C
SECTION C — CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
 C

Note(s)

  1. In section C, the definitions of groups of chemical elements are as follows:

    Alkali metals: Li, Na, K, Rb, Cs, Fr

    Alkaline earth metals: Ca, Sr, Ba, Ra

    Lanthanides: elements with atomic numbers 57 to 71 inclusive

    Rare earths: Sc, Y, Lanthanides

    Actinides: elements with atomic numbers 89 to 103 inclusive

    Refractory metals: Ti, V, Cr, Zr, Nb, Mo, Hf, Ta, W

    Halogens: F, Cl, Br, I, At

    Noble gases: He, Ne, Ar, Kr, Xe, Rn

    Platinum group: Os, Ir, Pt, Ru, Rh, Pd

    Noble metals: Ag, Au, Platinum group

    Light metals: alkali metals, alkaline earth metals, Be, Al, Mg

    Heavy metals: metals other than light metals

    Iron group: Fe, Co, Ni

    Non-metals: H, B, C, Si, N, P, O, S, Se, Te, noble gases, halogens

    Metals: elements other than non-metals

    Transition elements: elements with atomic numbers 21 to 30 inclusive, 39 to 48 inclusive, 57 to 80 inclusive, 89 upwards

  2. Section C covers:
    1. pure chemistry, which covers inorganic compounds, organic compounds, macromolecular compounds, and their methods of preparation;
    2. applied chemistry, which covers compositions containing the above compounds, such as: glass, ceramics, fertilisers, plastics compositions, paints, products of the petroleum industry. It also covers certain compositions on account of their having particular properties rendering them suitable for certain purposes, as in the case of explosives, dyestuffs, adhesives, lubricants, and detergents;
    3. certain marginal industries, such as the manufacture of coke and of solid or gaseous fuels, the production and refining of oils, fats and waxes, the fermentation industry (e.g., brewing and wine-making), the sugar industry;
    4. certain operations or treatments, which are either purely mechanical, e.g., the mechanical treatment of leather and skins, or partly mechanical, e.g., the treatment of water or the prevention of corrosion in general;
    5. metallurgy, ferrous or non-ferrous alloys.
    1. In the case of operations, treatments, products or articles having both a chemical and a non-chemical part or aspect, the general rule is that the chemical part or aspect is covered by section C.
    2. In some of these cases, the chemical part or aspect brings with it a non-chemical one, even though purely mechanical, because this latter aspect either is essential to the operation or treatment or constitutes an important element thereof. It has seemed, in fact, more logical not to dissociate the different parts or aspects of a coherent whole. This is the case for applied chemistry and for the industries, operations and treatments mentioned in Notes (1)(c), (d) and (e). For example, furnaces peculiar to the manufacture of glass are covered by class C03 and not by class F27.
    3. There are, however, some exceptions in which the mechanical (or non-chemical) aspect carries with it the chemical aspect, for example:
    4. In still other cases, the pure chemical aspect is covered by section C and the applied chemical aspect by another section, such as A, B or F, e.g., the use of a substance or composition for:
    5. When the chemical and mechanical aspects are so closely interlocked that a neat and simple division is not possible, or when certain mechanical processes follow as a natural or logical continuation of a chemical treatment, section C may cover, in addition to the chemical aspect, a part only of the mechanical aspect, e.g., after-treatment of artificial stone, covered by class C04. In this latter case, a note or a reference is usually given to make the position clear, even if sometimes the division is rather arbitrary.
  
CHEMISTRY
 C10
PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
 C10B
DESTRUCTIVE DISTILLATION OF CARBONACEOUS MATERIALS FOR PRODUCTION OF GAS, COKE, TAR, OR SIMILAR MATERIALS (cracking oils C10G; underground gasification of minerals E21B 43/00)  [5]
 C10B
Subclass index
RETORTS; COKE OVENS
Retorts 1/00
Coke ovens 3/00 - 15/00
Structural features of coke ovens
doors, closures; other features 25/00; 27/00, 29/00
heating 17/00 - 23/00
charging devices 13/00, 31/00 - 35/00
safety devices; preventing or removing incrustations 41/00; 43/00
other details 45/00
CARBONISING OR COKING PROCESSES
By destructive distillation 47/00 - 53/00
Coking mineral oils or the like 55/00
Other processes 57/00
FEATURES OF DESTRUCTIVE DISTILLATION PROCESSES IN GENERAL 7/00, 13/00, 37/00, 39/00, 57/00
 C10B 1/00 - 
C10B 15/00
Retorts or coke ovens
P:120 C10B 1/00
Retorts
P:170 C10B 3/00
Coke ovens with vertical chambers
P:180 C10B 5/00
Coke ovens with horizontal chambers
P:130 C10B 7/00
Coke ovens with mechanical conveying means for the raw material inside the oven
P:150 C10B 9/00
Beehive ovens
P:160 C10B 11/00
Coke ovens with inclined chambers
P:140 C10B 13/00
Coke ovens with means for bringing and keeping the charge under mechanical pressure
P:190 C10B 15/00
Other coke ovens
 C10B 17/00 - 
C10B 23/00
Heating of coke ovens
P:80 C10B 17/00
Preheating of coke ovens
P:90 C10B 19/00
Heating of coke ovens by electrical means
P:100 C10B 21/00
Heating of coke ovens with combustible gases
P:110 C10B 23/00
Other methods of heating coke ovens
   
P:250 C10B 25/00
Doors or closures for coke ovens
P:210 C10B 27/00
Arrangements for withdrawal of the distillation gases
P:260 C10B 29/00
Other details of coke ovens
 C10B 31/00 - 
C10B 37/00
Devices for charging or discharging coke ovens; Mechanical treatments of coal charges
P:230 C10B 31/00
Charging devices
P:240 C10B 33/00
Discharging devices; Coke guides
P:220 C10B 35/00
Combined charging and discharging devices
P:60 C10B 37/00
Mechanical treatments of coal charges in the oven (compressing charges during coking C10B 47/00)
   
P:0 C10B 39/00
Cooling or quenching coke
P:200 C10B 41/00
Safety devices, e.g. signalling or controlling devices for use in the discharge of coke
P:70 C10B 43/00
Preventing or removing incrustations
P:270 C10B 45/00
Other details (briquetting presses B30B)
 C10B 47/00 - 
C10B 57/00
Carbonising or coking processes
P:50 C10B 47/00
Destructive distillation of solid carbonaceous materials with indirect heating, e.g. by external combustion
P:40 C10B 49/00
Destructive distillation of solid carbonaceous materials by direct heating with heat-carrying agents including the partial combustion of the solid material to be treated
P:30 C10B 51/00
Destructive distillation of solid carbonaceous materials by combined direct and indirect heating
P:20 C10B 53/00
Destructive distillation, specially adapted for particular solid raw materials or solid raw materials in special form (production of pyroligneous acid C10C 5/00; wet carbonising of peat C10F)
 C10B 53/07
·  of synthetic polymeric materials, e.g. tyres (recovery or working-up of waste materials of organic macromolecular compounds or compositions based thereon by dry-heat treatment for obtaining partially depolymerised materials C08J 11/00; production of liquid hydrocarbon mixtures from rubber or rubber waste C10G 1/00)  [8]
P:10 C10B 55/00
Coking mineral oils, bitumen, tar or the like, or mixtures thereof, with solid carbonaceous materials (cracking oils C10G)
P:280 C10B 57/00
Other processes not covered above; Features of destructive distillation processes in general (non-mechanical pre-treatment of the charge to improve its combustion C10L 9/00)