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| SECTION F– MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING |
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| ENGINES OR PUMPS |
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| Notes |
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| Guide to the use of this subsection (classes F 01 to F 04) |
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| The following notes are meant to assist in the use of this part of the classification scheme. |
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| (1) | In this subsection, subclasses or groups designating "engines" or "pumps" cover methods of operating the same, unless otherwise specifically provided for. |
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| (2) | In this subsection, the following terms or expressions are used with the meanings indicated: |
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| – | "engine" means a device for continuously converting fluid energy into mechanical power. Thus, this term includes, for example, steam piston engines or steam turbines, per se, or internal-combustion piston engines, but it excludes single-stroke devices. "Engine" also includes the fluid-motive portion of a meter unless such portion is particularly adapted for use in a meter; |
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| – | "pump" means a device for continuously raising, forcing, compressing, or exhausting fluid by mechanical or other means. Thus, this term includes fans or blowers; |
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| – | "machine" means a device which could equally be an engine and a pump, and not a device which is restricted to an engine or one which is restricted to a pump; |
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| – | "positive displacement" means the way the energy of a working fluid is transformed into mechanical energy, in which variations of volume created by the working fluid in a working chamber produce equivalent displacements of the mechanical member transmitting the energy, the dynamic effect of the fluid being of minor importance, and vice versa; |
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| – | "non-positive displacement" means the way the energy of a working fluid is transformed into mechanical energy, by transformation of the energy of the working fluid into kinetic energy, and vice versa; |
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| – | "oscillating-piston machine" means a positive-displacement machine in which a fluid-engaging work-transmitting member oscillates. This definition applies also to engines and pumps; |
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| – | "rotary-piston machine" means a positive-displacement machine in which a fluid-engaging work-transmitting member rotates about a fixed axis or about an axis moving along a circular or similar orbit. This definition applies also to engines and pumps; |
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| – | "rotary piston" means the work-transmitting member of a rotary-piston machine and may be of any suitable form, e.g., like a toothed gear; |
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| – | "cooperating members" means the "oscillating piston" or "rotary piston" and another member, e.g., the working-chamber wall, which assists in the driving or pumping action; |
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| – | "movement of the co-operating members" is to be interpreted as relative, so that one of the "co-operating members" may be stationary, even though reference may be made to its rotational axis, or both may move; |
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| – | "teeth or tooth equivalents" include lobes, projections or abutments; |
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| – | "internal-axis type" means that the rotational axes of the inner and outer co-operating members remain at all times within the outer member, e.g., in a similar manner to that of a pinion meshing with the internal teeth of a ring gear; |
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| – | "free piston" means a piston of which the length of stroke is not defined by any member driven thereby; |
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| – | "cylinders" means positive-displacement working chambers in general. Thus, this term is not restricted to cylinders of circular cross-section; |
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| – | "main shaft" means the shaft which converts reciprocating piston motion into rotary motion or vice versa; |
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| – | "plant" means an engine together with such additional apparatus as is necessary to run the engine. For example, a steam engine plant includes a steam engine and means for generating the steam; |
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| – | "working fluid" means the driven fluid in a pump and the driving fluid in an engine. The working fluid may be in a gaseous state, i.e., compressible, or liquid. In the former case coexistence of two states is possible; |
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| – | "steam" includes condensable vapours in general, and "special vapour" is used when steam is excluded; |
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| – | "reaction type" as applied to non-positive-displacement machines or engines means machines or engines in which pressure/velocity transformation takes place wholly or partly in the rotor. Mmachines or engines with no, or only slight, pressure/velocity transformation in the rotor are called "impulse type". |
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| (3) | In this subsection: |
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| – | cyclically operating valves, lubricating, gas-flow silencers or exhaust apparatus, or cooling are classified in subclasses F 01 L, F 01 M, F 01 N, F 01 P irrespective of their stated application, unless their classifying features are peculiar to their application, in which case they are classified only in the relevant subclass of classes F 01 to F 04; |
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| – | lubricating, gas-flow silencers or exhaust apparatus, or cooling of machines or engines are classified in subclasses F 01 M, F 01 N, F 01 P except for those peculiar to steam engines which are classified in subclass F 01 B. |
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| (4) | For use of this subsection with a good understanding, it is essential to remember, so far as subclasses F 01 B, F 01 C, F 01 D, F 03 B, and F 04 B, F 04 C, F 04 D, which form its skeleton, are concerned: |
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| – | the principle which resides in their elaboration, |
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| – | the classifying characteristics which they call for, and |
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| – | their complementarity. |
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| (i) | Principle |
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| This concerns essentially the subclasses listed above. Other subclasses, notably those of class F 02, which cover better-defined matter, are not considered here. |
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| Each subclass covers fundamentally a genus of apparatus (engine or pump) and by extension covers equally "machines" of the same kind. Two different subjects, one having a more general character than the other, are thus covered by the same subclass. |
