynamic effect of the fluid being of minor importance, and vice versa;
    • "non-positive displacement" means the way the energy of a working fluid is transformed into mechanical energy, by transformation of the energy of the working fluid into kinetic energy, and vice versa;
    • "oscillating-piston machine" means a positive-displacement machine in which a fluid-engaging work-transmitting member oscillates. This definition applies also to engines and pumps;
    • "rotary-piston machine" means a positive-displacement machine in which a fluid-engaging work-transmitting member rotates about a fixed axis or about an axis moving along a circular or similar orbit. This definition applies also to engines and pumps;
    • "rotary piston" means the work-transmitting member of a rotary-piston machine and may be of any suitable form, e.g., like a toothed gear;
    • "cooperating members" means the "oscillating piston" or "rotary piston" and another member, e.g., the working-chamber wall, which assists in the driving or pumping action;
    • "movement of the co-operating members" is to be interpreted as relative, so that one of the "co-operating members" may be stationary, even though reference may be made to its rotational axis, or both may move;
    • "teeth or tooth equivalents" include lobes, projections or abutments;
    • "internal-axis type" means that the rotational axes of the inner and outer co-operating members remain at all times within the outer member, e.g., in a similar manner to that of a pinion meshing with the internal teeth of a ring gear;
    • "free piston" means a piston of which the length of stroke is not defined by any member driven thereby;
    • "cylinders" means positive-displacement working chambers in general. Thus, this term is not restricted to cylinders of circular cross-section;
    • "main shaft" means the shaft which converts reciprocating piston motion into rotary motion or vice versa;
    • "plant" means an engine together with such additional apparatus as is necessary to run the engine. For example, a steam engine plant includes a steam engine and means for generating the steam;
    • "working fluid" means the driven fluid in a pump and the driving fluid in an engine. The working fluid may be in a gaseous state, i.e., compressible, or liquid. In the former case coexistence of two states is possible;
    • "steam" includes condensable vapours in general, and "special vapour" is used when steam is excluded;
    • "reaction type" as applied to non-positive-displacement machines or engines means machines or engines in which pressure/velocity transformation takes place wholly or partly in the rotor. Machines or engines with no, or only slight, pressure/velocity transformation in the rotor are called "impulse type".
  3. In this subsection:
  4. For use of this subsection with a good understanding, it is essential to remember, so far as subclasses F01B, F01C, F01D, F03B, and F04B, F04C, F04D, which form its skeleton, are concerned:
    • the principle which resides in their elaboration,
    • the classifying characteristics which they call for, and
    • their complementarity.
      1. Principle

        This concerns essentially the subclasses listed above. Other subclasses, notably those of class F02, which cover better-defined matter, are not considered here.

        Each subclass covers fundamentally a genus of apparatus (engine or pump) and by extension covers equally "machines" of the same kind. Two different subjects, one having a more general character than the other, are thus covered by the same subclass.

        Subclasses F01B, F03B, F04B, beyond the two subjects which they cover, have further a character of generality in relation to other subclasses concerning the different species of apparatus in the genus concerned.

        This generality applies as well for the two subjects dealt with, without these always being in relation to the same subclasses.

        Thus, subclass F03B, in its part dealing with "machines", should be considered as being the general class relating to subclasses F04B, F04C, and in its part dealing with "engines" as being general in relation to subclass F03C.

      2. Characteristics
        1. The principal classifying characteristic of the subclass is that of genera of apparatus, of which there are three possible:

          Machines; engines; pumps.

        2. As stated above, "machines" are always associated with one of the other two genera. These main genera are subdivided according to the general principles of operation of the apparatus:

          Positive displacement; non-positive displacement.

        3. The positive displacement apparatus are further subdivided according to the ways of putting into effect the principle of operation, that is, to the kind of apparatus:

          Simple reciprocating piston; rotary or oscillating piston; other kind.

        4. Another classifying characteristic is that of the working fluid, in respect of which three kinds of apparatus are possible, namely:

          Liquid and elastic fluid; elastic fluid; liquid.

      3. Complementarity

        This resides in association of pairs of the subclasses listed above, according to the characteristics under consideration in respect of kind of apparatus or working fluid.

        The subclasses concerned with the various principles, characteristics and complementarity are shown in the subsection index below.

It is seen from this index that:

 F01 - 
F04
Subsection index
MACHINES
positive displacement
rotary or oscillating piston
liquid and elastic fluid or elastic fluidF01C
liquid onlyF04C
reciprocating piston or other
liquid and elastic fluid or elastic fluidF01B
liquid onlyF04B
non-positive displacement
liquid and elastic fluid or elastic fluidF01D
liquid onlyF03B
ENGINES
positive displacement
rotary or oscillating piston
liquid and elastic fluid or elastic fluidF01C
liquid onlyF03C
reciprocating piston or other
liquid and elastic fluid or elastic fluidF01B
liquid onlyF03C
non-positive displacement
liquid and elastic fluid or elastic fluidF01D
liquid onlyF03B
PUMPS
positive displacement
rotary or oscillating pistonF04C
reciprocating piston or otherF04B
non-positive displacementF04D
 F01
MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL (combustion engines F02; machines for liquids F03, F04); ENGINE PLANTS IN GENERAL; STEAM ENGINES
 F01D
NON-POSITIVE-DISPLACEMENT MACHINES OR ENGINES, e.g. STEAM TURBINES (machines or engines for liquids F03; non-positive-displacement pumps F04D)
 F01D