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| Subclasses F 01 B, F 03 B, F 04 B, beyond the two subjects which they cover, have further a character of generality in relation to other subclasses concerning the different species of apparatus in the genus concerned. |
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| This generality applies as well for the two subjects dealt with, without these always being in relation to the same subclasses. |
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| Thus, subclass F 03 B, in its part dealing with "machines", should be considered as being the general class relating to subclasses F 04 B, F 04 C, and in its part dealing with "engines" as being general in relation to subclass F 03 C. |
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| (ii) | Characteristics |
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| The principal classifying characteristic of the subclass is that of genera of apparatus, of which there are three possible: |
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| Machines; engines; pumps. |
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| As stated above, "machines" are always associated with one of the other two genera. These main genera are subdivided according to the general principles of operation of the apparatus: |
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| Positive displacement; non-positive displacement. |
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| The positive displacement apparatus are further subdivided according to the ways of putting into effect the principle of operation, that is, to the kind of apparatus: |
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| Simple reciprocating piston; rotary or oscillating piston; other kind. |
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| Another classifying characteristic is that of the working fluid, in respect of which three kinds of apparatus are possible, namely: |
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| Liquid and elastic fluid; elastic fluid; liquid. |
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| (iii) | Complementarity |
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| This resides in association of pairs of the subclasses listed above, according to the characteristics under consideration in respect of kind of apparatus or working fluid. |
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| The subclasses concerned with the various principles, characteristics and complementarity are shown in the following table: |
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Kind of displacement Working fluid Relations |
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MACHINES |
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ENGINES |
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PUMPS |
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| It is seen from this table that: |
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| – | For the same kind of apparatus in a given genus, the characteristic of "working fluid" associates: |
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| F 01 B and F 04 B F 01 C and F 04 C Machines F 01 D and F 03 B |
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| F 01 B and F 03 C F 01 C and F 03 C Engines F 01 D and F 03 B |
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| – | For the same kind of working fluid, the "apparatus" characteristic relates subclasses in the same way as considerations of relative generality. |
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| F 01 | MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL (combustion engines F 02; machines for liquids F 03, F 04) |
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| F 02 | COMBUSTION ENGINES (cyclically operating valves therefor, lubricating, exhausting, or silencing engines F 01) |
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| F 03 | MACHINES OR ENGINES FOR LIQUIDS (for liquids and elastic fluids F 01; positive-displacement machines for liquids F 04) |
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| F 04 | POSITIVE-DISPLACEMENT MACHINES FOR LIQUIDS; PUMPS FOR LIQUIDS OR ELASTIC FLUIDS (portable fire extinguishers with manually-operated pumps A 62 C 11/00, with power-driven pumps A 62 C 25/00; charging or scavenging combustion engines by pumps F 02 B; engine fuel-injection pumps F 02 M; ion pumps H 01 J 41/12; electrodynamic pumps H 02 K 44/02) |
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| ENGINEERING IN GENERAL |
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| F 15 | FLUID-PRESSURE ACTUATORS; HYDRAULICS OR PNEUMATICS IN GENERAL |
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| F 16 | ENGINEERING ELEMENTS OR UNITS; GENERAL MEASURES FOR PRODUCING AND MAINTAINING EFFECTIVE FUNCTIONING OF MACHINES OR INSTALLATIONS; THERMAL INSULATION IN GENERAL |
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| F 17 | STORING OR DISTRIBUTING GASES OR LIQUIDS (water supply E 03 B) |
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| LIGHTING; HEATING |
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| F 21 | LIGHTING (electric aspects or elements, see section H, e.g. electric light sources H 01 J, H 01 K, H 05 B) |
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| F 22 | STEAM GENERATION (chemical or physical apparatus for generating gases B 01 J; chemical generation of gas, e.g. under pressure, Section C; removal of combustion products or residues, e.g. cleaning of the combustion contaminated surfaces of tubes of boilers, F 23 J; generating combustion products of high pressure or high velocity F 23 R; water heaters not for steam generation F 24 H, F 28; cleaning of internal or external surfaces of heat-transfer conduits, e.g. water tubes of boilers, F 28 G) |
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| F 23 | COMBUSTION APPARATUS; COMBUSTION PROCESSES |
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| F 24 | HEATING; RANGES; VENTILATING (protecting plants by heating in gardens, orchards, or forests A 01 G 13/06; baking ovens and apparatus A 21 B; cooking devices other than ranges A 47 J; forging B 21 J, B 21 K; specially adapted for vehicles, see the relevant subclasses of classes B 60 to B 64; combustion apparatus in general F 23; drying F 26 B; ovens in general F 27; electric heating elements or arrangements H 05 B) |
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| F 25 | REFRIGERATION OR COOLING; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS; MANUFACTURE OR STORAGE OF ICE; LIQUEFACTION OR SOLIDIFICATION OF GASES |
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| F 26 | DRYING |
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| F 27 | FURNACES; KILNS; OVENS; RETORTS (specially adapted for a purpose covered by a single other class and specifically mentioned in that class, see the class in question, e.g. bakery ovens A 21 B, glass melting furnaces C 03 B, coke or gas-making apparatus C 10 B, C 10 J, apparatus for cracking hydrocarbons C 10 G, blast furnaces C 21 B, converters for making steel C 21 C, furnaces for heat treatment of metal C 21 D; furnaces for electroslag or arc remelting of metals C 22 B 9/00; enamelling ovens C 23 D; combustion apparatus F 23; electric heating H 05 B) |
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| F 28 | HEAT EXCHANGE IN GENERAL (arrangement or mounting of heat-exchangers in air-conditioning, air-humidification or ventilation F 24 F 13/30) |
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| WEAPONS; BLASTING |
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| F 41 | WEAPONS |
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| F 42 | AMMUNITION; BLASTING |
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