Note(s)

  1. This subclass covers:
    • non-positive-displacement engines for elastic fluids, e.g. steam turbines;
    • non-positive-displacement engines for liquids and elastic fluids;
    • non-positive-displacement machines for elastic fluids;
    • non-positive-displacement machines for liquids and elastic fluids.
  2. Attention is drawn to the Notes preceding class F01, especially as regards the definitions of "reaction type", e.g. with airfoil-like blades, and "impulse type", e.g. bucket turbines.
 F01D
Subclass index
NON-POSITIVE-DISPLACEMENT MACHINES OR ENGINES
General characteristics; with axial-thrust balancing; with other than pure rotation 1/00; 3/00; 23/00
Component parts
blades and carrying members, protection thereof; rotors with adjustable blades; stators 5/00; 7/00; 9/00
means against internal leakage 11/00
COMBINATIONS OR ADAPTATIONS OF MACHINES OR ENGINES 13/00, 15/00
REGULATION, CONTROLLING, SAFETY MEANS 17/00, 19/00, 21/00
STARTING; SHUTTING-DOWN 19/00; 21/00
OTHER DETAILS AND ACCESSORIES 25/00
P:70 F01D 1/00
Non-positive-displacement machines or engines, e.g. steam turbines (with working-fluid flows in opposite axial directions for balancing axial thrust F01D 3/00; with other than pure rotation F01D 23/00; turbines characterised by their use in special steam systems, cycles, or processes, regulating devices therefor F01K)
P:60 F01D 3/00
Machines or engines with axial-thrust balancing effected by working fluid
P:110 F01D 5/00
Blades; Blade-carrying members (nozzle boxes F01D 9/02); Heating, heat-insulating, cooling, or antivibration means on the blades or the members
 F01D 5/02
·  Blade-carrying members, e.g. rotors (rotors of non-bladed type F01D 1/00; stators F01D 9/00)
 F01D 5/12
·  Blades (blade roots F01D 5/00; rotors with blades adjustable in operation F01D 7/00; stator blades F01D 9/02)
 F01D 5/14
·  ·  Form or construction (selecting particular materials, measures against erosion or corrosion F01D 5/28)
 F01D 5/18
·  ·  ·  Hollow blades; Heating, heat-insulating, or cooling means on blades
 F01D 5/28
·  ·  Selecting particular materials; Measures against erosion or corrosion
P:90 F01D 7/00
Rotors with blades adjustable in operation; Control thereof (for reversing F01D 1/00)
P:100 F01D 9/00
Stators (non-fluid guiding aspects of casings, regulating, controlling, or safety aspects, see the relevant groups)
 F01D 9/02
·  Nozzles; Nozzle boxes; Stator blades; Guide conduits
 F01D 9/04
·  ·  forming ring or sector
P:80 F01D 11/00
Preventing or minimising internal leakage of working fluid, e.g. between stages (sealings in general F16J)
 F01D 11/08
·  for sealing space between rotor blade tips and stator (specially-shaped blade tips therefor F01D 5/14)
P:40 F01D 13/00
Combinations of two or more machines or engines (F01D 15/00 takes precedence; combinations of two or more pumps F04; fluid gearing F16H; regulating or controlling, see the relevant groups)
P:30 F01D 15/00
Adaptations of machines or engines for special use; Combinations of engines with devices driven thereby (combinations of engines with mechanical gearing driven by multiple engines F01D 13/00; regulating or controlling, see the relevant groups; aspects predominantly concerning driven devices, see the relevant classes for the devices)
P:0 F01D 17/00
Regulating or controlling by varying flow (for reversing F01D 1/00; by varying rotor blade position F01D 7/00; specially for starting F01D 19/00; shutting-down F01D 21/00; regulating or controlling in general G05)
P:10 F01D 19/00
Starting of machines or engines; Regulating, controlling, or safety means in connection therewith (warming-up before starting F01D 25/08; turning or inching gear F01D 25/00)
P:20 F01D 21/00
Shutting-down of machines or engines, e.g. in emergency; Regulating, controlling, or safety means not otherwise provided for
P:50 F01D 23/00
Non-positive-displacement machines or engines with movement other than pure rotation, e.g. of endless-chain type
P:120 F01D 25/00
Component parts, details, or accessories, not provided for in, or of interest apart from, other groups
 F01D 25/08
·  Cooling (of machines or engines in general F01P); Heating; Heat insulation (of blade-carrying members, of blades F01D 5/00)
 F01D 25/16
·  Arrangement of bearings; Supporting or mounting bearings in casings (bearings per se F16C)
 F01D 25/24
·  Casings (modified for heating or cooling F01D 25/08); Casing parts, e.g. diaphragms, casing fastenings (casings for rotary machines or engines in general F16M)
 F01D 25/28
·  Supporting or mounting arrangements, e.g. for turbine casing